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No blueprint exists for transforming an economy from one with a great deal of government control ...
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不是肿瘤组织特有的正常细胞和其他组织上也存在的抗原是
TSA
TAA
TSTA
TRA
TNF
当轻雾使天空部分或完全不明时观测记录和编报参照雾执行如10/10=Actra
脂肪产热的指标是
腋温（T
肛温（TR）
TA-R
TRA
口温
代表肿瘤排斥抗原的是
TAA
TSA
TSTA
LAA
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输血相关的急性肺损伤TRA-LI
代表肿瘤特异抗原的是
TSTA
TAA
TSA
LAA
TRA
硬盘是计算机主要的外存储器其速度直接影响计算机整体的性能目前硬盘的数据接口比较多下面传送速度最快的是
U1tra2 SCSI
E-IDE
U1tra ATA/66
U1tra ATA/100
SY230C6B发动机型号是
AA-6BG1TRP
CC-6BG1TRA01
CC-6BG1TRA02
CC-6BG1TRP
简述BSC中如下硬件的功能作用TRHTRASRSC7
Theblueprintistothebuilder_____theoutlineistothewr
what
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as
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代表肿瘤特异性移植抗原的是
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TSA
TSTA
LAA
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代表白血病相关性膜抗原的是
TAA
TSA
TSTA
LAA
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怎样区别Cs云与Astra云
BSC中用于语音信息的代码转换的单元是
TRAU
TRA
TRX
TRI
代表肿瘤特异性抗原的是
TAA
TSA
TSTA
LAA
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代表肿瘤相关抗原的是
TAA
TSA
TSTA
LAA
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呼叫等待的英文缩写是.
CW
TRA
10G
脂肪产热的指标是
腋温(TA)
肛温(TR)
TA-R
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口温
不能够直接演变成Actra的有.
As tra
Cs
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Insperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivateshouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.However.ifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesex.itisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthat.ifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal. InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.Totestthishypothesis.BrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed. OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions. Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. Thebesttitlewhichdescribesthecontentofthetextasawholewouldbe
TheNewhouseshelterinKansasCityhashelpedthousandsofabusedwomenandtheirchildrenoverthepast37years.Butlastmonththewomenwereforcedtomoveoutandthestaffstartedlookingfornewjobs.Thereasonwassimple.Whiletheneedwastherethemoneywasnot.DwindlingcharitablecontributionstiedtoabroadU.S.economicslowdownmeanfewerresourcesandhardchoicesforcharitiesacrossthecountry. "Peopleareholdingtighttotheirmoney"saidNewhousePresidentLeslieCaplanwhoestimatedcharitablecontributionsweredown＄200000thisyearcomparedtolastyear.Thatcombinedwithcutsingovernmentgrantshasseverelysqueezedthecenter’s＄1.3millionbudget. AsAmericansstrugglingwithrisingunemploymentandhomeforeclosuresturntocharitiesforhelpcharitiesthemselvesarerunningintofinancialdifficultiesasdonationsdwindle.Theyarebeingforcedtoincreasetheiroutreachholdmorefund-raisingeventsandseekoutnewdonorstomakeendsmeet."Thepeoplewhousedtogiveussmallamounts$10or$15thatisgoingaway.Thepeoplewhohavealotofmoneystillareabletogivebuttheyaremoreselectiveintheirgiving"McIntyresaid."It’sgettingbadoutthere." PhilanthropicGivingIndexwhichmeasuresprospectsforcharitabledonationshasdroppedto83onascaleof100from88inDecember2007itslowestpointsince2003.Rev.CecilWilliamsnoticedthatdonationstoGlideMemorialUnitedMethodistChurchinSanFranciscobeganfallingoffearlierthisyearforcinghimtocutmealschildcareandhealthcaretothepoorbyupto15percent.Meanwhilethelinesforhelpgrowlonger. MelissaPerezofLaHabraCaliforniahostedaBrazilianstudentlastyearundertheauspicesoftheCenterforCulturalInterchangeaChicago-basednonprofitthatarrangesforfamiliestohouseandfeedforeignstudents."Everything’shard.We’reverymuchpinched"saidPerezwhocannotaffordtodoitagainthisyearbecauseherfamily’smanufacturingbusinessisintrouble.SuchexperiencesmeantheCenterforCulturalInterchangehasnotbeenabletofindenoughvolunteers. "Businessisnotasgoodandtheyfeelthepressureandthatleadstoadeclineingiving"saidBridgesboardmemberInayatMalik."Howmuchpeoplegivedependson’howsecuretheyfeel"Bermansaid."Ithinkwe’llseeanimpactonpersonalgivingthisfallandwinterwhichiswhenmostcharitableorganizationsdependongenerosity. Paragraph5isconcernedaboutthelackof
Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofthegiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsand"humanrelations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotaverthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue-collarandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement. The.workerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajobtheyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionofinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings. Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentonthenaretestedagainandagainbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsoeiabititycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellowcompetitorereatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness. AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucratically-man-agedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandeonsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities—thoseofallloveandofreason-aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 19
Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’srainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.AnareathesizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31millionhectares--morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestructionhasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexamplethat137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydayduetologging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleyshavebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthehabitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened.Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheapproductsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrictorcontrolit. MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowardsmakingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociationCanadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.IfthesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscouldbepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeensuggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalledhemp. Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsofyears.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextilesfoodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmanycountriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailingships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetworkwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusuallymadefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthecultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp.Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromlandusinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthelarge-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’sforests. Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmanycountriesoftheworld.Thisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfuelandtextilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanaisproduced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabegantogatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyoftheplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producinghempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempinlargequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywouldsoonfindhimselfinprison--despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproducedfromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientinthedrug. Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalizationhavebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabisshouldbelegal--boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant--andthattheuseofthedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnotdangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoarenotcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthatmarijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovementisconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantstomakeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulpproduction.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canadalegalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundredsoffarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaperproducedfromthisnewsource. Canadianforestswillnotfacedestructionif
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Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 3
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor.50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut.
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit. Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories. Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. Vanquisisdifferentfromregularcardsinthat
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 17
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor.50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut.
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 13
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 7
Insperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivateshouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.However.ifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesex.itisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthat.ifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal. InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.Totestthishypothesis.BrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed. OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions. Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. Theauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingconclusions
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 9
TheNewhouseshelterinKansasCityhashelpedthousandsofabusedwomenandtheirchildrenoverthepast37years.Butlastmonththewomenwereforcedtomoveoutandthestaffstartedlookingfornewjobs.Thereasonwassimple.Whiletheneedwastherethemoneywasnot.DwindlingcharitablecontributionstiedtoabroadU.S.economicslowdownmeanfewerresourcesandhardchoicesforcharitiesacrossthecountry. "Peopleareholdingtighttotheirmoney"saidNewhousePresidentLeslieCaplanwhoestimatedcharitablecontributionsweredown＄200000thisyearcomparedtolastyear.Thatcombinedwithcutsingovernmentgrantshasseverelysqueezedthecenter’s＄1.3millionbudget. AsAmericansstrugglingwithrisingunemploymentandhomeforeclosuresturntocharitiesforhelpcharitiesthemselvesarerunningintofinancialdifficultiesasdonationsdwindle.Theyarebeingforcedtoincreasetheiroutreachholdmorefund-raisingeventsandseekoutnewdonorstomakeendsmeet."Thepeoplewhousedtogiveussmallamounts$10or$15thatisgoingaway.Thepeoplewhohavealotofmoneystillareabletogivebuttheyaremoreselectiveintheirgiving"McIntyresaid."It’sgettingbadoutthere." PhilanthropicGivingIndexwhichmeasuresprospectsforcharitabledonationshasdroppedto83onascaleof100from88inDecember2007itslowestpointsince2003.Rev.CecilWilliamsnoticedthatdonationstoGlideMemorialUnitedMethodistChurchinSanFranciscobeganfallingoffearlierthisyearforcinghimtocutmealschildcareandhealthcaretothepoorbyupto15percent.Meanwhilethelinesforhelpgrowlonger. MelissaPerezofLaHabraCaliforniahostedaBrazilianstudentlastyearundertheauspicesoftheCenterforCulturalInterchangeaChicago-basednonprofitthatarrangesforfamiliestohouseandfeedforeignstudents."Everything’shard.We’reverymuchpinched"saidPerezwhocannotaffordtodoitagainthisyearbecauseherfamily’smanufacturingbusinessisintrouble.SuchexperiencesmeantheCenterforCulturalInterchangehasnotbeenabletofindenoughvolunteers. "Businessisnotasgoodandtheyfeelthepressureandthatleadstoadeclineingiving"saidBridgesboardmemberInayatMalik."Howmuchpeoplegivedependson’howsecuretheyfeel"Bermansaid."Ithinkwe’llseeanimpactonpersonalgivingthisfallandwinterwhichiswhenmostcharitableorganizationsdependongenerosity. Theworddwindlemostprobablymeans
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 5
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 11
TheBushadministrationisabouttoproposefar-reachingnewrulesthatwouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateraccesstotensofthousandsofcourtroomsswimmingpoolsgolfcoursesstadiumstheatershotelsandretailstores.TheproposalwouldsubstantiallyupdateandrewritefederalstandardsforenforcementoftheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActalandmarkcivilrightslawpassedwithstrongbipartisansupportin1990.Thenewruleswouldsetmorestringentrequirementsinmanyareasandaddresssomeissuesforthefirsttimeinanefforttomeettheneedsofanagingpopulationandgrowingnumbersofdisabledwarveterans. Morethansevenmillionbusinessesandallstateandlocalgovernmentagencieswouldbeaffected.Theproposalincludessomeexemptionsforpartsofexistingbuildingsbutanynewconstructionorrenovationswouldhavetocomply.Thenewstandardswouldaffecteverythingfromthelocationoflightswitchestotheheightofretailservicecounterstotheuseofmonkeysas"serviceanimals"forpeoplewithdisabilitieswhichwouldbeforbidden’. TheWhiteHouseapprovedtheproposalinMayafterafive-monthreview.ItisscheduledtobepublishedintheFederalRegisteronTuesdaywith60daysforpubliccomment.Afterconsideringthosecommentsthegovernmentwouldissuefinalruleswiththeforceoflaw.Alreadytheproposalisstirringconcern.TheUnitedStatesChamberofCommercesaysitwouldbeonerousandcostlywhileadvocatesfordisabledAmericanssayitdoesnotgofarenough. SincethedisabilitylawwassignedbythefirstPresidentBushadvancesintechnologyhavemadeservicesmoreavailabletopeoplewithdisabilities.ButJusticeDepartmentofficialssaidtheywerestillreceivinglargenumbersofcomplaints.InrecentmonthsthefederalgovernmenthassettledlawsuitssecuringmoreseatsfordisabledfansatMadisonSquareGardeninNewYorkandatthenation’slargestcollegefootballstadiumattheUniversityofMichigan. TheJusticeDepartmentacknowledgedthatsomeofthechangeswouldhavesignificantcosts.Butoverallitsaidthevalueofthepublicbenefitsestimatedat$54billionexceedstheexpectedcostsof$23billion.InaneconomicanalysisoftheproposedrulestheJusticeDepartmentsaidtheneedforanaccessibleenvironmentwasgreaterthaneverbecausetheIraqwarwas"creatinganewgenerationofyoungmenandwomenwithdisabilities".JohnL.WodatchchiefofthedisabilityrightssectionoftheJusticeDepartmentsaid"Disabilityisinherentinthehumancondition.Thevastmajorityofindividualswhoarefortunateenoughtoreachanadvancedagewillbenefitfromtheproposedrequirements./ Thecurrentpubliccommentsontheproposalare
TheNewhouseshelterinKansasCityhashelpedthousandsofabusedwomenandtheirchildrenoverthepast37years.Butlastmonththewomenwereforcedtomoveoutandthestaffstartedlookingfornewjobs.Thereasonwassimple.Whiletheneedwastherethemoneywasnot.DwindlingcharitablecontributionstiedtoabroadU.S.economicslowdownmeanfewerresourcesandhardchoicesforcharitiesacrossthecountry. "Peopleareholdingtighttotheirmoney"saidNewhousePresidentLeslieCaplanwhoestimatedcharitablecontributionsweredown＄200000thisyearcomparedtolastyear.Thatcombinedwithcutsingovernmentgrantshasseverelysqueezedthecenter’s＄1.3millionbudget. AsAmericansstrugglingwithrisingunemploymentandhomeforeclosuresturntocharitiesforhelpcharitiesthemselvesarerunningintofinancialdifficultiesasdonationsdwindle.Theyarebeingforcedtoincreasetheiroutreachholdmorefund-raisingeventsandseekoutnewdonorstomakeendsmeet."Thepeoplewhousedtogiveussmallamounts$10or$15thatisgoingaway.Thepeoplewhohavealotofmoneystillareabletogivebuttheyaremoreselectiveintheirgiving"McIntyresaid."It’sgettingbadoutthere." PhilanthropicGivingIndexwhichmeasuresprospectsforcharitabledonationshasdroppedto83onascaleof100from88inDecember2007itslowestpointsince2003.Rev.CecilWilliamsnoticedthatdonationstoGlideMemorialUnitedMethodistChurchinSanFranciscobeganfallingoffearlierthisyearforcinghimtocutmealschildcareandhealthcaretothepoorbyupto15percent.Meanwhilethelinesforhelpgrowlonger. MelissaPerezofLaHabraCaliforniahostedaBrazilianstudentlastyearundertheauspicesoftheCenterforCulturalInterchangeaChicago-basednonprofitthatarrangesforfamiliestohouseandfeedforeignstudents."Everything’shard.We’reverymuchpinched"saidPerezwhocannotaffordtodoitagainthisyearbecauseherfamily’smanufacturingbusinessisintrouble.SuchexperiencesmeantheCenterforCulturalInterchangehasnotbeenabletofindenoughvolunteers. "Businessisnotasgoodandtheyfeelthepressureandthatleadstoadeclineingiving"saidBridgesboardmemberInayatMalik."Howmuchpeoplegivedependson’howsecuretheyfeel"Bermansaid."Ithinkwe’llseeanimpactonpersonalgivingthisfallandwinterwhichiswhenmostcharitableorganizationsdependongenerosity. Wecaninferfromparagraph1thatthepassagewillfocuson
FitatAnySizeNikkiBlonskyisexactlytherolemodelmostparentsdreamoffortheirkids.She’shappyshe’ssuccessfulshe’sovercomeobstacles—nowonderheryoungfansadoreher.She’salsooverweight—bysomemeasuresveryoverweight—inaculturethatfetishizesthin.41Blonskyissuchaluckydogbecauseshewouldn’thavebeenapopularfigureshehadbeenbornadecadeearlier.42Happinessmightbethemostdifficultwordtodefinebutatleastpeopleareincreasinglyawareofthefactthatthebodyshapedoesnotdeterminehappiness.43Nobodylikestobeover-weightedyetit’snotourrighttomakethedecision.44Beforeyouletyourkidstoloseweightyoushouldmakesurewhattheyarelosingweightorhealth.45Iyouonlyfeelhungrythenyoucanfreelyenjoythejoyofeatinganddrinking;howeverifyoubearthewordweightinyourmindyoucan’tdothat.Amidallthisback-and-forthhoweverthereisonepointthateveryoneagreeson:exercisedefinitelyimprovesachild’soverallsenseofwell-being.Cooperwhoinventedaerobicsagenerationagohasbeentestingthephysicalfitnessofschoolchildrenoverthepastdecadeandhasconsistentlyfoundthatactivekidsdobetteracademicallyhavefewerdisciplinaryissuesandmaintainbettermedicalhistories.Achilddoesn’tneedtobeastarathleteoratong-distancerunnerCoopersays.Eventakingthestairsinsteadofanelevatorhaspositiveeffects.[A]There’slittledoubtthatbeingobeseputsinactiveyoungstersatahigherriskforseveralhealthconditionsincludingType2diabeteshighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Butalmostnostudieshavebeendoneevaluatingtheprosandconsofkidsbeingfatyetactive.Plusreportsonadultsinsimilarsituationshaveconflicted.Sincethe1970sdoctorsatthenonprofitCooperInstituteinDallashavegathereddatafrommorethan100000patientswhohavebeenweighedmeasuredandmadetorunontreadmillswhiletheirvitalsignsaremonitored.We’velongconcludedthatpeoplewhoareoverweightandactivecanbehealthierthanthosewhoarethinbutsedentarysaysDr.KennethCoopertheinstitute’sdirector.There’snoreasontobelievethatconclusiondoesn’tapplytoourchildrentoo.[B]Behindthepushtogetkidsfitisthegrowingrecognitionthatinmanycasesthere’sjustnofightingthenaturalrhythmsorshapeofachild’sbody.Throughoutchildhoodandadolescencehormonesmaycauseweighttofluctuatedramatically.Plusnaturedetermineswhetherwe’reallgoingtobestockyabeanpoleorsomethinginbetweenbeforewe’reevenborn.MostbodyweightsandtypesforchildrenandadultsaregeneticallydeterminedsaysGlennGaesseraprofessorofexercisephysiologyattheUniversityofVirginia.Therearealotofkidswhoarejustnaturallyheavierthantheirpeersbutmaybeevenhealthier.[C]Difficultasitistohearthatyourchildisoverweightplacingachildonanenforceddietmaydomorelong-termharmthangood.Doctorshaveyettofindaweight-lossprogramthathasproveduniversallyeffectiveandsafeespeciallyforchildren.Moreoftendieterswillloseweightintheshortrunonlytoregainit.Researchsuggeststhattherepeatedlosing-regainingcyclecanleadtolossinbonedensityandleanmusclemassorgansandbonesjeopardizingoverallhealth.Infactatleast15majorstudieshaveshownhigherdeathratesforadultsafterrepeatedlosingregainingweightcycling.[D]Plus-sizecelebritieslikeBlonsky—orforthatmatterherHairsprayco-starsJohnTravoltaalbeitinalatexfatsuitandQueenLatifah—areincreasinglyspreadingthemessagethatslimisnotthelastwordinhappy.Fitmeanshappytoo;sodoesstayingactive;sodoeslovingyourbodynomatteritsshape.Thekeyistogetthatbodyhealthyandkeepitthatway.Thenumbersonthescale—pediatriciansnutritionistsandpsychologistsnowargue—shouldstarttocomesecondtophysicalfitnessasagaugeforhealth.[E]Asmanyas10millionwomenand1millionmenintheU.S.sufferfromaneatingdisorderaccordingtotheNationalEatingDisorderAssociationNEDA.Nearly90%ofthoseafflictedareundertheageof20andfemalesbetweentheagesof15and24are12timesaslikelytodiefromanorexiaasanyoneothercauseofdeath.A2005studypublishedinthejournalPediatricsdeterminedthatof10000teenssurveyedlessthanhalfofthemalesandaboutathirdofthefemaleswerehappywiththeirbodies.ParentsfaceacomplicatedsituationTimBrownellanexpertfromNEDAsays.Theyhavetopromotehealthyweightbuttheyalsodon’twanttochangechildrenintodiet-crazedfanatics.[F]TherewasatimewhenthatalonewouldhavebeenenoughtokeepBlonskythe19-year-oldstarofthemovieHairsprayoutofthefanmagazinesandoffthepostersdecoratinggrade-schoolers’bedroomwalls.Butthattimemayatlastbeending.Thenationalobesityepidemicdidnothappeninavacuum.Itoccurredinanerainwhichfashionmodelshavegotthinnerandthinnerthetoleranceforevenalittleflabhasgrownlowerandlowerandtheratesofeatingdisorderslikeanorexiahaveclimbedhigherandhigher.Inthatenvironmentchildrenandadolescentstryingtodevelopahealthybodyimagehavealmostnochanceatall.
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 1
Insperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivateshouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.However.ifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesex.itisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthat.ifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployeesotherthingsbeingequal. InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.Totestthishypothesis.BrownselectedalargesampleofWhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlabor-forceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed. OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions. Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersarediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector. Thetextmentionsallofthefollowingasdifficultiesthatself-employedwomenmayencounterEXCEPT
Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofthegiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsand"humanrelations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotaverthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue-collarandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement. The.workerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajobtheyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionofinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings. Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentonthenaretestedagainandagainbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsoeiabititycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellowcompetitorereatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness. AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucratically-man-agedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandeonsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities—thoseofallloveandofreason-aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection—whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample—have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 15
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersof"homecredit"—smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto￡200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%. Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards. Creditcardsfor"sub-prime"borrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole. Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes. Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit. Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories. Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswell.Thatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier. Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasawaytoreducerisksofcreditcardindustry
FitatAnySizeNikkiBlonskyisexactlytherolemodelmostparentsdreamoffortheirkids.She’shappyshe’ssuccessfulshe’sovercomeobstacles—nowonderheryoungfansadoreher.She’salsooverweight—bysomemeasuresveryoverweight—inaculturethatfetishizesthin.41Blonskyissuchaluckydogbecauseshewouldn’thavebeenapopularfigureshehadbeenbornadecadeearlier.42Happinessmightbethemostdifficultwordtodefinebutatleastpeopleareincreasinglyawareofthefactthatthebodyshapedoesnotdeterminehappiness.43Nobodylikestobeover-weightedyetit’snotourrighttomakethedecision.44Beforeyouletyourkidstoloseweightyoushouldmakesurewhattheyarelosingweightorhealth.45Iyouonlyfeelhungrythenyoucanfreelyenjoythejoyofeatinganddrinking;howeverifyoubearthewordweightinyourmindyoucan’tdothat.Amidallthisback-and-forthhoweverthereisonepointthateveryoneagreeson:exercisedefinitelyimprovesachild’soverallsenseofwell-being.Cooperwhoinventedaerobicsagenerationagohasbeentestingthephysicalfitnessofschoolchildrenoverthepastdecadeandhasconsistentlyfoundthatactivekidsdobetteracademicallyhavefewerdisciplinaryissuesandmaintainbettermedicalhistories.Achilddoesn’tneedtobeastarathleteoratong-distancerunnerCoopersays.Eventakingthestairsinsteadofanelevatorhaspositiveeffects.[A]There’slittledoubtthatbeingobeseputsinactiveyoungstersatahigherriskforseveralhealthconditionsincludingType2diabeteshighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Butalmostnostudieshavebeendoneevaluatingtheprosandconsofkidsbeingfatyetactive.Plusreportsonadultsinsimilarsituationshaveconflicted.Sincethe1970sdoctorsatthenonprofitCooperInstituteinDallashavegathereddatafrommorethan100000patientswhohavebeenweighedmeasuredandmadetorunontreadmillswhiletheirvitalsignsaremonitored.We’velongconcludedthatpeoplewhoareoverweightandactivecanbehealthierthanthosewhoarethinbutsedentarysaysDr.KennethCoopertheinstitute’sdirector.There’snoreasontobelievethatconclusiondoesn’tapplytoourchildrentoo.[B]Behindthepushtogetkidsfitisthegrowingrecognitionthatinmanycasesthere’sjustnofightingthenaturalrhythmsorshapeofachild’sbody.Throughoutchildhoodandadolescencehormonesmaycauseweighttofluctuatedramatically.Plusnaturedetermineswhetherwe’reallgoingtobestockyabeanpoleorsomethinginbetweenbeforewe’reevenborn.MostbodyweightsandtypesforchildrenandadultsaregeneticallydeterminedsaysGlennGaesseraprofessorofexercisephysiologyattheUniversityofVirginia.Therearealotofkidswhoarejustnaturallyheavierthantheirpeersbutmaybeevenhealthier.[C]Difficultasitistohearthatyourchildisoverweightplacingachildonanenforceddietmaydomorelong-termharmthangood.Doctorshaveyettofindaweight-lossprogramthathasproveduniversallyeffectiveandsafeespeciallyforchildren.Moreoftendieterswillloseweightintheshortrunonlytoregainit.Researchsuggeststhattherepeatedlosing-regainingcyclecanleadtolossinbonedensityandleanmusclemassorgansandbonesjeopardizingoverallhealth.Infactatleast15majorstudieshaveshownhigherdeathratesforadultsafterrepeatedlosingregainingweightcycling.[D]Plus-sizecelebritieslikeBlonsky—orforthatmatterherHairsprayco-starsJohnTravoltaalbeitinalatexfatsuitandQueenLatifah—areincreasinglyspreadingthemessagethatslimisnotthelastwordinhappy.Fitmeanshappytoo;sodoesstayingactive;sodoeslovingyourbodynomatteritsshape.Thekeyistogetthatbodyhealthyandkeepitthatway.Thenumbersonthescale—pediatriciansnutritionistsandpsychologistsnowargue—shouldstarttocomesecondtophysicalfitnessasagaugeforhealth.[E]Asmanyas10millionwomenand1millionmenintheU.S.sufferfromaneatingdisorderaccordingtotheNationalEatingDisorderAssociationNEDA.Nearly90%ofthoseafflictedareundertheageof20andfemalesbetweentheagesof15and24are12timesaslikelytodiefromanorexiaasanyoneothercauseofdeath.A2005studypublishedinthejournalPediatricsdeterminedthatof10000teenssurveyedlessthanhalfofthemalesandaboutathirdofthefemaleswerehappywiththeirbodies.ParentsfaceacomplicatedsituationTimBrownellanexpertfromNEDAsays.Theyhavetopromotehealthyweightbuttheyalsodon’twanttochangechildrenintodiet-crazedfanatics.[F]TherewasatimewhenthatalonewouldhavebeenenoughtokeepBlonskythe19-year-oldstarofthemovieHairsprayoutofthefanmagazinesandoffthepostersdecoratinggrade-schoolers’bedroomwalls.Butthattimemayatlastbeending.Thenationalobesityepidemicdidnothappeninavacuum.Itoccurredinanerainwhichfashionmodelshavegotthinnerandthinnerthetoleranceforevenalittleflabhasgrownlowerandlowerandtheratesofeatingdisorderslikeanorexiahaveclimbedhigherandhigher.Inthatenvironmentchildrenandadolescentstryingtodevelopahealthybodyimagehavealmostnochanceatall.
FitatAnySizeNikkiBlonskyisexactlytherolemodelmostparentsdreamoffortheirkids.She’shappyshe’ssuccessfulshe’sovercomeobstacles—nowonderheryoungfansadoreher.She’salsooverweight—bysomemeasuresveryoverweight—inaculturethatfetishizesthin.41Blonskyissuchaluckydogbecauseshewouldn’thavebeenapopularfigureshehadbeenbornadecadeearlier.42Happinessmightbethemostdifficultwordtodefinebutatleastpeopleareincreasinglyawareofthefactthatthebodyshapedoesnotdeterminehappiness.43Nobodylikestobeover-weightedyetit’snotourrighttomakethedecision.44Beforeyouletyourkidstoloseweightyoushouldmakesurewhattheyarelosingweightorhealth.45Iyouonlyfeelhungrythenyoucanfreelyenjoythejoyofeatinganddrinking;howeverifyoubearthewordweightinyourmindyoucan’tdothat.Amidallthisback-and-forthhoweverthereisonepointthateveryoneagreeson:exercisedefinitelyimprovesachild’soverallsenseofwell-being.Cooperwhoinventedaerobicsagenerationagohasbeentestingthephysicalfitnessofschoolchildrenoverthepastdecadeandhasconsistentlyfoundthatactivekidsdobetteracademicallyhavefewerdisciplinaryissuesandmaintainbettermedicalhistories.Achilddoesn’tneedtobeastarathleteoratong-distancerunnerCoopersays.Eventakingthestairsinsteadofanelevatorhaspositiveeffects.[A]There’slittledoubtthatbeingobeseputsinactiveyoungstersatahigherriskforseveralhealthconditionsincludingType2diabeteshighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Butalmostnostudieshavebeendoneevaluatingtheprosandconsofkidsbeingfatyetactive.Plusreportsonadultsinsimilarsituationshaveconflicted.Sincethe1970sdoctorsatthenonprofitCooperInstituteinDallashavegathereddatafrommorethan100000patientswhohavebeenweighedmeasuredandmadetorunontreadmillswhiletheirvitalsignsaremonitored.We’velongconcludedthatpeoplewhoareoverweightandactivecanbehealthierthanthosewhoarethinbutsedentarysaysDr.KennethCoopertheinstitute’sdirector.There’snoreasontobelievethatconclusiondoesn’tapplytoourchildrentoo.[B]Behindthepushtogetkidsfitisthegrowingrecognitionthatinmanycasesthere’sjustnofightingthenaturalrhythmsorshapeofachild’sbody.Throughoutchildhoodandadolescencehormonesmaycauseweighttofluctuatedramatically.Plusnaturedetermineswhetherwe’reallgoingtobestockyabeanpoleorsomethinginbetweenbeforewe’reevenborn.MostbodyweightsandtypesforchildrenandadultsaregeneticallydeterminedsaysGlennGaesseraprofessorofexercisephysiologyattheUniversityofVirginia.Therearealotofkidswhoarejustnaturallyheavierthantheirpeersbutmaybeevenhealthier.[C]Difficultasitistohearthatyourchildisoverweightplacingachildonanenforceddietmaydomorelong-termharmthangood.Doctorshaveyettofindaweight-lossprogramthathasproveduniversallyeffectiveandsafeespeciallyforchildren.Moreoftendieterswillloseweightintheshortrunonlytoregainit.Researchsuggeststhattherepeatedlosing-regainingcyclecanleadtolossinbonedensityandleanmusclemassorgansandbonesjeopardizingoverallhealth.Infactatleast15majorstudieshaveshownhigherdeathratesforadultsafterrepeatedlosingregainingweightcycling.[D]Plus-sizecelebritieslikeBlonsky—orforthatmatterherHairsprayco-starsJohnTravoltaalbeitinalatexfatsuitandQueenLatifah—areincreasinglyspreadingthemessagethatslimisnotthelastwordinhappy.Fitmeanshappytoo;sodoesstayingactive;sodoeslovingyourbodynomatteritsshape.Thekeyistogetthatbodyhealthyandkeepitthatway.Thenumbersonthescale—pediatriciansnutritionistsandpsychologistsnowargue—shouldstarttocomesecondtophysicalfitnessasagaugeforhealth.[E]Asmanyas10millionwomenand1millionmenintheU.S.sufferfromaneatingdisorderaccordingtotheNationalEatingDisorderAssociationNEDA.Nearly90%ofthoseafflictedareundertheageof20andfemalesbetweentheagesof15and24are12timesaslikelytodiefromanorexiaasanyoneothercauseofdeath.A2005studypublishedinthejournalPediatricsdeterminedthatof10000teenssurveyedlessthanhalfofthemalesandaboutathirdofthefemaleswerehappywiththeirbodies.ParentsfaceacomplicatedsituationTimBrownellanexpertfromNEDAsays.Theyhavetopromotehealthyweightbuttheyalsodon’twanttochangechildrenintodiet-crazedfanatics.[F]TherewasatimewhenthatalonewouldhavebeenenoughtokeepBlonskythe19-year-oldstarofthemovieHairsprayoutofthefanmagazinesandoffthepostersdecoratinggrade-schoolers’bedroomwalls.Butthattimemayatlastbeending.Thenationalobesityepidemicdidnothappeninavacuum.Itoccurredinanerainwhichfashionmodelshavegotthinnerandthinnerthetoleranceforevenalittleflabhasgrownlowerandlowerandtheratesofeatingdisorderslikeanorexiahaveclimbedhigherandhigher.Inthatenvironmentchildrenandadolescentstryingtodevelopahealthybodyimagehavealmostnochanceatall.
Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofthegiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsand"humanrelations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotaverthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue-collarandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement. The.workerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajobtheyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionofinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings. Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentonthenaretestedagainandagainbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsoeiabititycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellowcompetitorereatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness. AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucratically-man-agedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandeonsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities—thoseofallloveandofreason-aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. Byasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinerytheauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis
Directions: Yourecentlyboughtanitemofclothinginanothertownbutfoundsomeproblemswithitafteryoureturnedhome.Writealettertothemanagerandsay ·whathappened ·whattheproblemsare ·whatyouwouldlikethemtodo. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
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