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汉律规定的徒刑有( )。
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汉律规定婚姻之家及两州人士不得对相监临作出这种规定的法律被称为
上计律
三护法
换推制
告缗令
唐律规定了____原则发展了汉律关于亲亲得相首匿原则
大清新刑律所规定的主刑有
死刑
无期徒刑
有期徒刑
拘役
罚金
最早规定重罪十条的是
秦律
汉律
《新律》
《北齐律》
刑法中规定的主刑有管制拘役有期徒刑无期徒刑死 刑
汉律有关于非子非正的规定非子指非亲生之子非正 指非嫡妻之子汉律承认非子非正的爵位继承权
我国刑法规定的刑罚有
罚款
拘留
无期徒刑
有期徒刑
死刑
我国刑法规定的主刑有五种
有期徒刑、无期徒刑、死刑、死刑缓期二年执行、剥夺政治权利
罚金、有期徒刑、无期徒刑、死刑、剥夺政治权利
管制、拘役、有期徒刑、无期徒刑、死刑
罚金、没收财产、有期徒刑、无期徒刑、死刑
对绝户资产的继承作出明确规定的是
秦律
汉律
唐律
宋律
大清新刑律中规定的刑罚有______
流刑
有期徒刑
无期徒刑
罚金刑
我国刑法规定的主要刑罚方法有
罚款
拘留
有期徒刑、无期徒刑
死刑
大清新刑律规定的主刑有
死刑
无期徒刑
有期徒刑
拘役
罚金
投书罪规定在
魏律
汉律
秦律
九章律
刑法第266条规定诈骗公私财物数额较大的处三年以下有期徒刑拘役或者管制并处或者单处罚金数额巨大或者有
刑法第266条规定诈骗公私财物数额较大的处三年以下有期徒刑拘役或者管制并处或者单处罚金数额巨大或者有
首次将亲亲得相首匿原则规定下来的法律是
唐律疏义
九章律
汉律
开皇律
下列选项中属于大清新律例规定的刑罚种类的有
流刑
管制
有期徒刑
无期徒刑
亲亲得相首匿原则最早规定在
周礼
汉律
秦律
法经
汉律规定拾得小件物件如十日内无人认领则归拾得人
我国刑法规定的刑罚有
拘留
有期徒刑
无期徒刑
死刑
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Text2ByeducationImeantheinfluenceoftheenvironmentupontheindividualtoproduceapermanentchangeinthehabitsofbehaviorofthoughtandofattitude.Itisinbeingthussusceptibletotheenvironmentthatmandiffersfromtheanimalsandthehigheranimalsfromthelower.Theloweranimalsareinfluencedbytheenvironmentbutnotinthedirectionofchangingtheirhabits.Theirinstinctiveresponsesarefewandfixedbyheredity.Whentransferredtoanunnaturalsituationsuchananimalisledastraybyitsinstincts.ThustheantlionwhoseinstinctimpliesittoboreintoloosesandbypushingbackwardswithabdomengoesbackwardsonaplateofglassassoonasdangerthreatensandendeavorswiththeutmostexertionstoboreintoitItknowsnoothermodeofflightorifsuchalonelyanimalisengageduponachainofactionsandifinterruptediteithergoesonvainlywiththeremainingactionsasuselessascultivatinganunsownfieldordiesinhelplessinactivity.Thusanet-makingspiderwhichdigsaburrowandrimsitwithabastionofgravelandbitsofwoodwhenremovedfromahalffinishedhomewillnotbeginagainthoughitwillcontinueanotherburrowevenonemadewithapencil.Advanceinthescaleofevolutionalongsuchlinesasthesecouldonlybemadebytheemergenceofcreatureswithmoreandmorecomplicatedinstincts.Suchbeingsweknowintheantsandspiders.Butanotherlineofadvancewasdestinedtoopenoutamuchmorefar—reachingpossibilityofwhichwedonotseetheendperhapseveninman.Habitsinsteadofbeingbornready—madeWhentheyarecalledinstinctsandnothabitsatallwereleftmoreandmoretotheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironmentofwhichthemostimportantfactorwastheparentwhonowcaredfortheyounganimalduringaperiodofinfancyinwhichvaguerinstinctsthanthoseoftheinsectsweremoldedtosuitsurroundingswhichmightbeconsiderablychangedwithoutharm.Thismeansonemightatfirstimaginethatgraduallyhereditybecomeslessandenvironmentmoreimportant.Butthisishardlythetruthandcertainlynotthewholetruth.Foralthoughfixedautomaticresponseslikethoseoftheinsect—likecreaturesarenolongerinheritedalthoughselectionforpurificationofthatsortisnolongergoingonyetselectionforeducabilityisverydefinitelystillofimportance.Theabilitytoacquirehabitscanconceivablyinheritjustasmuchascandefiniteresponsestonarrowsituations.Environmentandheredityareinnocaseexclusivebutalwayssupplementaryfactors. Whatdoesthewordeducationinthefirstparagraphmostprobablymean
PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsMaintainingclassroomdisciplineisagrowingproblemformanyschools.46Somechildrenseemincapableoffollowingtherulesperhapsbecausetheyfeeltheyareunreasonableorunclear.TherecanbenosuchexcuseatBebingtonHighSchoolontheWirral.WhenchildrenmisbehaveatBebingtontheteacherimmediatelywritestheirnamesontheclassroomboard.Theyknowtheyareintroubleandtheyknowwhatthepenaltyislikelytobe.Theirclassmatesknowtoothatthechoicetobreaktheruleswastheirown.47TheeffectclaimtheproponentsofthisAmericansystemofdisciplinehasbeentoimprovebehaviourallowingmoretimetobespentonteaching."Assertivediscipline"wasintroducedintoBebingtonlastSeptemberandMargaretHodsonascienceteachersaystheresultsare"littleshortofamiracle".SincetheprogramwasintroducedintoEnglandtwoyearsago450schools80percentofthemprimaryhaveadoptedthescheme.Whethertheprogramspreadsmorewidelydependstosomeextentonthegovernment’sattitude.48AdrianSmithofBehaviourManagementtheBristol--basedcompanymarketingtheschemeinBrianwillthisweekmeetEricForththeJuniorSchoolsMinistertotellhimofthebenefitsachievedbyschoolsusingtheprogram.Bebingtona1000-pupilll-to-18secondarymodernschoolwasalwaysconsideredgoodforaschoolofitstypebutstaffclaimthatstandardsofbehaviourincreaseddramaticallylasttermwithanimprovementintheworkrateofthechildrenandlessstressontheteachers.49Thebasisoftheprogrammewhichcostsschools$22adayforeachpersontrainedisthatallchildrenhavearighttochoosehowtheybehavebuttheymustfacetheconsequencesofthatchoice.Asetofstraightforwardrulesisdisplayedonawallineachclassroomtogetherwithasetofrewardsandconsequences.50TherulesatBebingtonare:arriveontimetolessonsandentertheroomquietly;remaininyourseatunlessaskedtomove;cometolessonsproperlyequipped;listentoandfollowinstructionsthefirsttimetheyaregiven;raiseyourhandbeforeansweringorspeaking;andtreatothertheirworkandequipmentwithrespect. AdrianSmithofBehaviourManagementtheBristol--basedcompanymarketingtheschemeinBrianwillthisweekmeetEricForththeJuniorSchoolsMinistertotellhimofthebenefitsachievedbyschoolsusingtheprogram
Text4AbouttwothousandyearsagotheCeltswerestillintheirprimitivesocietyandBritainwasstillcoveredwithdenseforestsandswamps.Theyknewnothingofawrittenlanguagealthoughtheycouldutterdifferentsoundstoexchangesimpleideas.ButtheCeltscreatedtheirowncivilizationofwhichthemostshiningexamplewasthehistoricalStonehengeinWiltshire.TheStonehengestillinexistencenowwasacirculararrangementofmonolithsbuiltbytheancientBritonsforpurposesstillunknowntomodernhistorians.TheCelticlanguagedidn’tdisappearedcompletelyeither.SomeoftheCelticwordsorsoundswerelaterassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.SomepeopleinScotlandandWalesnowstillspeakalanguageofCelticorigin.ItisbelievedthattheCeltswererelatedwiththeancientpeopleinwhatisnowFranceandtheyperhapsofferedsomehelpinthestruggletoresistJuliusCaesarwhenheinvadedFrance.TheRomanarmycommandedbyJuliusCaesarinvadedEnglandinthefirstcenturyB.C.InthefirstCenturyA.D.theRomanswentacrosstheEnglishChannelandinvadedBritainforthesecondtime.TheydidnotmeetwithmuchresistanceonthepartofthenativesandsoongotpossessionofwhatisnowknownasEnglandbydrivingmanyofthenativeCeltstomountainousScotlandandWales.TheRomansbroughtotherthingswiththembesidestheirswords.TheyintroducedtheirRomancivilizationintoEngland.TheybuilttownstemplestheatresandfanebuildingsbetteronesthantheBritonshadeverdreamedof.TheydrainedmarshesclearedawayforestsbuiltroadsandtaughttheBritonstocultivatetheirlandinabetterway.Theyintroducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentintownswhichusuallytookonnamesendingin"shire".TheyremainedinEnglandforabout350yearsuntil410A.D.whentheGermanicracesstartedinvadingRome.TheinvasionmadeitnecessarytowithdrawtheRomansoldiersfromEnglandtodefendtheirhomecountry.TheislandofBritainwasagainreturnedtothecontrolofthenativeinhabitants.ButthenativeshadbeenruledandprotectedsolongbytheRomantroopsthattheydidnotknowhowtoprotectthemselvestheislandthereforebecameatemptingandeasypreytothetribeswithineasyreach.InvadersfromIrelandandScotlandbegantoplunderandkilltheweakanddefenselessBritonsinEngland.TheBritonshardlyknewwhattodoandtheyindespairaskedtheRomanstosendbacktheirsoldierstoprotectthemRomecouldnotdothisasshehadmoreseriousbusinessonhand.JustatthistimeabandofnewcomerslandedinthesouthernpartofEnglandinwhatisnowthecountyofKent.ThesenewcomerswereknowninhistoryastheJutesAnglesandSaxonswhohadcomefromNorthernEurope.Theywereaggressiveroversandpiratesreadytoplunderortofight.TothemtheBritonsturnedforassistance.Theyaskedthenewcomerstojoininthewaragainsttheirfierceneighbors.TheresultwasavictoryforthecombinedBritonsandAnglo-Saxons. WhatisthemeaningofshireinPara2
Text3HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnerrelativelyafflunentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate--thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems. Theauthor'spurposeincitingrepeated12-monthunemployedmentismostprobablytoshowthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text4AbouttwothousandyearsagotheCeltswerestillintheirprimitivesocietyandBritainwasstillcoveredwithdenseforestsandswamps.Theyknewnothingofawrittenlanguagealthoughtheycouldutterdifferentsoundstoexchangesimpleideas.ButtheCeltscreatedtheirowncivilizationofwhichthemostshiningexamplewasthehistoricalStonehengeinWiltshire.TheStonehengestillinexistencenowwasacirculararrangementofmonolithsbuiltbytheancientBritonsforpurposesstillunknowntomodernhistorians.TheCelticlanguagedidn’tdisappearedcompletelyeither.SomeoftheCelticwordsorsoundswerelaterassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.SomepeopleinScotlandandWalesnowstillspeakalanguageofCelticorigin.ItisbelievedthattheCeltswererelatedwiththeancientpeopleinwhatisnowFranceandtheyperhapsofferedsomehelpinthestruggletoresistJuliusCaesarwhenheinvadedFrance.TheRomanarmycommandedbyJuliusCaesarinvadedEnglandinthefirstcenturyB.C.InthefirstCenturyA.D.theRomanswentacrosstheEnglishChannelandinvadedBritainforthesecondtime.TheydidnotmeetwithmuchresistanceonthepartofthenativesandsoongotpossessionofwhatisnowknownasEnglandbydrivingmanyofthenativeCeltstomountainousScotlandandWales.TheRomansbroughtotherthingswiththembesidestheirswords.TheyintroducedtheirRomancivilizationintoEngland.TheybuilttownstemplestheatresandfanebuildingsbetteronesthantheBritonshadeverdreamedof.TheydrainedmarshesclearedawayforestsbuiltroadsandtaughttheBritonstocultivatetheirlandinabetterway.Theyintroducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentintownswhichusuallytookonnamesendingin"shire".TheyremainedinEnglandforabout350yearsuntil410A.D.whentheGermanicracesstartedinvadingRome.TheinvasionmadeitnecessarytowithdrawtheRomansoldiersfromEnglandtodefendtheirhomecountry.TheislandofBritainwasagainreturnedtothecontrolofthenativeinhabitants.ButthenativeshadbeenruledandprotectedsolongbytheRomantroopsthattheydidnotknowhowtoprotectthemselvestheislandthereforebecameatemptingandeasypreytothetribeswithineasyreach.InvadersfromIrelandandScotlandbegantoplunderandkilltheweakanddefenselessBritonsinEngland.TheBritonshardlyknewwhattodoandtheyindespairaskedtheRomanstosendbacktheirsoldierstoprotectthemRomecouldnotdothisasshehadmoreseriousbusinessonhand.JustatthistimeabandofnewcomerslandedinthesouthernpartofEnglandinwhatisnowthecountyofKent.ThesenewcomerswereknowninhistoryastheJutesAnglesandSaxonswhohadcomefromNorthernEurope.Theywereaggressiveroversandpiratesreadytoplunderortofight.TothemtheBritonsturnedforassistance.Theyaskedthenewcomerstojoininthewaragainsttheirfierceneighbors.TheresultwasavictoryforthecombinedBritonsandAnglo-Saxons. Thetextismainlyabout
Text2ByeducationImeantheinfluenceoftheenvironmentupontheindividualtoproduceapermanentchangeinthehabitsofbehaviorofthoughtandofattitude.Itisinbeingthussusceptibletotheenvironmentthatmandiffersfromtheanimalsandthehigheranimalsfromthelower.Theloweranimalsareinfluencedbytheenvironmentbutnotinthedirectionofchangingtheirhabits.Theirinstinctiveresponsesarefewandfixedbyheredity.Whentransferredtoanunnaturalsituationsuchananimalisledastraybyitsinstincts.ThustheantlionwhoseinstinctimpliesittoboreintoloosesandbypushingbackwardswithabdomengoesbackwardsonaplateofglassassoonasdangerthreatensandendeavorswiththeutmostexertionstoboreintoitItknowsnoothermodeofflightorifsuchalonelyanimalisengageduponachainofactionsandifinterruptediteithergoesonvainlywiththeremainingactionsasuselessascultivatinganunsownfieldordiesinhelplessinactivity.Thusanet-makingspiderwhichdigsaburrowandrimsitwithabastionofgravelandbitsofwoodwhenremovedfromahalffinishedhomewillnotbeginagainthoughitwillcontinueanotherburrowevenonemadewithapencil.Advanceinthescaleofevolutionalongsuchlinesasthesecouldonlybemadebytheemergenceofcreatureswithmoreandmorecomplicatedinstincts.Suchbeingsweknowintheantsandspiders.Butanotherlineofadvancewasdestinedtoopenoutamuchmorefar—reachingpossibilityofwhichwedonotseetheendperhapseveninman.Habitsinsteadofbeingbornready—madeWhentheyarecalledinstinctsandnothabitsatallwereleftmoreandmoretotheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironmentofwhichthemostimportantfactorwastheparentwhonowcaredfortheyounganimalduringaperiodofinfancyinwhichvaguerinstinctsthanthoseoftheinsectsweremoldedtosuitsurroundingswhichmightbeconsiderablychangedwithoutharm.Thismeansonemightatfirstimaginethatgraduallyhereditybecomeslessandenvironmentmoreimportant.Butthisishardlythetruthandcertainlynotthewholetruth.Foralthoughfixedautomaticresponseslikethoseoftheinsect—likecreaturesarenolongerinheritedalthoughselectionforpurificationofthatsortisnolongergoingonyetselectionforeducabilityisverydefinitelystillofimportance.Theabilitytoacquirehabitscanconceivablyinheritjustasmuchascandefiniteresponsestonarrowsituations.Environmentandheredityareinnocaseexclusivebutalwayssupplementaryfactors. Whatcanbeinferredfromtheexampleoftheantlioninthefirstparagraph
Text2ByeducationImeantheinfluenceoftheenvironmentupontheindividualtoproduceapermanentchangeinthehabitsofbehaviorofthoughtandofattitude.Itisinbeingthussusceptibletotheenvironmentthatmandiffersfromtheanimalsandthehigheranimalsfromthelower.Theloweranimalsareinfluencedbytheenvironmentbutnotinthedirectionofchangingtheirhabits.Theirinstinctiveresponsesarefewandfixedbyheredity.Whentransferredtoanunnaturalsituationsuchananimalisledastraybyitsinstincts.ThustheantlionwhoseinstinctimpliesittoboreintoloosesandbypushingbackwardswithabdomengoesbackwardsonaplateofglassassoonasdangerthreatensandendeavorswiththeutmostexertionstoboreintoitItknowsnoothermodeofflightorifsuchalonelyanimalisengageduponachainofactionsandifinterruptediteithergoesonvainlywiththeremainingactionsasuselessascultivatinganunsownfieldordiesinhelplessinactivity.Thusanet-makingspiderwhichdigsaburrowandrimsitwithabastionofgravelandbitsofwoodwhenremovedfromahalffinishedhomewillnotbeginagainthoughitwillcontinueanotherburrowevenonemadewithapencil.Advanceinthescaleofevolutionalongsuchlinesasthesecouldonlybemadebytheemergenceofcreatureswithmoreandmorecomplicatedinstincts.Suchbeingsweknowintheantsandspiders.Butanotherlineofadvancewasdestinedtoopenoutamuchmorefar—reachingpossibilityofwhichwedonotseetheendperhapseveninman.Habitsinsteadofbeingbornready—madeWhentheyarecalledinstinctsandnothabitsatallwereleftmoreandmoretotheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironmentofwhichthemostimportantfactorwastheparentwhonowcaredfortheyounganimalduringaperiodofinfancyinwhichvaguerinstinctsthanthoseoftheinsectsweremoldedtosuitsurroundingswhichmightbeconsiderablychangedwithoutharm.Thismeansonemightatfirstimaginethatgraduallyhereditybecomeslessandenvironmentmoreimportant.Butthisishardlythetruthandcertainlynotthewholetruth.Foralthoughfixedautomaticresponseslikethoseoftheinsect—likecreaturesarenolongerinheritedalthoughselectionforpurificationofthatsortisnolongergoingonyetselectionforeducabilityisverydefinitelystillofimportance.Theabilitytoacquirehabitscanconceivablyinheritjustasmuchascandefiniteresponsestonarrowsituations.Environmentandheredityareinnocaseexclusivebutalwayssupplementaryfactors. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEabouthabitsaccordingtothetext
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Theofficialcasefor"academicmobility"isnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontierstheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermentiontherearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomebepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus. Whatinthewriter'sopinionhappenstoascholarwhoshareshisideaswithhiscolleagues
Text4AbouttwothousandyearsagotheCeltswerestillintheirprimitivesocietyandBritainwasstillcoveredwithdenseforestsandswamps.Theyknewnothingofawrittenlanguagealthoughtheycouldutterdifferentsoundstoexchangesimpleideas.ButtheCeltscreatedtheirowncivilizationofwhichthemostshiningexamplewasthehistoricalStonehengeinWiltshire.TheStonehengestillinexistencenowwasacirculararrangementofmonolithsbuiltbytheancientBritonsforpurposesstillunknowntomodernhistorians.TheCelticlanguagedidn’tdisappearedcompletelyeither.SomeoftheCelticwordsorsoundswerelaterassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.SomepeopleinScotlandandWalesnowstillspeakalanguageofCelticorigin.ItisbelievedthattheCeltswererelatedwiththeancientpeopleinwhatisnowFranceandtheyperhapsofferedsomehelpinthestruggletoresistJuliusCaesarwhenheinvadedFrance.TheRomanarmycommandedbyJuliusCaesarinvadedEnglandinthefirstcenturyB.C.InthefirstCenturyA.D.theRomanswentacrosstheEnglishChannelandinvadedBritainforthesecondtime.TheydidnotmeetwithmuchresistanceonthepartofthenativesandsoongotpossessionofwhatisnowknownasEnglandbydrivingmanyofthenativeCeltstomountainousScotlandandWales.TheRomansbroughtotherthingswiththembesidestheirswords.TheyintroducedtheirRomancivilizationintoEngland.TheybuilttownstemplestheatresandfanebuildingsbetteronesthantheBritonshadeverdreamedof.TheydrainedmarshesclearedawayforestsbuiltroadsandtaughttheBritonstocultivatetheirlandinabetterway.Theyintroducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentintownswhichusuallytookonnamesendingin"shire".TheyremainedinEnglandforabout350yearsuntil410A.D.whentheGermanicracesstartedinvadingRome.TheinvasionmadeitnecessarytowithdrawtheRomansoldiersfromEnglandtodefendtheirhomecountry.TheislandofBritainwasagainreturnedtothecontrolofthenativeinhabitants.ButthenativeshadbeenruledandprotectedsolongbytheRomantroopsthattheydidnotknowhowtoprotectthemselvestheislandthereforebecameatemptingandeasypreytothetribeswithineasyreach.InvadersfromIrelandandScotlandbegantoplunderandkilltheweakanddefenselessBritonsinEngland.TheBritonshardlyknewwhattodoandtheyindespairaskedtheRomanstosendbacktheirsoldierstoprotectthemRomecouldnotdothisasshehadmoreseriousbusinessonhand.JustatthistimeabandofnewcomerslandedinthesouthernpartofEnglandinwhatisnowthecountyofKent.ThesenewcomerswereknowninhistoryastheJutesAnglesandSaxonswhohadcomefromNorthernEurope.Theywereaggressiveroversandpiratesreadytoplunderortofight.TothemtheBritonsturnedforassistance.Theyaskedthenewcomerstojoininthewaragainsttheirfierceneighbors.TheresultwasavictoryforthecombinedBritonsandAnglo-Saxons. Thetoneofthewholetextis
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetopicofhomebasedbusinessfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsLeavingcorporateAmericatorunahomebasedbusinessistheidealsituationformanypeople:There’snobossbreathingdownyournecknoboringmeetingstoattendandno45-minutedrivesinrushhourtraffic.Workingfromhomecanbearewardingexperiencebutit’seasytoforgetthebasicrulesofrunningasuccessfulbusinesswhenit’s10hoursofjustyouyourcomputerandthedistractionsofhome.Tohelpyoustayontrackwe’vecontactedhomebasedbusinessexpertRosalindResnickCEOofAxxessBusinessCentersInc.aNewYorksmall-businessconsultingfirm.She’sputtogetherseveralhelpfultipsforkeepingyourhomebasedbusinessrunningsmoothly.41.Organizeyourfamilytime.Onceyourprofessionallifeisorganizedyoumayneedtoconsiderorganizingyourpersonallife.42.Motivateyourself.Sitdownandsetsomegoalsforyourself.43.Taketimeoutforgoodbehavior.Takeabreakeverynowandthensoyoudon’tgetburnedout.44.Network.Networkwithotherhomebasedbusinessownersineitheraformalorinformalsetting.45.Considermovingoutofyourhome.Atthepointwhenyourbusinessbecomessosuccessfulthatyoucannotefficientlyworkclosetogetherstartconsideringmovingyourofficeoutsidethehome.[A]Thisisagoodwaytofindserviceprovidersleadersandpotentialclients.Surroundingyourselfwithpeoplewhoalsoworkfromhomewillgiveyouthesupportyouneedandreferyoutopeoplewhocanhelpyougrowyourbusiness.[B]Maybeyounoticedrightawayormaybeit’sjustbecomingapparentthatyoutendtoworkaroundthescheduleofyourfamilymembers.Thisisespeciallytrueifyouhavechildren.Alotofpeopleespeciallyyoungmomsdecidethatthey’regoingtoquittheirjobsincorporateAmericaandworkfromhomeinordertocarefortheirchildrenandsaveondaycareexpenses.Butinrealityifyou’reseriousaboutrunningahomebasedbusinessandearningadecentincomeyou’regoingtohavetomakearrangementsforchildcareinoroutsidethehome.Otherwiseitbecomestoodistracting.Considerhiringababysittersoyou’reguaranteedfivetosixsolidhourstogetyourworkdone.[C]Younolongerhavequarterlyreviewsorprogressreportssoit’simportanttokeeptrackofwhetherornotyou’remakingprogressinyourbusiness.It’sonethingtosetsmallgoalslikecompletingyourto-dolist—youalsohavetosetgoalstomotivateyourselftosucceed.Hopefullybynowyou’remakingasmuchifnotmoremoneyatyourhomebasedbusinessthanyouwereatyourformerjob.Ifyouaren’tbeginbysettingagoaltobringinthesameamountofincomeyouwereandslowlyraisethebartoincreaseyourincomebyacoupleofthousandamonth.Onceyou’vemetagoalmaketimetorewardyourselfbydoingsomethingfunwhichbringsustothenexttip.[D]Foralotofpeopleworkingfromhomeisalaunchingpad.Inthebeginningmanybusinessownersworkfromhomeinordertokeepoverheadlow.Ifyouhavemorethanonepersonwithdifferentrolesworkingfromyourhomeofficeyoushouldideallybeworkinginseparaterooms.Itcanbedifficulthavingtwopeopleworksidebysideevenifthosetwopeoplearespousesandloveeachotherverymuch.It’sdistractingforanyonetohavesomeonethreefeetawayfromyoutalkingonthephone.Bepreparedforexpansion.[E]It’snotuncommontofindyourselfworking60-to70-hourweeks.Butthegoodthingisifyouwanttosneakoutandseeamovieattwointheafternoonnobody’sgoingtotellyounottodoit.Youhavethatfreedomandflexibilityasahomebusinessowner.Itcanbetemptingtoworkallthetimewhenyoustartseeinghowsuccessfulyourbusinesshasbecomebutknowwhentorelax.You’vealreadyestablishedasmooth-runningbusiness.[F]Initshighlevelsthemantleisrelativelycool;atgreaterdepthhightemperaturesmaketherockbehavemorelikealiquidthanasolid. 42
PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsMaintainingclassroomdisciplineisagrowingproblemformanyschools.46Somechildrenseemincapableoffollowingtherulesperhapsbecausetheyfeeltheyareunreasonableorunclear.TherecanbenosuchexcuseatBebingtonHighSchoolontheWirral.WhenchildrenmisbehaveatBebingtontheteacherimmediatelywritestheirnamesontheclassroomboard.Theyknowtheyareintroubleandtheyknowwhatthepenaltyislikelytobe.Theirclassmatesknowtoothatthechoicetobreaktheruleswastheirown.47TheeffectclaimtheproponentsofthisAmericansystemofdisciplinehasbeentoimprovebehaviourallowingmoretimetobespentonteaching."Assertivediscipline"wasintroducedintoBebingtonlastSeptemberandMargaretHodsonascienceteachersaystheresultsare"littleshortofamiracle".SincetheprogramwasintroducedintoEnglandtwoyearsago450schools80percentofthemprimaryhaveadoptedthescheme.Whethertheprogramspreadsmorewidelydependstosomeextentonthegovernment’sattitude.48AdrianSmithofBehaviourManagementtheBristol--basedcompanymarketingtheschemeinBrianwillthisweekmeetEricForththeJuniorSchoolsMinistertotellhimofthebenefitsachievedbyschoolsusingtheprogram.Bebingtona1000-pupilll-to-18secondarymodernschoolwasalwaysconsideredgoodforaschoolofitstypebutstaffclaimthatstandardsofbehaviourincreaseddramaticallylasttermwithanimprovementintheworkrateofthechildrenandlessstressontheteachers.49Thebasisoftheprogrammewhichcostsschools$22adayforeachpersontrainedisthatallchildrenhavearighttochoosehowtheybehavebuttheymustfacetheconsequencesofthatchoice.Asetofstraightforwardrulesisdisplayedonawallineachclassroomtogetherwithasetofrewardsandconsequences.50TherulesatBebingtonare:arriveontimetolessonsandentertheroomquietly;remaininyourseatunlessaskedtomove;cometolessonsproperlyequipped;listentoandfollowinstructionsthefirsttimetheyaregiven;raiseyourhandbeforeansweringorspeaking;andtreatothertheirworkandequipmentwithrespect. Somechildrenseemincapableoffollowingtherulesperhapsbecausetheyfeeltheyareunreasonableorunclear
PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsMaintainingclassroomdisciplineisagrowingproblemformanyschools.46Somechildrenseemincapableoffollowingtherulesperhapsbecausetheyfeeltheyareunreasonableorunclear.TherecanbenosuchexcuseatBebingtonHighSchoolontheWirral.WhenchildrenmisbehaveatBebingtontheteacherimmediatelywritestheirnamesontheclassroomboard.Theyknowtheyareintroubleandtheyknowwhatthepenaltyislikelytobe.Theirclassmatesknowtoothatthechoicetobreaktheruleswastheirown.47TheeffectclaimtheproponentsofthisAmericansystemofdisciplinehasbeentoimprovebehaviourallowingmoretimetobespentonteaching."Assertivediscipline"wasintroducedintoBebingtonlastSeptemberandMargaretHodsonascienceteachersaystheresultsare"littleshortofamiracle".SincetheprogramwasintroducedintoEnglandtwoyearsago450schools80percentofthemprimaryhaveadoptedthescheme.Whethertheprogramspreadsmorewidelydependstosomeextentonthegovernment’sattitude.48AdrianSmithofBehaviourManagementtheBristol--basedcompanymarketingtheschemeinBrianwillthisweekmeetEricForththeJuniorSchoolsMinistertotellhimofthebenefitsachievedbyschoolsusingtheprogram.Bebingtona1000-pupilll-to-18secondarymodernschoolwasalwaysconsideredgoodforaschoolofitstypebutstaffclaimthatstandardsofbehaviourincreaseddramaticallylasttermwithanimprovementintheworkrateofthechildrenandlessstressontheteachers.49Thebasisoftheprogrammewhichcostsschools$22adayforeachpersontrainedisthatallchildrenhavearighttochoosehowtheybehavebuttheymustfacetheconsequencesofthatchoice.Asetofstraightforwardrulesisdisplayedonawallineachclassroomtogetherwithasetofrewardsandconsequences.50TherulesatBebingtonare:arriveontimetolessonsandentertheroomquietly;remaininyourseatunlessaskedtomove;cometolessonsproperlyequipped;listentoandfollowinstructionsthefirsttimetheyaregiven;raiseyourhandbeforeansweringorspeaking;andtreatothertheirworkandequipmentwithrespect. TherulesatBebingtonare:arriveontimetolessonsandentertheroomquietly;remaininyourseatunlessaskedtomove;cometolessonsproperlyequipped;listentoandfollowinstructionsthefirsttimetheyaregiven;raiseyourhandbeforeansweringorspeaking;andtreatothertheirworkandequipmentwithrespect.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled"CelebratingMother’sDay".Inyourarticleyoushouldcoverthefollowingpoints. 1describethedrawing 2interpretitssymbolicmeaningand 3giveyourcomment. Youshouldwrite160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetopicofhomebasedbusinessfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsLeavingcorporateAmericatorunahomebasedbusinessistheidealsituationformanypeople:There’snobossbreathingdownyournecknoboringmeetingstoattendandno45-minutedrivesinrushhourtraffic.Workingfromhomecanbearewardingexperiencebutit’seasytoforgetthebasicrulesofrunningasuccessfulbusinesswhenit’s10hoursofjustyouyourcomputerandthedistractionsofhome.Tohelpyoustayontrackwe’vecontactedhomebasedbusinessexpertRosalindResnickCEOofAxxessBusinessCentersInc.aNewYorksmall-businessconsultingfirm.She’sputtogetherseveralhelpfultipsforkeepingyourhomebasedbusinessrunningsmoothly.41.Organizeyourfamilytime.Onceyourprofessionallifeisorganizedyoumayneedtoconsiderorganizingyourpersonallife.42.Motivateyourself.Sitdownandsetsomegoalsforyourself.43.Taketimeoutforgoodbehavior.Takeabreakeverynowandthensoyoudon’tgetburnedout.44.Network.Networkwithotherhomebasedbusinessownersineitheraformalorinformalsetting.45.Considermovingoutofyourhome.Atthepointwhenyourbusinessbecomessosuccessfulthatyoucannotefficientlyworkclosetogetherstartconsideringmovingyourofficeoutsidethehome.[A]Thisisagoodwaytofindserviceprovidersleadersandpotentialclients.Surroundingyourselfwithpeoplewhoalsoworkfromhomewillgiveyouthesupportyouneedandreferyoutopeoplewhocanhelpyougrowyourbusiness.[B]Maybeyounoticedrightawayormaybeit’sjustbecomingapparentthatyoutendtoworkaroundthescheduleofyourfamilymembers.Thisisespeciallytrueifyouhavechildren.Alotofpeopleespeciallyyoungmomsdecidethatthey’regoingtoquittheirjobsincorporateAmericaandworkfromhomeinordertocarefortheirchildrenandsaveondaycareexpenses.Butinrealityifyou’reseriousaboutrunningahomebasedbusinessandearningadecentincomeyou’regoingtohavetomakearrangementsforchildcareinoroutsidethehome.Otherwiseitbecomestoodistracting.Considerhiringababysittersoyou’reguaranteedfivetosixsolidhourstogetyourworkdone.[C]Younolongerhavequarterlyreviewsorprogressreportssoit’simportanttokeeptrackofwhetherornotyou’remakingprogressinyourbusiness.It’sonethingtosetsmallgoalslikecompletingyourto-dolist—youalsohavetosetgoalstomotivateyourselftosucceed.Hopefullybynowyou’remakingasmuchifnotmoremoneyatyourhomebasedbusinessthanyouwereatyourformerjob.Ifyouaren’tbeginbysettingagoaltobringinthesameamountofincomeyouwereandslowlyraisethebartoincreaseyourincomebyacoupleofthousandamonth.Onceyou’vemetagoalmaketimetorewardyourselfbydoingsomethingfunwhichbringsustothenexttip.[D]Foralotofpeopleworkingfromhomeisalaunchingpad.Inthebeginningmanybusinessownersworkfromhomeinordertokeepoverheadlow.Ifyouhavemorethanonepersonwithdifferentrolesworkingfromyourhomeofficeyoushouldideallybeworkinginseparaterooms.Itcanbedifficulthavingtwopeopleworksidebysideevenifthosetwopeoplearespousesandloveeachotherverymuch.It’sdistractingforanyonetohavesomeonethreefeetawayfromyoutalkingonthephone.Bepreparedforexpansion.[E]It’snotuncommontofindyourselfworking60-to70-hourweeks.Butthegoodthingisifyouwanttosneakoutandseeamovieattwointheafternoonnobody’sgoingtotellyounottodoit.Youhavethatfreedomandflexibilityasahomebusinessowner.Itcanbetemptingtoworkallthetimewhenyoustartseeinghowsuccessfulyourbusinesshasbecomebutknowwhentorelax.You’vealreadyestablishedasmooth-runningbusiness.[F]Initshighlevelsthemantleisrelativelycool;atgreaterdepthhightemperaturesmaketherockbehavemorelikealiquidthanasolid. 44
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsRecentlegalresearchindicatedthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotas1ascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthe2offaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence.TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitness3"asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheld4abouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryis5changeitshouldnotbeunderestimated.Incourtwitnessesareaskedtogiveevidenceabouteventsandjudgesandjuries6itsreliability.Thepaperpointsoutthatmemoryiscomplexandthereliabilityofanyperson’srecallmustbeassessed7.Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemory8overtime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionare9theirbestimmediately10encodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterfere11theoriginalmemorywhichreduces12.Thepapersays13interviewsormediareportscancreatesuch14."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemories15whenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemoryto16andwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthe17asfact."Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthen18ittoproducesomething19thanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender"Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesare20false." Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Theofficialcasefor"academicmobility"isnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontierstheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermentiontherearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomebepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus. Accordingtothetextscholarsandstudentsaregreattravelersbecause
Text3HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnerrelativelyafflunentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate--thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems. WhichofthefollowingdoestheLabormarketproblemsreferto
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