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46) Scientists at Johns Hopkins have discovered "striking" differences between men and women in a...
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Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 15
Everymanisrichorpooraccordingtothedegreeinwhichhecanaffordtoenjoythenecessariesconveniencesandamusementsofhumanlife.46Butafterthedivisionoflaborhasoncethoroughlytakenplaceitisbutaverysmallpartofthesewithwhichaman’sownlaborcansupplyhimthefargreaterpartofthembemustderivefromthelaborofotherpeopleandhemustberichorpooraccordingtothequantityofthatlaborwhichhecancommandorwhichhecanaffordtopurchase.47Thevalueofanycommoditythereforetothepersonwhopossessesitisequaltothequantityoflaborwhichitenableshimtopurchaseorcommand.Laborthereforeistherealmeasureoftheexchangeablevalueofallcommodities. Therealpriceofeverythingwhateverythingreallycoststothemanwhowantstoacquireitisthetoilandtroubleofacquiringit.48Whateverythingisreallyworthtothemanwhohasacquireditandwhowantstodisposeofitorexchangeitforsomethingelseisthetoilandtroublewhichitcansavetohimselfandwhichitcanimposeuponotherpeople.Whatisboughtwithmoneyorwithgoodsispurchasedbylaborasmuchaswhatweacquirebythetoilofourownbody.Thatmoneyorthosegoodsindeedsaveusthistoil.49Theycontainthevalueofacertainquantityoflaborwhichweexchangeforwhatissupposedatthetimetocontainthevalueofanequalquantity.Laborwasthefirstpricetheoriginalpurchase-moneythataspaidforallthings.Itwasnotbygoldorbysilverbutbylaborthatallthewealthoftheworldwasoriginallypurchased;and50itsvaluetothosewhopossessitandwhowanttoexchangeitforsomenewproductionsispreciselytothequantityoflaborwhichitcanenablethemtopurchaseorcommand. WealthasMr.Hobbessaysispower.Butthepersonwhoeitheracquiresorsucceedstoagreatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyacquireorsucceedtoanypoliticalpowereithercivilormilitary.Hisfortunemayperhapsaffordhimthemeansofacquiringbothbutthemerepossessionofthatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyconveytohimeither. 49Theycontainthevalueofacertainquantityoflaborwhichweexchangeforwhatissupposedatthetimetocontainthevalueofanequalquantity.
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 9
Text4 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoftdrinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40km.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100years.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraqtheremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.Truesurgingdemandfrom’AmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. Bymentioningthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedeserttheauthoristalkingabout
Directions: SupposeyouareLiMing.Youlearnthattherearejobopeningsinanelectricappliancescompany.Youintendtoapplyforthepositionofsalesrepresentative.Youwritealettertothecompany’shumanresourcesmanager.Yourlettershouldincludethefollowing: 1inquiryabouttheinformation 2briefaccountsofyourqualificationsand 3howyoucanbereached. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Text3 OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem. SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpreeminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms. Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtooverSm.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons. ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid. Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues. Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket. Whatwouldthesectionfollowingthistextprobablydealwith
Text3 OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem. SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpreeminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms. Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtooverSm.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons. ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid. Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues. Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket. ThebasicproblemofpeoplepressurefacingtheSaudiauthorityliesin
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 3
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 5
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 11
Everymanisrichorpooraccordingtothedegreeinwhichhecanaffordtoenjoythenecessariesconveniencesandamusementsofhumanlife.46Butafterthedivisionoflaborhasoncethoroughlytakenplaceitisbutaverysmallpartofthesewithwhichaman’sownlaborcansupplyhimthefargreaterpartofthembemustderivefromthelaborofotherpeopleandhemustberichorpooraccordingtothequantityofthatlaborwhichhecancommandorwhichhecanaffordtopurchase.47Thevalueofanycommoditythereforetothepersonwhopossessesitisequaltothequantityoflaborwhichitenableshimtopurchaseorcommand.Laborthereforeistherealmeasureoftheexchangeablevalueofallcommodities. Therealpriceofeverythingwhateverythingreallycoststothemanwhowantstoacquireitisthetoilandtroubleofacquiringit.48Whateverythingisreallyworthtothemanwhohasacquireditandwhowantstodisposeofitorexchangeitforsomethingelseisthetoilandtroublewhichitcansavetohimselfandwhichitcanimposeuponotherpeople.Whatisboughtwithmoneyorwithgoodsispurchasedbylaborasmuchaswhatweacquirebythetoilofourownbody.Thatmoneyorthosegoodsindeedsaveusthistoil.49Theycontainthevalueofacertainquantityoflaborwhichweexchangeforwhatissupposedatthetimetocontainthevalueofanequalquantity.Laborwasthefirstpricetheoriginalpurchase-moneythataspaidforallthings.Itwasnotbygoldorbysilverbutbylaborthatallthewealthoftheworldwasoriginallypurchased;and50itsvaluetothosewhopossessitandwhowanttoexchangeitforsomenewproductionsispreciselytothequantityoflaborwhichitcanenablethemtopurchaseorcommand. WealthasMr.Hobbessaysispower.Butthepersonwhoeitheracquiresorsucceedstoagreatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyacquireorsucceedtoanypoliticalpowereithercivilormilitary.Hisfortunemayperhapsaffordhimthemeansofacquiringbothbutthemerepossessionofthatfortunedoesnotnecessarilyconveytohimeither. 47Thevalueofanycommoditythereforetothepersonwhopossessesitisequaltothequantityoflaborwhichitenableshimtopurchaseorcommand.
InFranceasinmanyEuropeancountriesfriendsgenerallyarcofthesamesexandfriendshipisseenasbasicallyarelationshipbetweenmen.41. AndmanyFrenchpeopledoubtthepossibilityofafriendshipbetweenamanandawoman.Thereisalsothekindofrelationshipwithinagroup--menandwomenwhohaveworkedtogetherforalongtimewhomaybeveryclosesharinggreatloyaltyandwarmthoffeeling.Theymaycalloneanother--copains--awordthatinEnglishbecomes"friends"buthasmorethefeelingof"pals"or"buddies".InFrencheyesthisisnotfriendshipalthoughtwomembersofsuchagroupmaywellbefriends. FortheFrenchfriendshipisoneto-onerelationshipthatdemandsakeenawarenessoftheotherperson’sintellecttemperamentandparticularinterests.42. Yourpoliticalphilosophyassumesmoredepthappreciationofaplaybecomessharpertasteinfoodorwineisenhancedenjoymentofasportisintensified. AndFrenchfriendshipsaredividedintocategories.Amanmayplaychesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithoutknowinghispoliticalopinionorhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforalongtimewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.Differentfriendsfilldifferentnichesineachperson’slife.43Thesedutiesalsoseriousandrequiredareprimarilyforrelatives.Menwhoarefriendsmaymeetinacafe.Intellectualfriendsmaymeetinlargegroupsforeveningsofconversation.Workingpeoplemaymeetatthelittlebistrowheretheydrinkandtalkfarfromthefamily.44. InthepastinFrancefriendshipsofthiskindseldomwereopentoanybutintellectualwomen.45.ThespecialrelationshipoffriendshipisbasedonwhattheFrenchvaluemostonthemindonhavingthesameoutlookonvividaawarenessofsomechosenareaoflife. [A]Thesefriendshipsarenotmadepartoffamilylife.Afriendisnotexpectedtospendeveningsbeingnicetochildrenorcourteoustoadeafgrandmother. [B]AFrenchmanexplains"IfIweretosaytoyouinFrance’Thisismygoodfriend’thatpersonwouldnotbeasclosetomeassomeoneaboutwhomIsaidonly’Thisismyfriend.’AnyoneaboutwhomIhavetosaymoreisreallyless." [C]Sincemostwomen’slivescenteredontheirhomestheirwarmestrelationswithotherwomenoftenwentbacktotheirgirlhood. [D]Marriagedoesnotaffectsuchfriendship;wivesdon’thavetobetakenintoaccount. [E]Frenchwomenlaughattheideathat"womencan’tbefriends"buttheyalsoadmitsometimesthatforwomen"itisadifferentthing". [F]BetweenFrenchfriendswhohavechoseneachotherforthesimilarityoftheirpointofviewlivelydisagreementandsharpnessofargumentarethebreathoflife. [G]Afriendissomeonewhodrawsoutyourownbestqualitieswithwhomyousparkleandbecomemoreofwhateverthefriendshipdrawsupon. 43
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 7
Text4 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoftdrinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40km.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100years.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraqtheremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.Truesurgingdemandfrom’AmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. Whydoestheauthornotthinkthatitisstillaheftychunk
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 1
Text1 Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration. Thetheoryofkinselection--theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives--isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpoolButifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate. Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofself-interest. Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus--maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers. Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDr.Fehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDr.Fehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. ThestoryofJ.B.S.Haldaneismentionedinthetext
Text3 OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem. SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpreeminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms. Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtooverSm.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons. ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid. Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues. Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket. ThewordlopsidedParagraph4mostprobablymeans
Text1 Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration. Thetheoryofkinselection--theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives--isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpoolButifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate. Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofself-interest. Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus--maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers. Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDr.Fehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDr.Fehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. Accordingthetheoryofkinselectionhumanstendtoactaltruistically
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags--theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups--droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Whenmentioningdouble-digitgrowthParagraph4theauthoristalkingabout
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 13
InFranceasinmanyEuropeancountriesfriendsgenerallyarcofthesamesexandfriendshipisseenasbasicallyarelationshipbetweenmen.41. AndmanyFrenchpeopledoubtthepossibilityofafriendshipbetweenamanandawoman.Thereisalsothekindofrelationshipwithinagroup--menandwomenwhohaveworkedtogetherforalongtimewhomaybeveryclosesharinggreatloyaltyandwarmthoffeeling.Theymaycalloneanother--copains--awordthatinEnglishbecomes"friends"buthasmorethefeelingof"pals"or"buddies".InFrencheyesthisisnotfriendshipalthoughtwomembersofsuchagroupmaywellbefriends. FortheFrenchfriendshipisoneto-onerelationshipthatdemandsakeenawarenessoftheotherperson’sintellecttemperamentandparticularinterests.42. Yourpoliticalphilosophyassumesmoredepthappreciationofaplaybecomessharpertasteinfoodorwineisenhancedenjoymentofasportisintensified. AndFrenchfriendshipsaredividedintocategories.Amanmayplaychesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithoutknowinghispoliticalopinionorhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforalongtimewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.Differentfriendsfilldifferentnichesineachperson’slife.43Thesedutiesalsoseriousandrequiredareprimarilyforrelatives.Menwhoarefriendsmaymeetinacafe.Intellectualfriendsmaymeetinlargegroupsforeveningsofconversation.Workingpeoplemaymeetatthelittlebistrowheretheydrinkandtalkfarfromthefamily.44. InthepastinFrancefriendshipsofthiskindseldomwereopentoanybutintellectualwomen.45.ThespecialrelationshipoffriendshipisbasedonwhattheFrenchvaluemostonthemindonhavingthesameoutlookonvividaawarenessofsomechosenareaoflife. [A]Thesefriendshipsarenotmadepartoffamilylife.Afriendisnotexpectedtospendeveningsbeingnicetochildrenorcourteoustoadeafgrandmother. [B]AFrenchmanexplains"IfIweretosaytoyouinFrance’Thisismygoodfriend’thatpersonwouldnotbeasclosetomeassomeoneaboutwhomIsaidonly’Thisismyfriend.’AnyoneaboutwhomIhavetosaymoreisreallyless." [C]Sincemostwomen’slivescenteredontheirhomestheirwarmestrelationswithotherwomenoftenwentbacktotheirgirlhood. [D]Marriagedoesnotaffectsuchfriendship;wivesdon’thavetobetakenintoaccount. [E]Frenchwomenlaughattheideathat"womencan’tbefriends"buttheyalsoadmitsometimesthatforwomen"itisadifferentthing". [F]BetweenFrenchfriendswhohavechoseneachotherforthesimilarityoftheirpointofviewlivelydisagreementandsharpnessofargumentarethebreathoflife. [G]Afriendissomeonewhodrawsoutyourownbestqualitieswithwhomyousparkleandbecomemoreofwhateverthefriendshipdrawsupon. 45
InFranceasinmanyEuropeancountriesfriendsgenerallyarcofthesamesexandfriendshipisseenasbasicallyarelationshipbetweenmen.41. AndmanyFrenchpeopledoubtthepossibilityofafriendshipbetweenamanandawoman.Thereisalsothekindofrelationshipwithinagroup--menandwomenwhohaveworkedtogetherforalongtimewhomaybeveryclosesharinggreatloyaltyandwarmthoffeeling.Theymaycalloneanother--copains--awordthatinEnglishbecomes"friends"buthasmorethefeelingof"pals"or"buddies".InFrencheyesthisisnotfriendshipalthoughtwomembersofsuchagroupmaywellbefriends. FortheFrenchfriendshipisoneto-onerelationshipthatdemandsakeenawarenessoftheotherperson’sintellecttemperamentandparticularinterests.42. Yourpoliticalphilosophyassumesmoredepthappreciationofaplaybecomessharpertasteinfoodorwineisenhancedenjoymentofasportisintensified. AndFrenchfriendshipsaredividedintocategories.Amanmayplaychesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithoutknowinghispoliticalopinionorhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforalongtimewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.Differentfriendsfilldifferentnichesineachperson’slife.43Thesedutiesalsoseriousandrequiredareprimarilyforrelatives.Menwhoarefriendsmaymeetinacafe.Intellectualfriendsmaymeetinlargegroupsforeveningsofconversation.Workingpeoplemaymeetatthelittlebistrowheretheydrinkandtalkfarfromthefamily.44. InthepastinFrancefriendshipsofthiskindseldomwereopentoanybutintellectualwomen.45.ThespecialrelationshipoffriendshipisbasedonwhattheFrenchvaluemostonthemindonhavingthesameoutlookonvividaawarenessofsomechosenareaoflife. [A]Thesefriendshipsarenotmadepartoffamilylife.Afriendisnotexpectedtospendeveningsbeingnicetochildrenorcourteoustoadeafgrandmother. [B]AFrenchmanexplains"IfIweretosaytoyouinFrance’Thisismygoodfriend’thatpersonwouldnotbeasclosetomeassomeoneaboutwhomIsaidonly’Thisismyfriend.’AnyoneaboutwhomIhavetosaymoreisreallyless." [C]Sincemostwomen’slivescenteredontheirhomestheirwarmestrelationswithotherwomenoftenwentbacktotheirgirlhood. [D]Marriagedoesnotaffectsuchfriendship;wivesdon’thavetobetakenintoaccount. [E]Frenchwomenlaughattheideathat"womencan’tbefriends"buttheyalsoadmitsometimesthatforwomen"itisadifferentthing". [F]BetweenFrenchfriendswhohavechoseneachotherforthesimilarityoftheirpointofviewlivelydisagreementandsharpnessofargumentarethebreathoflife. [G]Afriendissomeonewhodrawsoutyourownbestqualitieswithwhomyousparkleandbecomemoreofwhateverthefriendshipdrawsupon. 41
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags--theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups--droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
Text1 Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration. Thetheoryofkinselection--theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives--isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpoolButifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate. Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofself-interest. Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus--maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers. Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDr.Fehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDr.Fehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. Aspointedoutinthetextreciprocalaltruismtheoryandstrongreciprocitytheoryare
Directions:Beforeyouleaveuniversityyouwanttosellyourcomputer.Writeanoteofabout100words:1describingtheconditionofyourcomputer;2howmuchyouwouldlikeforitand;3whereyoucanbecontacted.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenote.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome.
[A]Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing:AreyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanysideTheyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.IsyourchinparalleltothefloorThechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.AreyourearsinlinewithyourshouldersThishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.AreyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthembackThekneesshouldberelaxedandcenterednotforwardandnotlocked-onattheback. [B]Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightpostureyoucandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan. [C]Ifwedonothavegoodpostureweputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthiscausespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealthgeneralwellbeingandyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespracticebutitisworthit. [D]IsyourheadrelaxedcenteredandheldbackearsovershouldersIfyourheadisforwardbackwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.DoyouhaveanarconyourchestThechesthastobeerectcenterandaslightlyuplifted.AreyouarchingyourbackforwardorbackThereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbiggeryouneedtocorrectyourposture.AreyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheotherTheyhavetobeatthesamelevel.AreyouranklesstraightTheyhavetobe. [E]Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.Howeverifyoucannotgoyoumaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches. [F]Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption. [G]Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Goodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearancebutalsoforhealthreasons. Order: 45
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 17
Venturecapitalhasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenon.Hereisthe1statusofeachmajorregionthathasventurecapitalactivity.2thedefinitionofventurecapital3coined50yearsagoatHarvardBusinessSchoolmeant4capitalforneworveryyoungventures.Overtime5andespeciallyoutsidetheUSandCanadaithasbecomeacoverallnameforanytypeofequityrelatedfinancingforprivatelyheldcompanies.Tomakemattersevenmore6someUSventurecapitalfirmshavebegundelvinginto"transactional"financemore7totheinvestmentbankingcommunity.Thisishoweveralimitedphenomenon. Indeedtheinfluxof8fundmoneyintotheventurecapitalmarkethasbeenbothacurseandablessing.Firmsfoundthemselvesbattlingtoplacetheirnewly9fundswitha10numberofspecializedhitechfirms.Theresultwasaseriesoflossesintheearly1990s. Venturecapitaliststhenbecameimmersedintransactionalfinancingasaresultoftheir11inbusinessacquisitions.Historicallytheventurecapitalistshadsatattheendofthetablerepresentingthecompanybeing12.Atsomepointtheybegantoseeopportunitiesinfinancingsuch13andinotherinvestmentbankingtypeactivities. Inthelong14howeverventurecapitalistswillbackoutofinvestmentbankingtypeactivitiesandfocusonwhattheyarebestatriskingcapitalinvestmentsin15companies.Whatisrequiredtoplacetheircapitalandstillrealizetheir16isarampupinstaff.Inthe1980smanyofthefirmswerequitesmalland17onspecificareasoftechnologywheretheyhadin18knowledge.Inthe1990sthesuccessfulfirmshave19managementstaff20intomorethanoneareaoftechnologyandoutsourcedmoreoftheirtechnologicalanalysistoveryspecializedexperts. 19
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