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下列各项，与津液的生成关系最为密切的是
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下列各项与津液的代谢关系最为密切的是
脾胃肾
心脾肾
肝脾肾
肺脾肾
肺肝肾
下列各项与津液的代谢关系最为密切的是
脾胃肾
心脾肾
肝脾肾
肺脾肾
肺肝肾
下列各项与肾性贫血关系最为密切的是
慢性失血
铁缺乏
叶酸缺乏
红细胞生成素减少
饮食减少
与津液生成关系最为密切的脏腑是
肺、脾、肾
肺、胃、脾
胃、大肠、脾
胃、小肠、脾
小肠、肾、三焦
在津液的生成中最为密切相关的脏腑是
脾胃
肠胃
脾肺
脾肾
与血和津液生成关系最为密切的脏是
肝
心
脾
肺
肾
与津液的生成输布排泄关系最为密切的脏腑是
肝心肾
肝心胃
脾肺心
肺肝肾
肺脾肾
与津液生成关系最为密切的是
心
肺
脾胃
肝
肾
下列各项与津液的代谢关系最为密切的是
脾、胃、肾
心、脾、肾
肝、脾、肾
肺、脾、肾
肺肝肾
下列各项．与津液生成有密切关系的是
脾
胃
小肠
大肠
在津液的生成中最为密切相关的脏腑是
脾肺
脾胃
脾肾
三焦
津液的生成与何项关系最为密切
心
肝
脾胃
肾
与津液生成关系最为密切的脏腑是
肺、脾、肾
肺、胃、脾
胃、大肠、脾
胃、小肠、脾
小肠、肾、兰焦
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Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicture 2deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture 3giveyoursuggestionsastohowtocooperateinharmony. Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidless.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.Pilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheircrewof.flightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto."They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperly"saysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatfraternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup."Whatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservice"saysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory."They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanontimedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes."Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed."Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagain"saysHelaneBecketanairlineanalyst."It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble." Theemployeesmightthinkifairlinedelayistobeavoidedthekeyfactoris
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text2Thiselectionyearthedebateovercloningtechnologyhasbecomeacircus—andhardlyanybodyhasnoticedthegorillahidinginthetent.EvenwhilePresidentBushhasendorsedthrowingscientistsinjailtostop"recklessexperiments"it’sjustpossibletheFirstAmendmentwillprotectresearcherswhowanttoperformcloningresearch.Dr.LeonKassthechairmanofthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicswouldliketokeepthatasecret."Idon’twanttoencouragesuchthinking"hesaid.ButthenotionthattheFirstAmendmentcreatesa"righttoresearch"hasbeenaroundforalongtimeandKassknowsit.In1977foureminentlegalscholars—ThomasEmersonJeromeBartonWalterBernsandHaroldP.Green—wereaskedtotestifybeforetheHouseSubcommitteeonScienceTechnologyandSpace.AtthetimetherewasalarminthecountryoverrecombinantDNA.Somepeoplefearedclonesdesignerbabiesaplagueofsuperbacteria.Thecommitteewantedtoknowifthefederalgovernmentshouldorcouldrestrictthescience."Certainlytheoverwhelmingtenorofthetestimonywasinfavorofprotectingit"BarronwhonowteachesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversityrecalls.Bernsaconservativepoliticalscientistwasforcedtoagree.Hedidn’tlikethisconclusionbemusehefearedtheconsequencesoftinkeringwithnaturebutevenafterconsultingwithKassbeforehistestimonyhetoldCongressthat"theFirstAmendmentprotectedthiskindofresearch."Todayhebelievesitprotectscloningexperimentsaswell.Law-reviewarticleswrittenatthetimesupportedBernsandsowouldareportissuedbyCongress’sOfficeofTechnologyAssessmentO.T.A..Butthecourtsnevergotthechancetofacethefight-to-researchissuesquarely.AnoversightbodycalledtheRecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommitteeformedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthessentiallyallowedsciencetopoliceitself.Sothediscussionwassubmerged.Untilnow.Whylegalscholarswoulddefendtherighttoresearchishardlymysterious.ThefoundingfatherspassionatelydefendedscientificandacademicfreedomandtheSupremeCourthastraditionallyhadahighregardforit.ButwhywouldtherighttoreadwriteandspeakasyoupleaseextendtotherighttoexperimentinthelabNeoconservativeslikeKasshaveemphasizedtheneedtomaintainafixedconceptionofhumannature.ButtheO.T.A.directlyaddressedthisina1981report."Eveniftherationale..wereexpandedtoincludesituationswhereknowledgethreatensfundamentalculturalvaluesaboutthenatureofmancontrolofresearchforsuchareasonprobablywouldnotbeconstitutionallypermissible."Thegovernmentcanrestrictspeechifitcanprovea"compellinginterest"likepublicsafetyornationalsecurity.Butcourtshavesetthatbarveryhigh.Unlikesayanexperimentthatreleasessmallpoxintothewindtostudyhowitspreadswhichcouldbebannedembryoresearchpresentsnoreadilyapparentdangertopublichealthorsecurity.Andifthat’sthecasescientistswhowishtocreatestemcellsbycloningmighthaveanewsourceofsuccor:theU.S.Constitution. TheauthorconsidersthatinthecaseofcloningexperimentstheFirstAmendment
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonAN-SWERSHEET1. [A]Althoughitdoesnotlookappealinginrealitythesepeoplehavegoodlives.Theirjobsdonotpayafortunebuttheylovethemandtheirlivesarestress-free.Andnoonewouldguessthattheymakesolittlebecausetheylivemuchbetterthanmanyoftheirfriendswhomakealotmore.Soifyouwantmoremoneyyouhavetocountyourpennies;thereisnootherwaythantospendwisely. [B]Whenitcomestomoneymanagementyouneedtothinklongterm.Moneymanagement’isnotonlyhowyoumanageyourmoneyrightnow;itishowyouwillmakesureyourincomeandwealthwillincreaseovertime.InordertomakemoremoneymostAmericanstaketheeasiestroute:getasecondjob.Thisiseasy;itwillgivemoremoneyimmediatelybutitmaycomeataveryhighcost. [C]LookatthecaseofMelissaandherhusband.Theyownanicehomebeautifullydecoratedinaniceneighborhoodtheyhaveregularcarsingoodconditionthoughwithmorethan100Kmilesoneachcartheydresswellandtraveltoexoticdestinationsonceayear.HowdotheydoitTheylivewisely.Theydonotbuyanewcarjustbecausepeoplesaythatafter100Kmilesacarisgoodfornothing.Theircarslookgoodandrunwellbecausetheytakecareofthem.Theyarenotplanningonbuyinganewcaranytimesoon.Thisisahugeexpensethattheydonotwanttotake;theyowntheircarsrightnowandtheydonotwantadditionaldebt. [D]Ifyouhavechildrenitmaycomeatthecostofprecioustimewiththemoryourfamily.Ifyouaresingleandhavenochildrenitmaycostyoupeaceandtimeforrelaxation.Butbeyondthatitmaycostyoulongterm:notbeingabletopursuebiggerdreams. [E]Youcansavemoneyinmanywaysincludingbuyinglessorbuyingcheaperorevenbuyingsmarter.Peoplewhoseemtohavemoneyforeverythingandstilldonotcarrycreditcarddebtshouldbeadmired. [F]Moneyandcareerwiseyouhavetobesmartandnottaketheshortestpathbutthebesthighvaluepath.Besidewhatyoudoforalivingthemoneyyousavehastobeinvestedwellsothatyouhavegoodreturns.Oneofthebestinvestmentsyoucanhaveisahomeunlessyouneedtorentsinceyouwillbeinaspecificlocationonlyforaveryshorttime.Topayrentistoliterallyputmoneydownthedrain.Thehomeyoubuyhastobesuchthatyoucanmakeprofitinafewyearssothatyoucanbuyabiggerhomeorasimilarhomeandsavetherest. [G]Inotherwordsifyoudevoteyourtimetolearnanewskillorstartyourownbusinessthiswillnotgiveyoumoneyimmediatelybutinthelongtermitwillgivemoremoneyandpersonalsatisfactionthanastupidsecondjob.Order: 42
Text4Whatislesswellunderstoodbythegeneralpublicisthattherehavebeenanumberoftrendswhichhavefurthercontributedtothediminishmentofexcavationasanactivity.AsBahnputsit"therehavebeentwomajortrendsovertime:firstexcavationhasbecomefarslowerandmorepainstaking....Theworkisincrediblymeticulous...Secondlywecanlearnfarmorefromwhatwehave."Theconclusionstobedrawnfromthiswouldappeartobecontradictory.AstechnologyimprovesweareabletoundertakeawidevarietyofanalysisfrommicroscopicradiocarbondatingorevenDNAsamples.Theabilitytodeterminemorefromfewersamplesagainsuggeststhatlessexcavationisrequired.Moreovermoreoftenthannotthebalanceofeffortnowrestswiththespecialistanalyserssuchaspollenexpertsanddatinganalysisratherthantheexcavators.Soagainsomeoftherequirementsforextensiveexcavationhavediminishedthroughtheadvancementofotheranalyticaltechniquesandnotjustsurfacesurveytechniques.FurthermoreArchaeologyitselfhaschangedinanumberofways.Nolongeristheemphasissimplyupontheacquisitionofmaterialcultureorartefacts.Inmanycaseswehaveareasonableunderstandingofthesurvivingmaterialculture.IndeedinEgyptandItalyitemsarerebuffedinthegroundsimplybecausethemuseumsaretoofulltheftmayberipepreservationdifficultanddocumentationslow.TheemergenceofprocessualarchaeologyunderBinfordandothersagainmovedarchaeologytowardsbroaderconceptsofexplanationprocessdeductionhypothesistestingquestionsettingandresponse.Answeringquestionsabouttheorganisationofsocietiestheenvironmentandtheirlifehaveamuchgreaterimportancetoday.Andansweringthesehowandwhyquestionsimpliesamuchbroaderscopeofwork.Excavationalonecannotanswerallthesequestions.Archaeologyneedsastructuredresearchprocess.ThisprocedureisdescribedbyRenfrewandBahnasresearchdesign.Researchdesignhasfourcomponentsnamely:formulationthecollectionandrecordingprocessingandanalysisandpublication.Forexamplemoredetailedworkintheformulationpartcanfocuslinesofenquiryintoaspecificareaandtherebyagainreducetheamountofexcavationrequired.AsthequestionscurrentlyposedbyArchaeologiststendtobemore’strategic’thefocusofthefieldworkisalsoofastrategicnature.Overalllandscapescontexttradingpatternsandsystemsaremoreimportantthanindividualsites.Assuchthisrequiresdifferenttechniques.ASGreenestates"fieldworktodayisrarelydirectedatasinglesite.Itusuallyformspartofacomprehensivestudyofanarea."Hecontinues"studiesaredesignedtoelucidatethebroadagriculturaleconomicandsocialdevelopments". WhichofthefollowingcanNOTreducetherelianceuponexcavation
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonAN-SWERSHEET1. [A]Althoughitdoesnotlookappealinginrealitythesepeoplehavegoodlives.Theirjobsdonotpayafortunebuttheylovethemandtheirlivesarestress-free.Andnoonewouldguessthattheymakesolittlebecausetheylivemuchbetterthanmanyoftheirfriendswhomakealotmore.Soifyouwantmoremoneyyouhavetocountyourpennies;thereisnootherwaythantospendwisely. [B]Whenitcomestomoneymanagementyouneedtothinklongterm.Moneymanagement’isnotonlyhowyoumanageyourmoneyrightnow;itishowyouwillmakesureyourincomeandwealthwillincreaseovertime.InordertomakemoremoneymostAmericanstaketheeasiestroute:getasecondjob.Thisiseasy;itwillgivemoremoneyimmediatelybutitmaycomeataveryhighcost. [C]LookatthecaseofMelissaandherhusband.Theyownanicehomebeautifullydecoratedinaniceneighborhoodtheyhaveregularcarsingoodconditionthoughwithmorethan100Kmilesoneachcartheydresswellandtraveltoexoticdestinationsonceayear.HowdotheydoitTheylivewisely.Theydonotbuyanewcarjustbecausepeoplesaythatafter100Kmilesacarisgoodfornothing.Theircarslookgoodandrunwellbecausetheytakecareofthem.Theyarenotplanningonbuyinganewcaranytimesoon.Thisisahugeexpensethattheydonotwanttotake;theyowntheircarsrightnowandtheydonotwantadditionaldebt. [D]Ifyouhavechildrenitmaycomeatthecostofprecioustimewiththemoryourfamily.Ifyouaresingleandhavenochildrenitmaycostyoupeaceandtimeforrelaxation.Butbeyondthatitmaycostyoulongterm:notbeingabletopursuebiggerdreams. [E]Youcansavemoneyinmanywaysincludingbuyinglessorbuyingcheaperorevenbuyingsmarter.Peoplewhoseemtohavemoneyforeverythingandstilldonotcarrycreditcarddebtshouldbeadmired. [F]Moneyandcareerwiseyouhavetobesmartandnottaketheshortestpathbutthebesthighvaluepath.Besidewhatyoudoforalivingthemoneyyousavehastobeinvestedwellsothatyouhavegoodreturns.Oneofthebestinvestmentsyoucanhaveisahomeunlessyouneedtorentsinceyouwillbeinaspecificlocationonlyforaveryshorttime.Topayrentistoliterallyputmoneydownthedrain.Thehomeyoubuyhastobesuchthatyoucanmakeprofitinafewyearssothatyoucanbuyabiggerhomeorasimilarhomeandsavetherest. [G]Inotherwordsifyoudevoteyourtimetolearnanewskillorstartyourownbusinessthiswillnotgiveyoumoneyimmediatelybutinthelongtermitwillgivemoremoneyandpersonalsatisfactionthanastupidsecondjob.Order: 44
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Text2Thiselectionyearthedebateovercloningtechnologyhasbecomeacircus—andhardlyanybodyhasnoticedthegorillahidinginthetent.EvenwhilePresidentBushhasendorsedthrowingscientistsinjailtostop"recklessexperiments"it’sjustpossibletheFirstAmendmentwillprotectresearcherswhowanttoperformcloningresearch.Dr.LeonKassthechairmanofthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicswouldliketokeepthatasecret."Idon’twanttoencouragesuchthinking"hesaid.ButthenotionthattheFirstAmendmentcreatesa"righttoresearch"hasbeenaroundforalongtimeandKassknowsit.In1977foureminentlegalscholars—ThomasEmersonJeromeBartonWalterBernsandHaroldP.Green—wereaskedtotestifybeforetheHouseSubcommitteeonScienceTechnologyandSpace.AtthetimetherewasalarminthecountryoverrecombinantDNA.Somepeoplefearedclonesdesignerbabiesaplagueofsuperbacteria.Thecommitteewantedtoknowifthefederalgovernmentshouldorcouldrestrictthescience."Certainlytheoverwhelmingtenorofthetestimonywasinfavorofprotectingit"BarronwhonowteachesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversityrecalls.Bernsaconservativepoliticalscientistwasforcedtoagree.Hedidn’tlikethisconclusionbemusehefearedtheconsequencesoftinkeringwithnaturebutevenafterconsultingwithKassbeforehistestimonyhetoldCongressthat"theFirstAmendmentprotectedthiskindofresearch."Todayhebelievesitprotectscloningexperimentsaswell.Law-reviewarticleswrittenatthetimesupportedBernsandsowouldareportissuedbyCongress’sOfficeofTechnologyAssessmentO.T.A..Butthecourtsnevergotthechancetofacethefight-to-researchissuesquarely.AnoversightbodycalledtheRecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommitteeformedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthessentiallyallowedsciencetopoliceitself.Sothediscussionwassubmerged.Untilnow.Whylegalscholarswoulddefendtherighttoresearchishardlymysterious.ThefoundingfatherspassionatelydefendedscientificandacademicfreedomandtheSupremeCourthastraditionallyhadahighregardforit.ButwhywouldtherighttoreadwriteandspeakasyoupleaseextendtotherighttoexperimentinthelabNeoconservativeslikeKasshaveemphasizedtheneedtomaintainafixedconceptionofhumannature.ButtheO.T.A.directlyaddressedthisina1981report."Eveniftherationale..wereexpandedtoincludesituationswhereknowledgethreatensfundamentalculturalvaluesaboutthenatureofmancontrolofresearchforsuchareasonprobablywouldnotbeconstitutionallypermissible."Thegovernmentcanrestrictspeechifitcanprovea"compellinginterest"likepublicsafetyornationalsecurity.Butcourtshavesetthatbarveryhigh.Unlikesayanexperimentthatreleasessmallpoxintothewindtostudyhowitspreadswhichcouldbebannedembryoresearchpresentsnoreadilyapparentdangertopublichealthorsecurity.Andifthat’sthecasescientistswhowishtocreatestemcellsbycloningmighthaveanewsourceofsuccor:theU.S.Constitution. ItisbroadlyacceptedthatbytheFirstAmendmentcloningexperimentsshouldbe
Text4Whatislesswellunderstoodbythegeneralpublicisthattherehavebeenanumberoftrendswhichhavefurthercontributedtothediminishmentofexcavationasanactivity.AsBahnputsit"therehavebeentwomajortrendsovertime:firstexcavationhasbecomefarslowerandmorepainstaking....Theworkisincrediblymeticulous...Secondlywecanlearnfarmorefromwhatwehave."Theconclusionstobedrawnfromthiswouldappeartobecontradictory.AstechnologyimprovesweareabletoundertakeawidevarietyofanalysisfrommicroscopicradiocarbondatingorevenDNAsamples.Theabilitytodeterminemorefromfewersamplesagainsuggeststhatlessexcavationisrequired.Moreovermoreoftenthannotthebalanceofeffortnowrestswiththespecialistanalyserssuchaspollenexpertsanddatinganalysisratherthantheexcavators.Soagainsomeoftherequirementsforextensiveexcavationhavediminishedthroughtheadvancementofotheranalyticaltechniquesandnotjustsurfacesurveytechniques.FurthermoreArchaeologyitselfhaschangedinanumberofways.Nolongeristheemphasissimplyupontheacquisitionofmaterialcultureorartefacts.Inmanycaseswehaveareasonableunderstandingofthesurvivingmaterialculture.IndeedinEgyptandItalyitemsarerebuffedinthegroundsimplybecausethemuseumsaretoofulltheftmayberipepreservationdifficultanddocumentationslow.TheemergenceofprocessualarchaeologyunderBinfordandothersagainmovedarchaeologytowardsbroaderconceptsofexplanationprocessdeductionhypothesistestingquestionsettingandresponse.Answeringquestionsabouttheorganisationofsocietiestheenvironmentandtheirlifehaveamuchgreaterimportancetoday.Andansweringthesehowandwhyquestionsimpliesamuchbroaderscopeofwork.Excavationalonecannotanswerallthesequestions.Archaeologyneedsastructuredresearchprocess.ThisprocedureisdescribedbyRenfrewandBahnasresearchdesign.Researchdesignhasfourcomponentsnamely:formulationthecollectionandrecordingprocessingandanalysisandpublication.Forexamplemoredetailedworkintheformulationpartcanfocuslinesofenquiryintoaspecificareaandtherebyagainreducetheamountofexcavationrequired.AsthequestionscurrentlyposedbyArchaeologiststendtobemore’strategic’thefocusofthefieldworkisalsoofastrategicnature.Overalllandscapescontexttradingpatternsandsystemsaremoreimportantthanindividualsites.Assuchthisrequiresdifferenttechniques.ASGreenestates"fieldworktodayisrarelydirectedatasinglesite.Itusuallyformspartofacomprehensivestudyofanarea."Hecontinues"studiesaredesignedtoelucidatethebroadagriculturaleconomicandsocialdevelopments". TheexampleinEgyptandItalyshowsthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text2Thiselectionyearthedebateovercloningtechnologyhasbecomeacircus—andhardlyanybodyhasnoticedthegorillahidinginthetent.EvenwhilePresidentBushhasendorsedthrowingscientistsinjailtostop"recklessexperiments"it’sjustpossibletheFirstAmendmentwillprotectresearcherswhowanttoperformcloningresearch.Dr.LeonKassthechairmanofthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicswouldliketokeepthatasecret."Idon’twanttoencouragesuchthinking"hesaid.ButthenotionthattheFirstAmendmentcreatesa"righttoresearch"hasbeenaroundforalongtimeandKassknowsit.In1977foureminentlegalscholars—ThomasEmersonJeromeBartonWalterBernsandHaroldP.Green—wereaskedtotestifybeforetheHouseSubcommitteeonScienceTechnologyandSpace.AtthetimetherewasalarminthecountryoverrecombinantDNA.Somepeoplefearedclonesdesignerbabiesaplagueofsuperbacteria.Thecommitteewantedtoknowifthefederalgovernmentshouldorcouldrestrictthescience."Certainlytheoverwhelmingtenorofthetestimonywasinfavorofprotectingit"BarronwhonowteachesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversityrecalls.Bernsaconservativepoliticalscientistwasforcedtoagree.Hedidn’tlikethisconclusionbemusehefearedtheconsequencesoftinkeringwithnaturebutevenafterconsultingwithKassbeforehistestimonyhetoldCongressthat"theFirstAmendmentprotectedthiskindofresearch."Todayhebelievesitprotectscloningexperimentsaswell.Law-reviewarticleswrittenatthetimesupportedBernsandsowouldareportissuedbyCongress’sOfficeofTechnologyAssessmentO.T.A..Butthecourtsnevergotthechancetofacethefight-to-researchissuesquarely.AnoversightbodycalledtheRecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommitteeformedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthessentiallyallowedsciencetopoliceitself.Sothediscussionwassubmerged.Untilnow.Whylegalscholarswoulddefendtherighttoresearchishardlymysterious.ThefoundingfatherspassionatelydefendedscientificandacademicfreedomandtheSupremeCourthastraditionallyhadahighregardforit.ButwhywouldtherighttoreadwriteandspeakasyoupleaseextendtotherighttoexperimentinthelabNeoconservativeslikeKasshaveemphasizedtheneedtomaintainafixedconceptionofhumannature.ButtheO.T.A.directlyaddressedthisina1981report."Eveniftherationale..wereexpandedtoincludesituationswhereknowledgethreatensfundamentalculturalvaluesaboutthenatureofmancontrolofresearchforsuchareasonprobablywouldnotbeconstitutionallypermissible."Thegovernmentcanrestrictspeechifitcanprovea"compellinginterest"likepublicsafetyornationalsecurity.Butcourtshavesetthatbarveryhigh.Unlikesayanexperimentthatreleasessmallpoxintothewindtostudyhowitspreadswhichcouldbebannedembryoresearchpresentsnoreadilyapparentdangertopublichealthorsecurity.Andifthat’sthecasescientistswhowishtocreatestemcellsbycloningmighthaveanewsourceofsuccor:theU.S.Constitution. Whichofthefollowingisstronglyagainstcloningresearch
国库券一般被看作无风险证券是因为
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text4Whatislesswellunderstoodbythegeneralpublicisthattherehavebeenanumberoftrendswhichhavefurthercontributedtothediminishmentofexcavationasanactivity.AsBahnputsit"therehavebeentwomajortrendsovertime:firstexcavationhasbecomefarslowerandmorepainstaking....Theworkisincrediblymeticulous...Secondlywecanlearnfarmorefromwhatwehave."Theconclusionstobedrawnfromthiswouldappeartobecontradictory.AstechnologyimprovesweareabletoundertakeawidevarietyofanalysisfrommicroscopicradiocarbondatingorevenDNAsamples.Theabilitytodeterminemorefromfewersamplesagainsuggeststhatlessexcavationisrequired.Moreovermoreoftenthannotthebalanceofeffortnowrestswiththespecialistanalyserssuchaspollenexpertsanddatinganalysisratherthantheexcavators.Soagainsomeoftherequirementsforextensiveexcavationhavediminishedthroughtheadvancementofotheranalyticaltechniquesandnotjustsurfacesurveytechniques.FurthermoreArchaeologyitselfhaschangedinanumberofways.Nolongeristheemphasissimplyupontheacquisitionofmaterialcultureorartefacts.Inmanycaseswehaveareasonableunderstandingofthesurvivingmaterialculture.IndeedinEgyptandItalyitemsarerebuffedinthegroundsimplybecausethemuseumsaretoofulltheftmayberipepreservationdifficultanddocumentationslow.TheemergenceofprocessualarchaeologyunderBinfordandothersagainmovedarchaeologytowardsbroaderconceptsofexplanationprocessdeductionhypothesistestingquestionsettingandresponse.Answeringquestionsabouttheorganisationofsocietiestheenvironmentandtheirlifehaveamuchgreaterimportancetoday.Andansweringthesehowandwhyquestionsimpliesamuchbroaderscopeofwork.Excavationalonecannotanswerallthesequestions.Archaeologyneedsastructuredresearchprocess.ThisprocedureisdescribedbyRenfrewandBahnasresearchdesign.Researchdesignhasfourcomponentsnamely:formulationthecollectionandrecordingprocessingandanalysisandpublication.Forexamplemoredetailedworkintheformulationpartcanfocuslinesofenquiryintoaspecificareaandtherebyagainreducetheamountofexcavationrequired.AsthequestionscurrentlyposedbyArchaeologiststendtobemore’strategic’thefocusofthefieldworkisalsoofastrategicnature.Overalllandscapescontexttradingpatternsandsystemsaremoreimportantthanindividualsites.Assuchthisrequiresdifferenttechniques.ASGreenestates"fieldworktodayisrarelydirectedatasinglesite.Itusuallyformspartofacomprehensivestudyofanarea."Hecontinues"studiesaredesignedtoelucidatethebroadagriculturaleconomicandsocialdevelopments". Whichofthefollowingmayarchaeologistscurrentlyplaceleastimportanceon
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror.ifthematterisonethatcanbeserriedbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallliable.Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies.Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantage’is’thatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteamboatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowing’moreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidless.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.Pilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheircrewof.flightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto."They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperly"saysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatfraternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup."Whatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservice"saysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory."They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanontimedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes."Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed."Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagain"saysHelaneBecketanairlineanalyst."It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble." Airlinedelaysmayresultin
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.71.Actuallyitisn’’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanfightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople―forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosaysIdon’’tlikethiscontract Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.74.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenatamistake―asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravelylogical.Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcentreisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning―theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl―istoweighother’’sinterestsagainstone’’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.75.Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.
Text3Withoutanoversizedcalendartackedtotheirkitchenwall-FernReissandherfamilycouldneverkeeptrackofallthemeetingsappointmentshome-schoolinglessonsandactivitiesthatfilltheirbusydays."I’mnotsuretheymakeacalendarlargeenoughforus"saysMs.ReissofNewtonMass.explainingthatherliferevolvesaround"twocompaniesthreechildrenaspousealotofcommunityinvolvementasociallifelthekids’sociallifeandvolunteeringinasoupkitcheneveryweek.""Everybodyweknowisleadingafreneticlife"sheadds.’"Oursisfrenetictoobutwe’respendingthebulkofourtimewithourkids.Eventhoughwe’rehavingacrazylifewe’rehavingitintherightway.Althoughextremebusynessishardlyanewphenomenonthesubjectisgettingrenewedattentionfromresearchers."Agoodlifehastodowithlifehavingadirectionlifehavinganarrativewiththestorieswetellourselves"ChuckDarrahananthropologistsays."Busynessfragmentsallthat.We’reabsolutelyfocusedongettingthroughthenexthourthenextdaythenextweek.Itdoesraisequestions:IfnotbusynesswhatIfweweren’tsobusywhatwouldwebedoingIfpeopleweren’tsobusywouldtheybeapoetapainter"FortheReissespartoflivingagoodlifehoweverbusymeansincludingthecouple’schildreninvolunteerworkandcommunityactivities."Wewantthekidstoseethatthat’sapriority"shesays.Betweenworkingfulltimeasapublicistcaringforherhomespendingtimewithherhusbandandextendedfamilyandhelpinghergrandmotherthreetimesaweekawomansays"Iamexhaustedallthetime."Likeotherssheconcedesthatshesets"somewhatunrealisticexpectations"forwhatshecanaccomplishinaday.BeingrealisticisagoalDarrahencouragessaying"Wecandoeverythingbutwecan’tdoeverythingwellandatthesametime."Hecautionsthatbusynesscanresultin"poordecisionssloppyqualityandneglectofthethingsandpeoplethatmattermostinthelongrun."Headvises:"Stoptakingonsomuchandkeepinperspectivewhat’smostimportanttoyou."Darrah’sownscheduleremainsfullbutheinsistshedoesnotfeelbusy.HissecretConfiningactivitiestothingshemustdoandthosehewantstodo.Heandhiswifedonotoverscheduletheirchildren.TothosewithoneeyeonthecalendarandtheotherontheclockDarrahoffersthisadvice:"Beforeyoutakeanythingonaskyourself:DoyouhavetodothisDoyouwanttodothisLivewithakindofmindfulnesssoyoudon’twakeupanddiscoverthatyourlifeisawhirloftransportationandcommunicationandyou’vehollowedyourselfout." InDarrah'sopinionpeopleshould
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text3Withoutanoversizedcalendartackedtotheirkitchenwall-FernReissandherfamilycouldneverkeeptrackofallthemeetingsappointmentshome-schoolinglessonsandactivitiesthatfilltheirbusydays."I’mnotsuretheymakeacalendarlargeenoughforus"saysMs.ReissofNewtonMass.explainingthatherliferevolvesaround"twocompaniesthreechildrenaspousealotofcommunityinvolvementasociallifelthekids’sociallifeandvolunteeringinasoupkitcheneveryweek.""Everybodyweknowisleadingafreneticlife"sheadds.’"Oursisfrenetictoobutwe’respendingthebulkofourtimewithourkids.Eventhoughwe’rehavingacrazylifewe’rehavingitintherightway.Althoughextremebusynessishardlyanewphenomenonthesubjectisgettingrenewedattentionfromresearchers."Agoodlifehastodowithlifehavingadirectionlifehavinganarrativewiththestorieswetellourselves"ChuckDarrahananthropologistsays."Busynessfragmentsallthat.We’reabsolutelyfocusedongettingthroughthenexthourthenextdaythenextweek.Itdoesraisequestions:IfnotbusynesswhatIfweweren’tsobusywhatwouldwebedoingIfpeopleweren’tsobusywouldtheybeapoetapainter"FortheReissespartoflivingagoodlifehoweverbusymeansincludingthecouple’schildreninvolunteerworkandcommunityactivities."Wewantthekidstoseethatthat’sapriority"shesays.Betweenworkingfulltimeasapublicistcaringforherhomespendingtimewithherhusbandandextendedfamilyandhelpinghergrandmotherthreetimesaweekawomansays"Iamexhaustedallthetime."Likeotherssheconcedesthatshesets"somewhatunrealisticexpectations"forwhatshecanaccomplishinaday.BeingrealisticisagoalDarrahencouragessaying"Wecandoeverythingbutwecan’tdoeverythingwellandatthesametime."Hecautionsthatbusynesscanresultin"poordecisionssloppyqualityandneglectofthethingsandpeoplethatmattermostinthelongrun."Headvises:"Stoptakingonsomuchandkeepinperspectivewhat’smostimportanttoyou."Darrah’sownscheduleremainsfullbutheinsistshedoesnotfeelbusy.HissecretConfiningactivitiestothingshemustdoandthosehewantstodo.Heandhiswifedonotoverscheduletheirchildren.TothosewithoneeyeonthecalendarandtheotherontheclockDarrahoffersthisadvice:"Beforeyoutakeanythingonaskyourself:DoyouhavetodothisDoyouwanttodothisLivewithakindofmindfulnesssoyoudon’twakeupanddiscoverthatyourlifeisawhirloftransportationandcommunicationandyou’vehollowedyourselfout." TheauthorwoulddescribetheReisses'lifeas
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.71.Actuallyitisn’’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanfightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople―forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosaysIdon’’tlikethiscontract Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.74.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenatamistake―asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravelylogical.Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcentreisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning―theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl―istoweighother’’sinterestsagainstone’’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.75.Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror.ifthematterisonethatcanbeserriedbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallliable.Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies.Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantage’is’thatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteamboatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowing’moreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror.ifthematterisonethatcanbeserriedbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallliable.Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies.Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantage’is’thatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteamboatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowing’moreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.71.Actuallyitisn’’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanfightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople―forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosaysIdon’’tlikethiscontract Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.74.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenatamistake―asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravelylogical.Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcentreisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning―theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl―istoweighother’’sinterestsagainstone’’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.75.Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.71.Actuallyitisn’’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanfightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople―forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosaysIdon’’tlikethiscontract Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.74.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenatamistake―asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravelylogical.Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcentreisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning―theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl―istoweighother’’sinterestsagainstone’’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.75.Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
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