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法律只能适用于生效后发生的事件和行为，不适用于生效前的事件和行为。( )
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法律—般只能适用于生效后发生的事件和行为不适用于生效前的事件和行为
法律只能适用于其生效后发生的事件和行为不适用于生效前的事件和行为
法律一般只能适用于生效后发生的事件和行为不适用于生效前的事件和行为
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Althoughsomebusdrivershavesignedthecollectivepayagreementtherearemanyarerefusingtodoso.
TheFormicaFamilyandCommunityClubareproudtobringyoutheannualFormicaSeasonofFun.BeginningonFebruary3andfinishingonFebruary23theSeasonofFunprovideslocalresidentswithafantastic27ofexcitingandeducationalevents. TheprogramincludesaTeddyBears’picnicatHoldenParkanAdventurePlaygroundChallengeatthesamevenuefreestreettheaterinthecentralcityandaCommunityFunrunthroughtheViraMarineReserve. 28ofthescheduledeventswillbeopentoall-comers.Howeverthoseinterestedintheplaygroundchallengewillneedtoregisterinadvancebecausespaceislimited.TofindoutmoreabouttheprogramforthisupcomingfestivalvisittheFormicaFamilyandCommunityClubwebsiteand29onthelinktotheFormicaSeasonofFun. Welookforwardtoseeingyouallthere. 27
ShowcaseforDutchFilm MuchtothedelightoflocalcinemabuffsDutchFilmWeekiscomingtoIthacanextweek.TheserieswillkickoffonFridaynightwithaviewingofTheovanSaar’sthrillersTheBadlands.ThismoviewonprizesforBestDirectorandBestOriginalScreenplayatthe2010InternationalFilmAwards.OtherfilmsthatwillscreenthroughouttheweekincludethecomedyKeepingLipwiththeVanDijk’sfromdirectorRuudiHuytandMarcoGulit’sfromtragedyTheNighttoEndAllNights. AllofthefilmswillscreenattheLudoTheateronJustinStreet.AcopyoftheprogramcanbedownloadedfromtheLudo’swebsiteoryoucanpickonefromoutsideitsticketoffice.Thosewishingtoattendscreeningsareadvisedtobookearlyasdemandforticketsisexpectedtobehigh. DutchFilmWeekwillnotonlyshowcaseauniquetypeofcinemaitwillalsocelebrateDutchartsandculture.AccordinglytheLudowillhostanopeningceremonytomarktheopeningofthisexcitingfestival.AswellaslocalfilmenthusiaststhefunctionwillalsobeattendedbyprominentmembersoftheDutchcommunityincludingAmbassadorPaulHaajerwhoisexpectedtomakeashortspeech.Whileticketstothefirstscreeningarestillavailabletheopeningceremonyisaninvitation-onlyevent. Whatwillhappenatthefunction
From:TomEvans To:Allattendees Subject:Conferenceprogram Dearattendees Thankyouverymuchfor21the3rdAnnualTradeMarketingConference.ThispromisestobeanexcitingandinformativeeventandIlookforwardtoseeingyouallthere. Oneofthehighlightsoftheconferencewillbethekeynoteaddressbyinternationally-renownedtrademarketingguruGusHobson.22hispresentationyouwillallhavetheopportunitytospeaktohimduringouropenQuestionandAnswerForum.Inadditiontherewillbeanumberofotherstimulatingtalks. I23afullcopyoftheprogramforyourinterestoutliningallsessiontimesandbreaks.Pleasetakethetimetolookoverthesedetailsassoonasyoucan. Regards TomEvans ConferenceManager 23
Everyproductonthemarkethasavarietyofcostsbuiltintoitbeforeitiseverputupforsaletoacustomer.Therearecostsofproductiontransportationstorageadvertisingandmore.Eachofthesecostsmustbringinsomeprofitateachstage:truckersmustprofitfromtransportingproductsortheywouldnotbeinbusiness.Thuscostsalsoincludeseverallayersofprofits.Thesellingpriceofaproductmusttakeallofthesecostsandbuiltinprofitsintoconsideration.Thesellingpriceitselfconsistsofamarkupoverthetotalofallcostsanditisnormallybasedonapercentageofthetotalcost.Themarkupmaybequitehigh90percentofcostoritmaybelow.Groceryitemsmasupermarketusuallyhavealowmarkupwhileminkcoatshaveaveryhighone.Highmarkupshoweverdonotinthemselvesguaranteebigprofits.Profitscomefromturnover.Ifanitemhasa50percentmarkupanddoesnotsellthereisnoprofit.Butifacerealhasan8percentmarkupandsellsverywelltherearereasonableprofits.Whilemostpricingisbasedoncostfactorstherearesomeexceptions.Prestigepricingmeanssettingpricesartificiallyhighinordertoattractselectclientele.Suchpricingattemptstosuggestthatthequalityorstyleoftheproductisexceptionalorthattheitemcannotbefoundelsewhere.Storescanuseprestigepricingtoattractwealthyshoppers.Leaderpricingandbaitpricingaretheoppositesofprestigepricing.Leaderpricingmeanssettinglowpricesoncertainitemstogetpeopletocomeintothestores.Theproductssopricedarecalledlossleadersbecauselittleornoprofitcanbemadeonthem.Theprofitsaremadefromotherproductspeoplebuywhileinthestore.Baitpricingnowgenerallyconsideredillegalmeanssettingartificiallylowpricestoattractcustomers.Thestorehoweverhasnointentionofsellinggoodsatthebaitprices.Thepointistogetpeopleintothestoreandpersuadethemoftheinferiorityofthelowpriceditem.Thenahigherpriceditemispresentedasabetteralternative.Acommonretailtacticisoddpricedproducts.Forsomeproductsof$300thestorewillsetthepriceat$295or$299.95togivetheappearanceofalowerprice.Automobilesandotherhighpricedproductsareusuallypricedinthismanner.Forsomereason$7995hasmoreappealtoapotentialcarcustomerthan$8000.Bidpricingisaspecialkindofpricesetting.Itisoftenusedintheawardingofgovernmentcontracts.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitbidsonajobandnormallythelowestbidderwins.Aschoolsystemmaywanttobuyalargenumberofcomputers.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitpricesandtheschooldistrictwilldecideonthebestbidbasedaswellonconsiderationsofqualityandservice.Inadepartmentstorethepurposeofprestigepricing______.
Ms.SuarezforChairoftheBoardinDecember2009andtookupthepositioninMarchofthefollowingyear.
From:TomEvans To:Allattendees Subject:Conferenceprogram Dearattendees Thankyouverymuchfor21the3rdAnnualTradeMarketingConference.ThispromisestobeanexcitingandinformativeeventandIlookforwardtoseeingyouallthere. Oneofthehighlightsoftheconferencewillbethekeynoteaddressbyinternationally-renownedtrademarketingguruGusHobson.22hispresentationyouwillallhavetheopportunitytospeaktohimduringouropenQuestionandAnswerForum.Inadditiontherewillbeanumberofotherstimulatingtalks. I23afullcopyoftheprogramforyourinterestoutliningallsessiontimesandbreaks.Pleasetakethetimetolookoverthesedetailsassoonasyoucan. Regards TomEvans ConferenceManager 21
Everyproductonthemarkethasavarietyofcostsbuiltintoitbeforeitiseverputupforsaletoacustomer.Therearecostsofproductiontransportationstorageadvertisingandmore.Eachofthesecostsmustbringinsomeprofitateachstage:truckersmustprofitfromtransportingproductsortheywouldnotbeinbusiness.Thuscostsalsoincludeseverallayersofprofits.Thesellingpriceofaproductmusttakeallofthesecostsandbuiltinprofitsintoconsideration.Thesellingpriceitselfconsistsofamarkupoverthetotalofallcostsanditisnormallybasedonapercentageofthetotalcost.Themarkupmaybequitehigh90percentofcostoritmaybelow.Groceryitemsmasupermarketusuallyhavealowmarkupwhileminkcoatshaveaveryhighone.Highmarkupshoweverdonotinthemselvesguaranteebigprofits.Profitscomefromturnover.Ifanitemhasa50percentmarkupanddoesnotsellthereisnoprofit.Butifacerealhasan8percentmarkupandsellsverywelltherearereasonableprofits.Whilemostpricingisbasedoncostfactorstherearesomeexceptions.Prestigepricingmeanssettingpricesartificiallyhighinordertoattractselectclientele.Suchpricingattemptstosuggestthatthequalityorstyleoftheproductisexceptionalorthattheitemcannotbefoundelsewhere.Storescanuseprestigepricingtoattractwealthyshoppers.Leaderpricingandbaitpricingaretheoppositesofprestigepricing.Leaderpricingmeanssettinglowpricesoncertainitemstogetpeopletocomeintothestores.Theproductssopricedarecalledlossleadersbecauselittleornoprofitcanbemadeonthem.Theprofitsaremadefromotherproductspeoplebuywhileinthestore.Baitpricingnowgenerallyconsideredillegalmeanssettingartificiallylowpricestoattractcustomers.Thestorehoweverhasnointentionofsellinggoodsatthebaitprices.Thepointistogetpeopleintothestoreandpersuadethemoftheinferiorityofthelowpriceditem.Thenahigherpriceditemispresentedasabetteralternative.Acommonretailtacticisoddpricedproducts.Forsomeproductsof$300thestorewillsetthepriceat$295or$299.95togivetheappearanceofalowerprice.Automobilesandotherhighpricedproductsareusuallypricedinthismanner.Forsomereason$7995hasmoreappealtoapotentialcarcustomerthan$8000.Bidpricingisaspecialkindofpricesetting.Itisoftenusedintheawardingofgovernmentcontracts.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitbidsonajobandnormallythelowestbidderwins.Aschoolsystemmaywanttobuyalargenumberofcomputers.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitpricesandtheschooldistrictwilldecideonthebestbidbasedaswellonconsiderationsofqualityandservice.Inabiddingtransaction______.
DearBusinessLeader TheWaltonChamberofCommercecordiallyinvitesyoutoaspecialfunctionontheeveningofNovember23rd.CharltonGreigpreviousCEOofIHBSecuritieswilldeliveratalkattheexclusiveMarleyboneClub.Mr.GreighaswonanumberofbusinessawardsincludingtheprestigiousWorldCommerceFederationGoldStar.Attheeventhewillsharehisamazingpersonalstorywithyououtlininghowheovercameachildhoodofpovertytobecomealeadingbusinessexecutive.Hewillalsoexpresshisopinionsonsomeofthemostimportantissuesinbusinesstoday.InadditionattendeeswillalsohavetheopportunitytochatwithMr.Greigoverdinnerafterwards. Bearinmindthatspaceatthispremiereventisextremelylimited.TheMarleyboneClubhasroomforonly50attendeessopleasecontacttheWaltonChamberofCommercesecretaryMaryEastat021990-779assoonaspossibleifyouareinterestedinattending.Entrytotheeventcosts$250perperson.Athree-coursedinnerisincludedinthepriceofadmission. Welookforwardtoseeingyouthere! TheWaltonChamberofCommerce WhatisNOTindicatedaboutthefunction
Parker&Hobbes POBox4399 BrisbaneAustralia October11th2010 LynetteGallagher ActonIndustry Level12FraserPlace DearMs.Gallagher ThankyouforcontactingParker&HobbesonOctober2toregisteryourinterestinourservices.MynameisJamalYeeandIwillbeyourpointofcontactatParker&Hobbes.Youcangetintouchwithmebyemailphoneorfax.Mycontactdetailsarerecordedatthebottomofthisletter. IwouldbedelightedtodevelopaccommodationssolutionsforyourcompanyintheCairnsareas.AsyouareprobablyawareourheadquartersisbasedinBrisbanebutwedocontactasubstantialamountofbusinessinCairnsandthesurroundingregion.ThereforeIamconfidentthatIcanarrangetodesignandbuildadequatehousingforyourworkplaceinthisarea.Pleaseallowmetoexplaintheprocedurefromhere. AsIunderstandfromtheinitialrequestyousentActonIndustryintendstobeginworkontheToowumbamine50kilometerssouthwestofCairnsinearly2012.WiththedeadlineinmindandpleaseletmeknowimmediatelyifthisinformationisincorrectIhopetosubmitdetailedplanofthehousingcomplexbyMarch2011foryourarrival.Assoonastheplanshavebeensettledtheconstructionprocessshouldtakearound6to8months. Ilookforwardtoworkingwithyoucloselyonthisexcitingproject. Regards JamalYee ProjectManager-Parker&Hobbes Email:j.yee@pandhcom Office:03-888-9077 Cell:012-908-907 Fax:03-888-9078 Whatisthepurposeofthisletter
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ShowcaseforDutchFilm MuchtothedelightoflocalcinemabuffsDutchFilmWeekiscomingtoIthacanextweek.TheserieswillkickoffonFridaynightwithaviewingofTheovanSaar’sthrillersTheBadlands.ThismoviewonprizesforBestDirectorandBestOriginalScreenplayatthe2010InternationalFilmAwards.OtherfilmsthatwillscreenthroughouttheweekincludethecomedyKeepingLipwiththeVanDijk’sfromdirectorRuudiHuytandMarcoGulit’sfromtragedyTheNighttoEndAllNights. AllofthefilmswillscreenattheLudoTheateronJustinStreet.AcopyoftheprogramcanbedownloadedfromtheLudo’swebsiteoryoucanpickonefromoutsideitsticketoffice.Thosewishingtoattendscreeningsareadvisedtobookearlyasdemandforticketsisexpectedtobehigh. DutchFilmWeekwillnotonlyshowcaseauniquetypeofcinemaitwillalsocelebrateDutchartsandculture.AccordinglytheLudowillhostanopeningceremonytomarktheopeningofthisexcitingfestival.AswellaslocalfilmenthusiaststhefunctionwillalsobeattendedbyprominentmembersoftheDutchcommunityincludingAmbassadorPaulHaajerwhoisexpectedtomakeashortspeech.Whileticketstothefirstscreeningarestillavailabletheopeningceremonyisaninvitation-onlyevent. WhoisTheovanSaar
Parker&Hobbes POBox4399 BrisbaneAustralia October11th2010 LynetteGallagher ActonIndustry Level12FraserPlace DearMs.Gallagher ThankyouforcontactingParker&HobbesonOctober2toregisteryourinterestinourservices.MynameisJamalYeeandIwillbeyourpointofcontactatParker&Hobbes.Youcangetintouchwithmebyemailphoneorfax.Mycontactdetailsarerecordedatthebottomofthisletter. IwouldbedelightedtodevelopaccommodationssolutionsforyourcompanyintheCairnsareas.AsyouareprobablyawareourheadquartersisbasedinBrisbanebutwedocontactasubstantialamountofbusinessinCairnsandthesurroundingregion.ThereforeIamconfidentthatIcanarrangetodesignandbuildadequatehousingforyourworkplaceinthisarea.Pleaseallowmetoexplaintheprocedurefromhere. AsIunderstandfromtheinitialrequestyousentActonIndustryintendstobeginworkontheToowumbamine50kilometerssouthwestofCairnsinearly2012.WiththedeadlineinmindandpleaseletmeknowimmediatelyifthisinformationisincorrectIhopetosubmitdetailedplanofthehousingcomplexbyMarch2011foryourarrival.Assoonastheplanshavebeensettledtheconstructionprocessshouldtakearound6to8months. Ilookforwardtoworkingwithyoucloselyonthisexcitingproject. Regards JamalYee ProjectManager-Parker&Hobbes Email:j.yee@pandhcom Office:03-888-9077 Cell:012-908-907 Fax:03-888-9078 WhatisindicatedaboutActonIndustry
From:GraceSylvester To:KevinMalone Subject:RecentAppointment DearMr.Malone ThankyouforvisitingtheMadisonCountyMedicalCliniconMonday.Ihopethatyouweresatisfiedwiththelevelofservicesandcarethatyoureceived.AsyourequestedinourrecentphoneconversationIhaveincludedascannedcopyofthemedicalcertificatesignedbyDr.Edwardsasanattachmenttothisemail. ShouldtheelectroniccopyofthisdocumentbeunacceptabletoyouremployerIwillposttheoriginaldocumenttothemdirectly.Pleaseletmeknowifthisisnecessary.PleasenotethatinthefutureIrecommendthatyourequestacopyofyourcertificatewhenyouseethedoctor.Thisismuchsimplerandmoreconvenientforeverybody. Regards GraceSylvester Secretary-MadisonCountyMedicalClinic WhatisMr.Maloneadvisedtodonexttime
ItlooksasthoughMs.Poidevanwillnot______thecompanyatthetradeshowbecausesheisfeelingunwell.
BusinessSolutionhasbeenvotedthebestfirminsmall-businessbankingattheRegionalBankingAwardsforthe5thtimeinarow.WhatisthesecrettooursuccessTheanswerliesinourresponsiveandprofessionalservice.Werealizethatentrepreneursareextremelybusy.andthattheyhavehighlyspecializedneedssowetailorourservicesaccordingly. BusinessSolutionalsooffersahighlyadvancedonlinebankingservice.Youcantransferfundsbetweenaccountsexchangeforeigncurrencyandapplyforemergencyloansallwiththeclickofafewbuttons. MoreovereveryfirmthatjoinsBusinessSolutionsgetsitsveryownSolutionsManager.SolutionsManagersnotonlygettoknowtheircustomerspersonallytheyalsodevelopanexcellentunderstandingoftheircustomers’businesssotheycangivefastandwell-consideredadviceonallbankingmatters.SolutionsManagersareavailableandatyourservice365daysayearsoyoucancallthemwhenit’sconvenientforyouandnottheotherwayaround. TryBusinessSolutionsforabankingservicethatcaterstotheneedsofyourbusiness! WhatisNOTmentionedaboutBusinessSolutions
Thelargeramachineandthemorenumerousitspartsthegreaterlikelihoodofabreakdownandthemoreexpensivetorepair.Whathasbeensaidaboutmarketforcesandmanagementwasnecessarilyoversimplified.Theeconomiesofmodernindustrialnationsarelargeandverycomplex.Tobesurethereismanagementandtherearemarketforcesatworkbuttherearealsomanyotherfactorsthathelporhindereconomicfunction.Inmodernindustrialsocietiesgovernmentsplayalargerole.Thereisagreatamountofregulationmostofitmeantfortheprotectionofthepublic.Allregulationsaffectthewaybusinessesoperateoftenincreasingtheircostsandreducingtheirprofits.Lowerprofitsinturnreducetheamountofmoneywhichisknownasworkingcapitalthatacompanycanuseforexpansion.Autoemissionstandardsforinstancehavehadasignificantimpactonthemanufactureandpricingofautomobiles.Othergovernmentpoliciessuchastaxationbudgetdeficitsandregulationofthemoneysupplyhaveaneffectonhowmuchmoneyisavailableforpeopletospendongoodsandservices.Internationalcrisesandotherconditionsalsoaffecttheworkingofaneconomy.AseverefrostinBrazilcanruinacoffeecropandraisethepriceofthatcommodity.Warcancutoffthesupplyofsuchresourcesaspetroleumchromiumorcopper.IntheUnitedStatesenvironmentalprotestshaveslowedthedevelopmentofnuclearenergycapacityandtheminingofvasttractsofprotectedland.Weatheraffectsagricultureahotdrysummercandamagethewheatcrop;floodscandestroythousandsofacresofcropssuddenly;andinsectpestscandevastatecroplandwitharapidonslaught.People’sattitudesalsohaveanimpactonthemarketingofgoods.Health-consciousindividualsforexamplemaystopsmokingcurtailtheirintakeofalcoholandeatlessofcertainkindsoffood.Advertisingaffectswhatpeoplebuyanditcancreateamarketwherenoneexisted.Styleandfashionaresignificantformanyconsumers.Thereareothereconomicproblemsthataremoredifficulttounderstand.Forcenturieseconomieshavebeensubjecttoperiodsofprosperityfollowedbyperiodsofdecline.Althoughperiodsofprosperitycanbeexplainedrathereasilythereasonsforpanicsrecessionsanddepressionsareofacomplexnature.SomanyfactorscontributedtotheGreatDepressionofthe1930sforexamplethatnoeconomisthaseverbeenabletoaccountforallofthem.Becausethecausesofdeclineareuncertaintheremediesareequallyuncertain.Inthelate20thcenturyallindustrializedsocietiesthroughtheirgovernmentshavetriedtostabilizeeconomieskeepthemprosperousandreduceunemployment.Noneoftheremedieshasworkedtotheextentthatwashoped.Howeconomiesworkandwhatremediescanbefoundtokeepthemoperatingefficientlyarethetasksofeconomistswhomustworktogetherwithbusinessmenandpoliticians.Thechiefpurposeofthepassageis______.
MaintainYourJazzaxDVDPlayer ThereareafewmeasuresthatyoucantaketoensurethatyourJazzaxDVDplayerstaysintopconditionforaslongaspossible.Forthebestperformancepleaseabidebythefollowingguidelines: ...Storethemachineonaflatsurfaceandinadryarea. ...Toprotecttheelectricalcircuitdonotleavethemachineonstandbyforlongperiods. Unplugitfromtheelectricaloutletwhenyouknowyouwillnotbeusingitinthenearfuture. ...Alwaysusetheejectbuttonwhenopeningandclosingthemachine.Handlingthemachinemanuallymaycausedamagetothecomponents. ...Ifthemachinebecomesdustyordirtycleanitgentlywithadampcloth.Donotuseanychemicalagents. TheJazzaxDVDPlayersisunderwarrantyforamaximumof3years.IfyouexperienceanyproblemswiththemachinevisittheJazzaxwebsiteforcommontroubleshootingproblemsandadvice.OriftheinformationonthewebsitedoesnotmeetyourneedsyoucancalltheJazzaxservicecenterat1-800555-0786andoneofourtechnicianswillcomeandtakecareofit. Whatcancustomersreceivefromtheservicecenter
Thelargeramachineandthemorenumerousitspartsthegreaterlikelihoodofabreakdownandthemoreexpensivetorepair.Whathasbeensaidaboutmarketforcesandmanagementwasnecessarilyoversimplified.Theeconomiesofmodernindustrialnationsarelargeandverycomplex.Tobesurethereismanagementandtherearemarketforcesatworkbuttherearealsomanyotherfactorsthathelporhindereconomicfunction.Inmodernindustrialsocietiesgovernmentsplayalargerole.Thereisagreatamountofregulationmostofitmeantfortheprotectionofthepublic.Allregulationsaffectthewaybusinessesoperateoftenincreasingtheircostsandreducingtheirprofits.Lowerprofitsinturnreducetheamountofmoneywhichisknownasworkingcapitalthatacompanycanuseforexpansion.Autoemissionstandardsforinstancehavehadasignificantimpactonthemanufactureandpricingofautomobiles.Othergovernmentpoliciessuchastaxationbudgetdeficitsandregulationofthemoneysupplyhaveaneffectonhowmuchmoneyisavailableforpeopletospendongoodsandservices.Internationalcrisesandotherconditionsalsoaffecttheworkingofaneconomy.AseverefrostinBrazilcanruinacoffeecropandraisethepriceofthatcommodity.Warcancutoffthesupplyofsuchresourcesaspetroleumchromiumorcopper.IntheUnitedStatesenvironmentalprotestshaveslowedthedevelopmentofnuclearenergycapacityandtheminingofvasttractsofprotectedland.Weatheraffectsagricultureahotdrysummercandamagethewheatcrop;floodscandestroythousandsofacresofcropssuddenly;andinsectpestscandevastatecroplandwitharapidonslaught.People’sattitudesalsohaveanimpactonthemarketingofgoods.Health-consciousindividualsforexamplemaystopsmokingcurtailtheirintakeofalcoholandeatlessofcertainkindsoffood.Advertisingaffectswhatpeoplebuyanditcancreateamarketwherenoneexisted.Styleandfashionaresignificantformanyconsumers.Thereareothereconomicproblemsthataremoredifficulttounderstand.Forcenturieseconomieshavebeensubjecttoperiodsofprosperityfollowedbyperiodsofdecline.Althoughperiodsofprosperitycanbeexplainedrathereasilythereasonsforpanicsrecessionsanddepressionsareofacomplexnature.SomanyfactorscontributedtotheGreatDepressionofthe1930sforexamplethatnoeconomisthaseverbeenabletoaccountforallofthem.Becausethecausesofdeclineareuncertaintheremediesareequallyuncertain.Inthelate20thcenturyallindustrializedsocietiesthroughtheirgovernmentshavetriedtostabilizeeconomieskeepthemprosperousandreduceunemployment.Noneoftheremedieshasworkedtotheextentthatwashoped.Howeconomiesworkandwhatremediescanbefoundtokeepthemoperatingefficientlyarethetasksofeconomistswhomustworktogetherwithbusinessmenandpoliticians.Theexampleofautoemissionstandardsishereusedtomakeitclearthat______.
attendingaconferenceonregionaldevelopmenttodaythemayorwillholdapressconferencetodiscusstheelection.
PropertyMarketDownturn Overthefirstquarterof24yeartherehasonlybeen$50millionofturnoverinthelocalrealestatemarket.Thiscomparesunfavorablewiththe$90millionrecordedatthesametimelastyear. BeverleyHauritzthechairoftheProfessionalRealtyAssociationtoldreportersthatshewasnotsurprisedbythefigureswhichshebelievesarearesultoftheglobalfinancialcrisis.25sheisanticipatinganevenbiggerdecreasenextquarterasinvestorslooktoreducespendingevenfurther. Althoughtherehasbeentalkamong26thatpropertypricesmaycontinuefallingthroughouttherestoftheyearMs.Hauritzremainsconfidentthatthepropertymarketwillbegintopickupagaininthefuture.Herpredictionisthatpriceswillreturntotheirpreviouslevelsbytheendoftheyear. 25
Thelargeramachineandthemorenumerousitspartsthegreaterlikelihoodofabreakdownandthemoreexpensivetorepair.Whathasbeensaidaboutmarketforcesandmanagementwasnecessarilyoversimplified.Theeconomiesofmodernindustrialnationsarelargeandverycomplex.Tobesurethereismanagementandtherearemarketforcesatworkbuttherearealsomanyotherfactorsthathelporhindereconomicfunction.Inmodernindustrialsocietiesgovernmentsplayalargerole.Thereisagreatamountofregulationmostofitmeantfortheprotectionofthepublic.Allregulationsaffectthewaybusinessesoperateoftenincreasingtheircostsandreducingtheirprofits.Lowerprofitsinturnreducetheamountofmoneywhichisknownasworkingcapitalthatacompanycanuseforexpansion.Autoemissionstandardsforinstancehavehadasignificantimpactonthemanufactureandpricingofautomobiles.Othergovernmentpoliciessuchastaxationbudgetdeficitsandregulationofthemoneysupplyhaveaneffectonhowmuchmoneyisavailableforpeopletospendongoodsandservices.Internationalcrisesandotherconditionsalsoaffecttheworkingofaneconomy.AseverefrostinBrazilcanruinacoffeecropandraisethepriceofthatcommodity.Warcancutoffthesupplyofsuchresourcesaspetroleumchromiumorcopper.IntheUnitedStatesenvironmentalprotestshaveslowedthedevelopmentofnuclearenergycapacityandtheminingofvasttractsofprotectedland.Weatheraffectsagricultureahotdrysummercandamagethewheatcrop;floodscandestroythousandsofacresofcropssuddenly;andinsectpestscandevastatecroplandwitharapidonslaught.People’sattitudesalsohaveanimpactonthemarketingofgoods.Health-consciousindividualsforexamplemaystopsmokingcurtailtheirintakeofalcoholandeatlessofcertainkindsoffood.Advertisingaffectswhatpeoplebuyanditcancreateamarketwherenoneexisted.Styleandfashionaresignificantformanyconsumers.Thereareothereconomicproblemsthataremoredifficulttounderstand.Forcenturieseconomieshavebeensubjecttoperiodsofprosperityfollowedbyperiodsofdecline.Althoughperiodsofprosperitycanbeexplainedrathereasilythereasonsforpanicsrecessionsanddepressionsareofacomplexnature.SomanyfactorscontributedtotheGreatDepressionofthe1930sforexamplethatnoeconomisthaseverbeenabletoaccountforallofthem.Becausethecausesofdeclineareuncertaintheremediesareequallyuncertain.Inthelate20thcenturyallindustrializedsocietiesthroughtheirgovernmentshavetriedtostabilizeeconomieskeepthemprosperousandreduceunemployment.Noneoftheremedieshasworkedtotheextentthatwashoped.Howeconomiesworkandwhatremediescanbefoundtokeepthemoperatingefficientlyarethetasksofeconomistswhomustworktogetherwithbusinessmenandpoliticians.Theauthorbelievesthattofindefficientwaysofkeepingeconomygoingeconomistshaveto______.
Everyproductonthemarkethasavarietyofcostsbuiltintoitbeforeitiseverputupforsaletoacustomer.Therearecostsofproductiontransportationstorageadvertisingandmore.Eachofthesecostsmustbringinsomeprofitateachstage:truckersmustprofitfromtransportingproductsortheywouldnotbeinbusiness.Thuscostsalsoincludeseverallayersofprofits.Thesellingpriceofaproductmusttakeallofthesecostsandbuiltinprofitsintoconsideration.Thesellingpriceitselfconsistsofamarkupoverthetotalofallcostsanditisnormallybasedonapercentageofthetotalcost.Themarkupmaybequitehigh90percentofcostoritmaybelow.Groceryitemsmasupermarketusuallyhavealowmarkupwhileminkcoatshaveaveryhighone.Highmarkupshoweverdonotinthemselvesguaranteebigprofits.Profitscomefromturnover.Ifanitemhasa50percentmarkupanddoesnotsellthereisnoprofit.Butifacerealhasan8percentmarkupandsellsverywelltherearereasonableprofits.Whilemostpricingisbasedoncostfactorstherearesomeexceptions.Prestigepricingmeanssettingpricesartificiallyhighinordertoattractselectclientele.Suchpricingattemptstosuggestthatthequalityorstyleoftheproductisexceptionalorthattheitemcannotbefoundelsewhere.Storescanuseprestigepricingtoattractwealthyshoppers.Leaderpricingandbaitpricingaretheoppositesofprestigepricing.Leaderpricingmeanssettinglowpricesoncertainitemstogetpeopletocomeintothestores.Theproductssopricedarecalledlossleadersbecauselittleornoprofitcanbemadeonthem.Theprofitsaremadefromotherproductspeoplebuywhileinthestore.Baitpricingnowgenerallyconsideredillegalmeanssettingartificiallylowpricestoattractcustomers.Thestorehoweverhasnointentionofsellinggoodsatthebaitprices.Thepointistogetpeopleintothestoreandpersuadethemoftheinferiorityofthelowpriceditem.Thenahigherpriceditemispresentedasabetteralternative.Acommonretailtacticisoddpricedproducts.Forsomeproductsof$300thestorewillsetthepriceat$295or$299.95togivetheappearanceofalowerprice.Automobilesandotherhighpricedproductsareusuallypricedinthismanner.Forsomereason$7995hasmoreappealtoapotentialcarcustomerthan$8000.Bidpricingisaspecialkindofpricesetting.Itisoftenusedintheawardingofgovernmentcontracts.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitbidsonajobandnormallythelowestbidderwins.Aschoolsystemmaywanttobuyalargenumberofcomputers.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitpricesandtheschooldistrictwilldecideonthebestbidbasedaswellonconsiderationsofqualityandservice.Inthefirstparagraphmarkupmostprobablymeans______.
Thetraditionaldistinctionbetweenproductsthatsatisfyneedsandthosethatsatisfywantsisnolongeradequatetodescribeclassesofproducts.Intoday’sprosperoussocietiesthedistinctionhasbecomeblurredbecausesomanywantshavebeenturnedintoneeds.Awriterforinstancecanworkwithpaperandpencils.Thesearelegitimateneedsforthetask.Buttheworkcanbedonemorequicklyandefficientlywithawordprocessor.Thusacomputerissoonviewedasaneedratherthanawant.Inthefieldofmarketingconsumergoodsareclassedaccordingtothewayinwhichtheyarepurchased.Thetwomaincategoriesareconveniencegoodsandshoppinggoods.Twolessertypesarespecialtygoodsandunsoughtgoods.Itmustbeemphasizedthatallofthesetypesarebasedonthewayshoppersthinkaboutproductsnotonthenatureoftheproductsthemselves.WhatisregardedasaconvenienceiteminFrancewineforexamplemaybeaspecialtygoodintheUnitedStates.Peopledonotspendagreatdealoftimeshoppingforsuchconvenienceitemsasgroceriesnewspaperstoothpasterazorbladesaspirinandcandy.Thebuyingofconveniencegoodsmaybedoneroutinelyassomefamiliesbuygroceriesonceaweek.Suchregularlypurchaseditemsarecalledstaples.Sometimesconvenienceproductsareboughtonimpulse:someonehasasuddendesireforanicecreamsundaeonahotday.Ortheymaybepurchasedasemergencyitems.Shoppinggoodsareitemsforwhichcustomerssearch.Theycomparepricesqualityandstylesandmayvisitanumberofstoresbeforemakingadecision.Buyinganautomobileisoftendonethisway.Shoppinggoodsfallintotwoclasses:thosethatareperceivedasbasicallythesameandthosethatareregardedasdifferent.Itemsthatarelookeduponasbasicallythesameincludesuchthingsashomeappliancestelevisionsetsandautomobiles.Havingdecidedonthemodeldesiredthecustomerisprimarilyinterestedingettingtheitematthemostfavorableprice.Itemsregardedasinherentlydifferentincludeclothingfurnitureanddishes.Qualitystyleandfashionwilleithertakeprecedenceoverpriceortheywillnotmatteratall.Specialtygoodshavecharacteristicsthatimpelcustomerstomakespecialeffortstofindthem.Pricemaybenoconsiderationatall.Specialtygoodscanincludealmostanykindofproduct.Normallyspecialtygoodshaveabrandnameorotherdistinguishingcharacteristics.Unsoughtgoodsareitemsaconsumerdoesnotnecessarilywantorneedormaynotevenknowabout.Promotionoradvertisingbringssuchgoodstotheconsumer’sattention.TheproductcouldbesomethingnewonthemarketastheSonyWalkmanoncewasoritmaybeafairlystandardservicesuchaslifeinsuranceforwhichmostpeoplewillusuallynotbothershopping.ThewordstaplesLine3Para.3mostprobablymeans______.
WithNetwiseBankyouwillnotbechargedanyadditionalfeesforonlinebanking.
DearBusinessLeader TheWaltonChamberofCommercecordiallyinvitesyoutoaspecialfunctionontheeveningofNovember23rd.CharltonGreigpreviousCEOofIHBSecuritieswilldeliveratalkattheexclusiveMarleyboneClub.Mr.GreighaswonanumberofbusinessawardsincludingtheprestigiousWorldCommerceFederationGoldStar.Attheeventhewillsharehisamazingpersonalstorywithyououtlininghowheovercameachildhoodofpovertytobecomealeadingbusinessexecutive.Hewillalsoexpresshisopinionsonsomeofthemostimportantissuesinbusinesstoday.InadditionattendeeswillalsohavetheopportunitytochatwithMr.Greigoverdinnerafterwards. Bearinmindthatspaceatthispremiereventisextremelylimited.TheMarleyboneClubhasroomforonly50attendeessopleasecontacttheWaltonChamberofCommercesecretaryMaryEastat021990-779assoonaspossibleifyouareinterestedinattending.Entrytotheeventcosts$250perperson.Athree-coursedinnerisincludedinthepriceofadmission. Welookforwardtoseeingyouthere! TheWaltonChamberofCommerce WhatwilltakeplaceonNovember23rd
Theskiseasonisoversomanypeoplewillheaduptothemountainsthisweekendforonelasttime.
OnbehalfoftheworkplaceissuescommitteeIwouldliketoremindyouallabouttheimportanceofenergyconservation.Byreducingourenergyusageintheofficewecannotonlysavethousandsofdollarsonelectricitybillsbutwecanalsohelptheenvironment.Moreoverbeingenergyefficientwillhelpboostourimageinthecommunity. Atlastmonth’smeetingoftheworkplaceissuescommitteewecameupwithalistofsimplemeasuresthatindividualemployeescantaketohelpconserveenergy.Pleasereadthefollowingideasandtrytoputthemintopractice! ...Switchoffyourcomputerandmonitorwhenyoutakeyourlunchbreak. ...Donotuseascreensaveronyourcomputer. ...Leavetheblindsopensothatartificiallightingcanbekepttoaminimum. ...Dressappropriatelyfortheconditionssoastoreduceusageofheatingandairconditioning. ...Takethestairsratherthantheelevatorwheneverpossible. Thelistisanexcellentstartbutitisfarfromexhaustive.Ifyouhaveanysuggestionstoaddpleasedoso.Whetheryouareaseniormanagerorajuniorofficeclerkyourinputisequallyvaluable!Youcanpostsuggestionsontheworkplaceissueswebpageonthecompanyintranet.Wewillthendiscussyoursuggestionsatnextmonth’smeetingoftheworkplaceissuescommittee. Kindregards BethanyWillets Howcanreaderscontributeideas
Thetraditionaldistinctionbetweenproductsthatsatisfyneedsandthosethatsatisfywantsisnolongeradequatetodescribeclassesofproducts.Intoday’sprosperoussocietiesthedistinctionhasbecomeblurredbecausesomanywantshavebeenturnedintoneeds.Awriterforinstancecanworkwithpaperandpencils.Thesearelegitimateneedsforthetask.Buttheworkcanbedonemorequicklyandefficientlywithawordprocessor.Thusacomputerissoonviewedasaneedratherthanawant.Inthefieldofmarketingconsumergoodsareclassedaccordingtothewayinwhichtheyarepurchased.Thetwomaincategoriesareconveniencegoodsandshoppinggoods.Twolessertypesarespecialtygoodsandunsoughtgoods.Itmustbeemphasizedthatallofthesetypesarebasedonthewayshoppersthinkaboutproductsnotonthenatureoftheproductsthemselves.WhatisregardedasaconvenienceiteminFrancewineforexamplemaybeaspecialtygoodintheUnitedStates.Peopledonotspendagreatdealoftimeshoppingforsuchconvenienceitemsasgroceriesnewspaperstoothpasterazorbladesaspirinandcandy.Thebuyingofconveniencegoodsmaybedoneroutinelyassomefamiliesbuygroceriesonceaweek.Suchregularlypurchaseditemsarecalledstaples.Sometimesconvenienceproductsareboughtonimpulse:someonehasasuddendesireforanicecreamsundaeonahotday.Ortheymaybepurchasedasemergencyitems.Shoppinggoodsareitemsforwhichcustomerssearch.Theycomparepricesqualityandstylesandmayvisitanumberofstoresbeforemakingadecision.Buyinganautomobileisoftendonethisway.Shoppinggoodsfallintotwoclasses:thosethatareperceivedasbasicallythesameandthosethatareregardedasdifferent.Itemsthatarelookeduponasbasicallythesameincludesuchthingsashomeappliancestelevisionsetsandautomobiles.Havingdecidedonthemodeldesiredthecustomerisprimarilyinterestedingettingtheitematthemostfavorableprice.Itemsregardedasinherentlydifferentincludeclothingfurnitureanddishes.Qualitystyleandfashionwilleithertakeprecedenceoverpriceortheywillnotmatteratall.Specialtygoodshavecharacteristicsthatimpelcustomerstomakespecialeffortstofindthem.Pricemaybenoconsiderationatall.Specialtygoodscanincludealmostanykindofproduct.Normallyspecialtygoodshaveabrandnameorotherdistinguishingcharacteristics.Unsoughtgoodsareitemsaconsumerdoesnotnecessarilywantorneedormaynotevenknowabout.Promotionoradvertisingbringssuchgoodstotheconsumer’sattention.TheproductcouldbesomethingnewonthemarketastheSonyWalkmanoncewasoritmaybeafairlystandardservicesuchaslifeinsuranceforwhichmostpeoplewillusuallynotbothershopping.Unsoughtgoodsreferto______.
TheFormicaFamilyandCommunityClubareproudtobringyoutheannualFormicaSeasonofFun.BeginningonFebruary3andfinishingonFebruary23theSeasonofFunprovideslocalresidentswithafantastic27ofexcitingandeducationalevents. TheprogramincludesaTeddyBears’picnicatHoldenParkanAdventurePlaygroundChallengeatthesamevenuefreestreettheaterinthecentralcityandaCommunityFunrunthroughtheViraMarineReserve. 28ofthescheduledeventswillbeopentoall-comers.Howeverthoseinterestedintheplaygroundchallengewillneedtoregisterinadvancebecausespaceislimited.TofindoutmoreabouttheprogramforthisupcomingfestivalvisittheFormicaFamilyandCommunityClubwebsiteand29onthelinktotheFormicaSeasonofFun. Welookforwardtoseeingyouallthere. 29
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