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Text 3 Success, it is often said, has many fathers—and one of the many fathers of computing, th...
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OFT的过程是
关闭所有油角阀；
关闭所有油枪的吹扫阀；
停止点火并退所有点火枪；
关闭燃油供油、回油快关阀。
330MW机组锅炉OFT跳闸的条件
锅炉供油快关阀开的条件有
回油快关阀开启；
回油调节阀开度>5%；
供油泵运行；
无OFT动作条件。
Becauseofthebadweathernoplanesfromtheairportyester
OFT动作结果是什么
OFT跳闸条件为手动OFT燃油快关阀关闭燃油温度低MFT跳闸
锅炉正常运行时大于210MW若一台一次风机跳闸则发信号
MFT；
RB；
OFT；
ETS。
循环流化床锅炉OFT动作有哪些条件
OFT复位的条件 __________
锅炉油燃料OFT跳闸条件有哪些
330MW燃油系统OFT动作结果
关闭所有油角阀；
关闭所有油枪的吹扫阀；
关闭燃油供油速断阀；
停止点火并退所有点火枪。
Pickupyourpenanddrawyourowninvention.Maybeitwillbe
某飞机在上升过程中刚飞过5000FT时即遇鸟击机组发现右1号风挡两层出现裂纹此时机组应采取的措施是.
检查右1号风挡加温是否仍可以继续工作，如可以，则不需采取措施
必须立刻返场着陆
控制座舱压差最大不超过2PSI，1000OFT以下时，还应限制空速250KT
控制座舱压差最大不超过5PSI，1000OFT以下时，还应限制空速250KT
Ihavetoputoftmyplantovolunteernextsummerbecauseofm
燃油压力低于多少引起OFT
OFT是
下列为油点火许可条件
MFT已复位
OFT已复位
火检冷却风压正常
海运运费的附加费种类有
BAF
OFT
CAF
PSS
DDC
A．seven B．often C．innocent D．president
OFT动作的条件有哪些
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OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharbourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrekeandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard" Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.skegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text1 TheCaliforniaPublicEmployees’RetirementSystemCaIPERShaspositioneditselfasthepremierchampionofinvestorrightsregularlysinglingoutbadmanagersatsomeofthenation’slargestcompaniesinitsannualcorporate-governancefocuslists.Andwith$153billionundermanagementWallStreettendstolistenwhenCalPERSspeaksout.Butthecountry’slargestpensionfundhasnevertakenonasbigafishasitdidDec.16whenitfiledaclassactionagainsttheNewYorkStockExchangeandsevenofitsmemberfirms.CalPERS’suitchargestheNYSEandspecialistfirmswithfraudallegingthattheexchangeskirteditsregulatorydutiesandalloweditsmemberstotradestocksattheexpenseofinvestors. ThemoveisamajorslapinthefacefortheNYSE’srecentlyappointedinterimChairmanJohnReed.TheformerCitibankchairmanandCEOcameonboardinSeptemberaftertheexchange’slongtimeheadRichardGrassoresignedunderpressureoverpublicoutrageabouthisexcessivecompensation. ReedhasbeenwidelycriticizedbyCalPERSandotherinstitutionalinvestorsfornotincludingrepresentativesofinvestorsontheexchange’snewlyconstitutedboardandnotclearlyseparatingtheexchange’sregulatoryfunctionfromitsday-to-dayoperations.TheCalPERSlawsuitisevidencethattheinvestmentcommunities’dissatisfactionhasn’tebbed."OurhopesweredashedwhenMr.Reeddidn’tperform"saysHarrigan. Thesuitallegesthatsevenspecialistfirmsprofitedbyabusingandoverusingaseriesoftradingtactics.Thetacticswhicharenotcurrentlyillegalinclude"pennyjumping’whereafirmpositionsitselfbetweentwoorderstocaptureapieceofthepricedifferential"frontrunning"whichinvolvestradinginadvanceofcustomersbasedonconfidentialinformationobtainedbytheirordersand"freezing"thefirm’sorderbooksothatthefirmcanmaketradesonitsownaccountfirst. Manyofthesuit’sallegationsarebasedonapreviouslydisclosedinvestigationoftheexchangeconductedbytheSecurities&ExchangeCommission.AccordingtothesuittheOctoberSECreportfound"seriousdeficienciesintheNYSE’ssurveillanceandinvestigativeproceduresincludingahabitofignoringrepeatviolationsbyspecialistfirms". Thesuithighlightsthegrowingfrustrationthatinstitutionalinvestorshaveexpressedwithwhattheyperceiveasasystemthatneedstoberevamped—ifnoteliminated.AccordingtoCaliforniaStateComptrollerSteveWestleyaCalPERSboardmemberwhoparticipatedintheDec.16pressconferencehehasrepeatedlycalledontheNYSEtoenditsuseofspecialistfirmstofacilitatetradesandmovetoasystemofopenlymatchingofbuyersandsellers.BLINDEYE"There’snoreasonnottomovetoafullyautomatedexchange"Westleysays."Everyexchangeintheworldisusingsuchasystem.ThetimeisnowfortheNYSEtomoveintothe21stcenturyandremovethecloudthatthere’sself-dealingworkingagainstinvestors." AccordingtoWestleyNYSE'sproblemresultsfrom
Text3 TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief. Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesifthe"exploitation"oftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop. Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglow-tohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisithelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempt toraisemoremoneyfortheExchequer. ButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors. Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.Theschemeshavebecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear. ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefby"double-dipping"thatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywas"notplayingfair".Itsaiddouble-dippingwas"againstthespirit"oflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry. TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdouble-dippingwas"virtuallyuniversal"with"everyqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdouble-dipping".Itwarneditwould"takeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt". "BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefs"theRevenuesaid."ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows—butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs." LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue’sactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry. PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleased"MerchantofVenice"saidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenue’sclampdownwouldnotbe"devastating"itcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas. IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue’smovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping. TheRevenue'slastresortinsolvingtheproblemseemstobe
Text4 Untilrecentlythecommonfactorinallthescienceusedtofigureoutifapieceofartwasforgedwasthatitwasconcernedwiththemediumoftheartworkratherthantheartitself.MattersofstyleandformwerelefttoarthistorianswhocouldmakeeruditebutqualitativejudgmentsaboutwhetherapaintingwasreallygoodenoughtobesayaLeonardo.Butthisischanging.Apaperinthisweek’sProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbyHanyFaridandhiscolleaguesatDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshireusesstatisticaltechniquestoexamineartitself—themessagenotthemedium. Dr.Faridemployedatechniquecalledwaveletanalysistoexamine13drawingsthathadatonetimeoranotherbeenattributedtoPieterBruegeltheEldera16th-centuryFlemishpainter.HealsolookedatPerugino’s"MadonnawithChild"a15th-centuryItalianmasterpiecelodgedinthecollege’sHoodMuseumofArt.HeconcludedinagreementwitharthistoriansthateightoftheputativeBruegelsareauthenticwhiletheotherfiveareimitations.Inthecaseof"MadonnawithChild"heanalysedthesixfacesinthepaintingMarytheinfantJesusandseveralsaintsandfoundthatthreeofthemwereprobablydonebythesamepainterwhiletheotherthreewereeachdonebyadifferenthand.TheviewthatfourdifferentpaintersworkedonthecanvasishesaysconsistentwiththeviewofsomearthistoriansthatPerugino’sapprenticesdidmuchoftheworkalthoughthereisnoclearconsensusamongarthistorians. Asscepticswilldoubtlesspointoutthisisasmallnumberofimages.FurthermoreDr.Faridknewbeforeperformingtheanalysiswhatresultsheexpected.Butheisthefirsttoacknowledgethatitisearlydaysforhismethodology.Hehopestostudymanymorepaintings.BylookingatlargenumbersofpaintingsthatareuniversallybelievedtobeauthenticDr.Faridhopestobeabletoexaminedoubtfulcaseswithconfidenceinthefuture EvenwiththeBruegels—realandimitation—thoughDr.Farid’sresultsarepersuasive. istrickytodescribeexactlywhatitisthatdistinguishestherealonesfromtheimitationsbutDr.Fetidsaysthatitcanbethoughtofasthenatureoftheartist’sbrushstroke.UnlikesomeanalysesofJacksonPollock’sworkthathavebeendoneoverthepastfewyearsbyRichardTayloroftheUniversityofOregonDr.Faridsayshistechniquecouldinprinciplebeusedforanyartist. WhatDr.Fariddidwastoconverteachworkofartintoasetofmathematicalfunctions.Theseso-calledwaveletsdescribeparticularpartsoftheimageasaseriesofpeaksandtroughsofvariableheightandwavelength.Byexpressinganimagethiswayitispossibletocompressthatimagewhilelosingverylittleinformation.Thesumsofthewaveletsfromdifferentimagescanthenbecompared.OncehedidthisDr.FaridfoundthatthetypesofwaveletsusedtoexpressauthenticBruegelswerenoticeablydifferentfromthoseusedtoexpresstheimitations.ThePeruginowasanalysedbytreatingthesixfacesasdistinctpaintings.Itseemsthatcuratorsmaysoonbeabletoaddanotherweapontotheiranti-forgeryarsenal. Wecaninferfromthetextthat
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharbourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrekeandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard" Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.skegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.5
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducationCommitteeisaconservativeupstateRepublicanandStevenSanderschairmanoftheAssemblyEducationCommitteeisaliberalNewYorkCityDemocrat.Butwhenitcomestoeducationtheyhavemuchincommon.NeitherisafanofthefederalNoChildLeftBehindLawanditsextensivetestingmandates.Bothsaythatstandardizedtestsaretoodominantinpublicschoolstoday. ThathasattimesputthetwoeducationchairmeninconflictwiththestateeducationcommissionerRichardP.Mills.46Duringhis10-yeartenureDr.MillshasturnedNewYorkintooneofthemosttest-drivenpublicsystemsinthenationrequiringstudentstopassfivestateteststograduate. 47Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork. SenatorSalandandAssemblymanSandersaredoingtheirbesttoprotecttheseschoolsinNewYorkCityUrbanAcademyManhattanInternationalIthacaLehmanAlternativeandRochesterSchoolWithoutWallsandhelpthemretaintheirdistinctiveeducationalapproach.48InsteadofthestandardsurveycoursesinglobalstudiesAmericanhistorybiologyandchemistrypeggedtostateteststheseschoolsfavorcoursesthatgointomoredepthonnarrowertopics.AtUrbanAcademytherearecoursesinMiddleEastconflictsworldreligionspost-CivilWarReconstructionandmicrobiology. Inthemid-1990’stheformereducationcommissionerThomasSobolgrantedthese28consortiumschoolsserving16000studentsabout1percentofNewYork’shighschoolpopulationanexemptionfrommoststatetests.ThatpermittedamoreinnovativecurriculumandstudentswereevaluatedviaaportfoliosystemthatreliesonresearchpapersandscienceprojectsreviewedbyoutsideexpertslikeDavidS.ThaleraRockefellerUniversitymicrobiologyprofessorandEricFoneraColumbiahistoryprofessor. TheGatesFoundationwhichhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstostartsmallhighschoolsnationwideissoimpressedwiththeseschoolsanditregularlysendseducatorstoNewYorktoseehowthey’rerun. ButthetestingexemptionfortheseschoolsisabouttoexpireandCommissionerMillsdoesnotwantitrenewed.Hebelievesthatallstudentswithoutexceptionshouldtakeeverytest. RecentlySenatorSalanddefiedthecommissioner.HeshepherdedabillthroughtheRepublican-controlledSenatethatpassed50to10andwouldcontinuetheseschools’waiversforfouryears.49SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools. OntheSenatefloorSenatorSalandnotedthatwhile61percentofconsortiumstudentsqualifiedforfreelunchesandthree-quarterswereblackorHispanic88percentwentontocollegecomparedwith70percentatmainstreamschoolsthatgivestatetests.50HesaidthatthedropoutratewashalftherateatmainstreamschoolsandthatontheonestatewidetestthesestudentstookregularlyEnglishtheyscoredanaverageof77outdoingmainstreamstudentsby5points. 49
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharbourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrekeandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard" Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.skegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Text3 Aftertheir20-year-oldsonhangedhimselfduringhiswinterbreakfromtheUniversityofArizonafiveyearsagoDonnaandPhilSatowwonderedwhatsignstheyhadoverlookedandstartedaskingotherstudentsforanswers. WhatgrewfromthissoulsearchingwasUlifelinewww.ulifelineorgawebsitewherestudentscangetanswerstoquestionsaboutdepressionbyloggingonthroughtheiruniversities.Thesitehasbeenadoptedasaresourcebyover120collegeswhichcancustomizeitwithlocalinformationandover1.3millionstudentshaveloggedonwiththeircollegeID’s. "It’saverysolidwebsitethatraisesawarenessofsuicidede-stigmatizesmentalillnessandencouragespeopletoseekthehelptheyneed"saidPaulGraysonthedirectorofcounselingservicesatNewYorkUniversitywhichstartedusingtheservicenearlyayearago. ThemaincomponentofthewebsiteistheSelf-E-Valuatoraself-screeningprogramdevelopedbyDukeUniversityMedicalCenterthattestsstudentstodeterminewhethertheyare atriskfordepressionsuicideanddisorderslikeanorexiaanddrugdependence.Besideshelpingstudentstheservicecompilesanonymousstudentdataofferingadministratorsanimportantwindowontothementalhealthofitscampus. ThesiteprovidesuniversityuserswithlinkstolocalmentalhealthservicesacatalogofinformationonprescriptiondrugsandsideeffectsandaccesstoGoAskAliceavastarchivedevelopedbyColumbiaUniversitywithhundredsofresponsestoanonymouslypostedinquiriesfromcollegestudentsworldwide.Forstudentsconcernedabouttheirfriendsthereisasectionthatdescribeswarningsignsforsuicidalbehavioranddepression. Yetitishardtodeterminehoweffectivetheserviceis.Theanonymityoftheonlineservicecanevenplayoutasanegative."Thereisnosubstituteforpersonalinteraction个人互动才能解决"saidDr.LannyBermanexecutivedirectoroftheAmericanAssociationofSuicidologybasedinWashington. Ulifelinewouldbethefirsttosaythatitsserviceisnoreplacementforanactualtherapist."Thepurposeistofindoutiftherearesignsofdepressionandthendirectpeopletotherightplaces"saidRonGiboriexecutivedirectorofUlifeline. Mrs.SatowwhoisstillinvolvedwithUlifelinecalledit"aknowledgebase"thatmighthavepreventedthedeathofhersonJed."IfJed’sfriendshadknownthesignsofdepressiontheymighthaveseensomething"shesaid. Thefirstparagraphiswrittento
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharbourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrekeandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard" Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.skegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols—likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties—likeabiologicalorganism.’ B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27—July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhile workingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations.’ F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowshowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete~it’sadynamicalsystem.’ G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween—youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword"Spiveysaid. Order: 45
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharbourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrekeandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard" Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.skegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.1
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharbourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrekeandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard" Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.skegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.9
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharbourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrekeandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard" Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.skegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Text3 Aftertheir20-year-oldsonhangedhimselfduringhiswinterbreakfromtheUniversityofArizonafiveyearsagoDonnaandPhilSatowwonderedwhatsignstheyhadoverlookedandstartedaskingotherstudentsforanswers. WhatgrewfromthissoulsearchingwasUlifelinewww.ulifelineorgawebsitewherestudentscangetanswerstoquestionsaboutdepressionbyloggingonthroughtheiruniversities.Thesitehasbeenadoptedasaresourcebyover120collegeswhichcancustomizeitwithlocalinformationandover1.3millionstudentshaveloggedonwiththeircollegeID’s. "It’saverysolidwebsitethatraisesawarenessofsuicidede-stigmatizesmentalillnessandencouragespeopletoseekthehelptheyneed"saidPaulGraysonthedirectorofcounselingservicesatNewYorkUniversitywhichstartedusingtheservicenearlyayearago. ThemaincomponentofthewebsiteistheSelf-E-Valuatoraself-screeningprogramdevelopedbyDukeUniversityMedicalCenterthattestsstudentstodeterminewhethertheyare atriskfordepressionsuicideanddisorderslikeanorexiaanddrugdependence.Besideshelpingstudentstheservicecompilesanonymousstudentdataofferingadministratorsanimportantwindowontothementalhealthofitscampus. ThesiteprovidesuniversityuserswithlinkstolocalmentalhealthservicesacatalogofinformationonprescriptiondrugsandsideeffectsandaccesstoGoAskAliceavastarchivedevelopedbyColumbiaUniversitywithhundredsofresponsestoanonymouslypostedinquiriesfromcollegestudentsworldwide.Forstudentsconcernedabouttheirfriendsthereisasectionthatdescribeswarningsignsforsuicidalbehavioranddepression. Yetitishardtodeterminehoweffectivetheserviceis.Theanonymityoftheonlineservicecanevenplayoutasanegative."Thereisnosubstituteforpersonalinteraction个人互动才能解决"saidDr.LannyBermanexecutivedirectoroftheAmericanAssociationofSuicidologybasedinWashington. Ulifelinewouldbethefirsttosaythatitsserviceisnoreplacementforanactualtherapist."Thepurposeistofindoutiftherearesignsofdepressionandthendirectpeopletotherightplaces"saidRonGiboriexecutivedirectorofUlifeline. Mrs.SatowwhoisstillinvolvedwithUlifelinecalledit"aknowledgebase"thatmighthavepreventedthedeathofhersonJed."IfJed’sfriendshadknownthesignsofdepressiontheymighthaveseensomething"shesaid. Mrs.Satowwouldprobablyagreethat
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols—likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties—likeabiologicalorganism.’ B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27—July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhile workingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations.’ F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowshowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete~it’sadynamicalsystem.’ G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween—youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword"Spiveysaid. Order: 41
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharbourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrekeandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard" Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.skegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Text3 Aftertheir20-year-oldsonhangedhimselfduringhiswinterbreakfromtheUniversityofArizonafiveyearsagoDonnaandPhilSatowwonderedwhatsignstheyhadoverlookedandstartedaskingotherstudentsforanswers. WhatgrewfromthissoulsearchingwasUlifelinewww.ulifelineorgawebsitewherestudentscangetanswerstoquestionsaboutdepressionbyloggingonthroughtheiruniversities.Thesitehasbeenadoptedasaresourcebyover120collegeswhichcancustomizeitwithlocalinformationandover1.3millionstudentshaveloggedonwiththeircollegeID’s. "It’saverysolidwebsitethatraisesawarenessofsuicidede-stigmatizesmentalillnessandencouragespeopletoseekthehelptheyneed"saidPaulGraysonthedirectorofcounselingservicesatNewYorkUniversitywhichstartedusingtheservicenearlyayearago. ThemaincomponentofthewebsiteistheSelf-E-Valuatoraself-screeningprogramdevelopedbyDukeUniversityMedicalCenterthattestsstudentstodeterminewhethertheyare atriskfordepressionsuicideanddisorderslikeanorexiaanddrugdependence.Besideshelpingstudentstheservicecompilesanonymousstudentdataofferingadministratorsanimportantwindowontothementalhealthofitscampus. ThesiteprovidesuniversityuserswithlinkstolocalmentalhealthservicesacatalogofinformationonprescriptiondrugsandsideeffectsandaccesstoGoAskAliceavastarchivedevelopedbyColumbiaUniversitywithhundredsofresponsestoanonymouslypostedinquiriesfromcollegestudentsworldwide.Forstudentsconcernedabouttheirfriendsthereisasectionthatdescribeswarningsignsforsuicidalbehavioranddepression. Yetitishardtodeterminehoweffectivetheserviceis.Theanonymityoftheonlineservicecanevenplayoutasanegative."Thereisnosubstituteforpersonalinteraction个人互动才能解决"saidDr.LannyBermanexecutivedirectoroftheAmericanAssociationofSuicidologybasedinWashington. Ulifelinewouldbethefirsttosaythatitsserviceisnoreplacementforanactualtherapist."Thepurposeistofindoutiftherearesignsofdepressionandthendirectpeopletotherightplaces"saidRonGiboriexecutivedirectorofUlifeline. Mrs.SatowwhoisstillinvolvedwithUlifelinecalledit"aknowledgebase"thatmighthavepreventedthedeathofhersonJed."IfJed’sfriendshadknownthesignsofdepressiontheymighthaveseensomething"shesaid. Thefirstsentenceofthesixthparagraphimpliesthat
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharbourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrekeandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard" Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.skegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.3
A."Fordecadesthecognitiveandneuralscienceshavetreatedmentalprocessesasthoughtheyinvolvedpassingdiscretepacketsofinformationinastrictlyfeed-forwardfashionfromonecognitivemoduletothenextorinastringofindividuatedbinarysymbols—likeadigitalcomputer"saidSpivey."Morerecentlyhoweveragrowingnumberofstudiessuchasourssupportdynamical-systemsapproachestothemind.Inthismodelperceptionandcognitionaremathematicallydescribedasacontinuoustrajectorythroughahigh-dimensionalmentalspace;theneuralactivationpatternsflowbackandforthtoproducenonlinearself-organizedemergentproperties—likeabiologicalorganism.’ B.Thecomputermetaphordescribescognitionasbeinginaparticulardiscretestateforexample"onoroff"orinvaluesofeitherzerooroneandinastaticstateuntilmovingon.Iftherewasambiguitythemodelassumedthatthemindjumpstheguntoonestateortheotherandifitrealizesitiswrongitthenmakesacorrection. C.Inhisstudy42studentslistenedtoinstructionstoclickonpicturesofdifferentobjectsonacomputerscreen.Whenthestudentsheardawordsuchas"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswhosenamesdidnotsoundalikesuchasacandleandajacketthetrajectoriesoftheirmousemovementswerequitestraightanddirectlytothecandle.Butwhenthestudentsheard"candle"andwerepresentedwithtwopictureswithsimilarlysoundingnamessuchascandleandcandytheywereslowertoclickonthecorrectobjectandtheirmousetrajectoriesweremuchmorecurved.Spiveysaidthatthelistenersstartedprocessingwhattheyheardevenbeforetheentirewordwasspoken. D.InanewstudypublishedonlinethisweekinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesJune27—July1MichaelSpiveyapsycholinguistandassociateprofessorofpsychologyatCornelltrackedthemousemovementsofundergraduatestudentswhile workingatacomputer.Thefindingsprovidecompellingevidencethatlanguagecomprehensionisacontinuousprocess. E.Whereastheoldermodelsoflanguageprocessingtheorizedthatneuralsystemsprocesswordsinaseriesofdiscretestagesthealternativemodelsuggeststhatsensoryinputisprocessedcontinuouslysothatevenpartiallinguisticinputcanstart"thedynamiccompetitionbetweensimultaneouslyactiverepresentations.’ F."Whentherewasambiguitytheparticipantsbrieflydidn’tknowwhichpicturewascorrectandsoforseveraldozenmillisecondstheywereinmultiplestatesatonce.Theydidn’tmoveallthewaytoonepictureandthencorrecttheirmovementiftheyrealizedtheywerewrongbutinsteadtheytraveledthroughanintermediategrayarea"explainedSpivey."Thedegreeofcurvatureofthetrajectoryshowshowmuchtheotherobjectiscompetingfortheirinterpretation;thecurveshowscontinuouscompetition.Theysortofpartiallyheardthewordbothwaysandtheirresolutionoftheambiguitywasgradualratherthandiscrete~it’sadynamicalsystem.’ G."Inthinkingofcognitionasworkingasabiologicalorganismdoesontheotherhandyoudonothavetobeinonestateoranotherlikeacomputerbutcanhavevaluesinbetween—youcanbepartiallyinonestateandanotherandtheneventuallygravitatetoauniqueinterpretationasinfinallyrecognizingaspokenword"Spiveysaid. Order: 43
StephenM.SalandchairmanoftheStateSenateEducationCommitteeisaconservativeupstateRepublicanandStevenSanderschairmanoftheAssemblyEducationCommitteeisaliberalNewYorkCityDemocrat.Butwhenitcomestoeducationtheyhavemuchincommon.NeitherisafanofthefederalNoChildLeftBehindLawanditsextensivetestingmandates.Bothsaythatstandardizedtestsaretoodominantinpublicschoolstoday. ThathasattimesputthetwoeducationchairmeninconflictwiththestateeducationcommissionerRichardP.Mills.46Duringhis10-yeartenureDr.MillshasturnedNewYorkintooneofthemosttest-drivenpublicsystemsinthenationrequiringstudentstopassfivestateteststograduate. 47Formonthsnowthelegislativeleadersandthecommissionerhavebeenlockedinalittle-noticedfightoverthefutureof28smallalternativepublichighschoolsafightthatmaywellbethefinalstandforopponentsofstandardizedtestinginNewYork. SenatorSalandandAssemblymanSandersaredoingtheirbesttoprotecttheseschoolsinNewYorkCityUrbanAcademyManhattanInternationalIthacaLehmanAlternativeandRochesterSchoolWithoutWallsandhelpthemretaintheirdistinctiveeducationalapproach.48InsteadofthestandardsurveycoursesinglobalstudiesAmericanhistorybiologyandchemistrypeggedtostateteststheseschoolsfavorcoursesthatgointomoredepthonnarrowertopics.AtUrbanAcademytherearecoursesinMiddleEastconflictsworldreligionspost-CivilWarReconstructionandmicrobiology. Inthemid-1990’stheformereducationcommissionerThomasSobolgrantedthese28consortiumschoolsserving16000studentsabout1percentofNewYork’shighschoolpopulationanexemptionfrommoststatetests.ThatpermittedamoreinnovativecurriculumandstudentswereevaluatedviaaportfoliosystemthatreliesonresearchpapersandscienceprojectsreviewedbyoutsideexpertslikeDavidS.ThaleraRockefellerUniversitymicrobiologyprofessorandEricFoneraColumbiahistoryprofessor. TheGatesFoundationwhichhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstostartsmallhighschoolsnationwideissoimpressedwiththeseschoolsanditregularlysendseducatorstoNewYorktoseehowthey’rerun. ButthetestingexemptionfortheseschoolsisabouttoexpireandCommissionerMillsdoesnotwantitrenewed.Hebelievesthatallstudentswithoutexceptionshouldtakeeverytest. RecentlySenatorSalanddefiedthecommissioner.HeshepherdedabillthroughtheRepublican-controlledSenatethatpassed50to10andwouldcontinuetheseschools’waiversforfouryears.49SenatorSaland’sbilldoesrequirethatstudentspassthestateEnglishandmathteststograduatelettingthestategaugethealternativeschools’performanceversusmainstreamschools. OntheSenatefloorSenatorSalandnotedthatwhile61percentofconsortiumstudentsqualifiedforfreelunchesandthree-quarterswereblackorHispanic88percentwentontocollegecomparedwith70percentatmainstreamschoolsthatgivestatetests.50HesaidthatthedropoutratewashalftherateatmainstreamschoolsandthatontheonestatewidetestthesestudentstookregularlyEnglishtheyscoredanaverageof77outdoingmainstreamstudentsby5points. 47
Text3 TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief. Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesifthe"exploitation"oftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop. Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglow-tohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisithelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempt toraisemoremoneyfortheExchequer. ButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors. Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.Theschemeshavebecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear. ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefby"double-dipping"thatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywas"notplayingfair".Itsaiddouble-dippingwas"againstthespirit"oflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry. TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdouble-dippingwas"virtuallyuniversal"with"everyqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdouble-dipping".Itwarneditwould"takeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt". "BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefs"theRevenuesaid."ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows—butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs." LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue’sactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry. PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleased"MerchantofVenice"saidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenue’sclampdownwouldnotbe"devastating"itcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas. IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue’smovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping. Wecanlearnfromthefirstthreeparagraphsthat
OntheafternoonofApril19th1587SirFrancisDr.akeledhisconvoyof31shipsintotheportofCadiz1theSpanishnavywasbeingpreparedto2England.TheSpanishwere3completelybysurpriseandDr.ake’smenquicklylootedsankorburnteveryshipinsight.Afterclearingtheharbourofstoresand4offaSpanishattackDrekeandhisships5withoutthelossofasingleman.BackinEnglandDr.akabecameanationalheroandhisdaringattackbecameknownasthe"singeingoftheKingofSpain’sbeard" Aswellas6backtheSpanishplantoinvadeEnglandbyseveralmonthsDr.ake’sdaringattack7thesuccessofapopularnewdrink.Foramongthestoresthathe8fromCadizwere2900largebarrelsofsackawinemadeintheJerezregionofSpainandthe9oftoday’ssherry.ThewinemakersofJerezlookedforoverseasmarketsandsackstartedtotakeoffinEngland.In1587thecelebratorydrinkingofthesackbroughtbackfromCadizbyDr.skegaveitafurther10andmadeithugelyfashionable11itsSpanishorigin. For12chemicalreasonssackwasanunusuallylong-lastingand13wine.Thismadeitidealfortakingonlongseavoyages14whichalcoholicdrinksactedasavitalsociallubricantthat15thehardshipofspendingweekspackedintoa16ship.Columbustooksackwithhimtothenewworldinthe1490smakingitthefirstwinetobe17intotheAmericas. In1604sackwas18officialrecognitionof19whenJamesI20anordinancelimitingitsconsumptionatcourt.Bythistimesackwaspopularlyknownassherris-sacksherrisbeingacorruptionofJerezwhicheventuallybecamethemodernwordsherry. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text3 TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief. Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesifthe"exploitation"oftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop. Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglow-tohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisithelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempt toraisemoremoneyfortheExchequer. ButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors. Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.Theschemeshavebecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear. ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefby"double-dipping"thatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywas"notplayingfair".Itsaiddouble-dippingwas"againstthespirit"oflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry. TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdouble-dippingwas"virtuallyuniversal"with"everyqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdouble-dipping".Itwarneditwould"takeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt". "BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefs"theRevenuesaid."ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows—butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs." LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue’sactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry. PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleased"MerchantofVenice"saidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenue’sclampdownwouldnotbe"devastating"itcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas. IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue’smovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping. Whichof*thefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext
Directions: YouareapplyingforapositionasanEnglishteacher.WritealettertotheHeadof ForeignLanguagesDepartmentto 1introduceyourself 2giveanaccountofyourjobexperienceand 3askforajobinterview. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Text4 Untilrecentlythecommonfactorinallthescienceusedtofigureoutifapieceofartwasforgedwasthatitwasconcernedwiththemediumoftheartworkratherthantheartitself.MattersofstyleandformwerelefttoarthistorianswhocouldmakeeruditebutqualitativejudgmentsaboutwhetherapaintingwasreallygoodenoughtobesayaLeonardo.Butthisischanging.Apaperinthisweek’sProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbyHanyFaridandhiscolleaguesatDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshireusesstatisticaltechniquestoexamineartitself—themessagenotthemedium. Dr.Faridemployedatechniquecalledwaveletanalysistoexamine13drawingsthathadatonetimeoranotherbeenattributedtoPieterBruegeltheEldera16th-centuryFlemishpainter.HealsolookedatPerugino’s"MadonnawithChild"a15th-centuryItalianmasterpiecelodgedinthecollege’sHoodMuseumofArt.HeconcludedinagreementwitharthistoriansthateightoftheputativeBruegelsareauthenticwhiletheotherfiveareimitations.Inthecaseof"MadonnawithChild"heanalysedthesixfacesinthepaintingMarytheinfantJesusandseveralsaintsandfoundthatthreeofthemwereprobablydonebythesamepainterwhiletheotherthreewereeachdonebyadifferenthand.TheviewthatfourdifferentpaintersworkedonthecanvasishesaysconsistentwiththeviewofsomearthistoriansthatPerugino’sapprenticesdidmuchoftheworkalthoughthereisnoclearconsensusamongarthistorians. Asscepticswilldoubtlesspointoutthisisasmallnumberofimages.FurthermoreDr.Faridknewbeforeperformingtheanalysiswhatresultsheexpected.Butheisthefirsttoacknowledgethatitisearlydaysforhismethodology.Hehopestostudymanymorepaintings.BylookingatlargenumbersofpaintingsthatareuniversallybelievedtobeauthenticDr.Faridhopestobeabletoexaminedoubtfulcaseswithconfidenceinthefuture EvenwiththeBruegels—realandimitation—thoughDr.Farid’sresultsarepersuasive. istrickytodescribeexactlywhatitisthatdistinguishestherealonesfromtheimitationsbutDr.Fetidsaysthatitcanbethoughtofasthenatureoftheartist’sbrushstroke.UnlikesomeanalysesofJacksonPollock’sworkthathavebeendoneoverthepastfewyearsbyRichardTayloroftheUniversityofOregonDr.Faridsayshistechniquecouldinprinciplebeusedforanyartist. WhatDr.Fariddidwastoconverteachworkofartintoasetofmathematicalfunctions.Theseso-calledwaveletsdescribeparticularpartsoftheimageasaseriesofpeaksandtroughsofvariableheightandwavelength.Byexpressinganimagethiswayitispossibletocompressthatimagewhilelosingverylittleinformation.Thesumsofthewaveletsfromdifferentimagescanthenbecompared.OncehedidthisDr.FaridfoundthatthetypesofwaveletsusedtoexpressauthenticBruegelswerenoticeablydifferentfromthoseusedtoexpresstheimitations.ThePeruginowasanalysedbytreatingthesixfacesasdistinctpaintings.Itseemsthatcuratorsmaysoonbeabletoaddanotherweapontotheiranti-forgeryarsenal. WhydidDr.FetidexaminePerugino'sMadonnawithChild
Text1 TheCaliforniaPublicEmployees’RetirementSystemCaIPERShaspositioneditselfasthepremierchampionofinvestorrightsregularlysinglingoutbadmanagersatsomeofthenation’slargestcompaniesinitsannualcorporate-governancefocuslists.Andwith$153billionundermanagementWallStreettendstolistenwhenCalPERSspeaksout.Butthecountry’slargestpensionfundhasnevertakenonasbigafishasitdidDec.16whenitfiledaclassactionagainsttheNewYorkStockExchangeandsevenofitsmemberfirms.CalPERS’suitchargestheNYSEandspecialistfirmswithfraudallegingthattheexchangeskirteditsregulatorydutiesandalloweditsmemberstotradestocksattheexpenseofinvestors. ThemoveisamajorslapinthefacefortheNYSE’srecentlyappointedinterimChairmanJohnReed.TheformerCitibankchairmanandCEOcameonboardinSeptemberaftertheexchange’slongtimeheadRichardGrassoresignedunderpressureoverpublicoutrageabouthisexcessivecompensation. ReedhasbeenwidelycriticizedbyCalPERSandotherinstitutionalinvestorsfornotincludingrepresentativesofinvestorsontheexchange’snewlyconstitutedboardandnotclearlyseparatingtheexchange’sregulatoryfunctionfromitsday-to-dayoperations.TheCalPERSlawsuitisevidencethattheinvestmentcommunities’dissatisfactionhasn’tebbed."OurhopesweredashedwhenMr.Reeddidn’tperform"saysHarrigan. Thesuitallegesthatsevenspecialistfirmsprofitedbyabusingandoverusingaseriesoftradingtactics.Thetacticswhicharenotcurrentlyillegalinclude"pennyjumping’whereafirmpositionsitselfbetweentwoorderstocaptureapieceofthepricedifferential"frontrunning"whichinvolvestradinginadvanceofcustomersbasedonconfidentialinformationobtainedbytheirordersand"freezing"thefirm’sorderbooksothatthefirmcanmaketradesonitsownaccountfirst. Manyofthesuit’sallegationsarebasedonapreviouslydisclosedinvestigationoftheexchangeconductedbytheSecurities&ExchangeCommission.AccordingtothesuittheOctoberSECreportfound"seriousdeficienciesintheNYSE’ssurveillanceandinvestigativeproceduresincludingahabitofignoringrepeatviolationsbyspecialistfirms". Thesuithighlightsthegrowingfrustrationthatinstitutionalinvestorshaveexpressedwithwhattheyperceiveasasystemthatneedstoberevamped—ifnoteliminated.AccordingtoCaliforniaStateComptrollerSteveWestleyaCalPERSboardmemberwhoparticipatedintheDec.16pressconferencehehasrepeatedlycalledontheNYSEtoenditsuseofspecialistfirmstofacilitatetradesandmovetoasystemofopenlymatchingofbuyersandsellers.BLINDEYE"There’snoreasonnottomovetoafullyautomatedexchange"Westleysays."Everyexchangeintheworldisusingsuchasystem.ThetimeisnowfortheNYSEtomoveintothe21stcenturyandremovethecloudthatthere’sself-dealingworkingagainstinvestors." WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNottrue
Text2 Multifunctionsuperpillsaren’tnearlyasfarfetchedastheymaysound.Andreducingsuchseriousriskstohearthealthassoaringcholesteroldiabetesandhighbloodpressurepotentiallycouldsavemanylivesandbehighlylucrativefordrugcompanies.AcombopillfromPfizerPFEofitshypertensiondrugNorvascandcholesterol-loweringagentLipitor"couldhavehugepotential"saysShaojingTonganalystatMehtaPartners."Offeringtwofunctionsinonepillitselfisahugeconvenience." Ifsuchpillscatchontheycouldgeneratesignificantrevenuesfordrugcompanies.InPfizer’scasethegoalistotransferasmanyqualifiedpatientsaspossibletothecombopill.Norvase’spatentsexpirein2007butPfizercouldavoidlosingallitsrevenuesfromthedrugatonceifitwerepartofasuperpill.SenaLundananalystatCathayFinancialseesPfizerselling$4.2billionworthofNorvasc-Lipitorby2007.ThatwouldhelptakeuptheslackforfallingsalesofLipitorwhichheprojectswilldropto$5billionin2007downfrom$8billionlastyear. Pfizerarguesthataddressingtwodistinctandseriouscardiovascularriskfactorsinonepillhasadvantages.PeoplewithbothhypertensionandhighLDLcholesterolthe"bad"kindnumberaround27millionintheU.S.notesCraigHopkinsonmedicaldirectorfordualtherapyatPfizerandonly2%ofthatpopulationreachesadequatetreatmentgoals.Takingtwotreatmentsinonewillincreasethenumberofpatientswhotakethemedicationsproperlyand"assistingettingpatientstogoal"hesays. DoctorsalsomaybequicktoadoptNorvasc-LipitorPfizerfiguresbecauseit’smadeupoftwowell-studieddrugswhichmanyphysiciansarealreadyfamiliarwith.ButDr.StanleyRocksonchiefofconsultativecardiologyatStanfordUniversityMedicalCentersaysfixed-dosecombinationpillsrepresent"aninterestingcrossroads"forphysicianswhoaretypicallytrainedto"approacheachindividualproblemwithcare."Combiningtreatmentswouldchallengedoctorstoapproachheartdiseasedifferently.ButbetterpatientcomplianceisimportantenoughsaysRocksonthatheexpectsdoctorstobeopentotryingthecombinedpill. Someotherphysiciansaremoreskeptical."Ifyouwanttochangedosageononeofthenewpill’stwodrugsyou’restuck"fearsDr.IreneGavrisprofessorofmedicineatBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Shesaysshewouldfeelmostcomfortabletryingthecombinationpillonpatientswho"havebeenonthedrugsforawhile"andarethusunlikelytoneedchangesindosage. Asusualeconomicscouldtipthescales.PatientsnowtakingbothLipitorandNorvasc"couldcuttheirinsuranceco-payinhalf"byswitchingtothecombodrugGavrisnotes.That’sakeyadvantage.Controllinghypertensionforinstancecanrequirethreeormoredrugsandthefinancialburdenonpatientsmountsquickly.Ifpatientsalsobenefit—asPfizerandotherdrugcompaniescontend--makingtheswitchtosuperpillscouldbeadvantageousforeveryone. Theauthor'sattitudetowardssuperpillscanbestbedescribedasoneof
Text1 TheCaliforniaPublicEmployees’RetirementSystemCaIPERShaspositioneditselfasthepremierchampionofinvestorrightsregularlysinglingoutbadmanagersatsomeofthenation’slargestcompaniesinitsannualcorporate-governancefocuslists.Andwith$153billionundermanagementWallStreettendstolistenwhenCalPERSspeaksout.Butthecountry’slargestpensionfundhasnevertakenonasbigafishasitdidDec.16whenitfiledaclassactionagainsttheNewYorkStockExchangeandsevenofitsmemberfirms.CalPERS’suitchargestheNYSEandspecialistfirmswithfraudallegingthattheexchangeskirteditsregulatorydutiesandalloweditsmemberstotradestocksattheexpenseofinvestors. ThemoveisamajorslapinthefacefortheNYSE’srecentlyappointedinterimChairmanJohnReed.TheformerCitibankchairmanandCEOcameonboardinSeptemberaftertheexchange’slongtimeheadRichardGrassoresignedunderpressureoverpublicoutrageabouthisexcessivecompensation. ReedhasbeenwidelycriticizedbyCalPERSandotherinstitutionalinvestorsfornotincludingrepresentativesofinvestorsontheexchange’snewlyconstitutedboardandnotclearlyseparatingtheexchange’sregulatoryfunctionfromitsday-to-dayoperations.TheCalPERSlawsuitisevidencethattheinvestmentcommunities’dissatisfactionhasn’tebbed."OurhopesweredashedwhenMr.Reeddidn’tperform"saysHarrigan. Thesuitallegesthatsevenspecialistfirmsprofitedbyabusingandoverusingaseriesoftradingtactics.Thetacticswhicharenotcurrentlyillegalinclude"pennyjumping’whereafirmpositionsitselfbetweentwoorderstocaptureapieceofthepricedifferential"frontrunning"whichinvolvestradinginadvanceofcustomersbasedonconfidentialinformationobtainedbytheirordersand"freezing"thefirm’sorderbooksothatthefirmcanmaketradesonitsownaccountfirst. Manyofthesuit’sallegationsarebasedonapreviouslydisclosedinvestigationoftheexchangeconductedbytheSecurities&ExchangeCommission.AccordingtothesuittheOctoberSECreportfound"seriousdeficienciesintheNYSE’ssurveillanceandinvestigativeproceduresincludingahabitofignoringrepeatviolationsbyspecialistfirms". Thesuithighlightsthegrowingfrustrationthatinstitutionalinvestorshaveexpressedwithwhattheyperceiveasasystemthatneedstoberevamped—ifnoteliminated.AccordingtoCaliforniaStateComptrollerSteveWestleyaCalPERSboardmemberwhoparticipatedintheDec.16pressconferencehehasrepeatedlycalledontheNYSEtoenditsuseofspecialistfirmstofacilitatetradesandmovetoasystemofopenlymatchingofbuyersandsellers.BLINDEYE"There’snoreasonnottomovetoafullyautomatedexchange"Westleysays."Everyexchangeintheworldisusingsuchasystem.ThetimeisnowfortheNYSEtomoveintothe21stcenturyandremovethecloudthatthere’sself-dealingworkingagainstinvestors." TheCalPERSlawsuitindicatesthat
Text2 Multifunctionsuperpillsaren’tnearlyasfarfetchedastheymaysound.Andreducingsuchseriousriskstohearthealthassoaringcholesteroldiabetesandhighbloodpressurepotentiallycouldsavemanylivesandbehighlylucrativefordrugcompanies.AcombopillfromPfizerPFEofitshypertensiondrugNorvascandcholesterol-loweringagentLipitor"couldhavehugepotential"saysShaojingTonganalystatMehtaPartners."Offeringtwofunctionsinonepillitselfisahugeconvenience." Ifsuchpillscatchontheycouldgeneratesignificantrevenuesfordrugcompanies.InPfizer’scasethegoalistotransferasmanyqualifiedpatientsaspossibletothecombopill.Norvase’spatentsexpirein2007butPfizercouldavoidlosingallitsrevenuesfromthedrugatonceifitwerepartofasuperpill.SenaLundananalystatCathayFinancialseesPfizerselling$4.2billionworthofNorvasc-Lipitorby2007.ThatwouldhelptakeuptheslackforfallingsalesofLipitorwhichheprojectswilldropto$5billionin2007downfrom$8billionlastyear. Pfizerarguesthataddressingtwodistinctandseriouscardiovascularriskfactorsinonepillhasadvantages.PeoplewithbothhypertensionandhighLDLcholesterolthe"bad"kindnumberaround27millionintheU.S.notesCraigHopkinsonmedicaldirectorfordualtherapyatPfizerandonly2%ofthatpopulationreachesadequatetreatmentgoals.Takingtwotreatmentsinonewillincreasethenumberofpatientswhotakethemedicationsproperlyand"assistingettingpatientstogoal"hesays. DoctorsalsomaybequicktoadoptNorvasc-LipitorPfizerfiguresbecauseit’smadeupoftwowell-studieddrugswhichmanyphysiciansarealreadyfamiliarwith.ButDr.StanleyRocksonchiefofconsultativecardiologyatStanfordUniversityMedicalCentersaysfixed-dosecombinationpillsrepresent"aninterestingcrossroads"forphysicianswhoaretypicallytrainedto"approacheachindividualproblemwithcare."Combiningtreatmentswouldchallengedoctorstoapproachheartdiseasedifferently.ButbetterpatientcomplianceisimportantenoughsaysRocksonthatheexpectsdoctorstobeopentotryingthecombinedpill. Someotherphysiciansaremoreskeptical."Ifyouwanttochangedosageononeofthenewpill’stwodrugsyou’restuck"fearsDr.IreneGavrisprofessorofmedicineatBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Shesaysshewouldfeelmostcomfortabletryingthecombinationpillonpatientswho"havebeenonthedrugsforawhile"andarethusunlikelytoneedchangesindosage. Asusualeconomicscouldtipthescales.PatientsnowtakingbothLipitorandNorvasc"couldcuttheirinsuranceco-payinhalf"byswitchingtothecombodrugGavrisnotes.That’sakeyadvantage.Controllinghypertensionforinstancecanrequirethreeormoredrugsandthefinancialburdenonpatientsmountsquickly.Ifpatientsalsobenefit—asPfizerandotherdrugcompaniescontend--makingtheswitchtosuperpillscouldbeadvantageousforeveryone. Thefourthparagraphisintendedmainlyto
Text2 InrecentyearsMicrosofthasfocusedonthreebigtasksbuildingrobustsecurityintoitssoftwareresolvingnumerousantitrustcomplaintsagainstitandupgradingitsWindowsoperatingsystem.Thesethreetasksarenowstartingtocollide. OnAugust27ththefirmsaidthatthesuccessortoitsWindowsXPoperatingsystemcode-namedLonghornwillgoonsalein2007withoutoneofitsmostimpressivefeatures:atechniquetointegrateelaboratesearchcapabilitiesintonearlyalldesktopapplications.OnthebrightsideLonghornwillcontainadvancesinrenderingimagesandenablingdifferentcomputingplatformstoexchangedatadirectlybetweenapplications.ItisabigsetbackforMicrosoftwhichconsiderssearchtechnologyapillarofitsfuturegrowth—notleastasitcompetesagainstGoogle. Thefirm’sfocusonsecurity—championedby]BillGateshimself—tookresourcesawayfromLonghornadmitsGregSullivanaleadproductmanagerintheWindowsclientdivision.ProgrammershavebeenfixingWindowsXPratherthanworkingonLonghorn.Inmid-AugustMicrosoftreleasedServicePack2ahugesetoffreesoftwarepatchesandenhancementstomakeWindowsXPmoresecure.Thoughsomeofthefixesturnedouttohavevulnerabilitiesoftheirownthepatcheshavemostlybeenwelcomed.Microsoft’sdecisiontoforgonewfeaturesinreturnforbettersecurityisonethatmostcomputeruserswillprobablyapplaud. YetironicallyasMicrosoftslowlyimprovesthesecurityofitsproducts—byforinstanceincorporatingfirewalltechnologyanti-virussystemsandspamfilters—itsactionsincreasinglystarttoresemblethosethatinthepasthavegotthefirmintotroublewithregulators.Issecuritysoftwarean"adjacentsoftwaremarket"inwhichcaseMicrosoftmaybeleveragingitsdominanceoftheoperatingsystemintoitIntegratingsecurityproductsintoWindowsmightbeconsidered"bundling"whichwithregardtowebbrowsingsoexcitedAmerica’strustbustersinthe1990s.Andbuildingsecuritydirectlyintotheoperatingsystemseemsalotlike"commingling"softwarecodeonwhichbasistheEuropeanCommissionruledearlierthisyearthatMicrosoftabuseditsmarketpowerthroughtheWindowsMediaPlayer.MicrosoftisappealingagainstthatdecisionandonSeptember30thitwillargueforasuspensionofthecommission’sremediessuchastherequirementthatitlicenseitscodetorivals. JustlastmonththeEuropeanUnion’scompetitiondirectoratebegananinvestigationintoMicrosoftandTimeWarneralargemediafirmonthegroundsthattheirproposedjointacquisitionofContentGuardasoftwarefirmwhoseproductsprotectdigitalmediafilesmightprovideMicrosoftwithunduemarketpoweroverdigitalmediastandards.ThecommissionwillrulebyJanuary2005.Microsoftitseemsinsecurityaselsewhereisgoingtohavetogetusedtobeingpunishedforitssuccess.ItsWindowsmonopolyletsitenjoyexcessiveprofits—buttheresultingmonoculturemakesitanobvioustargetforvirusesandregulatorsalike. ThatMicrosoft'sthreetasksarecollidingisreflectedinthefactthat
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