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Text4Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalactivitiestheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness.Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution.Notes:capriciousness多变反复无常cognitive认识的runcounterto与......背道而驰违反bypass绕过incloseconcert一齐一致givenprep.考虑到由于 InrelationtothewritersonmanagementmentionedinPara.2thetextsuggeststhatthey
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstressfollowedbyalistofarguments.ChoosethebestargumentfromthelistA—Gforeachnumberedsubheading41—45.Therearetwoextraargumentswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.41.Twotypesofstress:Therearebasicallytwotypesofstressplacedonhumanbeings--physicalandmental.42.Effectsofstress—physicaloremotional:Whetherphysical’oremotionalinoriginstresscausesthebodytoreactinthesameway.43.Guilty—usefulthoughmostharmful:Probablythemostharmfulofallthestressesisguilt.44.Instances—noneedtofeelguilty:Howevermanyofusaschildrenlearnedrulesthatwenolongerneed.Nooneisperfect:Guiltandtheworrythatoftenaccompaniesthismajorstressaredifficulttoeradicatebutpeoplesubjecttoexcessiveguiltfeelingsshouldrealizeassimpleasitsoundsthatnooneisperfect.Peoplecannotalwaysbecheerfulandhelpfultoeveryonetheymeet.Anothergoodlessonisthatmistakesshouldbeforgottennotlingeredoverandbroughtouttoexamineperiodically.45.Lifewithalittlestress—significant:Alifewithoutstresssuchasretirementwithnothingtodowouldbeboring.Notes:respiration呼吸pupil瞳孔dilate膨胀perspiration出汗勤奋date约会sour使别扭eradicatevt.消除根除atbest充其量.lingerover细细品味meditation深思沉思mightaswell不妨. [A]FatadultsshouldnolongerfeelguiltyaboutleavingalittlefoodontheplateasuccessfulbusinessmanneednotfeelguiltyaboutspendingalittletoomuchmoneyonavacationnorshouldhefeelguiltythathecancombineabusinesstriptotheWestCoastwithsomeswimmingandgolfatanoceanresort.Butmanypeopledofeelguiltyoversuchapparentlyinnocentactions.Excessiveguiltcansouralloflifeandmakelifenotworthliving;itcanalsocauseself-hatredaswellasotherfearsandanxietiesthatcausealllife’ssuccessestobebittersweetatbest. [B]Stressfromphysicalactivityifnotcarriedtoofarisactuallybeneficial.Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforgetaboutmentalandemotionalstress.Butmentalstressisalmostalwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelieveditcanactuallycausediseasessuchasulcersmigraineheadachesheartproblemsormentalillness. [C]Justasweneedalittleguilt—tokeepuscorrectandalittleworry—tomakeusplanahead—weneedalittlestresstostayinterestedinlife.Butwhenstressbeginstobotheryouyoumightaswellchangeyourroutine.Takeyourmindoffyourworrieswithsomephysicalactivity;youmaydiscoverasolutionyouhaveoverlookedbefore. [D]Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Infactitisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformanceandillhealth. [E]Somepeoplearenotafraidofstressandsuchcharactersareobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilitiesothersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties. [F]Inthefirststageyourbodypreparestomeetthestress.Theheartbeatandrespirationratesincreaseandthepupilsoftheeyesdilate;thebloodsugarlevelincreasesandtherateofperspirationspeedsupwhiledigestionslowsdownasbloodandmuscularactivityisdivertedelsewhere.Inthesecondstageyourbodyreturnstonormalandrepairsanydamagecausedbythestressfulsituation.Howeverifstresscontinuesthebodycannotrepairitselfandthefinalstageexhaustionthenbegins.Ifthisstagecontinuesifforexampleyouarefrustratedbyyourworkandcontinuetobefrustratedforalongtimephysicaloremotionaldamagewilloccur.Thesestagesofstressreactionarealwaysthesamewhetherthestressiscausedbyacross-countryrunafirstdatebuyingahouseornarrowlymissinganautomobileaccident. [G]Thiscommonemotionisusefultohavewhenithelpsustorealizethatwehaveinfactcommittedsomeerrorviolatedourownrulesorsocialrules.Ifwedidnotfeelguiltywewouldneverdoanythingexceptthethingsthatbroughtusimmediatepleasure—we’dneverobeythelawworkexerciseorevenstudyinschoolunlesswewantedtodosointhefirstplace.Asaperson’sconsciencedevelopsguiltfeelingsbecomeinevitable;guiltisthesorrowweexperiencewhenweknowwehavedonesomethingincorrect. 42
PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Ascivilizationproceedsinthedirectionoftechnologyitpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife—foodshelterclothesandwarmth.46Thenweeitherraiseourstandardoflivingabovethenecessaryforcomfortandhappinessorleaveitatthislevelandworkshorterhours.Mankindhasprobablychosenthelatteralternative.Menwillbeworkingshorterandshorterhoursintheirpaidemployment.Andthegreatmajorityofthehousewiveswillwishtoberelievedcompletelyoftheroutineoperationsofthehomesuchaswashingtheclothesorwashingup.47Byfarthemostlogicalsteptorelievethehousewifeofroutineistoprovidearobotslavewhichcanbetrainedtomeettherequirementsofaparticularhomeandcanbeprogrammedtocarryouthalfadozenormorestandardoperationswhensoswitchedbythehousewife.48Itwillbeamachinehavingnomoreemotionsthanacarbuthavingamemoryforinstructionsandalimiteddegreeofinstructedorbuilt-inadaptabilityaccordingtothepositionsinwhichitfindsvarioustypesofobjects.Itwilloperateothermorespecializedmachinesforexamplethevacuumcleanerorclothes-washingmachine.Therearenoproblemsintheproductionofsuchadomesticrobottowhichwedonothavealreadytheglimmeringofasolution.WhenIhavediscussedthiskindofdevicewithhousewivessome90percentofthemhavetheimmediatereaction"HowsooncanIbuyone"Theother10percenthavethereaction"Iwouldbeterrifiedtohaveitmovingaboutmyhouse."49Butwhenoneexplainstothemthatitcouldbeswitchedofforunpluggedorstoppedwithouttheslightestdifficultyormadetogoandputitselfawayinacupboardatanytimetheyquicklyrealizethatitisahighlydesirableobject.50Nowitisgenerallyrecognizedthatthereisnogreaterpleasurethantogotobedintheeveningandknowthatthewashingupisbeingdonedownstairsafteroneisasleep.Mostfamiliesarenowdelightednodoubttohavearobotslavedoingallthedownstairshouseworkaftertheywereinbedatnight.Notes:glimmering迹象 Thenweeitherraiseourstandardoflivingabovethenecessaryforcomfortandhappinessorleaveitatthislevelandworkshorterhours.Mankindhasprobablychosenthelatteralternative.
Text3Pronouncingalanguageisaskill.Everynormalpersonisexpertintheskillofpronouncinghisownlanguagebutfewpeopleareevenmoderatelyproficientatpronouncingforeignlanguages.Nowtherearemanyreasonsforthissomeobvioussomeperhapsnotsoobvious.ButIsuggestthatthefundamentalreasonwhypeopleingeneraldonotspeakforeignlanguagesverymuchbetterthantheydoisthattheyfailtograspthetruenatureoftheproblemoflearningtopronounceandconsequentlyneversetabouttacklingitintherightway.Fartoomanypeoplefailtorealizethatpronouncingaforeignlanguageisaskillonethatneedscarefultrainingofaspecialkindandonethatcannotbeacquiredbyjustleavingittotakecareofitself.Ithinkeventeachersoflanguagewhilerecognizingtheimportanceofagoodaccenttendtoneglectintheirpracticalteachingthebranchofstudyconcernedwithspeakingthelanguage.SothefirstpointIwanttomakeisthatEnglishpronunciationmustbetaught;theteachershouldbepreparedtodevotesomeofthelessontimetothisandbyhiswholeattitudetothesubjectshouldgetthestudenttofeelthathereisamatterworthyofreceivinghiscloseattention.SothereshouldbeoccasionswhenotheraspectsofEnglishsuchasgrammarorspellingareallowedforthemomenttotakesecondplace.Apartfromthisquestionofthetimegiventopronunciationtherearetwootherrequirementsfortheteacher:thefirstknowledge;thesecondtechnique.Itisimportantthattheteachershouldbeinpossessionofthenecessaryinformation.Thiscangenerallybeobtainedfrombooks.Itispossibletogetfrombookssomeideaofthemechanicsofspeechandofwhatwecallgeneralphonetictheory.ItisalsopossibleinthiswaytogetaclearmentalpictureoftherelationshipbetweenthesoundsofdifferentlanguagesbetweenthespeechhabitsofEnglishpeopleandthosesayofyourstudents.Unlesstheteacherhassuchapictureanycommentshemaymakeonhisstudents’pronunciationareunlikelytobeofmuchuseandlessontimespentonpronunciationmaywellbetime-wasted.Butitdoesnotfollowthatyoucanteachpronunciationsuccessfullyassoonasyouhavereadthenecessarybooks.Itdependsafterthatonwhatuseyoumakeofyourknowledgeandthisisamatteroftechnique.Nowthefirstandmostimportantpartofalanguageteacher’stechniqueishisownperformancehisabilitytodemonstratethespokenlanguageineverydetailofarticulationaswellasinfluentspeakingsothatthestudent’slatentcapacityforimitationisgiventhefullestscopeandencouragement.Theteacherthenshouldbeasperfectamodelinthisrespectashecanmakehimself.Andtosupplementhisownperformancehoweversatisfactorythismaybethemodernteacherhasathisdisposalrecordingsradiotelevisionandvideotosupplytheauthenticvoicesofnativespeakersoriftheteacherhappenstobeanativespeakerhimselforspeaksjustlikeonethentovarythemethodofpresentingthelanguagematerial.Notes:setabout着手试图articulation发音latent潜在的不明显的atone’sdisposal供某人任意支配使用authentic真实的真正的 Whatisitthatteachersaresaidtobeinclinedtoforget
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3theeasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English".EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations.Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman.InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstressfollowedbyalistofarguments.ChoosethebestargumentfromthelistA—Gforeachnumberedsubheading41—45.Therearetwoextraargumentswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.41.Twotypesofstress:Therearebasicallytwotypesofstressplacedonhumanbeings--physicalandmental.42.Effectsofstress—physicaloremotional:Whetherphysical’oremotionalinoriginstresscausesthebodytoreactinthesameway.43.Guilty—usefulthoughmostharmful:Probablythemostharmfulofallthestressesisguilt.44.Instances—noneedtofeelguilty:Howevermanyofusaschildrenlearnedrulesthatwenolongerneed.Nooneisperfect:Guiltandtheworrythatoftenaccompaniesthismajorstressaredifficulttoeradicatebutpeoplesubjecttoexcessiveguiltfeelingsshouldrealizeassimpleasitsoundsthatnooneisperfect.Peoplecannotalwaysbecheerfulandhelpfultoeveryonetheymeet.Anothergoodlessonisthatmistakesshouldbeforgottennotlingeredoverandbroughtouttoexamineperiodically.45.Lifewithalittlestress—significant:Alifewithoutstresssuchasretirementwithnothingtodowouldbeboring.Notes:respiration呼吸pupil瞳孔dilate膨胀perspiration出汗勤奋date约会sour使别扭eradicatevt.消除根除atbest充其量.lingerover细细品味meditation深思沉思mightaswell不妨. [A]FatadultsshouldnolongerfeelguiltyaboutleavingalittlefoodontheplateasuccessfulbusinessmanneednotfeelguiltyaboutspendingalittletoomuchmoneyonavacationnorshouldhefeelguiltythathecancombineabusinesstriptotheWestCoastwithsomeswimmingandgolfatanoceanresort.Butmanypeopledofeelguiltyoversuchapparentlyinnocentactions.Excessiveguiltcansouralloflifeandmakelifenotworthliving;itcanalsocauseself-hatredaswellasotherfearsandanxietiesthatcausealllife’ssuccessestobebittersweetatbest. [B]Stressfromphysicalactivityifnotcarriedtoofarisactuallybeneficial.Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforgetaboutmentalandemotionalstress.Butmentalstressisalmostalwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelieveditcanactuallycausediseasessuchasulcersmigraineheadachesheartproblemsormentalillness. [C]Justasweneedalittleguilt—tokeepuscorrectandalittleworry—tomakeusplanahead—weneedalittlestresstostayinterestedinlife.Butwhenstressbeginstobotheryouyoumightaswellchangeyourroutine.Takeyourmindoffyourworrieswithsomephysicalactivity;youmaydiscoverasolutionyouhaveoverlookedbefore. [D]Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Infactitisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformanceandillhealth. [E]Somepeoplearenotafraidofstressandsuchcharactersareobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilitiesothersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties. [F]Inthefirststageyourbodypreparestomeetthestress.Theheartbeatandrespirationratesincreaseandthepupilsoftheeyesdilate;thebloodsugarlevelincreasesandtherateofperspirationspeedsupwhiledigestionslowsdownasbloodandmuscularactivityisdivertedelsewhere.Inthesecondstageyourbodyreturnstonormalandrepairsanydamagecausedbythestressfulsituation.Howeverifstresscontinuesthebodycannotrepairitselfandthefinalstageexhaustionthenbegins.Ifthisstagecontinuesifforexampleyouarefrustratedbyyourworkandcontinuetobefrustratedforalongtimephysicaloremotionaldamagewilloccur.Thesestagesofstressreactionarealwaysthesamewhetherthestressiscausedbyacross-countryrunafirstdatebuyingahouseornarrowlymissinganautomobileaccident. [G]Thiscommonemotionisusefultohavewhenithelpsustorealizethatwehaveinfactcommittedsomeerrorviolatedourownrulesorsocialrules.Ifwedidnotfeelguiltywewouldneverdoanythingexceptthethingsthatbroughtusimmediatepleasure—we’dneverobeythelawworkexerciseorevenstudyinschoolunlesswewantedtodosointhefirstplace.Asaperson’sconsciencedevelopsguiltfeelingsbecomeinevitable;guiltisthesorrowweexperiencewhenweknowwehavedonesomethingincorrect. 44
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1Ofalltheareasoflearningthemostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes..emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople."Theburntchildfearsthefire"isoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespotslikeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudescomefromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereinfluencedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread.Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordsarehighlyregardedbythem.Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendevotetheirtimetoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexicohisteacher’smethodofhandlingsuchaunitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans.Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudieswithspecialreferencetoracescreedsandnationalitiessciencemattersofhealthandsafetytheveryatmosphereoftheclassroom..theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions.Howeverwhenchildrengotoschoolwithundesirableattitudesitisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbycajolingorscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences.Toillustratefirst-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesamewayaclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussionresearchoutsidereadingandall-daytrips.Finallyateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudesbecauseherinfluencecanbenegativeifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts.Notes:pointup=emphasize强调突出.touchupon触及到creed信条教义.inculcation谆谆教诲cajoling哄骗 Astatementnotmadeorimpliedinthetextisthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3theeasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English".EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations.Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman.InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3theeasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English".EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations.Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman.InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3theeasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English".EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations.Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman.InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Text4Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalactivitiestheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness.Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution.Notes:capriciousness多变反复无常cognitive认识的runcounterto与......背道而驰违反bypass绕过incloseconcert一齐一致givenprep.考虑到由于 Thelogicalorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetextisthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3theeasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English".EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations.Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman.InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3theeasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English".EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations.Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman.InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
In1999thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008ithad1the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge2fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread3inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave4theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld5someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities6majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’spopulation—7risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral8ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto9scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithanygovernment10howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption11thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments12someinthewestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrisingoil13achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits14costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.15itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia16128percentfrom2001to2006. IntheUnitedStatesasalreadyhighgaspricesrose17higherinthespringof2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCainandObama18forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto19assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems20thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Ascivilizationproceedsinthedirectionoftechnologyitpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife—foodshelterclothesandwarmth.46Thenweeitherraiseourstandardoflivingabovethenecessaryforcomfortandhappinessorleaveitatthislevelandworkshorterhours.Mankindhasprobablychosenthelatteralternative.Menwillbeworkingshorterandshorterhoursintheirpaidemployment.Andthegreatmajorityofthehousewiveswillwishtoberelievedcompletelyoftheroutineoperationsofthehomesuchaswashingtheclothesorwashingup.47Byfarthemostlogicalsteptorelievethehousewifeofroutineistoprovidearobotslavewhichcanbetrainedtomeettherequirementsofaparticularhomeandcanbeprogrammedtocarryouthalfadozenormorestandardoperationswhensoswitchedbythehousewife.48Itwillbeamachinehavingnomoreemotionsthanacarbuthavingamemoryforinstructionsandalimiteddegreeofinstructedorbuilt-inadaptabilityaccordingtothepositionsinwhichitfindsvarioustypesofobjects.Itwilloperateothermorespecializedmachinesforexamplethevacuumcleanerorclothes-washingmachine.Therearenoproblemsintheproductionofsuchadomesticrobottowhichwedonothavealreadytheglimmeringofasolution.WhenIhavediscussedthiskindofdevicewithhousewivessome90percentofthemhavetheimmediatereaction"HowsooncanIbuyone"Theother10percenthavethereaction"Iwouldbeterrifiedtohaveitmovingaboutmyhouse."49Butwhenoneexplainstothemthatitcouldbeswitchedofforunpluggedorstoppedwithouttheslightestdifficultyormadetogoandputitselfawayinacupboardatanytimetheyquicklyrealizethatitisahighlydesirableobject.50Nowitisgenerallyrecognizedthatthereisnogreaterpleasurethantogotobedintheeveningandknowthatthewashingupisbeingdonedownstairsafteroneisasleep.Mostfamiliesarenowdelightednodoubttohavearobotslavedoingallthedownstairshouseworkaftertheywereinbedatnight.Notes:glimmering迹象 Nowitisgenerallyrecognizedthatthereisnogreaterpleasurethantogotobedintheeveningandknowthatthewashingupisbeingdonedownstairsafteroneisasleep.
PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Ascivilizationproceedsinthedirectionoftechnologyitpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife—foodshelterclothesandwarmth.46Thenweeitherraiseourstandardoflivingabovethenecessaryforcomfortandhappinessorleaveitatthislevelandworkshorterhours.Mankindhasprobablychosenthelatteralternative.Menwillbeworkingshorterandshorterhoursintheirpaidemployment.Andthegreatmajorityofthehousewiveswillwishtoberelievedcompletelyoftheroutineoperationsofthehomesuchaswashingtheclothesorwashingup.47Byfarthemostlogicalsteptorelievethehousewifeofroutineistoprovidearobotslavewhichcanbetrainedtomeettherequirementsofaparticularhomeandcanbeprogrammedtocarryouthalfadozenormorestandardoperationswhensoswitchedbythehousewife.48Itwillbeamachinehavingnomoreemotionsthanacarbuthavingamemoryforinstructionsandalimiteddegreeofinstructedorbuilt-inadaptabilityaccordingtothepositionsinwhichitfindsvarioustypesofobjects.Itwilloperateothermorespecializedmachinesforexamplethevacuumcleanerorclothes-washingmachine.Therearenoproblemsintheproductionofsuchadomesticrobottowhichwedonothavealreadytheglimmeringofasolution.WhenIhavediscussedthiskindofdevicewithhousewivessome90percentofthemhavetheimmediatereaction"HowsooncanIbuyone"Theother10percenthavethereaction"Iwouldbeterrifiedtohaveitmovingaboutmyhouse."49Butwhenoneexplainstothemthatitcouldbeswitchedofforunpluggedorstoppedwithouttheslightestdifficultyormadetogoandputitselfawayinacupboardatanytimetheyquicklyrealizethatitisahighlydesirableobject.50Nowitisgenerallyrecognizedthatthereisnogreaterpleasurethantogotobedintheeveningandknowthatthewashingupisbeingdonedownstairsafteroneisasleep.Mostfamiliesarenowdelightednodoubttohavearobotslavedoingallthedownstairshouseworkaftertheywereinbedatnight.Notes:glimmering迹象 Itwillbeamachinehavingnomoreemotionsthanacarbuthavingamemoryforinstructionsandalimiteddegreeofinstructedorbuilt-inadaptabilityaccordingtothepositionsinwhichitfindsvarioustypesofobjects
Directions: Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethesetofpictures 2interpretitsmeaningand 3pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
In1999thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008ithad1the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge2fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread3inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave4theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld5someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities6majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’spopulation—7risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral8ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto9scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithanygovernment10howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption11thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments12someinthewestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrisingoil13achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits14costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.15itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia16128percentfrom2001to2006. IntheUnitedStatesasalreadyhighgaspricesrose17higherinthespringof2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCainandObama18forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto19assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems20thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3theeasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English".EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations.Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman.InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1Ofalltheareasoflearningthemostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes..emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople."Theburntchildfearsthefire"isoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespotslikeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudescomefromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereinfluencedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread.Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordsarehighlyregardedbythem.Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendevotetheirtimetoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexicohisteacher’smethodofhandlingsuchaunitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans.Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudieswithspecialreferencetoracescreedsandnationalitiessciencemattersofhealthandsafetytheveryatmosphereoftheclassroom..theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions.Howeverwhenchildrengotoschoolwithundesirableattitudesitisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbycajolingorscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences.Toillustratefirst-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesamewayaclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussionresearchoutsidereadingandall-daytrips.Finallyateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudesbecauseherinfluencecanbenegativeifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts.Notes:pointup=emphasize强调突出.touchupon触及到creed信条教义.inculcation谆谆教诲cajoling哄骗 Inparagraph6theauthorimpliesthat
Text3Pronouncingalanguageisaskill.Everynormalpersonisexpertintheskillofpronouncinghisownlanguagebutfewpeopleareevenmoderatelyproficientatpronouncingforeignlanguages.Nowtherearemanyreasonsforthissomeobvioussomeperhapsnotsoobvious.ButIsuggestthatthefundamentalreasonwhypeopleingeneraldonotspeakforeignlanguagesverymuchbetterthantheydoisthattheyfailtograspthetruenatureoftheproblemoflearningtopronounceandconsequentlyneversetabouttacklingitintherightway.Fartoomanypeoplefailtorealizethatpronouncingaforeignlanguageisaskillonethatneedscarefultrainingofaspecialkindandonethatcannotbeacquiredbyjustleavingittotakecareofitself.Ithinkeventeachersoflanguagewhilerecognizingtheimportanceofagoodaccenttendtoneglectintheirpracticalteachingthebranchofstudyconcernedwithspeakingthelanguage.SothefirstpointIwanttomakeisthatEnglishpronunciationmustbetaught;theteachershouldbepreparedtodevotesomeofthelessontimetothisandbyhiswholeattitudetothesubjectshouldgetthestudenttofeelthathereisamatterworthyofreceivinghiscloseattention.SothereshouldbeoccasionswhenotheraspectsofEnglishsuchasgrammarorspellingareallowedforthemomenttotakesecondplace.Apartfromthisquestionofthetimegiventopronunciationtherearetwootherrequirementsfortheteacher:thefirstknowledge;thesecondtechnique.Itisimportantthattheteachershouldbeinpossessionofthenecessaryinformation.Thiscangenerallybeobtainedfrombooks.Itispossibletogetfrombookssomeideaofthemechanicsofspeechandofwhatwecallgeneralphonetictheory.ItisalsopossibleinthiswaytogetaclearmentalpictureoftherelationshipbetweenthesoundsofdifferentlanguagesbetweenthespeechhabitsofEnglishpeopleandthosesayofyourstudents.Unlesstheteacherhassuchapictureanycommentshemaymakeonhisstudents’pronunciationareunlikelytobeofmuchuseandlessontimespentonpronunciationmaywellbetime-wasted.Butitdoesnotfollowthatyoucanteachpronunciationsuccessfullyassoonasyouhavereadthenecessarybooks.Itdependsafterthatonwhatuseyoumakeofyourknowledgeandthisisamatteroftechnique.Nowthefirstandmostimportantpartofalanguageteacher’stechniqueishisownperformancehisabilitytodemonstratethespokenlanguageineverydetailofarticulationaswellasinfluentspeakingsothatthestudent’slatentcapacityforimitationisgiventhefullestscopeandencouragement.Theteacherthenshouldbeasperfectamodelinthisrespectashecanmakehimself.Andtosupplementhisownperformancehoweversatisfactorythismaybethemodernteacherhasathisdisposalrecordingsradiotelevisionandvideotosupplytheauthenticvoicesofnativespeakersoriftheteacherhappenstobeanativespeakerhimselforspeaksjustlikeonethentovarythemethodofpresentingthelanguagematerial.Notes:setabout着手试图articulation发音latent潜在的不明显的atone’sdisposal供某人任意支配使用authentic真实的真正的 Accordingtothetextinrelationtosomeoneteachinghisownlanguagetoforeignersaudio-visualaidscan
In1999thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008ithad1the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge2fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread3inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave4theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld5someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities6majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’spopulation—7risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral8ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto9scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithanygovernment10howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption11thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments12someinthewestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrisingoil13achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits14costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.15itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia16128percentfrom2001to2006. IntheUnitedStatesasalreadyhighgaspricesrose17higherinthespringof2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCainandObama18forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto19assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems20thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text2Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividualtheapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimalswhichasidefromcloninghavenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction.Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivorsthisensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.LikelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmemberssuchastheAfricanBongoAntelopetheSumatranTigerandtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPandasomeartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformedperhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess.Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworldtheurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates."HuaMei"wasbornin1999afterherparentsHsing-HsingandLing-Linghadtroubleconceivingnaturally.TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPandatheAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbearwhereitwillgrowandmatureuntilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost.Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethodssuchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies’habitatsanywaymakingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebatedasbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.Notes:ethically道德上genepool基因库inseminationn.受精fertilize使受精embryo胚胎proponent支持者拥护者weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊 Themainpurposeofthelast.paragraphisto
Text4Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalactivitiestheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness.Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution.Notes:capriciousness多变反复无常cognitive认识的runcounterto与......背道而驰违反bypass绕过incloseconcert一齐一致givenprep.考虑到由于 Whenmentioningthinking/actingcyclesinPara.4theauthorismostlikelytobelievethat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3theeasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English".EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations.Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman.InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
In1999thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008ithad1the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge2fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread3inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave4theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld5someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities6majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’spopulation—7risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral8ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto9scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithanygovernment10howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption11thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments12someinthewestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrisingoil13achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits14costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.15itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia16128percentfrom2001to2006. IntheUnitedStatesasalreadyhighgaspricesrose17higherinthespringof2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCainandObama18forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto19assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems20thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text2Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividualtheapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimalswhichasidefromcloninghavenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction.Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivorsthisensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.LikelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmemberssuchastheAfricanBongoAntelopetheSumatranTigerandtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPandasomeartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformedperhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess.Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworldtheurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates."HuaMei"wasbornin1999afterherparentsHsing-HsingandLing-Linghadtroubleconceivingnaturally.TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPandatheAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbearwhereitwillgrowandmatureuntilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost.Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethodssuchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies’habitatsanywaymakingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebatedasbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.Notes:ethically道德上genepool基因库inseminationn.受精fertilize使受精embryo胚胎proponent支持者拥护者weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊 TheauthordirectsattentiontoHuaMei'thebabypandabornintheSanDiegoZooinorderto
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3theeasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English".EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations.Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman.InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.Notes:fiery暴躁的易怒的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Text2Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividualtheapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimalswhichasidefromcloninghavenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction.Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivorsthisensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.LikelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmemberssuchastheAfricanBongoAntelopetheSumatranTigerandtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPandasomeartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformedperhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess.Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworldtheurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates."HuaMei"wasbornin1999afterherparentsHsing-HsingandLing-Linghadtroubleconceivingnaturally.TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPandatheAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbearwhereitwillgrowandmatureuntilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost.Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethodssuchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies’habitatsanywaymakingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebatedasbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.Notes:ethically道德上genepool基因库inseminationn.受精fertilize使受精embryo胚胎proponent支持者拥护者weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊 Itcanbeinferredfromtheinformationgiveninthetextthatthebestcandidateforcloningwouldbe
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