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That boys and girls—and men and women—are programmed by evolution to behave differently from one ano...
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April222010willbethe18thcelebrationoftheannualTake
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TogethelpInternetaddictstiredoftheirsquare-eyedkeyboardtappingwaysneedlooknofurtherthantheWebforcounseling.Thereisnowanonlinecounselingserviceatwww.relateorg.nzforInternetobsessives.Juste-mailthedetailsofyourInternet-inducedcrisisandhelpcomesdirecttoyourinbox.46Thenewbreedofcybertherapistsseenothingstrangeaboutofferinghelpthroughtheverymediumthatisswallowingtheirclients’freetimeandsplittingtheirmarriages. GettinghookedontheInternetisn’tconfinedtoafewcomputernerds.It’sontheriseeverywhere—andwomenarethemostlikelyaddicts.Theoldstereotypicaladdictwasayoungmanwhospenthoursplayinggamesdownloadingsoftwareorreadingmessagesonnewsgroups.47Yetthenewimageisofayoungwomanwhofrittersawayhourse-mailingfriendsbuyingbooksandCDsonlinetalkinginchatroomsandlookingforinformationfornextyear’sholiday. IngridParkeronceaslavetoInternetchatroomsfoundherexperiencessodevastatingthatshewroteabooktohelpotheraddictsbreakthehabit.48Hercomputerdreamturnedtonightmarewhenshesoldupandmovedtobewithhercyberpalwhohadjustlefthiswifeonlytobetoldaweeklaterthatthecoupleweregettingbacktogether.Theheart-breakingturnofeventsgaveherthemotivationtocontrolheraddiction—andwritethebookCaughtintheWeb. ForIngridParkeranyonewhoismarriedorinasoundrelationshipshouldnotreallybespendinghourstalkingtosomeoneelseandignoringtheirnearestanddearest.49WhileParkerprovidedherowntherapybyputtingherexperiencesdownonpapersherecommendsotherstakeuptheonlinecounselingofferorlogofffromtheWorldwideWebgradually. Shesaid"It’slikesmoking.It’snotagoodideatosuddenlygocoldturkey.PeopleoftenemailmeabouttheproblemandItellthemtograduallyweanthemselvesoffandnottoswitchtoaschemewhereyoupayperhourforonlinetime.50IftheybreaktheirresolutionalltheyendupwiththenisthesameoldproblemplusmoneydifficultiesforthelonghourstheyhavespentloggedintotheInternet." OfcoursetheInternetisdefinitelyaddictivebutifyoucankeepitincontrolithasadvantagestoo.Usingitcanbeasteeplearningcurvesoithelpsyoubecomeveryquickatlearning.AlsothereisahugedemandforpeopleinthefieldofInformationTechnologyITandhoursontheInternetaregreattraining. 49
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.17
FitatAnySize NikkiBlonskyisexactlytherolemodelmostparentsdreamoffortheirkids.She’shappyshe’ssuccessfulshe’sovercomeobstacles—nowonderheryoungfansadoreher.She’salsooverweight—bysomemeasuresveryoverweight—inaculturethatfetishizesthin. 41Blonskyissuchaluckydogbecauseshewouldn’thavebeenapopularfigureshehadbeenbornadecadeearlier. 42Happinessmightbethemostdifficultwordtodefinebutatleastpeopleareincreasinglyawareofthefactthatthebodyshapedoesnotdeterminehappiness. 43Nobodylikestobeover-weightedyetit’snotourrighttomakethedecision. 44Beforeyouletyourkidstoloseweightyoushouldmakesurewhattheyarelosingweightorhealth. 45Iyouonlyfeelhungrythenyoucanfreelyenjoythejoyofeatinganddrinking;howeverifyoubeartheword"weight"inyourmindyoucan’tdothat. Amidallthisback-and-forthhoweverthereisonepointthateveryoneagreeson:exercisedefinitelyimprovesachild’soverallsenseofwell-being.Cooperwhoinventedaerobicsagenerationagohasbeentestingthephysicalfitnessofschoolchildrenoverthepastdecadeandhasconsistentlyfoundthatactivekidsdobetteracademicallyhavefewerdisciplinaryissuesandmaintainbettermedicalhistories."Achilddoesn’tneedtobeastarathleteoratong-distancerunner"Coopersays."Eventakingthestairsinsteadofanelevatorhaspositiveeffects." [A]There’slittledoubtthatbeingobeseputsinactiveyoungstersatahigherriskforseveralhealthconditionsincludingType2diabeteshighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Butalmostnostudieshavebeendoneevaluatingtheprosandconsofkidsbeingfatyetactive.Plusreportsonadultsinsimilarsituationshaveconflicted.Sincethe1970sdoctorsatthenonprofitCooperInstituteinDallashavegathereddatafrommorethan100000patientswhohavebeenweighedmeasuredandmadetorunontreadmillswhiletheirvitalsignsaremonitored."We’velongconcludedthatpeoplewhoareoverweightandactivecanbehealthierthanthosewhoarethinbutsedentary"saysDr.KennethCoopertheinstitute’sdirector."There’snoreasontobelievethatconclusiondoesn’tapplytoourchildrentoo." [B]Behindthepushtogetkidsfitisthegrowingrecognitionthatinmanycasesthere’sjustnofightingthenaturalrhythmsorshapeofachild’sbody.Throughoutchildhoodandadolescencehormonesmaycauseweighttofluctuatedramatically.Plusnaturedetermineswhetherwe’reallgoingtobestockyabeanpoleorsomethinginbetweenbeforewe’reevenborn."Mostbodyweightsandtypesforchildrenandadultsaregeneticallydetermined"saysGlennGaesseraprofessorofexercisephysiologyattheUniversityofVirginia."Therearealotofkidswhoarejustnaturallyheavierthantheirpeersbutmaybeevenhealthier." [C]Difficultasitistohearthatyourchildisoverweightplacingachildonanenforceddietmaydomorelong-termharmthangood.Doctorshaveyettofindaweight-lossprogramthathasproveduniversallyeffectiveandsafeespeciallyforchildren.Moreoftendieterswillloseweightintheshortrunonlytoregainit.Researchsuggeststhattherepeatedlosing-regainingcyclecanleadtolossinbonedensityandleanmusclemassorgansandbonesjeopardizingoverallhealth.Infactatleast15majorstudieshaveshownhigherdeathratesforadultsafterrepeatedlosingregainingweightcycling. [D]Plus-sizecelebritieslikeBlonsky—orforthatmatterherHairsprayco-starsJohnTravoltaalbeitinalatexfatsuitandQueenLatifah—areincreasinglyspreadingthemessagethatslimisnotthelastwordinhappy.Fitmeanshappytoo;sodoesstayingactive;sodoeslovingyourbodynomatteritsshape.Thekeyistogetthatbodyhealthyandkeepitthatway.Thenumbersonthescale—pediatriciansnutritionistsandpsychologistsnowargue—shouldstarttocomesecondtophysicalfitnessasagaugeforhealth. [E]Asmanyas10millionwomenand1millionmenintheU.S.sufferfromaneatingdisorderaccordingtotheNationalEatingDisorderAssociationNEDA.Nearly90%ofthoseafflictedareundertheageof20andfemalesbetweentheagesof15and24are12timesaslikelytodiefromanorexiaasanyoneothercauseofdeath.A2005studypublishedinthejournalPediatricsdeterminedthatof10000teenssurveyedlessthanhalfofthemalesandaboutathirdofthefemaleswerehappywiththeirbodies."Parentsfaceacomplicatedsituation"TimBrownellanexpertfromNEDAsays."Theyhavetopromotehealthyweightbuttheyalsodon’twanttochangechildrenintodiet-crazedfanatics." [F]TherewasatimewhenthatalonewouldhavebeenenoughtokeepBlonskythe19-year-oldstarofthemovieHairsprayoutofthefanmagazinesandoffthepostersdecoratinggrade-schoolers’bedroomwalls.Butthattimemayatlastbeending.Thenationalobesityepidemicdidnothappeninavacuum.Itoccurredinanerainwhichfashionmodelshavegotthinnerandthinnerthetoleranceforevenalittleflabhasgrownlowerandlowerandtheratesofeatingdisorderslikeanorexiahaveclimbedhigherandhigher.Inthatenvironmentchildrenandadolescentstryingtodevelopahealthybodyimagehavealmostnochanceatall. 41
TogethelpInternetaddictstiredoftheirsquare-eyedkeyboardtappingwaysneedlooknofurtherthantheWebforcounseling.Thereisnowanonlinecounselingserviceatwww.relateorg.nzforInternetobsessives.Juste-mailthedetailsofyourInternet-inducedcrisisandhelpcomesdirecttoyourinbox.46Thenewbreedofcybertherapistsseenothingstrangeaboutofferinghelpthroughtheverymediumthatisswallowingtheirclients’freetimeandsplittingtheirmarriages. GettinghookedontheInternetisn’tconfinedtoafewcomputernerds.It’sontheriseeverywhere—andwomenarethemostlikelyaddicts.Theoldstereotypicaladdictwasayoungmanwhospenthoursplayinggamesdownloadingsoftwareorreadingmessagesonnewsgroups.47Yetthenewimageisofayoungwomanwhofrittersawayhourse-mailingfriendsbuyingbooksandCDsonlinetalkinginchatroomsandlookingforinformationfornextyear’sholiday. IngridParkeronceaslavetoInternetchatroomsfoundherexperiencessodevastatingthatshewroteabooktohelpotheraddictsbreakthehabit.48Hercomputerdreamturnedtonightmarewhenshesoldupandmovedtobewithhercyberpalwhohadjustlefthiswifeonlytobetoldaweeklaterthatthecoupleweregettingbacktogether.Theheart-breakingturnofeventsgaveherthemotivationtocontrolheraddiction—andwritethebookCaughtintheWeb. ForIngridParkeranyonewhoismarriedorinasoundrelationshipshouldnotreallybespendinghourstalkingtosomeoneelseandignoringtheirnearestanddearest.49WhileParkerprovidedherowntherapybyputtingherexperiencesdownonpapersherecommendsotherstakeuptheonlinecounselingofferorlogofffromtheWorldwideWebgradually. Shesaid"It’slikesmoking.It’snotagoodideatosuddenlygocoldturkey.PeopleoftenemailmeabouttheproblemandItellthemtograduallyweanthemselvesoffandnottoswitchtoaschemewhereyoupayperhourforonlinetime.50IftheybreaktheirresolutionalltheyendupwiththenisthesameoldproblemplusmoneydifficultiesforthelonghourstheyhavespentloggedintotheInternet." OfcoursetheInternetisdefinitelyaddictivebutifyoucankeepitincontrolithasadvantagestoo.Usingitcanbeasteeplearningcurvesoithelpsyoubecomeveryquickatlearning.AlsothereisahugedemandforpeopleinthefieldofInformationTechnologyITandhoursontheInternetaregreattraining. 47
Itseemedsopromising—mirrorssprawledacrossdesertlandinthescorchingsouthwestdeliveringcleanelectricityandhelpingAmericansoutoftheincreasingfuelcrisis.SomescientistsandindustrydevelopersclaimthatNevada’semptyandsun-drenchedexpansesalonecouldsupplyenoughelectricitytopowertheentirecountry.Noweventheoptimistsfearthiswonderfulprospectmaybeamirage.Congresscannotmakeuptheirmindtoextendthetax-reducingbillforsolar-energyprojectswhichsolaradvocatessayiscriticaltothefutureoftheirindustrybutwhichisduetoexpireattheendoftheyear.ThelatestattemptfailedintheSenateearlierthismonthprospectsforadealbeforeNovember’spresidentialandcongressionalelectionsnowlookdim.Uncertaintyhasledsomeinvestorstodelayorabandonprojectsinthepastfewmonths.RhoneReschthepresidentoftheSolarEnergyIndustriesAssociationsaidifthetax-reducingbillisallowedtoexpireattheendoftheyearitwillresultinthelossofbillionsofdollarsinnewinvestmentsinsolar.Furtherdampeninghopesforabigsolar-energyboomthefederalBureauofLandManagementBLMhasabruptlysuspendednewapplicationstoputsolarcollectorsonfederalland.Theagencysaysithasreceivedmorethan130applicationsandneedstoconductaregion-wideenvironmentalimpactstudyontheindustrybeforeitwillacceptanymore.Thestudywilltake22monthstocompletehowever.Fewargueagainsttryingtopreservepreciouswatersourcesandprotectdeserttortoisesandothercreaturesthatmightnotenjoycohabitingwithsprawlingfieldsofmirrors.Butmanysolaradvocateswonderwhythegovernmentisnotactingascautiouslywhenitcomestodrillingforoilandgas.SenatorMariaCantwellaDemocratfromWashingtonStatewantsacongressionalprobeintotheproposedsuspension.ThefactthattheBLMpopsthisoutwithoutpeopleevenknowingaboutitespeciallywhensolarthermallooksextremelypromisingasapowersourceisnotrightshesays.HarryReidofNevadawhoisthemajorityleaderintheSenatealsocondemnstheBLM’sfreezesayingthatitcouldslownewdevelopmenttoacrawl.TheBLMisnotwithoutitssupportershowever.AtapublicmeetingonJune23rdinGoldenColoradoAlexDaueoftheWildernessSocietysaidthathisorganizationsupportsrenewableenergydevelopmentaslongasitdoesn’tdamageotherimportantresources.Themessageisclear:norubberstampsevenforrenewableenergy.Whichofthefollowingtitlesisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit.ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends.ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout.It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatimehesaidWholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce.Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections.SmokersusedtobethecenterofthepartyDr.Fowlersaidbutnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealthhesaidButthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway.ThereisanessentialpublichealthmessagesaidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy.ObviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehaviorMr.Suzmansaid.Butasocialenvironmentheaddedcanjustoverpowerfreewill.Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaperariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth./ThewordenmasseLine4Paragraph3mostprobablymeans______.
Abiteofacookiecontainingpeanutscouldcausetheairwaytoconstrictfatally.Sharingatoywithanotherchildwhohadearliereatenapeanutbutterandjellysandwichcouldraiseacaseofhives.ApeanutbuttercupdroppedinaHalloweenbagcouldcontaminatetherestofthetreatsposinganunknownrisk.ThesearethescenariosthatmakeyourbonemarrowturncoldaccordingtoL.ValGiddingsvicepresidentforfoodandagricultureoftheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganization.BesidesrepresentingthepolicyinterestsoffoodbiotechcompaniesinWashingtonD.C.Giddingsisthefatherofafour-year-oldboywithaseverepeanutallergy.Peanutsareonlyoneofthemostallergenicfoods;estimatesofthenumberofpeoplewhoexperienceareactiontothebeanshoveraround2percentofthepopulation.Giddingssaysthatpeanutsareonlyoneofseveralfoodsthatbiotechnologistsarealteringgeneticallyinanattempttoeliminatetheproteinsthatdogreatharmtosomepeople’simmunesystems.Althoughsoyallergiesdonotusuallycauselife-threateningreactionsthescientistsarealsotargetingsoybeanswhichcanbefoundintwothirdsofallmanufacturedfoodmakingthesupermarketaminefieldforpeopleallergictosoy.Biotechnologistsarefocusingonwheattooandmightsoonexpandtheirresearchtotherestofthebigeightallergy-inducingfoods:treenutsmilkeggsshellfishandfish.LastSeptemberforexampleAnthonyJ.KinneyacropgeneticsresearcheratDuPontExperimentalStationinWilmingtonDel.andhiscolleaguesreportedusingatechniquecalledRNAinterferenceRNAitosilencethegenesthatencodep34aproteinresponsibleforcausing65percentofallsoybeanallergies.RNAiexploitsthemechanismthatcellsusetoprotectthemselvesagainstforeigngeneticmaterial;itcausesacelltodestroyRNAtranscribedfromagivengeneeffectivelyturningoffthegene.Whetherthepublicwillacceptfoodgeneticallymodifiedtobelow-allergenisstillunknown.CourtneyChabotDreyeraspokespersonforPioneerHi-BredInternationalasubsidiaryofDuPontsaysthatthecompanywillconductstudiestodeterminewhetherapromisingmarketexistsforlowallergensoybeforedevelopingtheseedsforsaletofarmers.SheestimatesthatPioneerHi-Bredissevenyearsawayfromcommercializingthealteredsoybeans.DougGurian-ShermanscientificdirectorofthebiotechnologyprojectattheCenterforScienceinthePublicInterest—agroupthathasadvocatedenhancedFoodandDrugAdministrationoversightforgeneticallymodifiedfoods—commentsthathisorganizationwouldnotopposelow-allergenfoodsiftheyprovetobesafe.Buthewondersaboutidentitypreservationatermusedinthefoodindustrytodescribethedeliberateseparationofgeneticallyengineeredandnonengineeredproducts.Abatchofnonengineeredpeanutsorsoybeansmightcontaminatemachineryreservedforlow-allergenversionshesuggestsreducingthebenefitofthegene-alteredfood.Suchissuesofidentitypreservationcouldmakelow-allergengeneticallymodifiedfoodstoocostlytoproduceChabotDreyeradmits.Butshesaysit’sstilltooearlytoseeifthat’strue./Whatcanbeinferredaboutgeneticallymodifiedfoodsfromthetext
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.7
SuddenlytheeconomicsofAmericansuburbanlifeareunderassaultasskyrocketingenergypricesinflatethecostsofreachingheatingandcoolinghomesonthedistantedgesofmetropolitanareas.JustoffSingingHillsRoadinoneofhundredsoftwo-storyhomesdottingaformercattleranchbeyondthesouthernfringesofDenverPhilBoyleandhisfamilyopenlywonderiftheywillhavetomoveclosetotowntogetsomerelief.TheystillrevelinthespaceandquietthathasdrawnasteadyexodusfromAmericancitiestowardplaceslikethisformorethanhalfacentury.Butlifeontheedgesofsuburbiaisbeginningtofeeluntenable.Mr.Boyleandhiswifemustdrivenearlyanhourtotheirjobsinthehigh-techcorridorofsouthernDenver.Withgasolineatmorethan$4agallonMr.Boylerecentlypaid$121tofillhispickuptruckwithdieselfuel.InMarchthelasttimehefilledhispropanetanktoheathisspacioushousehepaid$566morethantwicethepriceof5yearsago.ThoughMr.Boylefindscitylifeunappealingitisnowupforreconsideration.Livingcloserininasmallerspacewhereyoudon’thavethatcommutehesaidIt’sdefinitelysomethingwetalkabout.Beforeitwas’wespendtoomuchtimedriving.’Nowit’s’wespendtoomuchtimeandmoneydriving.’Acrossthenationtherealizationistakingholdthatrisingenergypricesarelessamomentaryblipthanachangewithlastingconsequences.Theshifttocostlierfuelisthreateningtoslowthedecades-oldmigrationawayfromcitieswhileexacerbatingthe’housingdownturnbydiminishingtheappealoflargerhomessetfarfromurbanjobs.InAtlantaPhiladelphiaSanFranciscoandMinneapolishomesbeyondtheurbancorehavebeenfallinginvaluefasterthanthosewithinaccordingtoananalysisbyMoody’sEconomy.com.InDenverhousingpricesintheurbancorerosesteadilyfrom2003untillatelastyearcomparedwithpreviousyearsbeforedippingnearly5percentinthelastthreemonthsoflastyearaccordingtoEconomy.com.Buthousepricesinthesuburbsbeganfallingearlierinthemiddleof2006andthenaccelerateddroppingby7percentduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyearfromayearearlier.ManyfactorshavepropelledtheunravelingofAmericanrealestatefromthemortgagecrisistoastaggeringexcessofhomeconstruction.Buteconomistsandrealestateagentsaregrowingconvincedthattherisingcostofenergyisnowaprimaryfactorpushinghomepricesdowninthesuburbs.Morethanthree-fourthsofprospectivehomebuyersarenowmoreinclinedtoliveinanurbanareabecauseoffuelpricesaccordingtoarecentsurveyof903realestateagentswithColdwellBankerthenationalbrokeragefirm.Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.13
SupposeyouweretakengoodcareofbyMr.SmithwhenyouvisitedBeijingwherehelived.Writealetterinabout100wordstoextendyourappreciation.DonotsignyourownnameusingLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.19
Itseemedsopromising—mirrorssprawledacrossdesertlandinthescorchingsouthwestdeliveringcleanelectricityandhelpingAmericansoutoftheincreasingfuelcrisis.SomescientistsandindustrydevelopersclaimthatNevada’semptyandsun-drenchedexpansesalonecouldsupplyenoughelectricitytopowertheentirecountry.Noweventheoptimistsfearthiswonderfulprospectmaybeamirage.Congresscannotmakeuptheirmindtoextendthetax-reducingbillforsolar-energyprojectswhichsolaradvocatessayiscriticaltothefutureoftheirindustrybutwhichisduetoexpireattheendoftheyear.ThelatestattemptfailedintheSenateearlierthismonthprospectsforadealbeforeNovember’spresidentialandcongressionalelectionsnowlookdim.Uncertaintyhasledsomeinvestorstodelayorabandonprojectsinthepastfewmonths.RhoneReschthepresidentoftheSolarEnergyIndustriesAssociationsaidifthetax-reducingbillisallowedtoexpireattheendoftheyearitwillresultinthelossofbillionsofdollarsinnewinvestmentsinsolar.Furtherdampeninghopesforabigsolar-energyboomthefederalBureauofLandManagementBLMhasabruptlysuspendednewapplicationstoputsolarcollectorsonfederalland.Theagencysaysithasreceivedmorethan130applicationsandneedstoconductaregion-wideenvironmentalimpactstudyontheindustrybeforeitwillacceptanymore.Thestudywilltake22monthstocompletehowever.Fewargueagainsttryingtopreservepreciouswatersourcesandprotectdeserttortoisesandothercreaturesthatmightnotenjoycohabitingwithsprawlingfieldsofmirrors.Butmanysolaradvocateswonderwhythegovernmentisnotactingascautiouslywhenitcomestodrillingforoilandgas.SenatorMariaCantwellaDemocratfromWashingtonStatewantsacongressionalprobeintotheproposedsuspension.ThefactthattheBLMpopsthisoutwithoutpeopleevenknowingaboutitespeciallywhensolarthermallooksextremelypromisingasapowersourceisnotrightshesays.HarryReidofNevadawhoisthemajorityleaderintheSenatealsocondemnstheBLM’sfreezesayingthatitcouldslownewdevelopmenttoacrawl.TheBLMisnotwithoutitssupportershowever.AtapublicmeetingonJune23rdinGoldenColoradoAlexDaueoftheWildernessSocietysaidthathisorganizationsupportsrenewableenergydevelopmentaslongasitdoesn’tdamageotherimportantresources.Themessageisclear:norubberstampsevenforrenewableenergy.AccordingtoSenatorMariaCantwell______.
SuddenlytheeconomicsofAmericansuburbanlifeareunderassaultasskyrocketingenergypricesinflatethecostsofreachingheatingandcoolinghomesonthedistantedgesofmetropolitanareas.JustoffSingingHillsRoadinoneofhundredsoftwo-storyhomesdottingaformercattleranchbeyondthesouthernfringesofDenverPhilBoyleandhisfamilyopenlywonderiftheywillhavetomoveclosetotowntogetsomerelief.TheystillrevelinthespaceandquietthathasdrawnasteadyexodusfromAmericancitiestowardplaceslikethisformorethanhalfacentury.Butlifeontheedgesofsuburbiaisbeginningtofeeluntenable.Mr.Boyleandhiswifemustdrivenearlyanhourtotheirjobsinthehigh-techcorridorofsouthernDenver.Withgasolineatmorethan$4agallonMr.Boylerecentlypaid$121tofillhispickuptruckwithdieselfuel.InMarchthelasttimehefilledhispropanetanktoheathisspacioushousehepaid$566morethantwicethepriceof5yearsago.ThoughMr.Boylefindscitylifeunappealingitisnowupforreconsideration.Livingcloserininasmallerspacewhereyoudon’thavethatcommutehesaidIt’sdefinitelysomethingwetalkabout.Beforeitwas’wespendtoomuchtimedriving.’Nowit’s’wespendtoomuchtimeandmoneydriving.’Acrossthenationtherealizationistakingholdthatrisingenergypricesarelessamomentaryblipthanachangewithlastingconsequences.Theshifttocostlierfuelisthreateningtoslowthedecades-oldmigrationawayfromcitieswhileexacerbatingthe’housingdownturnbydiminishingtheappealoflargerhomessetfarfromurbanjobs.InAtlantaPhiladelphiaSanFranciscoandMinneapolishomesbeyondtheurbancorehavebeenfallinginvaluefasterthanthosewithinaccordingtoananalysisbyMoody’sEconomy.com.InDenverhousingpricesintheurbancorerosesteadilyfrom2003untillatelastyearcomparedwithpreviousyearsbeforedippingnearly5percentinthelastthreemonthsoflastyearaccordingtoEconomy.com.Buthousepricesinthesuburbsbeganfallingearlierinthemiddleof2006andthenaccelerateddroppingby7percentduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyearfromayearearlier.ManyfactorshavepropelledtheunravelingofAmericanrealestatefromthemortgagecrisistoastaggeringexcessofhomeconstruction.Buteconomistsandrealestateagentsaregrowingconvincedthattherisingcostofenergyisnowaprimaryfactorpushinghomepricesdowninthesuburbs.Morethanthree-fourthsofprospectivehomebuyersarenowmoreinclinedtoliveinanurbanareabecauseoffuelpricesaccordingtoarecentsurveyof903realestateagentswithColdwellBankerthenationalbrokeragefirm.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphswecanlearnthat______.
SuddenlytheeconomicsofAmericansuburbanlifeareunderassaultasskyrocketingenergypricesinflatethecostsofreachingheatingandcoolinghomesonthedistantedgesofmetropolitanareas.JustoffSingingHillsRoadinoneofhundredsoftwo-storyhomesdottingaformercattleranchbeyondthesouthernfringesofDenverPhilBoyleandhisfamilyopenlywonderiftheywillhavetomoveclosetotowntogetsomerelief.TheystillrevelinthespaceandquietthathasdrawnasteadyexodusfromAmericancitiestowardplaceslikethisformorethanhalfacentury.Butlifeontheedgesofsuburbiaisbeginningtofeeluntenable.Mr.Boyleandhiswifemustdrivenearlyanhourtotheirjobsinthehigh-techcorridorofsouthernDenver.Withgasolineatmorethan$4agallonMr.Boylerecentlypaid$121tofillhispickuptruckwithdieselfuel.InMarchthelasttimehefilledhispropanetanktoheathisspacioushousehepaid$566morethantwicethepriceof5yearsago.ThoughMr.Boylefindscitylifeunappealingitisnowupforreconsideration.Livingcloserininasmallerspacewhereyoudon’thavethatcommutehesaidIt’sdefinitelysomethingwetalkabout.Beforeitwas’wespendtoomuchtimedriving.’Nowit’s’wespendtoomuchtimeandmoneydriving.’Acrossthenationtherealizationistakingholdthatrisingenergypricesarelessamomentaryblipthanachangewithlastingconsequences.Theshifttocostlierfuelisthreateningtoslowthedecades-oldmigrationawayfromcitieswhileexacerbatingthe’housingdownturnbydiminishingtheappealoflargerhomessetfarfromurbanjobs.InAtlantaPhiladelphiaSanFranciscoandMinneapolishomesbeyondtheurbancorehavebeenfallinginvaluefasterthanthosewithinaccordingtoananalysisbyMoody’sEconomy.com.InDenverhousingpricesintheurbancorerosesteadilyfrom2003untillatelastyearcomparedwithpreviousyearsbeforedippingnearly5percentinthelastthreemonthsoflastyearaccordingtoEconomy.com.Buthousepricesinthesuburbsbeganfallingearlierinthemiddleof2006andthenaccelerateddroppingby7percentduringthelastthreemonthsoftheyearfromayearearlier.ManyfactorshavepropelledtheunravelingofAmericanrealestatefromthemortgagecrisistoastaggeringexcessofhomeconstruction.Buteconomistsandrealestateagentsaregrowingconvincedthattherisingcostofenergyisnowaprimaryfactorpushinghomepricesdowninthesuburbs.Morethanthree-fourthsofprospectivehomebuyersarenowmoreinclinedtoliveinanurbanareabecauseoffuelpricesaccordingtoarecentsurveyof903realestateagentswithColdwellBankerthenationalbrokeragefirm.Whatcanweinferfromthefourthparagraph
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.1
FitatAnySize NikkiBlonskyisexactlytherolemodelmostparentsdreamoffortheirkids.She’shappyshe’ssuccessfulshe’sovercomeobstacles—nowonderheryoungfansadoreher.She’salsooverweight—bysomemeasuresveryoverweight—inaculturethatfetishizesthin. 41Blonskyissuchaluckydogbecauseshewouldn’thavebeenapopularfigureshehadbeenbornadecadeearlier. 42Happinessmightbethemostdifficultwordtodefinebutatleastpeopleareincreasinglyawareofthefactthatthebodyshapedoesnotdeterminehappiness. 43Nobodylikestobeover-weightedyetit’snotourrighttomakethedecision. 44Beforeyouletyourkidstoloseweightyoushouldmakesurewhattheyarelosingweightorhealth. 45Iyouonlyfeelhungrythenyoucanfreelyenjoythejoyofeatinganddrinking;howeverifyoubeartheword"weight"inyourmindyoucan’tdothat. Amidallthisback-and-forthhoweverthereisonepointthateveryoneagreeson:exercisedefinitelyimprovesachild’soverallsenseofwell-being.Cooperwhoinventedaerobicsagenerationagohasbeentestingthephysicalfitnessofschoolchildrenoverthepastdecadeandhasconsistentlyfoundthatactivekidsdobetteracademicallyhavefewerdisciplinaryissuesandmaintainbettermedicalhistories."Achilddoesn’tneedtobeastarathleteoratong-distancerunner"Coopersays."Eventakingthestairsinsteadofanelevatorhaspositiveeffects." [A]There’slittledoubtthatbeingobeseputsinactiveyoungstersatahigherriskforseveralhealthconditionsincludingType2diabeteshighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Butalmostnostudieshavebeendoneevaluatingtheprosandconsofkidsbeingfatyetactive.Plusreportsonadultsinsimilarsituationshaveconflicted.Sincethe1970sdoctorsatthenonprofitCooperInstituteinDallashavegathereddatafrommorethan100000patientswhohavebeenweighedmeasuredandmadetorunontreadmillswhiletheirvitalsignsaremonitored."We’velongconcludedthatpeoplewhoareoverweightandactivecanbehealthierthanthosewhoarethinbutsedentary"saysDr.KennethCoopertheinstitute’sdirector."There’snoreasontobelievethatconclusiondoesn’tapplytoourchildrentoo." [B]Behindthepushtogetkidsfitisthegrowingrecognitionthatinmanycasesthere’sjustnofightingthenaturalrhythmsorshapeofachild’sbody.Throughoutchildhoodandadolescencehormonesmaycauseweighttofluctuatedramatically.Plusnaturedetermineswhetherwe’reallgoingtobestockyabeanpoleorsomethinginbetweenbeforewe’reevenborn."Mostbodyweightsandtypesforchildrenandadultsaregeneticallydetermined"saysGlennGaesseraprofessorofexercisephysiologyattheUniversityofVirginia."Therearealotofkidswhoarejustnaturallyheavierthantheirpeersbutmaybeevenhealthier." [C]Difficultasitistohearthatyourchildisoverweightplacingachildonanenforceddietmaydomorelong-termharmthangood.Doctorshaveyettofindaweight-lossprogramthathasproveduniversallyeffectiveandsafeespeciallyforchildren.Moreoftendieterswillloseweightintheshortrunonlytoregainit.Researchsuggeststhattherepeatedlosing-regainingcyclecanleadtolossinbonedensityandleanmusclemassorgansandbonesjeopardizingoverallhealth.Infactatleast15majorstudieshaveshownhigherdeathratesforadultsafterrepeatedlosingregainingweightcycling. [D]Plus-sizecelebritieslikeBlonsky—orforthatmatterherHairsprayco-starsJohnTravoltaalbeitinalatexfatsuitandQueenLatifah—areincreasinglyspreadingthemessagethatslimisnotthelastwordinhappy.Fitmeanshappytoo;sodoesstayingactive;sodoeslovingyourbodynomatteritsshape.Thekeyistogetthatbodyhealthyandkeepitthatway.Thenumbersonthescale—pediatriciansnutritionistsandpsychologistsnowargue—shouldstarttocomesecondtophysicalfitnessasagaugeforhealth. [E]Asmanyas10millionwomenand1millionmenintheU.S.sufferfromaneatingdisorderaccordingtotheNationalEatingDisorderAssociationNEDA.Nearly90%ofthoseafflictedareundertheageof20andfemalesbetweentheagesof15and24are12timesaslikelytodiefromanorexiaasanyoneothercauseofdeath.A2005studypublishedinthejournalPediatricsdeterminedthatof10000teenssurveyedlessthanhalfofthemalesandaboutathirdofthefemaleswerehappywiththeirbodies."Parentsfaceacomplicatedsituation"TimBrownellanexpertfromNEDAsays."Theyhavetopromotehealthyweightbuttheyalsodon’twanttochangechildrenintodiet-crazedfanatics." [F]TherewasatimewhenthatalonewouldhavebeenenoughtokeepBlonskythe19-year-oldstarofthemovieHairsprayoutofthefanmagazinesandoffthepostersdecoratinggrade-schoolers’bedroomwalls.Butthattimemayatlastbeending.Thenationalobesityepidemicdidnothappeninavacuum.Itoccurredinanerainwhichfashionmodelshavegotthinnerandthinnerthetoleranceforevenalittleflabhasgrownlowerandlowerandtheratesofeatingdisorderslikeanorexiahaveclimbedhigherandhigher.Inthatenvironmentchildrenandadolescentstryingtodevelopahealthybodyimagehavealmostnochanceatall. 45
GeneralWesleyClarkrecentlydiscoveredaholeinhispersonalsecurity—hiscellphone.AresourcefulbloggerhopingtocallattentiontotheblackmarketinphonerecordsmadehisprivacyrightsexperimentonthegeneralinJanuary.For$89.95hepurchasednoquestionsaskedtherecordsof100cell-phonecallsthatClarkhadmade.HerevealedthetricktoClarksoonafter.It’slikesomeonetakingyourwalletorknowingwhopaidyoumoneyClarksays.It’snogreatdiscoverybutitjustdoesn’tfeelright.SincethenClarkhasbecomeavocalsupporterofthemovementtooutlawthesaleofcell-phonerecordstothirdparties.TheU.S.’sembraceofmobilephones—about65%ofthepopulationaresubscribers—hasfaroutpacedeffortstokeepwhatwedowiththemprivate.Thathasclearedthewayforacottageindustrydevotedtoexploitingphonenumberscallingrecordsandeventhelocationsofunsuspectingsubscribersforprofit.Asecondbusinesssegmentisdevelopingapplicationslikeanonymoustrafficmonitoringandemployeetracking.Mostmobilephonesarepowerfultrackingdeviceswithglobal-positioningsystemsGPSinside.CompanieslikeXoracombineGPSdatawithinformationaboutuserstocreatepracticalapplications.Onesimilartechnologyallowsrental-carcompaniestotracktheircarswithGPS.Californiaimposedrestrictionsonthepracticelastyearafteracompanyfinedacustomer$3000forcrossingintoNevadaviolatingtherentalcontract.Otherapplicationshavenotyetbeenchallenged.Forabout$26amonthperemployeeabosscansetupageofencetotrackhowworkersusecompany-issuedcellphonesoreveniftheygohomeearly.About1000employersusetheservicedevelopedbyXorawithSprint-Nextel.Thecompaniessellingthoseservicesinsistthattheycareaboutprivacy.AirSageforexamplegetsdatafromwirelesscarrierstomonitordrivers’cell-phonesignalsandmapthemoverroadgrids.Thatletsitseeexactlywheregridlockisformingandquicklyalertdriverstodelaysandalternativeroutes.Thedataitgetsfromwirelesscarriercompaniesareaggregatedfrommanyusersandscrambledsonoonecantrackanindividualphone.NoofficialcanusethedatatogivesomeoneaspeedingticketsaysCySmithCEOofAirSage.Privacyadvocatessaythatevenwiththosesafeguardsconsumersshouldhaveachoiceabouthowtheirinformationisused.Someresponsibilityofcourserestswiththeindividual.SincehisdatawererevealedClarktookhismobilenumberoffhisbusinesscards.Wirelesscarriersalsorecommendthatcustomersavoidgivingouttheirmobilenumbersonline.ButClarkinsiststhatthelawshouldchangetoprotectourprivacynomatterhowmuchtechnologyallowsustoconnect.Onethingwevalueinthiscountryhesaysisthefreedomtobeleftalone./AccordingtoParagraph2mobilephonesareinsecurebecause______.
Abiteofacookiecontainingpeanutscouldcausetheairwaytoconstrictfatally.Sharingatoywithanotherchildwhohadearliereatenapeanutbutterandjellysandwichcouldraiseacaseofhives.ApeanutbuttercupdroppedinaHalloweenbagcouldcontaminatetherestofthetreatsposinganunknownrisk.ThesearethescenariosthatmakeyourbonemarrowturncoldaccordingtoL.ValGiddingsvicepresidentforfoodandagricultureoftheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganization.BesidesrepresentingthepolicyinterestsoffoodbiotechcompaniesinWashingtonD.C.Giddingsisthefatherofafour-year-oldboywithaseverepeanutallergy.Peanutsareonlyoneofthemostallergenicfoods;estimatesofthenumberofpeoplewhoexperienceareactiontothebeanshoveraround2percentofthepopulation.Giddingssaysthatpeanutsareonlyoneofseveralfoodsthatbiotechnologistsarealteringgeneticallyinanattempttoeliminatetheproteinsthatdogreatharmtosomepeople’simmunesystems.Althoughsoyallergiesdonotusuallycauselife-threateningreactionsthescientistsarealsotargetingsoybeanswhichcanbefoundintwothirdsofallmanufacturedfoodmakingthesupermarketaminefieldforpeopleallergictosoy.Biotechnologistsarefocusingonwheattooandmightsoonexpandtheirresearchtotherestofthebigeightallergy-inducingfoods:treenutsmilkeggsshellfishandfish.LastSeptemberforexampleAnthonyJ.KinneyacropgeneticsresearcheratDuPontExperimentalStationinWilmingtonDel.andhiscolleaguesreportedusingatechniquecalledRNAinterferenceRNAitosilencethegenesthatencodep34aproteinresponsibleforcausing65percentofallsoybeanallergies.RNAiexploitsthemechanismthatcellsusetoprotectthemselvesagainstforeigngeneticmaterial;itcausesacelltodestroyRNAtranscribedfromagivengeneeffectivelyturningoffthegene.Whetherthepublicwillacceptfoodgeneticallymodifiedtobelow-allergenisstillunknown.CourtneyChabotDreyeraspokespersonforPioneerHi-BredInternationalasubsidiaryofDuPontsaysthatthecompanywillconductstudiestodeterminewhetherapromisingmarketexistsforlowallergensoybeforedevelopingtheseedsforsaletofarmers.SheestimatesthatPioneerHi-Bredissevenyearsawayfromcommercializingthealteredsoybeans.DougGurian-ShermanscientificdirectorofthebiotechnologyprojectattheCenterforScienceinthePublicInterest—agroupthathasadvocatedenhancedFoodandDrugAdministrationoversightforgeneticallymodifiedfoods—commentsthathisorganizationwouldnotopposelow-allergenfoodsiftheyprovetobesafe.Buthewondersaboutidentitypreservationatermusedinthefoodindustrytodescribethedeliberateseparationofgeneticallyengineeredandnonengineeredproducts.Abatchofnonengineeredpeanutsorsoybeansmightcontaminatemachineryreservedforlow-allergenversionshesuggestsreducingthebenefitofthegene-alteredfood.Suchissuesofidentitypreservationcouldmakelow-allergengeneticallymodifiedfoodstoocostlytoproduceChabotDreyeradmits.Butshesaysit’sstilltooearlytoseeifthat’strue./FromthetextwecanknowthatRNAi______.
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.15
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.5
Itseemedsopromising—mirrorssprawledacrossdesertlandinthescorchingsouthwestdeliveringcleanelectricityandhelpingAmericansoutoftheincreasingfuelcrisis.SomescientistsandindustrydevelopersclaimthatNevada’semptyandsun-drenchedexpansesalonecouldsupplyenoughelectricitytopowertheentirecountry.Noweventheoptimistsfearthiswonderfulprospectmaybeamirage.Congresscannotmakeuptheirmindtoextendthetax-reducingbillforsolar-energyprojectswhichsolaradvocatessayiscriticaltothefutureoftheirindustrybutwhichisduetoexpireattheendoftheyear.ThelatestattemptfailedintheSenateearlierthismonthprospectsforadealbeforeNovember’spresidentialandcongressionalelectionsnowlookdim.Uncertaintyhasledsomeinvestorstodelayorabandonprojectsinthepastfewmonths.RhoneReschthepresidentoftheSolarEnergyIndustriesAssociationsaidifthetax-reducingbillisallowedtoexpireattheendoftheyearitwillresultinthelossofbillionsofdollarsinnewinvestmentsinsolar.Furtherdampeninghopesforabigsolar-energyboomthefederalBureauofLandManagementBLMhasabruptlysuspendednewapplicationstoputsolarcollectorsonfederalland.Theagencysaysithasreceivedmorethan130applicationsandneedstoconductaregion-wideenvironmentalimpactstudyontheindustrybeforeitwillacceptanymore.Thestudywilltake22monthstocompletehowever.Fewargueagainsttryingtopreservepreciouswatersourcesandprotectdeserttortoisesandothercreaturesthatmightnotenjoycohabitingwithsprawlingfieldsofmirrors.Butmanysolaradvocateswonderwhythegovernmentisnotactingascautiouslywhenitcomestodrillingforoilandgas.SenatorMariaCantwellaDemocratfromWashingtonStatewantsacongressionalprobeintotheproposedsuspension.ThefactthattheBLMpopsthisoutwithoutpeopleevenknowingaboutitespeciallywhensolarthermallooksextremelypromisingasapowersourceisnotrightshesays.HarryReidofNevadawhoisthemajorityleaderintheSenatealsocondemnstheBLM’sfreezesayingthatitcouldslownewdevelopmenttoacrawl.TheBLMisnotwithoutitssupportershowever.AtapublicmeetingonJune23rdinGoldenColoradoAlexDaueoftheWildernessSocietysaidthathisorganizationsupportsrenewableenergydevelopmentaslongasitdoesn’tdamageotherimportantresources.Themessageisclear:norubberstampsevenforrenewableenergy.mirrorssprawledacrossdesertlandismentionedto______.
WhiletheripplesofAmerica’ssubprime-mortgagecrisishavespreadfarandwideLatinAmerica—aplacelongassociatedwithfinancialdisaster—hasremainedimprobablycalm.Bankshavereportednounpleasantsurprises.BrazilandPeruhavebeenblessedwithcovetedinvestment-graderatings.SurprisinglyperhapsthefleetestcountryofallhasbeenArgentina.Sinceitemergedfromthefinancialcrisisof2001-02ithasbeenoneoftheworld’sfastest-growingeconomies.Itisexpectedtoexpandfasterthanmostofitsneighborsagainthisyear.Quitesimplyitbarelyhasanycredit.Backwhenitseconomyvirtuallycollapsedthecountrysufferedarunonitsbanksfollowedbyafreezeonwithdrawalsandamassivecurrencydevaluation.Asaresultbanklendingtotheprivatesectorshrivelledfrom23.8%ofGDPin2000to10.8%in2003.Sincethenithasreboundedtoapiddling13%;bycontrasttheratioinBrazilwas36.5%in2006.AlmostalloftheseloansinArgentinaareaccessibleonlyonashort-termbasis.OnceitsrecoverybeganinJune2002Argentinabecameaparadiseforbusiness.Unemploymentofover20%keptwagesdownandthedevaluationgaveexportersanedgeonforeigncompetitors.Theampleproductivecapacityleftidlebythecrisismeantfirmscouldexpandwithoutmakingbiginvestments.Andthewindfallprofitsreapedbyagriculturalexportersthankstorecordcommoditiespricesenabledmanyofthemtofinancenewprojectsoutofearnings.Hencetheeconomycouldgrowatalmost9%ayearwithlittleneedforcredit.Butsuchaluckyconfluenceoffactorscouldnotlast.Startinginearly2005.inflationpickedupasignthattheinstalledcapacitywasstartingtolimitoutput.Salariesandpricesforrawmaterialsincreasedsharplycuttingintoprofits.Andfarmerswereparticularlyhardhitwhenthegovernmentnearlydoubledthetaxesinfarmexports.Nowjustascompaniesneedtoembarkonbiginvestmentsiftheyaretokeepgrowingtheirmarginsarenolongerbigenoughtopayfortheexpansionandtheyneedtoborrow.Sothetimeisripeforthecountry’sfinancialsystemtorecover.Butanumberofthingsareintheway.ForemostisArgentina’sbusinessrisk.Thoseintheinformaleconomywhichrepresentsover40%ofGDPcanneithersavenorborrowlegallylesttheybecomeknowntothetaxmen.Therestremaincowedbymemoriesofthecrisis.AlthoughArgentineshavepouredtheirsavingsintopropertyfuellingaconstructionboomtheystillholdaboutfour-fifthsoftheirdepositsabroad.Inflationfuelledbyapublic-spendingbingestate-mandatedwageincreasesandacheapcurrencyisnothelpingeither.Nooneknowshowhighitis.Theconsumer-priceindexisdoctoredtokeeptheofficialratebelow10%butprivateestimatessuggestitisnear25%.Withoutareliableindexofinflationlendingisalmostimpossibleevenforthemediumterm.Andthecentralbankhaskeptinterestratesstronglynegativeinrealtermsencouragingworkerstospendtheirwagesratherthantosave.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat______.
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.11
WhiletheripplesofAmerica’ssubprime-mortgagecrisishavespreadfarandwideLatinAmerica—aplacelongassociatedwithfinancialdisaster—hasremainedimprobablycalm.Bankshavereportednounpleasantsurprises.BrazilandPeruhavebeenblessedwithcovetedinvestment-graderatings.SurprisinglyperhapsthefleetestcountryofallhasbeenArgentina.Sinceitemergedfromthefinancialcrisisof2001-02ithasbeenoneoftheworld’sfastest-growingeconomies.Itisexpectedtoexpandfasterthanmostofitsneighborsagainthisyear.Quitesimplyitbarelyhasanycredit.Backwhenitseconomyvirtuallycollapsedthecountrysufferedarunonitsbanksfollowedbyafreezeonwithdrawalsandamassivecurrencydevaluation.Asaresultbanklendingtotheprivatesectorshrivelledfrom23.8%ofGDPin2000to10.8%in2003.Sincethenithasreboundedtoapiddling13%;bycontrasttheratioinBrazilwas36.5%in2006.AlmostalloftheseloansinArgentinaareaccessibleonlyonashort-termbasis.OnceitsrecoverybeganinJune2002Argentinabecameaparadiseforbusiness.Unemploymentofover20%keptwagesdownandthedevaluationgaveexportersanedgeonforeigncompetitors.Theampleproductivecapacityleftidlebythecrisismeantfirmscouldexpandwithoutmakingbiginvestments.Andthewindfallprofitsreapedbyagriculturalexportersthankstorecordcommoditiespricesenabledmanyofthemtofinancenewprojectsoutofearnings.Hencetheeconomycouldgrowatalmost9%ayearwithlittleneedforcredit.Butsuchaluckyconfluenceoffactorscouldnotlast.Startinginearly2005.inflationpickedupasignthattheinstalledcapacitywasstartingtolimitoutput.Salariesandpricesforrawmaterialsincreasedsharplycuttingintoprofits.Andfarmerswereparticularlyhardhitwhenthegovernmentnearlydoubledthetaxesinfarmexports.Nowjustascompaniesneedtoembarkonbiginvestmentsiftheyaretokeepgrowingtheirmarginsarenolongerbigenoughtopayfortheexpansionandtheyneedtoborrow.Sothetimeisripeforthecountry’sfinancialsystemtorecover.Butanumberofthingsareintheway.ForemostisArgentina’sbusinessrisk.Thoseintheinformaleconomywhichrepresentsover40%ofGDPcanneithersavenorborrowlegallylesttheybecomeknowntothetaxmen.Therestremaincowedbymemoriesofthecrisis.AlthoughArgentineshavepouredtheirsavingsintopropertyfuellingaconstructionboomtheystillholdaboutfour-fifthsoftheirdepositsabroad.Inflationfuelledbyapublic-spendingbingestate-mandatedwageincreasesandacheapcurrencyisnothelpingeither.Nooneknowshowhighitis.Theconsumer-priceindexisdoctoredtokeeptheofficialratebelow10%butprivateestimatessuggestitisnear25%.Withoutareliableindexofinflationlendingisalmostimpossibleevenforthemediumterm.Andthecentralbankhaskeptinterestratesstronglynegativeinrealtermsencouragingworkerstospendtheirwagesratherthantosave.AccordingtotheauthorArgentina’sfinancialrecoveryhasbeenblockedbecause______.
GeneralWesleyClarkrecentlydiscoveredaholeinhispersonalsecurity—hiscellphone.AresourcefulbloggerhopingtocallattentiontotheblackmarketinphonerecordsmadehisprivacyrightsexperimentonthegeneralinJanuary.For$89.95hepurchasednoquestionsaskedtherecordsof100cell-phonecallsthatClarkhadmade.HerevealedthetricktoClarksoonafter.It’slikesomeonetakingyourwalletorknowingwhopaidyoumoneyClarksays.It’snogreatdiscoverybutitjustdoesn’tfeelright.SincethenClarkhasbecomeavocalsupporterofthemovementtooutlawthesaleofcell-phonerecordstothirdparties.TheU.S.’sembraceofmobilephones—about65%ofthepopulationaresubscribers—hasfaroutpacedeffortstokeepwhatwedowiththemprivate.Thathasclearedthewayforacottageindustrydevotedtoexploitingphonenumberscallingrecordsandeventhelocationsofunsuspectingsubscribersforprofit.Asecondbusinesssegmentisdevelopingapplicationslikeanonymoustrafficmonitoringandemployeetracking.Mostmobilephonesarepowerfultrackingdeviceswithglobal-positioningsystemsGPSinside.CompanieslikeXoracombineGPSdatawithinformationaboutuserstocreatepracticalapplications.Onesimilartechnologyallowsrental-carcompaniestotracktheircarswithGPS.Californiaimposedrestrictionsonthepracticelastyearafteracompanyfinedacustomer$3000forcrossingintoNevadaviolatingtherentalcontract.Otherapplicationshavenotyetbeenchallenged.Forabout$26amonthperemployeeabosscansetupageofencetotrackhowworkersusecompany-issuedcellphonesoreveniftheygohomeearly.About1000employersusetheservicedevelopedbyXorawithSprint-Nextel.Thecompaniessellingthoseservicesinsistthattheycareaboutprivacy.AirSageforexamplegetsdatafromwirelesscarrierstomonitordrivers’cell-phonesignalsandmapthemoverroadgrids.Thatletsitseeexactlywheregridlockisformingandquicklyalertdriverstodelaysandalternativeroutes.Thedataitgetsfromwirelesscarriercompaniesareaggregatedfrommanyusersandscrambledsonoonecantrackanindividualphone.NoofficialcanusethedatatogivesomeoneaspeedingticketsaysCySmithCEOofAirSage.Privacyadvocatessaythatevenwiththosesafeguardsconsumersshouldhaveachoiceabouthowtheirinformationisused.Someresponsibilityofcourserestswiththeindividual.SincehisdatawererevealedClarktookhismobilenumberoffhisbusinesscards.Wirelesscarriersalsorecommendthatcustomersavoidgivingouttheirmobilenumbersonline.ButClarkinsiststhatthelawshouldchangetoprotectourprivacynomatterhowmuchtechnologyallowsustoconnect.Onethingwevalueinthiscountryhesaysisthefreedomtobeleftalone./AccordingtothetextwhatdoesthesentenceSomeresponsibilityofcourserestswiththeindividualmean
FitatAnySize NikkiBlonskyisexactlytherolemodelmostparentsdreamoffortheirkids.She’shappyshe’ssuccessfulshe’sovercomeobstacles—nowonderheryoungfansadoreher.She’salsooverweight—bysomemeasuresveryoverweight—inaculturethatfetishizesthin. 41Blonskyissuchaluckydogbecauseshewouldn’thavebeenapopularfigureshehadbeenbornadecadeearlier. 42Happinessmightbethemostdifficultwordtodefinebutatleastpeopleareincreasinglyawareofthefactthatthebodyshapedoesnotdeterminehappiness. 43Nobodylikestobeover-weightedyetit’snotourrighttomakethedecision. 44Beforeyouletyourkidstoloseweightyoushouldmakesurewhattheyarelosingweightorhealth. 45Iyouonlyfeelhungrythenyoucanfreelyenjoythejoyofeatinganddrinking;howeverifyoubeartheword"weight"inyourmindyoucan’tdothat. Amidallthisback-and-forthhoweverthereisonepointthateveryoneagreeson:exercisedefinitelyimprovesachild’soverallsenseofwell-being.Cooperwhoinventedaerobicsagenerationagohasbeentestingthephysicalfitnessofschoolchildrenoverthepastdecadeandhasconsistentlyfoundthatactivekidsdobetteracademicallyhavefewerdisciplinaryissuesandmaintainbettermedicalhistories."Achilddoesn’tneedtobeastarathleteoratong-distancerunner"Coopersays."Eventakingthestairsinsteadofanelevatorhaspositiveeffects." [A]There’slittledoubtthatbeingobeseputsinactiveyoungstersatahigherriskforseveralhealthconditionsincludingType2diabeteshighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Butalmostnostudieshavebeendoneevaluatingtheprosandconsofkidsbeingfatyetactive.Plusreportsonadultsinsimilarsituationshaveconflicted.Sincethe1970sdoctorsatthenonprofitCooperInstituteinDallashavegathereddatafrommorethan100000patientswhohavebeenweighedmeasuredandmadetorunontreadmillswhiletheirvitalsignsaremonitored."We’velongconcludedthatpeoplewhoareoverweightandactivecanbehealthierthanthosewhoarethinbutsedentary"saysDr.KennethCoopertheinstitute’sdirector."There’snoreasontobelievethatconclusiondoesn’tapplytoourchildrentoo." [B]Behindthepushtogetkidsfitisthegrowingrecognitionthatinmanycasesthere’sjustnofightingthenaturalrhythmsorshapeofachild’sbody.Throughoutchildhoodandadolescencehormonesmaycauseweighttofluctuatedramatically.Plusnaturedetermineswhetherwe’reallgoingtobestockyabeanpoleorsomethinginbetweenbeforewe’reevenborn."Mostbodyweightsandtypesforchildrenandadultsaregeneticallydetermined"saysGlennGaesseraprofessorofexercisephysiologyattheUniversityofVirginia."Therearealotofkidswhoarejustnaturallyheavierthantheirpeersbutmaybeevenhealthier." [C]Difficultasitistohearthatyourchildisoverweightplacingachildonanenforceddietmaydomorelong-termharmthangood.Doctorshaveyettofindaweight-lossprogramthathasproveduniversallyeffectiveandsafeespeciallyforchildren.Moreoftendieterswillloseweightintheshortrunonlytoregainit.Researchsuggeststhattherepeatedlosing-regainingcyclecanleadtolossinbonedensityandleanmusclemassorgansandbonesjeopardizingoverallhealth.Infactatleast15majorstudieshaveshownhigherdeathratesforadultsafterrepeatedlosingregainingweightcycling. [D]Plus-sizecelebritieslikeBlonsky—orforthatmatterherHairsprayco-starsJohnTravoltaalbeitinalatexfatsuitandQueenLatifah—areincreasinglyspreadingthemessagethatslimisnotthelastwordinhappy.Fitmeanshappytoo;sodoesstayingactive;sodoeslovingyourbodynomatteritsshape.Thekeyistogetthatbodyhealthyandkeepitthatway.Thenumbersonthescale—pediatriciansnutritionistsandpsychologistsnowargue—shouldstarttocomesecondtophysicalfitnessasagaugeforhealth. [E]Asmanyas10millionwomenand1millionmenintheU.S.sufferfromaneatingdisorderaccordingtotheNationalEatingDisorderAssociationNEDA.Nearly90%ofthoseafflictedareundertheageof20andfemalesbetweentheagesof15and24are12timesaslikelytodiefromanorexiaasanyoneothercauseofdeath.A2005studypublishedinthejournalPediatricsdeterminedthatof10000teenssurveyedlessthanhalfofthemalesandaboutathirdofthefemaleswerehappywiththeirbodies."Parentsfaceacomplicatedsituation"TimBrownellanexpertfromNEDAsays."Theyhavetopromotehealthyweightbuttheyalsodon’twanttochangechildrenintodiet-crazedfanatics." [F]TherewasatimewhenthatalonewouldhavebeenenoughtokeepBlonskythe19-year-oldstarofthemovieHairsprayoutofthefanmagazinesandoffthepostersdecoratinggrade-schoolers’bedroomwalls.Butthattimemayatlastbeending.Thenationalobesityepidemicdidnothappeninavacuum.Itoccurredinanerainwhichfashionmodelshavegotthinnerandthinnerthetoleranceforevenalittleflabhasgrownlowerandlowerandtheratesofeatingdisorderslikeanorexiahaveclimbedhigherandhigher.Inthatenvironmentchildrenandadolescentstryingtodevelopahealthybodyimagehavealmostnochanceatall. 43
WhiletheripplesofAmerica’ssubprime-mortgagecrisishavespreadfarandwideLatinAmerica—aplacelongassociatedwithfinancialdisaster—hasremainedimprobablycalm.Bankshavereportednounpleasantsurprises.BrazilandPeruhavebeenblessedwithcovetedinvestment-graderatings.SurprisinglyperhapsthefleetestcountryofallhasbeenArgentina.Sinceitemergedfromthefinancialcrisisof2001-02ithasbeenoneoftheworld’sfastest-growingeconomies.Itisexpectedtoexpandfasterthanmostofitsneighborsagainthisyear.Quitesimplyitbarelyhasanycredit.Backwhenitseconomyvirtuallycollapsedthecountrysufferedarunonitsbanksfollowedbyafreezeonwithdrawalsandamassivecurrencydevaluation.Asaresultbanklendingtotheprivatesectorshrivelledfrom23.8%ofGDPin2000to10.8%in2003.Sincethenithasreboundedtoapiddling13%;bycontrasttheratioinBrazilwas36.5%in2006.AlmostalloftheseloansinArgentinaareaccessibleonlyonashort-termbasis.OnceitsrecoverybeganinJune2002Argentinabecameaparadiseforbusiness.Unemploymentofover20%keptwagesdownandthedevaluationgaveexportersanedgeonforeigncompetitors.Theampleproductivecapacityleftidlebythecrisismeantfirmscouldexpandwithoutmakingbiginvestments.Andthewindfallprofitsreapedbyagriculturalexportersthankstorecordcommoditiespricesenabledmanyofthemtofinancenewprojectsoutofearnings.Hencetheeconomycouldgrowatalmost9%ayearwithlittleneedforcredit.Butsuchaluckyconfluenceoffactorscouldnotlast.Startinginearly2005.inflationpickedupasignthattheinstalledcapacitywasstartingtolimitoutput.Salariesandpricesforrawmaterialsincreasedsharplycuttingintoprofits.Andfarmerswereparticularlyhardhitwhenthegovernmentnearlydoubledthetaxesinfarmexports.Nowjustascompaniesneedtoembarkonbiginvestmentsiftheyaretokeepgrowingtheirmarginsarenolongerbigenoughtopayfortheexpansionandtheyneedtoborrow.Sothetimeisripeforthecountry’sfinancialsystemtorecover.Butanumberofthingsareintheway.ForemostisArgentina’sbusinessrisk.Thoseintheinformaleconomywhichrepresentsover40%ofGDPcanneithersavenorborrowlegallylesttheybecomeknowntothetaxmen.Therestremaincowedbymemoriesofthecrisis.AlthoughArgentineshavepouredtheirsavingsintopropertyfuellingaconstructionboomtheystillholdaboutfour-fifthsoftheirdepositsabroad.Inflationfuelledbyapublic-spendingbingestate-mandatedwageincreasesandacheapcurrencyisnothelpingeither.Nooneknowshowhighitis.Theconsumer-priceindexisdoctoredtokeeptheofficialratebelow10%butprivateestimatessuggestitisnear25%.Withoutareliableindexofinflationlendingisalmostimpossibleevenforthemediumterm.Andthecentralbankhaskeptinterestratesstronglynegativeinrealtermsencouragingworkerstospendtheirwagesratherthantosave.whatisthemainideaofthetext
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.3
AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcenturyitbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastagriculturalhinterland.Marketdays1thecrowdedcityevenmorecrowdedasfarmersfromwithina2of24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheepvegetablesciderandotherproductsfordirectsaletothe3.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuously4throughouttheperioduntil17365it6fromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreet.ThenextyeartheCallowHillMarketbegan7. Alongwithmarketdaysthe8oftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia9aftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.The10providedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfrom11placestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown12werepopularitems. Auctionswereanotherpopular13oftrade.Becauseofthecompetitionretail14opposedtheseaswellasthefairs.15governmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessfultheordinary16ofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants’sideasincreasingbusinessspecializationbecamethe17oftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterpartsandspecialtyshopsbegantoappear18generalstoressellingavarietyofgoods. OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia’smerchantsprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness19inthecapitalcityoftheprovince20tonotonlythegovernorandhiscirclebutcitizensfromalloverthecolony. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.9
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