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Text 1 It has been a wretched few weeks for America’ s celebrity bosses. AIG’ s Maurice "Hank" ...
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1MrGreen__Chinaforthreeyears.
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Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.5
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes.TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro.AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart.InanyeasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthisreputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePre-RaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentines--featuressuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Text3 Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Mosttypicalhistorycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.Butarthistoryfocusesonmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligiousbeliefsemotionsandpsychology.Inadditioninformationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourancestors-orofpeopleverydifferentfromourown-canbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressestheessentialqualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthancanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryispresented;thatisfactsaboutpoliticsaregivenbutopinionsarenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandissubjective:itreflectsemotionsandopinions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyawasperhapsthefirsttruly"political"artist.Inhiswell-knownpaintingTheThirdofMay1808hecriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforitsmisuseofpoweroverpeople.OverahundredyearslatersymbolicimageswereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuernicatoexpressthehorrorofwar.MeanwhileonanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveraJoseClementeOrozcoandDavidAlfaroSiqueiros-aswellastheworksofAlfredoRamosMartinez-depictedtheseMexicanartists’deepangerandsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcanreflectaculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwasalmosttheonlytypeofartthatexisted.Churches.andotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.Althoughmostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.BycontrastoneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisitsabsenceofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesareunholy. Thepassagemainlydiscusses
Electronics电子学isthetechnologywhichmarshalsandcontrolselectronsinmaterialsandtodayitsapplicationsseemstobeboundless.Themoststrikingapplicationrecentlywastheestablishmentofanelectroniccommunicationswebaroundtheworldtomakethemoonlandingpossible.Inthenearfuturethisweborasimilaronewillbeusedinasurveyoftheearth’sresources.46Satelliteswillnotonlyrecordinterestinggeographsicalfeaturesbutwillbeofinvaluableserviceinreportingonoutbreakssuchasinsectplagueplantdiseasebushfireandvolcanicactivity. Electronicsisalsothekeytoautomationwheremanualcontrolofmachinesisreplacedbyelectronicscontrolswhicharefasterandmoreaccurateandreliable.47Theautomatictimingoftrafficlightstheautomaticminingandprocessingofores矿石thenumericalcontrolofmachinetoolsthecontrolofelectricalpowerstationstheautomaticmonitoringofhospitalpatients’medicalconditionsandthemonitoringofplantandanimalgrowthateallexamplesoftherapidlygrowingapplicationsofelectronicsinthisarea. 48Apartfromautomationotherapplicationswhicharousepublicopinionincludesatellitesusedformilitarypurposeselectronicbuggingsystemsandcomputercenterstorecordpersonaldataonallcitizens.Aswellasprovidingthenucleusforsuchdatacentrescomputerswilltakeovermoreandmoreoftheroutineoperationsofmodemlife.Theyseemdestinedtobetheapplicationofelectronicswhichwillhavemostinfluenceonourlivesinthecomingdecade.49Perhapsmoresignificantlyinthelong-rangeviewtheywillextendman’sreasoningpowerastoolsandmachineshaveextendedhismusclesinthepastandthetelephoneradioandTVareextendinghissensesatpresent. 50Sinceelectronicsisusedinsomanyactivitiesandbecauseittouchesonmanyothersubjectsitprovidespossiblemeansofcontactbetweenengineeringandthesocialnaturalandmedicalsciences. 49Perhapsmoresignificantlyinthelong-rangeviewtheywillextendman’sreasoningpowerastoolsandmachineshaveextendedhismusclesinthepastandthetelephoneradioandTVareextendinghissensesatpresent.
Text4 Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter1850whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.Theintroductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellionsbyworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthemoftheirwork.PatrickBellinScoff-andandCyrusMcCormickinUnitedStatesproducedthreshingmachines.Ingeniousimprovementsweremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakeshay-loadersandvariousspecialharvestingmachineswereproduced.Milkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustionenginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthefarm. Intimethenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouseskyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Between1940and1960forexample12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5milliontractors.Tractorsoffermanyfeaturesthatareattractivetofarmers.Thereareforexamplenumerousattachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethesoiltovaryingdepthsrotaryhoesthatchopneeds;spraydevicesthatcanspraypesticidesinbands100feetacrossandmanyothers. Apieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedforvirtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperationonthefarm.IntheUnitedStatesforexamplecottontobaccohayandgrainareplantedtreatedforpestsanddiseasesfertilizedcultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruitandnutfromtrees;grainandblendfeedanddrygrainandhay.Equipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountoffertilizerinjusttherightplacetosprayandexactrowwidthandtocountoutspaceandplantjusttherightnumberofseedsforarow. MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatinAmericaAfrica.Agricultureinnovationisacceptedfastestwhereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Somemechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagricultureinpartsofthetropicsbuteventodaymuchofthatlanduslaboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspullingprimitiveplows. Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenotonlyculturalinnature.Forexamplestropicalsoilsandcropsdiffermarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachinesaredesignedforsoadaptationshavetobemade.Butthegreatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearinunderdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedbymachineswouldnotfindworkelsewhere.Introducingmechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning. Bysayingthattheproblemsofmechanizingsomeareasarenotonlyculturalinnaturetheauthormeans
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.9
Text2 BobbyandhismasterfarmerJohnGraywerefamiliarsightsinEdinburgh.EveryWednesdayafteravisittomarketandexactlyasthetime-gunboomedoneo’clockthetwowouldenterTraill’sDiningRoomfortheirmiddaymealafrugallunchforGrayandabunforBobby. Thenin1858theschedulewasinterrupted.FarmerGraydied.Threedaysafterthefuneralexactlyatoneo’clockTraillfoundhimselflookingintoapairofbeseechingcanineeyes.Bobbygothisbunanddisappeared.ThiswasrepeatedforseveraldaysuntilTraill’scuriositygotthebetterofhim.Hefollowedthesmallterrierasheleftandracedtohismaster’sgrave.Thereheremainedeachdayfairorfouldespitetheeffortsofdog-lovingtownspeopletogivehimanewhome.Thegraveyardcaretakerwhilesympatheticwasatfirstnotsowillingtolethimin.ButBobby’sdevotionandfidelityweresogreatthatthecaretakerprovidedBobbywithashelterclosetothegravetoprotecthimfrombadweather. ThenafternineyearsBobbywasarrestedasavagrantbecausehehadnolicense.TherestaurantkeeperappearedincourtwithBobbymilewasreleasedbymercifuljustice.Butjusttomakesurethelawcouldnottouchhim.LordProvostWilliamChamberspaidBobby’sfeeeachyearandpresentedhimwithabrass-platedcollarinscribed"Greyfriars’BobbyfromTheLordProvost1876License." AfterthatGreyfriars’Bobbywasallowedtokeephislonelyvigilundisturbed.Henevervariedhismealtime.Eachdayheleftthegraveyardasthegunroaredoneo’clocktopickuphisbunandtakeitbacktoeatathismaster’sside.Hemusthavebeenreallyhardyforheliveduntil1872havingkepttohissolitary.postforfourteenlongyears.HewasburiedinGreyfriars’ofcourseinaflowerbednearJohnGray’stombstone. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedorimpliedaboutBobby
Text1 Myobjectiveistoanalysecertainformsofknowledgenotintermsofrepressionorlawbutintermsofpower.Butthewordpowerisapttoleadtomisunderstandingsaboutthenatureformandunityofpower.Bypoweridonotmeanagroupofinstitutionsandmechanismsthatensurethesubservienceofthecitizenry.Idonotmeaneitheramodeofsubjugationthatincontrasttoviolencehastheformoftherule.FinallyIdonothaveinmindageneralsystemofdominationexertedbyonegroupoveranotherasystemwhoseeffectsthroughsuccessivederivationspervadetheentiresocialbody.Thesovereigntyofthestatetheformoflawortheoverallunityofadominationareonlytheterminalformspowertakes. Itseemstomethatpowermustbeunderstoodasthemultiplicityofforcerelationsthatareimmanentinthesocialsphere;astheprocessthatthroughceaselessstruggleandconfrontationtransformsstrenghtensorreversesthem;asthesupportthattheseforcerelationsfindinoneanotheroronthecontrarythedisjunctionandcontradictionsthatisolatethemfromoneanother;andlastlyasthestrategiesinwhichtheytakeeffectwhosegeneraldesignorinstitutionalcrystallizationisembodiedinthestateapparatusintheformulationofthelawinthevarioussocialhegemonies. Thustheviewpointthatpermitsonetounderstandtheexerciseofpowereveninitsmore"peripheral"effectsandthatalsomakesitpossibletouseitsmechanismsasastructuralframeworkforanalysingthesocialordermustnotb4soughtinauniquesourceofsovereigntyfromwhichsecondaryanddescendentfor/nsofpoweremanatebutinthemovingsubstrateofforcerelationsthatbyvirtueoftheirinequalityconstantlyengenderlocalandunstablestatesofpower.Ifpowerseemsomnipresentitisnotbecauseithastheprivilegeofconsolidatingeverythingunderitsinvincibleunitybutbecauseitisproducedfromonemomenttothenext.ateverypointorratherineveryrelationfromonepointtoanother.Poweriseverywherenotbecauseitembraceseverythingbutbecauseitcomesfromeverywhere.Andifpowerattimesseemstobepermanentrepetitiousinvertandself-reproducingitissimplybecausetheoveralleffectthatemergesfromallthesemobilitiesisaconcatenationthatrestsoneachofthemandseeksintorntoarresttheirmovement.Oneneedstobenominalisticnodoubt:powerisnotaninstitutionandnotastructure;neitherisitacertainstrengthweareendowedwith;itisthenamethatoneattributestoacomplexstrategicsituationinaparticularsociety. Theauthor'sattitudetowardthevariouskindsofcompulsionemployedbysocialinstitutionsisbestdescribedas
EveryyearFortunemagazinecelebrateswomeninthetopechelonsofcorporateAmericabypublishingalistOfthe50MostPowerfulWomeninBusiness.Theirtitlesareimpressive--CEOchairmanpresident--andphotosportraythemaspolishedandconfident.Whataninspirationtheycouldbetotheyoungwomenfollowingthem. 41Butwhatifthoseyoungwomendon’taspiretoacomerofficeAweekaftertheFortunelistappearedonnewsstandsamajornationalstudyofteenagersrevealedasurprisingfinding-while97percentofgirlspolledexpecttoworktosupportthemselvesortheirfamiliesonly9percentwantcareersinbusiness.Amongboysthefigureis15percent."Girlsofthisgenerationarequiteambitiouswhichisexciting"saysFionaWilsonaprofessor’*atSimmonsCollegeSchoolofManagementandanauthorofthestudywhichpolledmorethan3000girlsand1200boysinmiddleschoolandhighschool.Shefindsitencouragingthathalfthegirlspreferprofessionssuchasdoctorslawyersandarchitects."We’renotgoingbacktothestereotypeoftheirmothers-generationwherewomenwerethinkingaboutbeingnursesandteachers." 42ButwhydogirlsshyawayfrombusinessThenumberofwomenapplyingtobusinessschoolshasdroppedoff.Bycontrastwomenmakeuphalfthestudentsinmedicalandlawschools. 43Unlikeboysinthestudywhosaytheywanttoearnalotofmoneygirlsplacegreatimportanceonhelpingothersandimprovingsociety.Buttheydon’tseeconnectionsbetweenthosegoalsandbusinesswhichtheyequatewithfinanceandnumbers.Andthey’relessconfidentthanboysabouttheirbusinessrelatedskills.Teengirlsalsoplaceahighvalueonhavingenoughtimetospendwithfamilyandfriends. 44IndescribingbusinessProfessorWilsonsays"theyusedmanyimagesinvolvingstress-imagesaboutdadshavingtomakeconferencecallsonvacationandmomsalwaysbeingtiredwhentheygothomeorcomplainingabouttheirbadbosses." 45Asithappensmothersaretheprimarysourceofcareeradvicefordaughters.Butparentsgoalsareoftenlesswelldefinedforgirlsthanforboys."Mothersexpresstheirhopeandaspirationfordaughtersintermsofwantingthemtobehappyandhavealotofoptionsbuttheydon’ttranslatethatdirectlyintobusinessopportunities"saysConnieDuckworthheadofTheCommitteeof200anationalwomen’sbusinessleadershipgroupthatcommissionedthestudy. WilsonCallsthelackofwomenatthetop"alarming’addingthatthestudydoesn’tofferalotofhopethatfuturegenerationswillswelltheranksofwomeninleadershippositions. [A]Titlesoftheechelon [B]Imagesusedindescribingbusiness [C]Womenstudentinschools [D]Mothersplayanimportantrole [E]Whywomenarenotwillingtochoosebusinesscarrier [F]Asurprisingpoll 41
Text3 Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Mosttypicalhistorycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.Butarthistoryfocusesonmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligiousbeliefsemotionsandpsychology.Inadditioninformationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourancestors-orofpeopleverydifferentfromourown-canbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressestheessentialqualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthancanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryispresented;thatisfactsaboutpoliticsaregivenbutopinionsarenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandissubjective:itreflectsemotionsandopinions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyawasperhapsthefirsttruly"political"artist.Inhiswell-knownpaintingTheThirdofMay1808hecriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforitsmisuseofpoweroverpeople.OverahundredyearslatersymbolicimageswereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuernicatoexpressthehorrorofwar.MeanwhileonanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveraJoseClementeOrozcoandDavidAlfaroSiqueiros-aswellastheworksofAlfredoRamosMartinez-depictedtheseMexicanartists’deepangerandsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcanreflectaculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwasalmosttheonlytypeofartthatexisted.Churches.andotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.Althoughmostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.BycontrastoneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisitsabsenceofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesareunholy. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.19
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.11
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes.TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro.AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart.InanyeasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthisreputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePre-RaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentines--featuressuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements.TheviewsofVasariandHomeonBotticelli’sproductsare
EveryyearFortunemagazinecelebrateswomeninthetopechelonsofcorporateAmericabypublishingalistOfthe50MostPowerfulWomeninBusiness.Theirtitlesareimpressive--CEOchairmanpresident--andphotosportraythemaspolishedandconfident.Whataninspirationtheycouldbetotheyoungwomenfollowingthem. 41Butwhatifthoseyoungwomendon’taspiretoacomerofficeAweekaftertheFortunelistappearedonnewsstandsamajornationalstudyofteenagersrevealedasurprisingfinding-while97percentofgirlspolledexpecttoworktosupportthemselvesortheirfamiliesonly9percentwantcareersinbusiness.Amongboysthefigureis15percent."Girlsofthisgenerationarequiteambitiouswhichisexciting"saysFionaWilsonaprofessor’*atSimmonsCollegeSchoolofManagementandanauthorofthestudywhichpolledmorethan3000girlsand1200boysinmiddleschoolandhighschool.Shefindsitencouragingthathalfthegirlspreferprofessionssuchasdoctorslawyersandarchitects."We’renotgoingbacktothestereotypeoftheirmothers-generationwherewomenwerethinkingaboutbeingnursesandteachers." 42ButwhydogirlsshyawayfrombusinessThenumberofwomenapplyingtobusinessschoolshasdroppedoff.Bycontrastwomenmakeuphalfthestudentsinmedicalandlawschools. 43Unlikeboysinthestudywhosaytheywanttoearnalotofmoneygirlsplacegreatimportanceonhelpingothersandimprovingsociety.Buttheydon’tseeconnectionsbetweenthosegoalsandbusinesswhichtheyequatewithfinanceandnumbers.Andthey’relessconfidentthanboysabouttheirbusinessrelatedskills.Teengirlsalsoplaceahighvalueonhavingenoughtimetospendwithfamilyandfriends. 44IndescribingbusinessProfessorWilsonsays"theyusedmanyimagesinvolvingstress-imagesaboutdadshavingtomakeconferencecallsonvacationandmomsalwaysbeingtiredwhentheygothomeorcomplainingabouttheirbadbosses." 45Asithappensmothersaretheprimarysourceofcareeradvicefordaughters.Butparentsgoalsareoftenlesswelldefinedforgirlsthanforboys."Mothersexpresstheirhopeandaspirationfordaughtersintermsofwantingthemtobehappyandhavealotofoptionsbuttheydon’ttranslatethatdirectlyintobusinessopportunities"saysConnieDuckworthheadofTheCommitteeof200anationalwomen’sbusinessleadershipgroupthatcommissionedthestudy. WilsonCallsthelackofwomenatthetop"alarming’addingthatthestudydoesn’tofferalotofhopethatfuturegenerationswillswelltheranksofwomeninleadershippositions. [A]Titlesoftheechelon [B]Imagesusedindescribingbusiness [C]Womenstudentinschools [D]Mothersplayanimportantrole [E]Whywomenarenotwillingtochoosebusinesscarrier [F]Asurprisingpoll 43
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.7
Directions:YouareWangLingato-begraduatefromNanJingUniversitymajoringinEnglish.Writealettertoacompanyapplyingforapositionyourlettershouldinclude: 1anintroductionofyourself; 2yourqualificationfortheposition; 3aninterviewrequest. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsOnANSWERSHEET Youdon’tneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text4 Thefullinfluenceofmechanizationbeganshortlyafter1850whenavarietyofmachinescamerapidlyintouse.Theintroductionofthesemachinesfrequentlycreatedrebellionsbyworkerswhowerefearfulthatthemachineswouldrobthemoftheirwork.PatrickBellinScoff-andandCyrusMcCormickinUnitedStatesproducedthreshingmachines.Ingeniousimprovementsweremadeinplowstocompensatefordifferentsoiltypes.Streampowercameintousein1860sonlargefarms.Hayrakeshay-loadersandvariousspecialharvestingmachineswereproduced.Milkingmachinesappeared.Theinternal-combustionenginerunbygasolinebecamethechiefpowersourceforthefarm. Intimethenumberofcertainfarmmachinesthatcameintouseskyrocketedandchangedthenatureoffanning.Between1940and1960forexample12millionhorsesandmulesgavewayto5milliontractors.Tractorsoffermanyfeaturesthatareattractivetofarmers.Thereareforexamplenumerousattachments:cultivatorsthatcanpenetratethesoiltovaryingdepthsrotaryhoesthatchopneeds;spraydevicesthatcanspraypesticidesinbands100feetacrossandmanyothers. Apieceofequipmenthasnowbeeninventedoradaptedforvirtuallyeverylaborioushandoranimaloperationonthefarm.IntheUnitedStatesforexamplecottontobaccohayandgrainareplantedtreatedforpestsanddiseasesfertilizedcultivatedandharvestedbymachine.Largedevicesshakefruitandnutfromtrees;grainandblendfeedanddrygrainandhay.Equipmentisnowavailabletoputjusttherightamountoffertilizerinjusttherightplacetosprayandexactrowwidthandtocountoutspaceandplantjusttherightnumberofseedsforarow. MechanizationisnotusedinagricultureinmanypartsofLatinAmericaAfrica.Agricultureinnovationisacceptedfastestwhereagricultureisalreadyprofitableandprogressive.Somemechanizationhasreachedthelevelofplantationagricultureinpartsofthetropicsbuteventodaymuchofthatlanduslaboriouslyworkedbypeopleleadingdraftanimalspullingprimitiveplows. Theproblemsofmechanizationinsomeareasarenotonlyculturalinnature.Forexamplestropicalsoilsandcropsdiffermarkedlyfromthoseintemperateareasthatthemachinesaredesignedforsoadaptationshavetobemade.Butthegreatestobstacletomechanizationisthefearinunderdevelopedcountriesthattheworkerswhoaredisplacedbymachineswouldnotfindworkelsewhere.Introducingmechanizationintosuchareasrequirescarefulplanning. Inthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphthewordskyrocketedmostprobablymeans
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.17
Electronics电子学isthetechnologywhichmarshalsandcontrolselectronsinmaterialsandtodayitsapplicationsseemstobeboundless.Themoststrikingapplicationrecentlywastheestablishmentofanelectroniccommunicationswebaroundtheworldtomakethemoonlandingpossible.Inthenearfuturethisweborasimilaronewillbeusedinasurveyoftheearth’sresources.46Satelliteswillnotonlyrecordinterestinggeographsicalfeaturesbutwillbeofinvaluableserviceinreportingonoutbreakssuchasinsectplagueplantdiseasebushfireandvolcanicactivity. Electronicsisalsothekeytoautomationwheremanualcontrolofmachinesisreplacedbyelectronicscontrolswhicharefasterandmoreaccurateandreliable.47Theautomatictimingoftrafficlightstheautomaticminingandprocessingofores矿石thenumericalcontrolofmachinetoolsthecontrolofelectricalpowerstationstheautomaticmonitoringofhospitalpatients’medicalconditionsandthemonitoringofplantandanimalgrowthateallexamplesoftherapidlygrowingapplicationsofelectronicsinthisarea. 48Apartfromautomationotherapplicationswhicharousepublicopinionincludesatellitesusedformilitarypurposeselectronicbuggingsystemsandcomputercenterstorecordpersonaldataonallcitizens.Aswellasprovidingthenucleusforsuchdatacentrescomputerswilltakeovermoreandmoreoftheroutineoperationsofmodemlife.Theyseemdestinedtobetheapplicationofelectronicswhichwillhavemostinfluenceonourlivesinthecomingdecade.49Perhapsmoresignificantlyinthelong-rangeviewtheywillextendman’sreasoningpowerastoolsandmachineshaveextendedhismusclesinthepastandthetelephoneradioandTVareextendinghissensesatpresent. 50Sinceelectronicsisusedinsomanyactivitiesandbecauseittouchesonmanyothersubjectsitprovidespossiblemeansofcontactbetweenengineeringandthesocialnaturalandmedicalsciences. 47Theautomatictimingoftrafficlightstheautomaticminingandprocessingofores矿石thenumericalcontrolofmachinetoolsthecontrolofelectricalpowerstationstheautomaticmonitoringofhospitalpatients’medicalconditionsandthemonitoringofplantandanimalgrowthateallexamplesoftherapidlygrowingapplicationsofelectronicsinthisarea.
Text1 Myobjectiveistoanalysecertainformsofknowledgenotintermsofrepressionorlawbutintermsofpower.Butthewordpowerisapttoleadtomisunderstandingsaboutthenatureformandunityofpower.Bypoweridonotmeanagroupofinstitutionsandmechanismsthatensurethesubservienceofthecitizenry.Idonotmeaneitheramodeofsubjugationthatincontrasttoviolencehastheformoftherule.FinallyIdonothaveinmindageneralsystemofdominationexertedbyonegroupoveranotherasystemwhoseeffectsthroughsuccessivederivationspervadetheentiresocialbody.Thesovereigntyofthestatetheformoflawortheoverallunityofadominationareonlytheterminalformspowertakes. Itseemstomethatpowermustbeunderstoodasthemultiplicityofforcerelationsthatareimmanentinthesocialsphere;astheprocessthatthroughceaselessstruggleandconfrontationtransformsstrenghtensorreversesthem;asthesupportthattheseforcerelationsfindinoneanotheroronthecontrarythedisjunctionandcontradictionsthatisolatethemfromoneanother;andlastlyasthestrategiesinwhichtheytakeeffectwhosegeneraldesignorinstitutionalcrystallizationisembodiedinthestateapparatusintheformulationofthelawinthevarioussocialhegemonies. Thustheviewpointthatpermitsonetounderstandtheexerciseofpowereveninitsmore"peripheral"effectsandthatalsomakesitpossibletouseitsmechanismsasastructuralframeworkforanalysingthesocialordermustnotb4soughtinauniquesourceofsovereigntyfromwhichsecondaryanddescendentfor/nsofpoweremanatebutinthemovingsubstrateofforcerelationsthatbyvirtueoftheirinequalityconstantlyengenderlocalandunstablestatesofpower.Ifpowerseemsomnipresentitisnotbecauseithastheprivilegeofconsolidatingeverythingunderitsinvincibleunitybutbecauseitisproducedfromonemomenttothenext.ateverypointorratherineveryrelationfromonepointtoanother.Poweriseverywherenotbecauseitembraceseverythingbutbecauseitcomesfromeverywhere.Andifpowerattimesseemstobepermanentrepetitiousinvertandself-reproducingitissimplybecausetheoveralleffectthatemergesfromallthesemobilitiesisaconcatenationthatrestsoneachofthemandseeksintorntoarresttheirmovement.Oneneedstobenominalisticnodoubt:powerisnotaninstitutionandnotastructure;neitherisitacertainstrengthweareendowedwith;itisthenamethatoneattributestoacomplexstrategicsituationinaparticularsociety. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenlawandpower
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhichwhen1nitroglyoerine__油wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle2weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal3scientificreasontopursuehissearchbecausehis4brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine5exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen6forsomanydisastersthatits7hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries. While8anewformulaonemorningthedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed划开hisfinger.Hewasdaubing涂搽the9withcollodion火棉胶acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol乙醚10theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!11.wastheanswer.Thenewmixture12blastinggelatine爆胶wasnotonly13safetohandleasdynamitebutitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infactsopowerful14thatitpavedthewayforawholenew15inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere16roadswerebuiltandcanalswerecutataspeedonce17impossible.Ithadanotherusealso-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew18wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.19itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand20. 17
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.3
Text2 BobbyandhismasterfarmerJohnGraywerefamiliarsightsinEdinburgh.EveryWednesdayafteravisittomarketandexactlyasthetime-gunboomedoneo’clockthetwowouldenterTraill’sDiningRoomfortheirmiddaymealafrugallunchforGrayandabunforBobby. Thenin1858theschedulewasinterrupted.FarmerGraydied.Threedaysafterthefuneralexactlyatoneo’clockTraillfoundhimselflookingintoapairofbeseechingcanineeyes.Bobbygothisbunanddisappeared.ThiswasrepeatedforseveraldaysuntilTraill’scuriositygotthebetterofhim.Hefollowedthesmallterrierasheleftandracedtohismaster’sgrave.Thereheremainedeachdayfairorfouldespitetheeffortsofdog-lovingtownspeopletogivehimanewhome.Thegraveyardcaretakerwhilesympatheticwasatfirstnotsowillingtolethimin.ButBobby’sdevotionandfidelityweresogreatthatthecaretakerprovidedBobbywithashelterclosetothegravetoprotecthimfrombadweather. ThenafternineyearsBobbywasarrestedasavagrantbecausehehadnolicense.TherestaurantkeeperappearedincourtwithBobbymilewasreleasedbymercifuljustice.Butjusttomakesurethelawcouldnottouchhim.LordProvostWilliamChamberspaidBobby’sfeeeachyearandpresentedhimwithabrass-platedcollarinscribed"Greyfriars’BobbyfromTheLordProvost1876License." AfterthatGreyfriars’Bobbywasallowedtokeephislonelyvigilundisturbed.Henevervariedhismealtime.Eachdayheleftthegraveyardasthegunroaredoneo’clocktopickuphisbunandtakeitbacktoeatathismaster’sside.Hemusthavebeenreallyhardyforheliveduntil1872havingkepttohissolitary.postforfourteenlongyears.HewasburiedinGreyfriars’ofcourseinaflowerbednearJohnGray’stombstone. Thephrasefamiliarsightsinthefirstsentenceisnearestinmeaningto
YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhichwhen1nitroglyoerine__油wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle2weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal3scientificreasontopursuehissearchbecausehis4brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine5exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen6forsomanydisastersthatits7hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries. While8anewformulaonemorningthedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed划开hisfinger.Hewasdaubing涂搽the9withcollodion火棉胶acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol乙醚10theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!11.wastheanswer.Thenewmixture12blastinggelatine爆胶wasnotonly13safetohandleasdynamitebutitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infactsopowerful14thatitpavedthewayforawholenew15inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere16roadswerebuiltandcanalswerecutataspeedonce17impossible.Ithadanotherusealso-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew18wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.19itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand20. 19
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.13
Text3 Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Mosttypicalhistorycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.Butarthistoryfocusesonmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligiousbeliefsemotionsandpsychology.Inadditioninformationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourancestors-orofpeopleverydifferentfromourown-canbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressestheessentialqualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthancanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryispresented;thatisfactsaboutpoliticsaregivenbutopinionsarenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandissubjective:itreflectsemotionsandopinions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyawasperhapsthefirsttruly"political"artist.Inhiswell-knownpaintingTheThirdofMay1808hecriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforitsmisuseofpoweroverpeople.OverahundredyearslatersymbolicimageswereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuernicatoexpressthehorrorofwar.MeanwhileonanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveraJoseClementeOrozcoandDavidAlfaroSiqueiros-aswellastheworksofAlfredoRamosMartinez-depictedtheseMexicanartists’deepangerandsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcanreflectaculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwasalmosttheonlytypeofartthatexisted.Churches.andotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.Althoughmostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.BycontrastoneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisitsabsenceofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesareunholy. Artissubjectiveinthat
EveryyearFortunemagazinecelebrateswomeninthetopechelonsofcorporateAmericabypublishingalistOfthe50MostPowerfulWomeninBusiness.Theirtitlesareimpressive--CEOchairmanpresident--andphotosportraythemaspolishedandconfident.Whataninspirationtheycouldbetotheyoungwomenfollowingthem. 41Butwhatifthoseyoungwomendon’taspiretoacomerofficeAweekaftertheFortunelistappearedonnewsstandsamajornationalstudyofteenagersrevealedasurprisingfinding-while97percentofgirlspolledexpecttoworktosupportthemselvesortheirfamiliesonly9percentwantcareersinbusiness.Amongboysthefigureis15percent."Girlsofthisgenerationarequiteambitiouswhichisexciting"saysFionaWilsonaprofessor’*atSimmonsCollegeSchoolofManagementandanauthorofthestudywhichpolledmorethan3000girlsand1200boysinmiddleschoolandhighschool.Shefindsitencouragingthathalfthegirlspreferprofessionssuchasdoctorslawyersandarchitects."We’renotgoingbacktothestereotypeoftheirmothers-generationwherewomenwerethinkingaboutbeingnursesandteachers." 42ButwhydogirlsshyawayfrombusinessThenumberofwomenapplyingtobusinessschoolshasdroppedoff.Bycontrastwomenmakeuphalfthestudentsinmedicalandlawschools. 43Unlikeboysinthestudywhosaytheywanttoearnalotofmoneygirlsplacegreatimportanceonhelpingothersandimprovingsociety.Buttheydon’tseeconnectionsbetweenthosegoalsandbusinesswhichtheyequatewithfinanceandnumbers.Andthey’relessconfidentthanboysabouttheirbusinessrelatedskills.Teengirlsalsoplaceahighvalueonhavingenoughtimetospendwithfamilyandfriends. 44IndescribingbusinessProfessorWilsonsays"theyusedmanyimagesinvolvingstress-imagesaboutdadshavingtomakeconferencecallsonvacationandmomsalwaysbeingtiredwhentheygothomeorcomplainingabouttheirbadbosses." 45Asithappensmothersaretheprimarysourceofcareeradvicefordaughters.Butparentsgoalsareoftenlesswelldefinedforgirlsthanforboys."Mothersexpresstheirhopeandaspirationfordaughtersintermsofwantingthemtobehappyandhavealotofoptionsbuttheydon’ttranslatethatdirectlyintobusinessopportunities"saysConnieDuckworthheadofTheCommitteeof200anationalwomen’sbusinessleadershipgroupthatcommissionedthestudy. WilsonCallsthelackofwomenatthetop"alarming’addingthatthestudydoesn’tofferalotofhopethatfuturegenerationswillswelltheranksofwomeninleadershippositions. [A]Titlesoftheechelon [B]Imagesusedindescribingbusiness [C]Womenstudentinschools [D]Mothersplayanimportantrole [E]Whywomenarenotwillingtochoosebusinesscarrier [F]Asurprisingpoll 45
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text1 Myobjectiveistoanalysecertainformsofknowledgenotintermsofrepressionorlawbutintermsofpower.Butthewordpowerisapttoleadtomisunderstandingsaboutthenatureformandunityofpower.Bypoweridonotmeanagroupofinstitutionsandmechanismsthatensurethesubservienceofthecitizenry.Idonotmeaneitheramodeofsubjugationthatincontrasttoviolencehastheformoftherule.FinallyIdonothaveinmindageneralsystemofdominationexertedbyonegroupoveranotherasystemwhoseeffectsthroughsuccessivederivationspervadetheentiresocialbody.Thesovereigntyofthestatetheformoflawortheoverallunityofadominationareonlytheterminalformspowertakes. Itseemstomethatpowermustbeunderstoodasthemultiplicityofforcerelationsthatareimmanentinthesocialsphere;astheprocessthatthroughceaselessstruggleandconfrontationtransformsstrenghtensorreversesthem;asthesupportthattheseforcerelationsfindinoneanotheroronthecontrarythedisjunctionandcontradictionsthatisolatethemfromoneanother;andlastlyasthestrategiesinwhichtheytakeeffectwhosegeneraldesignorinstitutionalcrystallizationisembodiedinthestateapparatusintheformulationofthelawinthevarioussocialhegemonies. Thustheviewpointthatpermitsonetounderstandtheexerciseofpowereveninitsmore"peripheral"effectsandthatalsomakesitpossibletouseitsmechanismsasastructuralframeworkforanalysingthesocialordermustnotb4soughtinauniquesourceofsovereigntyfromwhichsecondaryanddescendentfor/nsofpoweremanatebutinthemovingsubstrateofforcerelationsthatbyvirtueoftheirinequalityconstantlyengenderlocalandunstablestatesofpower.Ifpowerseemsomnipresentitisnotbecauseithastheprivilegeofconsolidatingeverythingunderitsinvincibleunitybutbecauseitisproducedfromonemomenttothenext.ateverypointorratherineveryrelationfromonepointtoanother.Poweriseverywherenotbecauseitembraceseverythingbutbecauseitcomesfromeverywhere.Andifpowerattimesseemstobepermanentrepetitiousinvertandself-reproducingitissimplybecausetheoveralleffectthatemergesfromallthesemobilitiesisaconcatenationthatrestsoneachofthemandseeksintorntoarresttheirmovement.Oneneedstobenominalisticnodoubt:powerisnotaninstitutionandnotastructure;neitherisitacertainstrengthweareendowedwith;itisthenamethatoneattributestoacomplexstrategicsituationinaparticularsociety. Theauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithstatementsthat
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.15
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