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Will America’s cities ever again be places most people want to live in It seems unlikely. hereas ...
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Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.2
Text1 AtanofficeinHamptonVirginiaintheeastoftheUnitedStatesateamoftennetsavvyworkerssourcesthewebforsexualcontentfrombasicsexeducationtosexacts.This"qualityassurance"teamismakingsurethattheblockingcomponentofSymantec’sNortonInternetSecurity2000computerprogramremainseffective.Thisisbecausethereiswidespreadparentalconcernaboutblockingwebsiteswithsexualcontentfromchildren. Websiteblockingisnothingnew--serviceslikeNetNannyandprogramslikeCyberPatrolandGuardDoghavebeenaroundforafewyearsnowprotectingchildrenandreassuringparentsthatonlywholesomewebsitesareaccessedbytheyoungsters.NetNannyandCyberPatrolwillpreventaccesstoanyquestionablesiteswhentheprogramisinplace NowSymantecsaysithascreatedanewcategoryinconsumersoftwarewithapackagethatcombineswebsiteblockingwitha"firewall"protectingyourcomputerfromhackersandvirusesaswellaspreventingcarelessdisclosureofpersonaldata.InshortNortonInternetSecurityastheprogramiscalledisdesignedtoserveastheguardianofyourdigitalhealthkeepingthebadthingsoutandtheprivatethingsin. TheSymantecprogramcanbeconfiguredinmanywaysthewebsiteblockingforexamplecanbesettobeeitherselectivelypermissiveortotalinitsbanningofwebsitesorswitchedoffentirely.AlsoSymantec’slistofno-goareaswhichontheCDnowstandataround36000addressedisnotconfinedtosexsites.TheteaminVirginiaisalsoonthelookoutforsitesadvocatingdragsorwhichcontainreferencestoviolenceorgamblingandkeepsawatchonchatroomse-mailservicesentertainmentportals--evenjobsearchandfinancialpages.Thesesitescanbeblockedbytheprogram. ComputeruserscanalsorefreshtheaddresslistonlinewiththeLiveupdatefeaturewhichisusedbyNortonAnti-ViruswhichisbundledwithNIStoloadthelatestvirusdefinitions.Thisserviceisfreeforthefirstyearbutincludingvirusdefinitionupdates;itcosts$19.95ayearthere-after. Thesystemisnotperfecthowever.Limitedtestingfoundtheblockingofsome"questionable"siteswasnotcomprehensive.Tryingtogetaccesstoawell-knownUSsitesuchasPlayboyresultsinanimmediateblockingmessagewithastandardinvitationtoreportan"incorrectlycategorized"site.BycontrastyoucouldfindinothercountriessuchasNewZealandasexsitewhichdeclareditselftobe"dedicatedtoprovidingsexualmaterialimagedandanythingalittlebitunusualforsexenthusiastsalloverthecountry. Symantecmightnotblock
Text4 Defendersofspecialprotectivelaborlegislationforwomenoftenmaintainthateliminatingsuchlawswoulddestroythefruitsofacenturylongstrugglefortheprotectionofwomenworkers.Evenabriefexaminationofthehistoricpracticeofcourtsandemployerswouldshowthatthefruitofsuchlawshasbeenbitter:theyareinpracticemoreofacursethanablessing. Sex-definedprotectivelawshaveoftenbeenbasedonstereotypicalassumptionsconcerningwomen’sneedsandabilitiesandemployershavefrequentlyusedthemaslegalexcusesfordiscriminatingagainstwomen.AftertheSecondWorldWarforexamplebusinessesandgovernmentsoughttopersuadewomentovacatejobsinfactoriesthusmakingroominthelaborforceforreturningveterans.Therevivalorpassageofstatelawslimitingthedailyorweeklyworkhoursofwomenconvenientlyaccomplishedthis.Employershadonlytodeclarethatovertimehourswereanecessaryconditionofemploymentorpromotionintheirfactoryandwomencouldbequitelegallyfiredre-fusedjobsorkeptatlowwagelevelsallinthenameof"protecting"theirhealth.Byvalidatingsuchlawswhentheyarechallengedbylawsuitsthecourtshaveconspiredovertheyearsinestablishingdifferentlessadvantageousemploymenttermsforwomen’scompetitivenessonthejobmarket.Atthesametimeeventhemostwell-intentionedlawmakerscourtsandemployershaveof-tenbeenblindtotherealneedsofwomen.Thelawmakersandthecourtscontinuetopermitemployerstoofferemployeehealthinsuranceplansthatcoverallknownhumanmedicaldisabilitiesexceptthoserelatingtopregnancyandchildbirth. Finallylaborlawsprotectingonlyspecialgroupsareoftenineffectiveatprotectingtheworkerswhoareactuallyintheworkplace.Somechemicalsforexampleposereproductiverisksforwomenofchildbearingyears;manufacturersusingthechemicalscomplywithlawsprotectingwomenagainstthesehazardsbyrefusingtohirethem.Thusthesex-definedlegislationprotectsthehypotheticalfemaleworkerbuthasnoeffectwhateveronthesafetyofanyactualemployee.Thehealthriskstomaleemployeesinsuchindustriescannotbenegligiblesincechemicalstoxicenoughtocausebirthdefectsinfetusesinwomenarepresumablyharmfultothehumanmetabolism.Protectivelawsaimedatchangingproductionmaterialsortechniquesinordertoreducesuchhazardswouldbenefitallemployeeswithoutdiscriminatingagainstany. Insumprotectivelaborlawsforwomenarediscriminatoryanddonotmeettheirintendedpurpose.Legislatorsshouldrecognizethatwomenareintheworkforcetostayandthattheirneeds--goodhealthcareadecentwageandasafeworkplace--aretheneedsofallworkers.Lawsthatignorethesefactsviolatewomen’srightsforequalprotectioninemployment. Indeterminingthevalueofspecialprotectivelaborlegislationforwomenwhatdoestheauthorconsidermosthelpful
Text4 Defendersofspecialprotectivelaborlegislationforwomenoftenmaintainthateliminatingsuchlawswoulddestroythefruitsofacenturylongstrugglefortheprotectionofwomenworkers.Evenabriefexaminationofthehistoricpracticeofcourtsandemployerswouldshowthatthefruitofsuchlawshasbeenbitter:theyareinpracticemoreofacursethanablessing. Sex-definedprotectivelawshaveoftenbeenbasedonstereotypicalassumptionsconcerningwomen’sneedsandabilitiesandemployershavefrequentlyusedthemaslegalexcusesfordiscriminatingagainstwomen.AftertheSecondWorldWarforexamplebusinessesandgovernmentsoughttopersuadewomentovacatejobsinfactoriesthusmakingroominthelaborforceforreturningveterans.Therevivalorpassageofstatelawslimitingthedailyorweeklyworkhoursofwomenconvenientlyaccomplishedthis.Employershadonlytodeclarethatovertimehourswereanecessaryconditionofemploymentorpromotionintheirfactoryandwomencouldbequitelegallyfiredre-fusedjobsorkeptatlowwagelevelsallinthenameof"protecting"theirhealth.Byvalidatingsuchlawswhentheyarechallengedbylawsuitsthecourtshaveconspiredovertheyearsinestablishingdifferentlessadvantageousemploymenttermsforwomen’scompetitivenessonthejobmarket.Atthesametimeeventhemostwell-intentionedlawmakerscourtsandemployershaveof-tenbeenblindtotherealneedsofwomen.Thelawmakersandthecourtscontinuetopermitemployerstoofferemployeehealthinsuranceplansthatcoverallknownhumanmedicaldisabilitiesexceptthoserelatingtopregnancyandchildbirth. Finallylaborlawsprotectingonlyspecialgroupsareoftenineffectiveatprotectingtheworkerswhoareactuallyintheworkplace.Somechemicalsforexampleposereproductiverisksforwomenofchildbearingyears;manufacturersusingthechemicalscomplywithlawsprotectingwomenagainstthesehazardsbyrefusingtohirethem.Thusthesex-definedlegislationprotectsthehypotheticalfemaleworkerbuthasnoeffectwhateveronthesafetyofanyactualemployee.Thehealthriskstomaleemployeesinsuchindustriescannotbenegligiblesincechemicalstoxicenoughtocausebirthdefectsinfetusesinwomenarepresumablyharmfultothehumanmetabolism.Protectivelawsaimedatchangingproductionmaterialsortechniquesinordertoreducesuchhazardswouldbenefitallemployeeswithoutdiscriminatingagainstany. Insumprotectivelaborlawsforwomenarediscriminatoryanddonotmeettheirintendedpurpose.Legislatorsshouldrecognizethatwomenareintheworkforcetostayandthattheirneeds--goodhealthcareadecentwageandasafeworkplace--aretheneedsofallworkers.Lawsthatignorethesefactsviolatewomen’srightsforequalprotectioninemployment. Theauthorimpliesthatmanyemployeehealthinsuranceplans
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.12
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.18
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.8
A"LOSTTRIBE"thatreachedAmericafromAustraliamayhavebeen.thefirstNativeAmericansaccordingtoanewtheory. 46IfprovedbyDNAevidencethetheorywillshatterlongestablishedbeliefsaboutthesoutherlymigrationofpeoplewhoenteredAmericaacrosstheBeringStraitfounditemptyandoccupiedit.OnthistheoryreststheauthorityofNativeAmericanspreviouslyknownasRedIndianstohavebeenthefirsttrueAmericans.Theywouldberelegatedtotheranksofalso-ransbeatentotheNewWorldbyAboriginalsinboats. ToaEuropeanthismayseemlikeanacademicargumentbuttoAmericansitisaphilosophicalquestionaboutidentitySilviaGonzalesofLiverpoolJohnMooresUniversitysaid. HerclaimsarebasedonskeletonsfoundintheBajaCaliforniaPeninsulaofMexicothathaveskullsquiteunlikethebroadMongolianfeaturesofNativeAmericans.Thesenarrow-skulledpeoplehavemoreincommonwithsouthernAsiansAboriginalAustraliansandpeopleoftheSouthPacificRim. 47ThebonesstoredattheNationalMuseumofAnthropologyinMexicoCityhavebeencarbon-datedandoneis12700yearsoldwhichplacesitseveralthousandyearsbeforethearrivalofpeoplefromtheNorth."WethinktherewereseveralmigrationwavesintotheAmericasatdifferenttimesbydifferenthumangroups"Dr.Gonzalessaid."ThetimingrouteandpointoforiginofthefirstcolonizationoftheAmericasremainsamostcontentioustopicinhumanevolution." 48ButcomparisonsbasedonskullshapearenotconsideredconclusivebyanthropologistssoateamofMexicanandBritishscientistsbackedbytheNaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncilhasalsoattemptedtoextractDNAfromthebones.49Dr.GonzalesdeclinedyesterdaytosayexactlywhattheresultswereastheyneedtobecheckedbutindicatedthattheywereconsistentwithanAustralianorigin. 50ShebelievesthattheyarrivedbyboatsettledinwhatisnowMexicoandatotherpointsalongthePacificcoastandsurvivedforthousandsofyears.ThefirstSpanishcolonistsandmissionariesdescribedthepeopletheyfoundintheareathePericueasslimhunter-gatherers.Theylackedmuchculturebutdidhaveburialcustomsinwhichbodieswerelaidoutinthesunbeforebeingpaintedwithochreandburied. TheSpanishcollectedthepeopleintomissionswheretheydiedoutinthe18thcentury. IfprovedbyDNAevidencethetheorywillshatterlongestablishedbeliefsaboutthesoutherlymigrationofpeoplewhoenteredAmericaacrosstheBeringStraitfounditemptyandoccupiedit.
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.16
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.4
Text3 Livingstandardssoaredduringthetwentiethcenturyandeconomistsexpectthemtocontinuerisinginthedecadesahead.Doesthatmeanthatwehumanscanlookforwardtoincreasinghappiness Easterlinadmitsthatricherpeoplearemorelikelytoreportthemselvesasbeinghappierthanpoorerpeopleare.ButsteadyimprovementsintheAmericaneconomyhavenotbeenaccompaniedbysteadyincreasesinpeople’sself-assessmentsoftheirownhappiness."TherehasbeennotimprovementinaveragehappinessintheUnitedStatesoveralmostahalfcentury--aperiodinwhichrealGDPgrossdomesticproductpercapitalmorethandoubled"Easterlinreports. Theexplanationforthisparadoxmaybethatpeoplebecomelesssatisfiedovertimewithagivenlevelofincome.InEasterlin’sword:"Asincomesrisetheaspirationleveldoestooandtheeffectofthisincreaseinaspirationsistoinvalidatetheexpectedgrowthinhappinessduetohigherincome." MoneycanbuyhappinessEasterlinseemstobesayingbutonlyifone’samountsgetbiggerandotherpeoplearen’tgettingmore.HisanalysishelpstoexplainsociologistLeeRainwater’sfindingthatAmericans’perceptionoftheincome"necessarytogetalong"rosebetween1950and1986inthesameproportionasactualpercapitalincome.Wefeelrichifwehavemorethanourneighborspoorifwehavelessandfeelingrelativelywelloffisequatedwithbeinghappy. Easterlin’sfindingschallengepsychologistAbrahamMaslow’s"hierarchyofwants"asareliableguidetofuturehumanmotivation.Maslowsuggestedthataspeople’sbasicmaterialwantsaresatisfiedtheyseektoachievenonmaterialorspiritualgoals.ButEasterlin’sevidencepointstothepersistenceofmaterialism. Sciencehasdevelopednocureforenvysoourwealthboostsourhappinessonlybrieflywhileshrinkingthatofourneighbors.ThustheoutlookforthefutureisgloomyinEasterlin’sview: "Thefuturethentowhichtheeraofmodemeconomicgrowthisleadingisoneofneverendingeconomicgrowthaworldinwhichevergrowingabundanceismatchedbyeverrisingaspirationsaworldinwhichculturaldifferenceisleveledintheconstantracetoachievethegoodlifeofmaterialplentyitisaworldfoundedonbeliefinscienceandthepowerofrationalinquiryandintheultimatecapacityofhumanitytoshapeitsowndestiny.Theironyisthatinthislastrespectthelessonofhistoryappearstobeotherwise:thatthereisnochoice.Intheenditisnotthetriumphofhumanityovermaterialwants;ratheritisthetriumphofmaterialwantsoverhumanity." Generallyspeakingpeople
Text1 AtanofficeinHamptonVirginiaintheeastoftheUnitedStatesateamoftennetsavvyworkerssourcesthewebforsexualcontentfrombasicsexeducationtosexacts.This"qualityassurance"teamismakingsurethattheblockingcomponentofSymantec’sNortonInternetSecurity2000computerprogramremainseffective.Thisisbecausethereiswidespreadparentalconcernaboutblockingwebsiteswithsexualcontentfromchildren. Websiteblockingisnothingnew--serviceslikeNetNannyandprogramslikeCyberPatrolandGuardDoghavebeenaroundforafewyearsnowprotectingchildrenandreassuringparentsthatonlywholesomewebsitesareaccessedbytheyoungsters.NetNannyandCyberPatrolwillpreventaccesstoanyquestionablesiteswhentheprogramisinplace NowSymantecsaysithascreatedanewcategoryinconsumersoftwarewithapackagethatcombineswebsiteblockingwitha"firewall"protectingyourcomputerfromhackersandvirusesaswellaspreventingcarelessdisclosureofpersonaldata.InshortNortonInternetSecurityastheprogramiscalledisdesignedtoserveastheguardianofyourdigitalhealthkeepingthebadthingsoutandtheprivatethingsin. TheSymantecprogramcanbeconfiguredinmanywaysthewebsiteblockingforexamplecanbesettobeeitherselectivelypermissiveortotalinitsbanningofwebsitesorswitchedoffentirely.AlsoSymantec’slistofno-goareaswhichontheCDnowstandataround36000addressedisnotconfinedtosexsites.TheteaminVirginiaisalsoonthelookoutforsitesadvocatingdragsorwhichcontainreferencestoviolenceorgamblingandkeepsawatchonchatroomse-mailservicesentertainmentportals--evenjobsearchandfinancialpages.Thesesitescanbeblockedbytheprogram. ComputeruserscanalsorefreshtheaddresslistonlinewiththeLiveupdatefeaturewhichisusedbyNortonAnti-ViruswhichisbundledwithNIStoloadthelatestvirusdefinitions.Thisserviceisfreeforthefirstyearbutincludingvirusdefinitionupdates;itcosts$19.95ayearthere-after. Thesystemisnotperfecthowever.Limitedtestingfoundtheblockingofsome"questionable"siteswasnotcomprehensive.Tryingtogetaccesstoawell-knownUSsitesuchasPlayboyresultsinanimmediateblockingmessagewithastandardinvitationtoreportan"incorrectlycategorized"site.BycontrastyoucouldfindinothercountriessuchasNewZealandasexsitewhichdeclareditselftobe"dedicatedtoprovidingsexualmaterialimagedandanythingalittlebitunusualforsexenthusiastsalloverthecountry. NortonInternetSecurityfunctionsto
Text4 Defendersofspecialprotectivelaborlegislationforwomenoftenmaintainthateliminatingsuchlawswoulddestroythefruitsofacenturylongstrugglefortheprotectionofwomenworkers.Evenabriefexaminationofthehistoricpracticeofcourtsandemployerswouldshowthatthefruitofsuchlawshasbeenbitter:theyareinpracticemoreofacursethanablessing. Sex-definedprotectivelawshaveoftenbeenbasedonstereotypicalassumptionsconcerningwomen’sneedsandabilitiesandemployershavefrequentlyusedthemaslegalexcusesfordiscriminatingagainstwomen.AftertheSecondWorldWarforexamplebusinessesandgovernmentsoughttopersuadewomentovacatejobsinfactoriesthusmakingroominthelaborforceforreturningveterans.Therevivalorpassageofstatelawslimitingthedailyorweeklyworkhoursofwomenconvenientlyaccomplishedthis.Employershadonlytodeclarethatovertimehourswereanecessaryconditionofemploymentorpromotionintheirfactoryandwomencouldbequitelegallyfiredre-fusedjobsorkeptatlowwagelevelsallinthenameof"protecting"theirhealth.Byvalidatingsuchlawswhentheyarechallengedbylawsuitsthecourtshaveconspiredovertheyearsinestablishingdifferentlessadvantageousemploymenttermsforwomen’scompetitivenessonthejobmarket.Atthesametimeeventhemostwell-intentionedlawmakerscourtsandemployershaveof-tenbeenblindtotherealneedsofwomen.Thelawmakersandthecourtscontinuetopermitemployerstoofferemployeehealthinsuranceplansthatcoverallknownhumanmedicaldisabilitiesexceptthoserelatingtopregnancyandchildbirth. Finallylaborlawsprotectingonlyspecialgroupsareoftenineffectiveatprotectingtheworkerswhoareactuallyintheworkplace.Somechemicalsforexampleposereproductiverisksforwomenofchildbearingyears;manufacturersusingthechemicalscomplywithlawsprotectingwomenagainstthesehazardsbyrefusingtohirethem.Thusthesex-definedlegislationprotectsthehypotheticalfemaleworkerbuthasnoeffectwhateveronthesafetyofanyactualemployee.Thehealthriskstomaleemployeesinsuchindustriescannotbenegligiblesincechemicalstoxicenoughtocausebirthdefectsinfetusesinwomenarepresumablyharmfultothehumanmetabolism.Protectivelawsaimedatchangingproductionmaterialsortechniquesinordertoreducesuchhazardswouldbenefitallemployeeswithoutdiscriminatingagainstany. Insumprotectivelaborlawsforwomenarediscriminatoryanddonotmeettheirintendedpurpose.Legislatorsshouldrecognizethatwomenareintheworkforcetostayandthattheirneeds--goodhealthcareadecentwageandasafeworkplace--aretheneedsofallworkers.Lawsthatignorethesefactsviolatewomen’srightsforequalprotectioninemployment. Ashortcomingofprotectivelaborlawsthatsinglingoutaparticulargroupofworkersforprotectionis
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.6
Text2 AnAsianengineerisassignedtoaU.S.laboratoryandalmostsuffersanervousbreakdown.AU.S.executivetellshisstaffhe’sgoingtotreatthemfairly--andcreatesdissension.AJapanesemanagerispromotedbyhisAmericanpresidentbutwithinsixmonthsasksforatransfer. Eachofthesereal-lifecasesinvolvedpeoplewhowereregardedassuperioremployeesbutwereill-equippedtocopewiththecomplexitiesanddangersofinterculturalmanagement. "Multinationalcompanieshavestudiedeverythingelsenowthey’refinallylookingatculture"saysCliffordClarkefounderandpresidentoftheCalifornia-basedIRIInternationalInc."NevershowtheshoetoanArabneverarriveintimeforapartyinBrazilandinJapandon’tthink’yes’means’yes’"adviseU.S.consultantsLennieCoplandandLewisBrownGriggswhohaveproducedaseriesoffilmsandabooktohelpmanagersimprovetheirinternationalbusinessskills.Butsimplylearningthesocial"dos"and"don’ts"isnottheansweraccordingtothenewculturespecialists.Thepenaltiesforignoringdifferentthinkingpatternstheypointoutcanbedisastrous. ForexampletheAmericanmanagerwhopromisedtobefairthoughthewastellinghisJapanesestaffthattheirhardworkwouldberewardedbutwhensomeworkersreceivedhighersalaryincreasesthanotherstherewerecomplaints."Youtoldusyou’dbefairandyouliedtous"accusedonesalesman."Ittookmeayearandahalf"sighedtheAmerican"torealizethat’fair’tomystaffmeantbeingtreatedequally." TheAsianengineerwhosufferedinAmericawasthevictimofanothermistakenexpectation."HewasaccustomedtothewarmgroupenvironmentsotypicalinJapan"saidhisU.S.manager."Butinourcompanywe’reallexpectedtobeself-starterswhothriveonworkingalone.Forhimitwasemotionalstarvation.He’smadetheadjustmentnowbuthe’dbehumiliatedifItoldyouhisnamethat’sanotherculturaldifference." TheJapanesemanagerwhofailedtorespondtohispromotioncouldn’tbringhimselftousethemoredirectlanguageneededtocommunicatewithhisBoston-basedsuperiors."Iusedtothinkallthistalkaboutculturalcommunicationwasalogofbaloney"saysEugeneJ.FlathpresidentofIntelJapanLtd.asubsidiaryoftheAmericansemiconductormaker."NowIcanseeit’sarealproblem.Miscommunicationhasslowedourabilitytocoordinateactionwithourhomeoffice." That’swhyIntelwiththehelpofconsultantClarkebegananinterculturaltrainingprogramthisspringwhichFlathexpectswilldramaticallyreducedecision-makingtimenowlostinmakingsuretheAmericansandtheJapaneseunderstandeachother. WhydidtheJapanesestaffcomplaintotheAmericanmanager
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10
[A]Afterahostofexperimentsandyearsoftestingtheyhavefoundout:Thatityourvocabularyislimitedyourchancesofsuccessarelimited.Thatoneoftheeasiestandquickestwaystogeta-headisbyconsciouslybuildingupyourknowledgeofwords.Thatthevocabularyoftheaveragepersonalmoststopsgrowingbythemiddletwenties.Andthatfromthenonitisnecessarytohaveanintelligentplanifprogressistobemade.Nohaphazardhit-or-missmethodswilldo. [B]SimilarlyithasbeenfoundbyProfessorLewisM.TermanofStanfordUniversitythatavocabularytestisasaccurateameasureofintelligenceasanythreeunitsofthestandardandacceptedStanford-BinetI.Q.tests.Thestudyofwordsisnotmerelysomethingthathastodowithliterature.Wordsareyourtoolsofthought.Youcan’teventhinkatallwithoutthem.Tryit.Ifyouareplanningtogodowntownthisafternoonyouwillfindthatyouaresayingtoyour-self:"IthinkIwillgodowntownthisafternoon."Youcan’tmakesuchasimpledecisionasthiswithoutusingwords. [C]Twoclassesinahighschoolwereselectedforanexperiment.Theiragesandtheirenvironmentwerethesame.Eachclassrepresentedanidenticalcross-sectionofthecommunity.Onethecontrolclasstookthenormalcourses.Theotherclasswasgivenspecialvocabularytraining.AttheendoftheperiodthemarksofthelatterclasssurpassedthoseofthecontrolgroupnotonlyinEnglishbutineverysubjectincludingmathematicsandthesciences. [D]Youseetherearecertainfactorsinsuccessthatcanbemeasuredasscientificallyasthecon-tentsofatest-tubeandithasbeendiscoveredthatthemostcommoncharacteristicofout-standingsuccessis"anextensiveknowledgeoftheexactmeaningofEnglishwords".Theex-tentofyourvocabularyindicatesthedegreeofyourintelligence.Yourbrainpowerwillincreaseasyoulearntoknowmorewords.Here’stheproof. [E]Ithaslongsincebeensatisfactorilyestablishedthatahighexecutivedoesnothavealargevocabularymerelybecauseoftheopportunitiesofhisposition.Thatwouldbeputtingthecartbe-forethehorse.Quitethereverseistrue.Hisskillinwordswasatremendoushelpingettinghimhisjob.Dr.JohnsonO’ConnoroftheHumanEngineeringLaboratoryofBostonandoftheStevensInstituteofTechnologyinHobokenNewJerseygaveavocabularytestto100youngmenwhowerestudyingtobeindustrialexecutives.Fiveyearslaterthosewhohadpassedintheuppertenpercentallwithoutexceptionhadexecutivepositionswhilenotasingleyoungmanofthelowertwenty-fivepercenthadbecomeanexecutive. [F]Withoutwordsyoucouldmakenodecisionsandformnojudgmentswhatsoever.Apianistmayhavethemostbeautifultunesinhisheadbutifhehadonlyfivekeysonhispianohewouldnevergetmorethanafractionofthesetunesout.Yourwordsareyourkeysforyourthoughts.Andthemorewordsyouhaveatyourcommandthedeeperclearerandmoreaccuratewillbeyourthinking.AcommandofEnglishwillnotonlyimprovetheprocessesofyourmind.Itwillgiveyouassurance;buildyourself-confidence;lendcolortoyourpersonality;increaseyourpopularity. [G]Yourbosshasabiggervocabularythanyouhave.That’sonegoodreasonwhyhe’syourboss.Thisdiscoveryhasbeenmadeinthewordlaboratoriesoftheworld.NotbytheoreticalEnglishprofessorsbutbypracticalhard-headedscholarswhohavebeensearchingforthesecretsofSuccess. 44
A"LOSTTRIBE"thatreachedAmericafromAustraliamayhavebeen.thefirstNativeAmericansaccordingtoanewtheory. 46IfprovedbyDNAevidencethetheorywillshatterlongestablishedbeliefsaboutthesoutherlymigrationofpeoplewhoenteredAmericaacrosstheBeringStraitfounditemptyandoccupiedit.OnthistheoryreststheauthorityofNativeAmericanspreviouslyknownasRedIndianstohavebeenthefirsttrueAmericans.Theywouldberelegatedtotheranksofalso-ransbeatentotheNewWorldbyAboriginalsinboats. ToaEuropeanthismayseemlikeanacademicargumentbuttoAmericansitisaphilosophicalquestionaboutidentitySilviaGonzalesofLiverpoolJohnMooresUniversitysaid. HerclaimsarebasedonskeletonsfoundintheBajaCaliforniaPeninsulaofMexicothathaveskullsquiteunlikethebroadMongolianfeaturesofNativeAmericans.Thesenarrow-skulledpeoplehavemoreincommonwithsouthernAsiansAboriginalAustraliansandpeopleoftheSouthPacificRim. 47ThebonesstoredattheNationalMuseumofAnthropologyinMexicoCityhavebeencarbon-datedandoneis12700yearsoldwhichplacesitseveralthousandyearsbeforethearrivalofpeoplefromtheNorth."WethinktherewereseveralmigrationwavesintotheAmericasatdifferenttimesbydifferenthumangroups"Dr.Gonzalessaid."ThetimingrouteandpointoforiginofthefirstcolonizationoftheAmericasremainsamostcontentioustopicinhumanevolution." 48ButcomparisonsbasedonskullshapearenotconsideredconclusivebyanthropologistssoateamofMexicanandBritishscientistsbackedbytheNaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncilhasalsoattemptedtoextractDNAfromthebones.49Dr.GonzalesdeclinedyesterdaytosayexactlywhattheresultswereastheyneedtobecheckedbutindicatedthattheywereconsistentwithanAustralianorigin. 50ShebelievesthattheyarrivedbyboatsettledinwhatisnowMexicoandatotherpointsalongthePacificcoastandsurvivedforthousandsofyears.ThefirstSpanishcolonistsandmissionariesdescribedthepeopletheyfoundintheareathePericueasslimhunter-gatherers.Theylackedmuchculturebutdidhaveburialcustomsinwhichbodieswerelaidoutinthesunbeforebeingpaintedwithochreandburied. TheSpanishcollectedthepeopleintomissionswheretheydiedoutinthe18thcentury. ShebelievesthattheyarrivedbyboatsettledinwhatisnowMexicoandatotherpointsalongthePacificcoastandsurvivedforthousandsofyears.
Text3 Livingstandardssoaredduringthetwentiethcenturyandeconomistsexpectthemtocontinuerisinginthedecadesahead.Doesthatmeanthatwehumanscanlookforwardtoincreasinghappiness Easterlinadmitsthatricherpeoplearemorelikelytoreportthemselvesasbeinghappierthanpoorerpeopleare.ButsteadyimprovementsintheAmericaneconomyhavenotbeenaccompaniedbysteadyincreasesinpeople’sself-assessmentsoftheirownhappiness."TherehasbeennotimprovementinaveragehappinessintheUnitedStatesoveralmostahalfcentury--aperiodinwhichrealGDPgrossdomesticproductpercapitalmorethandoubled"Easterlinreports. Theexplanationforthisparadoxmaybethatpeoplebecomelesssatisfiedovertimewithagivenlevelofincome.InEasterlin’sword:"Asincomesrisetheaspirationleveldoestooandtheeffectofthisincreaseinaspirationsistoinvalidatetheexpectedgrowthinhappinessduetohigherincome." MoneycanbuyhappinessEasterlinseemstobesayingbutonlyifone’samountsgetbiggerandotherpeoplearen’tgettingmore.HisanalysishelpstoexplainsociologistLeeRainwater’sfindingthatAmericans’perceptionoftheincome"necessarytogetalong"rosebetween1950and1986inthesameproportionasactualpercapitalincome.Wefeelrichifwehavemorethanourneighborspoorifwehavelessandfeelingrelativelywelloffisequatedwithbeinghappy. Easterlin’sfindingschallengepsychologistAbrahamMaslow’s"hierarchyofwants"asareliableguidetofuturehumanmotivation.Maslowsuggestedthataspeople’sbasicmaterialwantsaresatisfiedtheyseektoachievenonmaterialorspiritualgoals.ButEasterlin’sevidencepointstothepersistenceofmaterialism. Sciencehasdevelopednocureforenvysoourwealthboostsourhappinessonlybrieflywhileshrinkingthatofourneighbors.ThustheoutlookforthefutureisgloomyinEasterlin’sview: "Thefuturethentowhichtheeraofmodemeconomicgrowthisleadingisoneofneverendingeconomicgrowthaworldinwhichevergrowingabundanceismatchedbyeverrisingaspirationsaworldinwhichculturaldifferenceisleveledintheconstantracetoachievethegoodlifeofmaterialplentyitisaworldfoundedonbeliefinscienceandthepowerofrationalinquiryandintheultimatecapacityofhumanitytoshapeitsowndestiny.Theironyisthatinthislastrespectthelessonofhistoryappearstobeotherwise:thatthereisnochoice.Intheenditisnotthetriumphofhumanityovermaterialwants;ratheritisthetriumphofmaterialwantsoverhumanity." Whatcanweinferfromthelastsentenceofthepassage
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.14
Text4 StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedthee-mergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenthcenturyAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorianshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod. FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbe-causeevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement--utopiansocialism--whichwasal-readypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.ThusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginanddevelopmentofnineteenthcenturyfeminismintheUnitedStatesre-quiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherent’senergy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. Saint-Simonian’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-SimoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirUtopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. TheauthorconsidersthosehistorianswhodescribeearlyfeministsintheUSassolitarytobe
Junewaspartofateamthathadstruggledhardtofinishadifficultassignment."Iwantedtocallitadayandgethomeasmuchasanyone"sherecalls.Butshefoundherselfsaying"I’msorrybutweneedtodosomemoreworkonthis." Suddenlyshewasthemostunpopularpersonintheroom.Nooneagreedwithherandsomewereopenlyangrythatshewasrockingtheboat."ButIstucktomyguns"shesays."WhenthereportwaspresentedwewerecommendedforpickingupontheverythingIsaidwe’dmissed.Iwasrightandeveryonehadtorespectthat." 41Thepopularitytrap. Respectversuspopularity--itistheoldconflictbetweenbeingprofessionalandbeingpersonal.Wewanttodoagoodjobbutwewanttobefriendswitheveryonetoo.Thetruthisyoucan’talwaysbelikedifyoudoyourjobproperly.Andthedesiretokeepeveryonehappycanbecomeaweakness. 42Attimesyouhavetobetough. AlthoughwewouldalllovetobeMs.PopularathomeandintheofficeatworkthetaskisnottobelikedbuttobeeffectivesayscomputersalesexecutiveAndrea. 43Gentlepersuasion. Thewomanwhobuildsherprofessionaledgeinthiswayisn’tcondemnedtolonelinessandisolation.Youcanbefirmwithoutbeingunpleasantandbeingtoughdoesn’tmeanbeingrudeorconfrontational.Persuasiveandassertivearethewatchwords. 44Respectisnevergivenfornothing. ClaireknewthatshewasofferedamovetoPariswithherfinancecompanybecauseshehadgainedareputationforkeepingcoolunderfire.AndthenextstepuptheladderwoulddependonherperformanceinParis. 45Countdowntorespect. Keepyourowncounsel.Don’tshareallyourdilemmas.Evenifyouresolvethemyou’llhavelefttheimpressionthatyou’reindecisiveorunabletocopewithpressure. [A]"It’sessentialtobuildregardifyou’regoingtobeabletodowhatyouwantinyourjob"shesays.Winningrespectenhancesallyoudo.Aproposalforchangeismorelikelytobewellreceived;anapplicationforaraiseorarequestforpromotionismorelikelytosucceed. [B]"Atbest"saysmanagementconsultantJennieLumley"worryingaboutwhatothersthinkmakesusreactivewhenweneedtobeproactive.Atworstwe’resobusyplayingtheofficesweetheartthatwelosesightofthedemandsofthejobandourneeds." [C]Pathadtodealwithacolleaguewhohadbeenunderlong-termstress."Itwasadisaster"Patsays."Mycolleagueswerewillingtolistenandlendahandifsheneededhelp.Butitwasastumblingblockonhercareerpathandshedidn’tusethetimetolaythegroundworkoffuturerespectbybeingprofessional." [D]ThisisaparticularproblemforwomenprofessionsLumleyfinds."It’sachildhoodhangover.Wealllongtobethemostbeautifulgirlinschool.Alsogirlsarebroughtuptotrytoplease.Atworkmendon’tgiveathoughttowhatothersthinksolongastheygettheirway." [E]"Thisispossiblythesinglemostimportantlessonwecanlearn.Youcan’talwaysbepopular.Youshouldn’thavetobe;it’snotwhatyou’retherefor.Progressdependsonhavingyourownideasandstickingtothem.Andthatmeanshavingthecouragetomakedifficultdecisionswhenyouhaveto"shesays. [F]"Tomaketherightdecisionsandpushthemthroughyouwillneedtilekidglovemoreoftenthantheboxingglove"Lumleysuggests.Andasenseofhumorisvital. 42
Junewaspartofateamthathadstruggledhardtofinishadifficultassignment."Iwantedtocallitadayandgethomeasmuchasanyone"sherecalls.Butshefoundherselfsaying"I’msorrybutweneedtodosomemoreworkonthis." Suddenlyshewasthemostunpopularpersonintheroom.Nooneagreedwithherandsomewereopenlyangrythatshewasrockingtheboat."ButIstucktomyguns"shesays."WhenthereportwaspresentedwewerecommendedforpickingupontheverythingIsaidwe’dmissed.Iwasrightandeveryonehadtorespectthat." 41Thepopularitytrap. Respectversuspopularity--itistheoldconflictbetweenbeingprofessionalandbeingpersonal.Wewanttodoagoodjobbutwewanttobefriendswitheveryonetoo.Thetruthisyoucan’talwaysbelikedifyoudoyourjobproperly.Andthedesiretokeepeveryonehappycanbecomeaweakness. 42Attimesyouhavetobetough. AlthoughwewouldalllovetobeMs.PopularathomeandintheofficeatworkthetaskisnottobelikedbuttobeeffectivesayscomputersalesexecutiveAndrea. 43Gentlepersuasion. Thewomanwhobuildsherprofessionaledgeinthiswayisn’tcondemnedtolonelinessandisolation.Youcanbefirmwithoutbeingunpleasantandbeingtoughdoesn’tmeanbeingrudeorconfrontational.Persuasiveandassertivearethewatchwords. 44Respectisnevergivenfornothing. ClaireknewthatshewasofferedamovetoPariswithherfinancecompanybecauseshehadgainedareputationforkeepingcoolunderfire.AndthenextstepuptheladderwoulddependonherperformanceinParis. 45Countdowntorespect. Keepyourowncounsel.Don’tshareallyourdilemmas.Evenifyouresolvethemyou’llhavelefttheimpressionthatyou’reindecisiveorunabletocopewithpressure. [A]"It’sessentialtobuildregardifyou’regoingtobeabletodowhatyouwantinyourjob"shesays.Winningrespectenhancesallyoudo.Aproposalforchangeismorelikelytobewellreceived;anapplicationforaraiseorarequestforpromotionismorelikelytosucceed. [B]"Atbest"saysmanagementconsultantJennieLumley"worryingaboutwhatothersthinkmakesusreactivewhenweneedtobeproactive.Atworstwe’resobusyplayingtheofficesweetheartthatwelosesightofthedemandsofthejobandourneeds." [C]Pathadtodealwithacolleaguewhohadbeenunderlong-termstress."Itwasadisaster"Patsays."Mycolleagueswerewillingtolistenandlendahandifsheneededhelp.Butitwasastumblingblockonhercareerpathandshedidn’tusethetimetolaythegroundworkoffuturerespectbybeingprofessional." [D]ThisisaparticularproblemforwomenprofessionsLumleyfinds."It’sachildhoodhangover.Wealllongtobethemostbeautifulgirlinschool.Alsogirlsarebroughtuptotrytoplease.Atworkmendon’tgiveathoughttowhatothersthinksolongastheygettheirway." [E]"Thisispossiblythesinglemostimportantlessonwecanlearn.Youcan’talwaysbepopular.Youshouldn’thavetobe;it’snotwhatyou’retherefor.Progressdependsonhavingyourownideasandstickingtothem.Andthatmeanshavingthecouragetomakedifficultdecisionswhenyouhaveto"shesays. [F]"Tomaketherightdecisionsandpushthemthroughyouwillneedtilekidglovemoreoftenthantheboxingglove"Lumleysuggests.Andasenseofhumorisvital. 44
A"LOSTTRIBE"thatreachedAmericafromAustraliamayhavebeen.thefirstNativeAmericansaccordingtoanewtheory. 46IfprovedbyDNAevidencethetheorywillshatterlongestablishedbeliefsaboutthesoutherlymigrationofpeoplewhoenteredAmericaacrosstheBeringStraitfounditemptyandoccupiedit.OnthistheoryreststheauthorityofNativeAmericanspreviouslyknownasRedIndianstohavebeenthefirsttrueAmericans.Theywouldberelegatedtotheranksofalso-ransbeatentotheNewWorldbyAboriginalsinboats. ToaEuropeanthismayseemlikeanacademicargumentbuttoAmericansitisaphilosophicalquestionaboutidentitySilviaGonzalesofLiverpoolJohnMooresUniversitysaid. HerclaimsarebasedonskeletonsfoundintheBajaCaliforniaPeninsulaofMexicothathaveskullsquiteunlikethebroadMongolianfeaturesofNativeAmericans.Thesenarrow-skulledpeoplehavemoreincommonwithsouthernAsiansAboriginalAustraliansandpeopleoftheSouthPacificRim. 47ThebonesstoredattheNationalMuseumofAnthropologyinMexicoCityhavebeencarbon-datedandoneis12700yearsoldwhichplacesitseveralthousandyearsbeforethearrivalofpeoplefromtheNorth."WethinktherewereseveralmigrationwavesintotheAmericasatdifferenttimesbydifferenthumangroups"Dr.Gonzalessaid."ThetimingrouteandpointoforiginofthefirstcolonizationoftheAmericasremainsamostcontentioustopicinhumanevolution." 48ButcomparisonsbasedonskullshapearenotconsideredconclusivebyanthropologistssoateamofMexicanandBritishscientistsbackedbytheNaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncilhasalsoattemptedtoextractDNAfromthebones.49Dr.GonzalesdeclinedyesterdaytosayexactlywhattheresultswereastheyneedtobecheckedbutindicatedthattheywereconsistentwithanAustralianorigin. 50ShebelievesthattheyarrivedbyboatsettledinwhatisnowMexicoandatotherpointsalongthePacificcoastandsurvivedforthousandsofyears.ThefirstSpanishcolonistsandmissionariesdescribedthepeopletheyfoundintheareathePericueasslimhunter-gatherers.Theylackedmuchculturebutdidhaveburialcustomsinwhichbodieswerelaidoutinthesunbeforebeingpaintedwithochreandburied. TheSpanishcollectedthepeopleintomissionswheretheydiedoutinthe18thcentury. ButcomparisonsbasedonskullshapearenotconsideredconclusivebyanthropologistssoateamofMexicanandBritishscientistsbackedbytheNaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncilhasalsoattemptedtoextractDNAfromthebones
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.20
Text2 AnAsianengineerisassignedtoaU.S.laboratoryandalmostsuffersanervousbreakdown.AU.S.executivetellshisstaffhe’sgoingtotreatthemfairly--andcreatesdissension.AJapanesemanagerispromotedbyhisAmericanpresidentbutwithinsixmonthsasksforatransfer. Eachofthesereal-lifecasesinvolvedpeoplewhowereregardedassuperioremployeesbutwereill-equippedtocopewiththecomplexitiesanddangersofinterculturalmanagement. "Multinationalcompanieshavestudiedeverythingelsenowthey’refinallylookingatculture"saysCliffordClarkefounderandpresidentoftheCalifornia-basedIRIInternationalInc."NevershowtheshoetoanArabneverarriveintimeforapartyinBrazilandinJapandon’tthink’yes’means’yes’"adviseU.S.consultantsLennieCoplandandLewisBrownGriggswhohaveproducedaseriesoffilmsandabooktohelpmanagersimprovetheirinternationalbusinessskills.Butsimplylearningthesocial"dos"and"don’ts"isnottheansweraccordingtothenewculturespecialists.Thepenaltiesforignoringdifferentthinkingpatternstheypointoutcanbedisastrous. ForexampletheAmericanmanagerwhopromisedtobefairthoughthewastellinghisJapanesestaffthattheirhardworkwouldberewardedbutwhensomeworkersreceivedhighersalaryincreasesthanotherstherewerecomplaints."Youtoldusyou’dbefairandyouliedtous"accusedonesalesman."Ittookmeayearandahalf"sighedtheAmerican"torealizethat’fair’tomystaffmeantbeingtreatedequally." TheAsianengineerwhosufferedinAmericawasthevictimofanothermistakenexpectation."HewasaccustomedtothewarmgroupenvironmentsotypicalinJapan"saidhisU.S.manager."Butinourcompanywe’reallexpectedtobeself-starterswhothriveonworkingalone.Forhimitwasemotionalstarvation.He’smadetheadjustmentnowbuthe’dbehumiliatedifItoldyouhisnamethat’sanotherculturaldifference." TheJapanesemanagerwhofailedtorespondtohispromotioncouldn’tbringhimselftousethemoredirectlanguageneededtocommunicatewithhisBoston-basedsuperiors."Iusedtothinkallthistalkaboutculturalcommunicationwasalogofbaloney"saysEugeneJ.FlathpresidentofIntelJapanLtd.asubsidiaryoftheAmericansemiconductormaker."NowIcanseeit’sarealproblem.Miscommunicationhasslowedourabilitytocoordinateactionwithourhomeoffice." That’swhyIntelwiththehelpofconsultantClarkebegananinterculturaltrainingprogramthisspringwhichFlathexpectswilldramaticallyreducedecision-makingtimenowlostinmakingsuretheAmericansandtheJapaneseunderstandeachother. ThepromotedJapanesemanageraskedforatransferbecause
[A]Afterahostofexperimentsandyearsoftestingtheyhavefoundout:Thatityourvocabularyislimitedyourchancesofsuccessarelimited.Thatoneoftheeasiestandquickestwaystogeta-headisbyconsciouslybuildingupyourknowledgeofwords.Thatthevocabularyoftheaveragepersonalmoststopsgrowingbythemiddletwenties.Andthatfromthenonitisnecessarytohaveanintelligentplanifprogressistobemade.Nohaphazardhit-or-missmethodswilldo. [B]SimilarlyithasbeenfoundbyProfessorLewisM.TermanofStanfordUniversitythatavocabularytestisasaccurateameasureofintelligenceasanythreeunitsofthestandardandacceptedStanford-BinetI.Q.tests.Thestudyofwordsisnotmerelysomethingthathastodowithliterature.Wordsareyourtoolsofthought.Youcan’teventhinkatallwithoutthem.Tryit.Ifyouareplanningtogodowntownthisafternoonyouwillfindthatyouaresayingtoyour-self:"IthinkIwillgodowntownthisafternoon."Youcan’tmakesuchasimpledecisionasthiswithoutusingwords. [C]Twoclassesinahighschoolwereselectedforanexperiment.Theiragesandtheirenvironmentwerethesame.Eachclassrepresentedanidenticalcross-sectionofthecommunity.Onethecontrolclasstookthenormalcourses.Theotherclasswasgivenspecialvocabularytraining.AttheendoftheperiodthemarksofthelatterclasssurpassedthoseofthecontrolgroupnotonlyinEnglishbutineverysubjectincludingmathematicsandthesciences. [D]Youseetherearecertainfactorsinsuccessthatcanbemeasuredasscientificallyasthecon-tentsofatest-tubeandithasbeendiscoveredthatthemostcommoncharacteristicofout-standingsuccessis"anextensiveknowledgeoftheexactmeaningofEnglishwords".Theex-tentofyourvocabularyindicatesthedegreeofyourintelligence.Yourbrainpowerwillincreaseasyoulearntoknowmorewords.Here’stheproof. [E]Ithaslongsincebeensatisfactorilyestablishedthatahighexecutivedoesnothavealargevocabularymerelybecauseoftheopportunitiesofhisposition.Thatwouldbeputtingthecartbe-forethehorse.Quitethereverseistrue.Hisskillinwordswasatremendoushelpingettinghimhisjob.Dr.JohnsonO’ConnoroftheHumanEngineeringLaboratoryofBostonandoftheStevensInstituteofTechnologyinHobokenNewJerseygaveavocabularytestto100youngmenwhowerestudyingtobeindustrialexecutives.Fiveyearslaterthosewhohadpassedintheuppertenpercentallwithoutexceptionhadexecutivepositionswhilenotasingleyoungmanofthelowertwenty-fivepercenthadbecomeanexecutive. [F]Withoutwordsyoucouldmakenodecisionsandformnojudgmentswhatsoever.Apianistmayhavethemostbeautifultunesinhisheadbutifhehadonlyfivekeysonhispianohewouldnevergetmorethanafractionofthesetunesout.Yourwordsareyourkeysforyourthoughts.Andthemorewordsyouhaveatyourcommandthedeeperclearerandmoreaccuratewillbeyourthinking.AcommandofEnglishwillnotonlyimprovetheprocessesofyourmind.Itwillgiveyouassurance;buildyourself-confidence;lendcolortoyourpersonality;increaseyourpopularity. [G]Yourbosshasabiggervocabularythanyouhave.That’sonegoodreasonwhyhe’syourboss.Thisdiscoveryhasbeenmadeinthewordlaboratoriesoftheworld.NotbytheoreticalEnglishprofessorsbutbypracticalhard-headedscholarswhohavebeensearchingforthesecretsofSuccess. 42
Text2 AnAsianengineerisassignedtoaU.S.laboratoryandalmostsuffersanervousbreakdown.AU.S.executivetellshisstaffhe’sgoingtotreatthemfairly--andcreatesdissension.AJapanesemanagerispromotedbyhisAmericanpresidentbutwithinsixmonthsasksforatransfer. Eachofthesereal-lifecasesinvolvedpeoplewhowereregardedassuperioremployeesbutwereill-equippedtocopewiththecomplexitiesanddangersofinterculturalmanagement. "Multinationalcompanieshavestudiedeverythingelsenowthey’refinallylookingatculture"saysCliffordClarkefounderandpresidentoftheCalifornia-basedIRIInternationalInc."NevershowtheshoetoanArabneverarriveintimeforapartyinBrazilandinJapandon’tthink’yes’means’yes’"adviseU.S.consultantsLennieCoplandandLewisBrownGriggswhohaveproducedaseriesoffilmsandabooktohelpmanagersimprovetheirinternationalbusinessskills.Butsimplylearningthesocial"dos"and"don’ts"isnottheansweraccordingtothenewculturespecialists.Thepenaltiesforignoringdifferentthinkingpatternstheypointoutcanbedisastrous. ForexampletheAmericanmanagerwhopromisedtobefairthoughthewastellinghisJapanesestaffthattheirhardworkwouldberewardedbutwhensomeworkersreceivedhighersalaryincreasesthanotherstherewerecomplaints."Youtoldusyou’dbefairandyouliedtous"accusedonesalesman."Ittookmeayearandahalf"sighedtheAmerican"torealizethat’fair’tomystaffmeantbeingtreatedequally." TheAsianengineerwhosufferedinAmericawasthevictimofanothermistakenexpectation."HewasaccustomedtothewarmgroupenvironmentsotypicalinJapan"saidhisU.S.manager."Butinourcompanywe’reallexpectedtobeself-starterswhothriveonworkingalone.Forhimitwasemotionalstarvation.He’smadetheadjustmentnowbuthe’dbehumiliatedifItoldyouhisnamethat’sanotherculturaldifference." TheJapanesemanagerwhofailedtorespondtohispromotioncouldn’tbringhimselftousethemoredirectlanguageneededtocommunicatewithhisBoston-basedsuperiors."Iusedtothinkallthistalkaboutculturalcommunicationwasalogofbaloney"saysEugeneJ.FlathpresidentofIntelJapanLtd.asubsidiaryoftheAmericansemiconductormaker."NowIcanseeit’sarealproblem.Miscommunicationhasslowedourabilitytocoordinateactionwithourhomeoffice." That’swhyIntelwiththehelpofconsultantClarkebegananinterculturaltrainingprogramthisspringwhichFlathexpectswilldramaticallyreducedecision-makingtimenowlostinmakingsuretheAmericansandtheJapaneseunderstandeachother. TheauthorgivesadetailedexplanationoftheexamplesoftheAsianengineerandtheJapanesemanagertoshow
46TheEnglishlanguageisbeingdestroyedbya"deadlyvirusofmanagement-speak"whichhasinfectedthemouthsandmindsofpoliticianslikeTonyBlairandGeorgeW.BushaleadingUKjournalistsaidrecently. TheBritishPrimeMinisterandhisallytheU.S.Presidentaremanglingthelanguagedestroyingitsmeaningbyavoidingtheuseofverbstwistingnounsintoverbsandendlesslyrepeatingphrasesuntiltheybecome"zombified". "It’sdeeplydepressing"saysJohnHumphrysoneofBritain’sleadingpoliticaljournalistsandtheauthorofanewbook"LostforWords".Humphys’booklamentsthegrowthof"clicheddumbed-downinflatedandbogusmanagement-speak"whichhesaysnowpassesforEnglish. 47Inparticularhecriticizespoliticalleadersforbeingsuckedintousingmeaninglessphrasesandunimaginativewordstodisguisepoliciesorprotectthemselvesfromresponsibility. Humphryshasbeenajournalistfor45yearsandinhiscurrentpostasapresenteronBBCradio’snewsandcurrentaffairsprogram"Today"heregularlyinterviewsworldleaders. "Thewholeessenceofagoodlivelydemocracyisthatonehasgoodlivelyargument"hetoldreportersinaninterview."Butthiskindoflanguagekillsrealdebate." 48"Andnobodyispreparedtostandupandsay:’whatdoesthatmean.*’becausetheassumptionismadethatifyoudon’tknowwhatitmeansthenthereissomethingwrongwithyou." 49HumphryssaystheoriginalwrongdoersinthedestructionofEnglishare"businessleaderswhoaretryingtoselltheirownparticulartheoriesandhaveinventedtheirownridiculousphrasesandvocabularytoaccompanythosetheories." Butforhimthemoresinisterdevelopmentisthatsuchlanguagehastakenrootinpoliticaldiscourse. HumphryspicksonBush--whooncefamouslyusedtheword“misunderestimate”--andpokesfunathimassomeonewho"oftenspeaksasthoughEnglishwerehissecondlanguage." 50HealsolabelstheU.S.leadera"masterofthelanguageofpoliticalmanipulation"andaccuseshimofsweepingasideallthenuancesofnotionslikefreedomtruthanddemocracy.Andinsteadhefiresthewordsoutlike"dum-dumbullets." Blairtooissingledoutasakingoflanguagecorruption. HumphrysnotesBlair’sapparentfearofverbsandmocksinhisspeecheswhicharepepperedwithverblessphraseslike"newchallengesnewideas"or"forouryoungpeopleabrighterfuture"and"theageofachievementathomeandabroad." ByusingthistechniqueHumphryssaysBlairissimplyevadingresponsibility. TheEnglishlanguageisbeingdestroyedbyadeadlyvirusofmanagement-speakwhichhasinfectedthemouthsandmindsofpoliticianslikeTonyBlairandGeorgeW.BushaleadingUKjournalistsaidrecently.
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