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The fact that blind people can "see" things using other parts of their bodies apart from their eyes ...
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Beingblindissomething_______mostpeoplecan'timaginE
, 不填
What
Who
Which
Beingblindissomething_________mostpeoplecan’timagi
who
what
that
whom
Doyouknowthereisaspecial特别的job?Theworkerisnotamanb
Mostpeoplecan’tspeakwithoutspecialtraining.
blind
deaf
disabled
sick
Whereisthatnoisecomingfrom?Notsure?Trylivingwithyo
Closeyoureyesforaminuteandimaginewhatlifewouldbeli
Whereisthatnoisecomingfrom?Notsure?Trylivingwithyo
Peoplewhocan’t____betweencoloursaresaidtobecolour-
recognize
separate
distinguish
identity
Whereisthatnoisecomingfrom?Notsure?Trylivingwithyo
Thisisastreetcrossing.Thereareredandgreenlightsate
Computershavemanyusestoday.Computerscansolvediffic
.第二部分阅读理解共20小题;每小题2分满分40分阅读下列短文从每题所给的四个选项A.B.C和D中选
Anewlawhelpspeoplewithdisabilities.Thelawsaysthatp
Recentlyanetworkvideocalledthemostbeautifulblindma
Fromthefirstparagraphwecanlearnthat______.
very few people have the sensitivity of the blind'
blind people can manage to see things, but not clearly
not everybody sees with his eyes
it is possible to narrow the photosensitive areas of the body
DogslikelivingwithpeoplE.AdogcanbeaverygoodfrienD.
Anewcomputerprogramisbeingpraisedasalife-changerfo
BlindphotographysoundsstrangE.Butastrikingexhibiti
Beingblindissomething_________mostpeoplecan’timagi
who
what
that
whom
BlindphotographysoundsstrangE.Butastrikingexhibiti
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Spaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalso1raysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagain2asourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantsto3thefoodwhichweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheair4outerspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunare5off.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyare6tothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftiftheyareinside7preventalotofradiationdamage.8isthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled"rem".Scientistshave9tothinkthatamancan10farmoreradiationthan0.1ramwithoutbeingdamaged:thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttomake11aboutradiationdamage—apersonmayfeelperfectlywell12thecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswill13bediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrew14alargeamountofrems.Sofar;no15amountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenare.goingto16whentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidethe17oftheatmosphere18inaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelpto19thedamagedonebyradiationbutnoreally20oneshavebeenfoundsofar. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Somethingbigishappeningtothehumanrace--somethingthatcouldbecalledTheGreatTransformation.TheTransformationconsistsofallthechangesthatareoccurringmhumanlifeduetoadvancingtechnology.Forthousandsofyearssuchprogressoccurredslowly.Noweverythingischangingsofastthatyoumayfindyourselfwonderingwhereallthisprogressisreallyleading.Nobodyknowswhatallthesechangesreallywillmeaninthelongrun.ButthismysteriousTransformationisthebiggeststoryofalltime.Itisthestoryofthehumanraceitself.Somepeopleworryaboutwhatwillhappenwhenthedepositsofpetroleumaregonebutalreadyresearchersarefindingallkindsofnewwaystoobtainenergy.Somedaysolarpowercollectedbysatellitescirclingtheearthoffissionpowermanufacturedbymankindmaygiveusalltheenergyweneedforanexpandingcivilization.Spaceexplorationpromisestoopenupmanynewterritoriesforhumansettlementaswellasleadingtotheharvestofmineralresourcesliketheasteroids.Scientificresearchcontinuestoopenuppreviouslyundreamed-ofpossibilities.Fiftyyearsagofewpeoplecouldevenimaginethingslikecomputerslasersandholography.Todayahostofnewlyemergingtechnologiessuchasartificialintelligenceandgeneticengineeringareopeningupallkindsofnewpathsfortechnologists.Likeitornotouradvancingtechnologyhasmadeusmastersoftheearth.Wenotonlydominatealltheotheranimalsbutwearereshapingtheworld’splantlifeandevenitssoilandrocksitswatersandsurroundingair.Mountainsarebeingduguptoprovidemineralsandstoneforbuildings.Theverygroundunderourfeetiswashingawayaswechopdowntheforestsplowupthefieldsandexcavatefoundationsforourbuildings.Humanjunkisclutteringupnotonlythelandbuteventhebottomofthesea.Andsomanychemicalsarebeingreleasedintotheairbyhumanactivitiesthatscientistsworrythattheentireglobemaywarmcausingthepolaricecapstomeltandoceanwaterstofloodvastareasoftheland.Duringthetwentiethcenturyadvancingtechnologyhasenabledmantoreachthousandsoffeetintotheoceandepthsandtoclimbthehighestmountains.MountEverestthehighestmountainofallresistedallclimbersuntilthe1950’s:NowmanisreachingbeyondEarthtothemoonMarsandthestars.NooneknowswhattheGreatTransformationmeansorwhereitwillultimatelylead.Butonethingissure:Humanlife50yearsfromnowwillbeverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.It’salsoworthnotingthatourwondroustechnologyisposinganincreasinglyinsistentquestion:WhenwecandosomanythingshowcanwepossiblydecidewhatwereallyshoulddoWhenhumanswererelativelypowerlesstheydidn’thavetomakethechoicestheyhavetomaketoday.Technologygivesusthepowertobuildamagnificentnewcivilization—ifwecanjustagreeonwhatwewantittobe.Buttodaythereislittleglobalagreementongoalsandhowweshouldachievethem.Soitremainstobeseenwhatwillhappenasaresultofourtechnology.Pessimistsworrythatwewillusethetechnologyeventuallytoblowourselvesup.Buttheyhavebeensayingthatfordecadesandsofarwehaveescaped.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosoremainsunknown--butwecancontinuetohope.Advancingtechnologycouldpossiblymakeus______.
Spaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalso1raysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagain2asourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantsto3thefoodwhichweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheair4outerspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunare5off.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyare6tothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftiftheyareinside7preventalotofradiationdamage.8isthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled"rem".Scientistshave9tothinkthatamancan10farmoreradiationthan0.1ramwithoutbeingdamaged:thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttomake11aboutradiationdamage—apersonmayfeelperfectlywell12thecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswill13bediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrew14alargeamountofrems.Sofar;no15amountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenare.goingto16whentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidethe17oftheatmosphere18inaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelpto19thedamagedonebyradiationbutnoreally20oneshavebeenfoundsofar. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
WhilemanypeoplemightassumethatMothers’DayisaholidayinventedbythefinefolksatHallmarkit’snotso.TheearliestMothers’DaycelebrationscanbetracedbacktothespringcelebrationsofancientGreecehonoringRheatheMotheroftheGods.TheRomanscalledtheirversionoftheeventtheHilariaandcelebratedontheIdes古罗马历中的3月15日ofMarchbymakingofferingsinthetempleofCybelethemotheroftheGods.EarlyChristianscelebratedthefestivalonthefourthSundayofLentinhonoroftheVirginMarytheMotherofChrist. Inmorerecenttimesrelativelyspeaking—Englandinthe1600s—thecelebrationwasexpandedtoincludeallmotherswith"MotheringSunday"beingcelebratedonthe4thSundayofLentthe40dayperiodleadinguptoEaster.46BesidesattendingchurchservicesinhonoroftheVirginMarychildrenreturnedhomefromthecitieswithgiftsflowersandspecialMotheringDaycakesthatwereimportantpartsofthecelebration. Mothers’DayfestivitiesintheUnitedStatesdatebackto1872whenJuliaWardHoweherotherclaimtofamewaswritingthelyrics歌词forthe"BattleHymnoftheRepublic"suggestedthedaybededicatedtopeace.Ms.HowewouldholdorganizedMothers’DaymeetingsinBostonMassachusettseveryear. In1907AnaJarvisaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaschoolteacherfurtheredthecausebybeginningacampaigntoestablishanationalMothers’Day.47Ms.Jarvispersuadedhermother’schurchinGraftonWestVirginiatocelebrateMothers’Dayonthesecondanniversaryofhermother’sdeathwhichhappenedtobeonthe2ndSundayofMaythatyear.BythefollowingyearMothers’DaywasalsobeingcelebratedinPhiladelphia. Notcontenttorestonherlaurels殊荣Ms.JarvisandhersupportersbegantowritetoministersbusinessmenandpoliticiansintheirquesttoestablishanationalMothers’Dayandin1912theMothers’DayInternationalAssociationwasincorporatedforthepurposeofpromotingthedayanditsobservance.48In1914PresidentWoodrowWilsonmadeitofficialbyproclaimingMothers’Dayanationalholidaythatwastobeheldeachyearonthe2ndSundayofMay. ItissomewhatironicthatafterallhereffortsAnaJarvisendedupgrowingbitteroverwhatsheperceivedasthecorruptionoftheholidayshecreated.49Shehatedthecommercializationoftheholidayandgrewsoenragedbyitthatshefiledalawsuittostopa1923Mothers’Dayfestivalandwasevenarrestedfordisturbingthepeaceatamothers’gatheringwherewomensoldwhitecarnations康乃馨—Jarvis’symbolformothers—toraisemoney.AnaJarvis’storyisnotahappyone.Thingswentfrombadtoworseandsheeventuallylosteverythingandeveryonethatwasclosetoheranddiedaloneinasanatorium疗养地in1948.ShortlybeforeherdeathJarvistoldareportershewassorryshehadeverstartedMothers’Day. 50Ahamaybegone.butMothers’Daylivesonregardlessofwhetheritmeetsherapproval.ManycountriesthroughouttheworldcelebrateMothers’DayatvarioustimesthroughouttheyearbutsomesuchasDenmarkFinlandItalyTurkeyAustraliaandBelgiumalsocelebrateMothers’DayonthesecondSundayofMay. Shehatedthecommercializationoftheholidayandgrewsoenragedbyitthatshefiledalawsuittostopa1923Mothers’Dayfestivalandwasevenarrestedfordisturbingthepeaceatamothers’gatheringwherewomensoldwhitecarnations康乃馨—Jarvis’symbolformothers—toraisemoney.
Spaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalso1raysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagain2asourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantsto3thefoodwhichweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheair4outerspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunare5off.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyare6tothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftiftheyareinside7preventalotofradiationdamage.8isthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled"rem".Scientistshave9tothinkthatamancan10farmoreradiationthan0.1ramwithoutbeingdamaged:thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttomake11aboutradiationdamage—apersonmayfeelperfectlywell12thecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswill13bediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrew14alargeamountofrems.Sofar;no15amountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenare.goingto16whentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidethe17oftheatmosphere18inaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelpto19thedamagedonebyradiationbutnoreally20oneshavebeenfoundsofar. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Ofgreatestinteresttothoseconcernedwiththeenvironmentalaspectsofsolidwastemanagementistheissueof—andtheneedfor—resourcerecoveryandrecycling.TomanyAmericansthereisperhapsnogreatersymbolofourimbalancewithnatureandourmal-adaptationtoitsrealitiesthanthefactthatwediscardmillionsoftonsofwasteseveryyearwhichdoinacthavevalue.TheAmericanpeoplerealizenowthattrashneednotbemerejunk.Ithasthepotentialofbecomingasignificantveinorresourcesamotherlodeofopportunityformenofvisionwhocanseebeyondthehorizon.TheAmericanpeopleareright.Andthosewhoservethemcannolongerviewsolidwastemanagementsolelyintermsofcollectionanddisposal.Howeversomethingmorethanthemagicofscienceandtechnologyisrequiredtoconvertallthiswastebackintousefulresources.Infactinproportiontoconsumptionresource:recoveryhasbeensteadilylosinggroundinrecentyearsinvirtuallyeverymaterialssector.Approximately200milliontonsofpaperironsteelglassnonferrousmetalstextilesrubberandplasticsflowthroughtheeconomyyearly--andmaterialsweighingroughlythesameleavetheeconomyagainaswaste.Inspiteofneighborhoodrecyclingprojectscontainerrecoverydepotspaperdrivesanti-littercampaignslocalordinancesbanningthenon-returnablebottleandfileemergenceofvaluablenewtechnologicalapproachesonlyatrickleoftheeffluenceofaffluenceistodaybeingdivertedfromthemunicipalwastestream.Theprincipalobstaclesareeconomicandinstitutionalnottechnological.Thecostofrecoveringprocessingandtransportingwastesissohighthattheresultingproductssimplycannotcompeteeconomicallywithvirginmaterials.Ofcourseitthetruecostsofsucheconomicexternalitiesasenvironmentalimpactassociatedwithvirginmaterialsusewerereflectedinproductioncostsandiftherewerenosubsidiestovirginmaterialsintheformofdepletionallowancesandfavorablefreightratestheuseofsecondarymaterialswouldbecomemuckmoreattractive.Buttheyarenotnow.Therearenoeconomicortechnicaleventsonthehorizonshortofgovernmentalinterventionthatwouldindicateareversalofthistrend.Ifallowedtocontinuetooperateasitdoesnowtheeconomicsystemwillcontinuetoselectvirginrawmaterialsinpreferencetowastes.Thisfactshouldbeetchedintotheawarenessofthosewholooktorecyclingasawayoutofthesolidwastemanagementdilemma.Which.ofthefollowingisNOTthereasonwhypeopleprefertousevirgin’materialsthanusesecondaryones
Spaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalso1raysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagain2asourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantsto3thefoodwhichweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheair4outerspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunare5off.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyare6tothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftiftheyareinside7preventalotofradiationdamage.8isthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled"rem".Scientistshave9tothinkthatamancan10farmoreradiationthan0.1ramwithoutbeingdamaged:thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttomake11aboutradiationdamage—apersonmayfeelperfectlywell12thecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswill13bediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrew14alargeamountofrems.Sofar;no15amountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenare.goingto16whentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidethe17oftheatmosphere18inaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelpto19thedamagedonebyradiationbutnoreally20oneshavebeenfoundsofar. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Somethingbigishappeningtothehumanrace--somethingthatcouldbecalledTheGreatTransformation.TheTransformationconsistsofallthechangesthatareoccurringmhumanlifeduetoadvancingtechnology.Forthousandsofyearssuchprogressoccurredslowly.Noweverythingischangingsofastthatyoumayfindyourselfwonderingwhereallthisprogressisreallyleading.Nobodyknowswhatallthesechangesreallywillmeaninthelongrun.ButthismysteriousTransformationisthebiggeststoryofalltime.Itisthestoryofthehumanraceitself.Somepeopleworryaboutwhatwillhappenwhenthedepositsofpetroleumaregonebutalreadyresearchersarefindingallkindsofnewwaystoobtainenergy.Somedaysolarpowercollectedbysatellitescirclingtheearthoffissionpowermanufacturedbymankindmaygiveusalltheenergyweneedforanexpandingcivilization.Spaceexplorationpromisestoopenupmanynewterritoriesforhumansettlementaswellasleadingtotheharvestofmineralresourcesliketheasteroids.Scientificresearchcontinuestoopenuppreviouslyundreamed-ofpossibilities.Fiftyyearsagofewpeoplecouldevenimaginethingslikecomputerslasersandholography.Todayahostofnewlyemergingtechnologiessuchasartificialintelligenceandgeneticengineeringareopeningupallkindsofnewpathsfortechnologists.Likeitornotouradvancingtechnologyhasmadeusmastersoftheearth.Wenotonlydominatealltheotheranimalsbutwearereshapingtheworld’splantlifeandevenitssoilandrocksitswatersandsurroundingair.Mountainsarebeingduguptoprovidemineralsandstoneforbuildings.Theverygroundunderourfeetiswashingawayaswechopdowntheforestsplowupthefieldsandexcavatefoundationsforourbuildings.Humanjunkisclutteringupnotonlythelandbuteventhebottomofthesea.Andsomanychemicalsarebeingreleasedintotheairbyhumanactivitiesthatscientistsworrythattheentireglobemaywarmcausingthepolaricecapstomeltandoceanwaterstofloodvastareasoftheland.Duringthetwentiethcenturyadvancingtechnologyhasenabledmantoreachthousandsoffeetintotheoceandepthsandtoclimbthehighestmountains.MountEverestthehighestmountainofallresistedallclimbersuntilthe1950’s:NowmanisreachingbeyondEarthtothemoonMarsandthestars.NooneknowswhattheGreatTransformationmeansorwhereitwillultimatelylead.Butonethingissure:Humanlife50yearsfromnowwillbeverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.It’salsoworthnotingthatourwondroustechnologyisposinganincreasinglyinsistentquestion:WhenwecandosomanythingshowcanwepossiblydecidewhatwereallyshoulddoWhenhumanswererelativelypowerlesstheydidn’thavetomakethechoicestheyhavetomaketoday.Technologygivesusthepowertobuildamagnificentnewcivilization—ifwecanjustagreeonwhatwewantittobe.Buttodaythereislittleglobalagreementongoalsandhowweshouldachievethem.Soitremainstobeseenwhatwillhappenasaresultofourtechnology.Pessimistsworrythatwewillusethetechnologyeventuallytoblowourselvesup.Buttheyhavebeensayingthatfordecadesandsofarwehaveescaped.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosoremainsunknown--butwecancontinuetohope.Accordingtothepassagepessimistsbelievethat______.
BilingualeducationinNewYorkCitywasoriginallyviewedasatransitionalprogramthatwouldteachforeign-bornchildrenintheirnativelanguagesuntiltheywerefluentenoughinEnglishtoentertheeducationalmainstream.Butoverthelast25yearsbilingualprogramsatmanyschoolshavebecomeforeign-languageghettosfromwhichmanychildrenneverescape.Theneedtoexposeforeign-bornstudentstomoreEnglishduringtheschoolday--andtomovethemasquicklyaspossibleintothemainstream-wasunderscoredthisweekinapairofreportsonefromMayorRudolphGiuliani’staskforceonbilingualeducationandoneformSchoolsChancellorHaroldLevy.ThepushtoreformbilingualeducationhasintensifiedacrossthecountrysincetheSiliconValleymillionaireRonk.UnzchampionedaballotinitiativethatendedbilingualeducationinCaliforniatwoyearsago.Opponentsofbilingualeducationwantitreplacedwiththeso-calledimmersionmethodinwhichstudentsareforcedtosinkorswiminclassestaughtentirelyinEnglish.Immersionhasatleastachanceofsuccessintheearlygradeswherechildrenaremainlybeingtaughttoreadandwrite.Butitisarecipeforfailureintheuppergradeswhereolderforeign-bornstudentsmustsimultaneouslylearnEnglishandmastercomplexsubjectslikemathscienceandliterature.MayorGiulianiandSchoolsChancellorLevyhavewiselycalledforreformingspecialeducationinsteadofdismantlingit.Bothreportswanttoendthepracticeofdragooningchildrenintothesystemandcallonadministratorstoofferparentsarangeofchoices.Insteadofautomaticallyassigningstudentstobilingualclasses—wheretheytakesubjectslikemathematicsandsocialstudiesintheirnativelanguages—parentswouldbeallowedtochooseotheroptionsincludingthestrategyofEnglishasasecondlanguageinwhichmostinstructionisofferedinEnglish.Childrenwouldbemovedintothemainstreamasquicklyaspossiblepreferablywithinthreeyears.Butthesesensiblereformshavelittlechanceofsucceedingunlessthecityandthestateactquicklytotrainandrecruitteacherswhocanperformtheneededtask.Nearly30percentofbilingualinstructorsareuncertified.Somehavenotevenmasteredthelanguagestheyhavebeenhiredtoteach.Truereformwillrequiredollarsdeterminationandaqualifiedteacherineveryclassroom.WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedinthetworeportsconcerned
Directions: Youhaveaneighborwhoregularlycooksfoodonaverysmokyoutdoorbarbecue. Thesmokeblowsdirectlyintoyourhome.Youhavecomplainedtoyourneighborbutherefusestocleanthebarbecue.Writetothelocalpoliceandexplainyourproblem.Yourwritingshouldincludethefollowingitems: 1explainwhatiswrong; 2givedetails; 3askforhelptofixtheproblem. YoushouldWriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"WangHong"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Directions:YouaregoingtostudyattheUniversityofCardiff.Writealetteraskingtobeenrolledinitslanguagetrainingprogram.Yourlettershouldbebasedontheoutlinegivenbelow:1thepurposeofthisletter;2yourplanforyourB.A.degree;3yourhope.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiPenginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivate-shouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.Howeverifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesexitisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthatifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployees.Otherthingsbeingequal.InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.TotestthishypothesisBrownselectedalargesampleofwhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlaborforceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed.OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersaxediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector.Theauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewiththefollowingconclusionaboutdiscriminationagainstwomenbyprivateemployersandbygovernmentemployers:______.
WhilemanypeoplemightassumethatMothers’DayisaholidayinventedbythefinefolksatHallmarkit’snotso.TheearliestMothers’DaycelebrationscanbetracedbacktothespringcelebrationsofancientGreecehonoringRheatheMotheroftheGods.TheRomanscalledtheirversionoftheeventtheHilariaandcelebratedontheIdes古罗马历中的3月15日ofMarchbymakingofferingsinthetempleofCybelethemotheroftheGods.EarlyChristianscelebratedthefestivalonthefourthSundayofLentinhonoroftheVirginMarytheMotherofChrist. Inmorerecenttimesrelativelyspeaking—Englandinthe1600s—thecelebrationwasexpandedtoincludeallmotherswith"MotheringSunday"beingcelebratedonthe4thSundayofLentthe40dayperiodleadinguptoEaster.46BesidesattendingchurchservicesinhonoroftheVirginMarychildrenreturnedhomefromthecitieswithgiftsflowersandspecialMotheringDaycakesthatwereimportantpartsofthecelebration. Mothers’DayfestivitiesintheUnitedStatesdatebackto1872whenJuliaWardHoweherotherclaimtofamewaswritingthelyrics歌词forthe"BattleHymnoftheRepublic"suggestedthedaybededicatedtopeace.Ms.HowewouldholdorganizedMothers’DaymeetingsinBostonMassachusettseveryear. In1907AnaJarvisaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaschoolteacherfurtheredthecausebybeginningacampaigntoestablishanationalMothers’Day.47Ms.Jarvispersuadedhermother’schurchinGraftonWestVirginiatocelebrateMothers’Dayonthesecondanniversaryofhermother’sdeathwhichhappenedtobeonthe2ndSundayofMaythatyear.BythefollowingyearMothers’DaywasalsobeingcelebratedinPhiladelphia. Notcontenttorestonherlaurels殊荣Ms.JarvisandhersupportersbegantowritetoministersbusinessmenandpoliticiansintheirquesttoestablishanationalMothers’Dayandin1912theMothers’DayInternationalAssociationwasincorporatedforthepurposeofpromotingthedayanditsobservance.48In1914PresidentWoodrowWilsonmadeitofficialbyproclaimingMothers’Dayanationalholidaythatwastobeheldeachyearonthe2ndSundayofMay. ItissomewhatironicthatafterallhereffortsAnaJarvisendedupgrowingbitteroverwhatsheperceivedasthecorruptionoftheholidayshecreated.49Shehatedthecommercializationoftheholidayandgrewsoenragedbyitthatshefiledalawsuittostopa1923Mothers’Dayfestivalandwasevenarrestedfordisturbingthepeaceatamothers’gatheringwherewomensoldwhitecarnations康乃馨—Jarvis’symbolformothers—toraisemoney.AnaJarvis’storyisnotahappyone.Thingswentfrombadtoworseandsheeventuallylosteverythingandeveryonethatwasclosetoheranddiedaloneinasanatorium疗养地in1948.ShortlybeforeherdeathJarvistoldareportershewassorryshehadeverstartedMothers’Day. 50Ahamaybegone.butMothers’Daylivesonregardlessofwhetheritmeetsherapproval.ManycountriesthroughouttheworldcelebrateMothers’DayatvarioustimesthroughouttheyearbutsomesuchasDenmarkFinlandItalyTurkeyAustraliaandBelgiumalsocelebrateMothers’DayonthesecondSundayofMay. Ms.Jarvispersuadedhermother’schurchinGraftonWestVirginiatocelebrateMothers’Dayonthesecondanniversaryofhermother’sdeathwhichhappenedtobeonthe2ndSundayofMaythatyear.Bythefollowingyea
Spaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalso1raysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagain2asourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantsto3thefoodwhichweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheair4outerspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunare5off.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyare6tothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftiftheyareinside7preventalotofradiationdamage.8isthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled"rem".Scientistshave9tothinkthatamancan10farmoreradiationthan0.1ramwithoutbeingdamaged:thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttomake11aboutradiationdamage—apersonmayfeelperfectlywell12thecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswill13bediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrew14alargeamountofrems.Sofar;no15amountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenare.goingto16whentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidethe17oftheatmosphere18inaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelpto19thedamagedonebyradiationbutnoreally20oneshavebeenfoundsofar. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
BilingualeducationinNewYorkCitywasoriginallyviewedasatransitionalprogramthatwouldteachforeign-bornchildrenintheirnativelanguagesuntiltheywerefluentenoughinEnglishtoentertheeducationalmainstream.Butoverthelast25yearsbilingualprogramsatmanyschoolshavebecomeforeign-languageghettosfromwhichmanychildrenneverescape.Theneedtoexposeforeign-bornstudentstomoreEnglishduringtheschoolday--andtomovethemasquicklyaspossibleintothemainstream-wasunderscoredthisweekinapairofreportsonefromMayorRudolphGiuliani’staskforceonbilingualeducationandoneformSchoolsChancellorHaroldLevy.ThepushtoreformbilingualeducationhasintensifiedacrossthecountrysincetheSiliconValleymillionaireRonk.UnzchampionedaballotinitiativethatendedbilingualeducationinCaliforniatwoyearsago.Opponentsofbilingualeducationwantitreplacedwiththeso-calledimmersionmethodinwhichstudentsareforcedtosinkorswiminclassestaughtentirelyinEnglish.Immersionhasatleastachanceofsuccessintheearlygradeswherechildrenaremainlybeingtaughttoreadandwrite.Butitisarecipeforfailureintheuppergradeswhereolderforeign-bornstudentsmustsimultaneouslylearnEnglishandmastercomplexsubjectslikemathscienceandliterature.MayorGiulianiandSchoolsChancellorLevyhavewiselycalledforreformingspecialeducationinsteadofdismantlingit.Bothreportswanttoendthepracticeofdragooningchildrenintothesystemandcallonadministratorstoofferparentsarangeofchoices.Insteadofautomaticallyassigningstudentstobilingualclasses—wheretheytakesubjectslikemathematicsandsocialstudiesintheirnativelanguages—parentswouldbeallowedtochooseotheroptionsincludingthestrategyofEnglishasasecondlanguageinwhichmostinstructionisofferedinEnglish.Childrenwouldbemovedintothemainstreamasquicklyaspossiblepreferablywithinthreeyears.Butthesesensiblereformshavelittlechanceofsucceedingunlessthecityandthestateactquicklytotrainandrecruitteacherswhocanperformtheneededtask.Nearly30percentofbilingualinstructorsareuncertified.Somehavenotevenmasteredthelanguagestheyhavebeenhiredtoteach.Truereformwillrequiredollarsdeterminationandaqualifiedteacherineveryclassroom.Whichwordcanbestdescribetheauthor’sattitudetothetworeportsfrequentlymentioned
Spaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalso1raysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagain2asourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantsto3thefoodwhichweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheair4outerspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunare5off.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyare6tothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftiftheyareinside7preventalotofradiationdamage.8isthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled"rem".Scientistshave9tothinkthatamancan10farmoreradiationthan0.1ramwithoutbeingdamaged:thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttomake11aboutradiationdamage—apersonmayfeelperfectlywell12thecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswill13bediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrew14alargeamountofrems.Sofar;no15amountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenare.goingto16whentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidethe17oftheatmosphere18inaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelpto19thedamagedonebyradiationbutnoreally20oneshavebeenfoundsofar. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
Inaperfectlyfreeandopenmarketeconomythetypeofemployer—governmentorprivate-shouldhavelittleornoimpactontheearningsdifferentialsbetweenwomenandmen.Howeverifthereisdiscriminationagainstonesexitisunlikelythatthedegreeofdiscriminationbygovernmentandprivateemployerswillbethesame.Differencesinthedegreeofdiscriminationwouldresultinearningsdifferentialsassociatedwiththetypeofemployer.Giventhenatureofgovernmentandprivateemployersitseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thusonewouldexpectthatifwomenarebeingdiscriminatedagainstgovernmentemploymentwouldhaveapositiveeffectonwomen’searningsascomparedwiththeirearningsfromprivateemployment.TheresultsofastudybyFuchssupportthisassumption.Fuchs’sresultssuggestthattheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedentirelyofgovernmentemployeeswouldbe14.6percentgreaterthantheearningsofwomeninanindustrycomposedexclusivelyofprivateemployees.Otherthingsbeingequal.InadditionbothFuchsandSanbornhavesuggestedthattheeffectofdiscriminationbyconsumersontheearningsofself-employedwomenmaybegreaterthantheeffectofeithergovernmentorprivateemployerdiscriminationontheearningsofwomenemployees.TotestthishypothesisBrownselectedalargesampleofwhitemaleandfemaleworkersfromthe1970Censusanddividedthemintothreecategories:privateemployeesgovernmentemployeesandself-employed.Blackworkerswereexcludedfromthesampletoavoidpickingupearningsdifferentialsthatweretheresultofracialdisparities.Brown’sresearchdesigncontrolledforeducationlaborforceparticipationmobilitymotivationandageinordertoeliminatethesefactorsasexplanationsofthestudy’sresults.Brown’sresultssuggestthatmenandwomenarenottreatedthesamebyemployersandconsumers.Formenself-employmentisthehighestearningscategorywithprivateemploymentnextandgovernmentlowest.Forwomenthisorderisreversed.OnecaninferfromBrown’sresultsthatconsumersdiscriminateagainstself-employedwomen.Inadditionself-employedwomenmayhavemoredifficultythanmeningettinggoodemployeesandmayencounterdiscriminationfromsuppliersandfromfinancialinstitutions.Brown’sresultsareclearlyconsistentwithFuchs’sargumentthatdiscriminationbyconsumershasagreaterimpactontheearningsofwomenthandoesdiscriminationbyeithergovernmentorprivateemployers.Alsothefactthatwomendobetterworkingforgovernmentthanforprivateemployersimpliesthatprivateemployersaxediscriminatingagainstwomen.Theresultsdonotprovethatgovernmentdoesnotdiscriminateagainstwomen.Theydohoweverdemonstratethatifgovernmentisdiscriminatingagainstwomenitsdiscriminationisnothavingasmucheffectonwomen’searningsasisdiscriminationintheprivatesector.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthepassageanswerexplicitly
USPresidentBushhasbeenhavingadifficultsummer.Recentpollsshowaconsiderabledeclineinpublicapprovalofhisconductofthenation’sbusinessyetinjustfewweeksvoterswilldecidewhetherheorDemocratJohnKerryistobethenextpresident.IfthingsaregoingsobadlyforBushthenKerrymustbedoingwellright 41__________.Hispublicappearanceskindlelittleenthusiasm.HisTVadsswayfewviewers.AsaresultKerrysupporterstendtobemoreanti-Bushthantheyaregenuinelypro-Kerry. DemocraticstrategistspointoutthatKerryhasapatternofcomingfrombehindtowinpoliticalraces.AndeventhoughKerrystirslittleexcitementmanyAmericansarequiteeagertolearnwhomhewillchooseashisrunningmate.ApopularvicepresidentialcandidatecouldenergizehiscampaignespeciallysincethereislittlechancethatPresident.Bushwilldumpthemuch-loathedRichardCheneyfromtheRepublicanticket. MostobserversagreethatKerryisnotaparticularlystrongcandidatefortheUSpresidency.Hetendstoberespectedbuthearouseslittleenthusiasm.42__________ButthentwoweeksagotheRepublicanscounterattackedvigorouslyendtheraceisonceagainwideopen. Thepublic’sgenerallypositiveimpressionofSenator’sKerry’scharacterisbasedinlargepartonhisrecordduringthewarinVietnamwhenheperformedheroicallyasthecommanderofa"swiftboat"alightmilitarycraftusedbytheUSNavytothreadtheriversandcanalsofsouthernVietnam.Thecrewofhisoldboatareunitedintheirpraiseofhim. 43__________.TwoweeksagotheybeganappearinginstinginglynegativeTVadsairedincrucialstateswherecurrentlyundecidedvoterswillprobablydeterminetheoutcomeoftheelection.AndtheadswereeffectivedrawingindependentvotersawayfromKerry.InthemeantimeKerry’sowncrewmenhavestronglyrejectedthenewversionofevents. 44__________JournalistsquicklyturneduplinksbetweenthenavyveteransandTexasfatcatswhohadlongsuppliedtheBushfamilywithfundsforpoliticalcampaigns.TheserichfolkswereinturnlinkedtoKarlRoveBush’smasterfulpoliticalstrategist--hisveryownZhugeLiang. 45__________.CartoonistDavidHorseylikemanyotherobserversthinksKarlRoveisuptohisoldtricks;asimilareffort--inthiscaseuntraceableslanderousrumorsduringakeyprimaryrace--underminedpopularRepublicanSenatorJohnMcCaine’scampaignfortheGOPnominationin2000.Intoday’scartoonRoveisportrayedasthepuppeteercontrollingBush’swealthysupportersinTexasnoticetheTexas-stylecowboyhat.Thehandpuppetinturnseemstobemanipulatinganothersmallerpuppetthatrepresentstheangryswiftboatveterans. A.NonethelessthankstothesloweconomicrecoverythedifficultsituationinIraqandchangingperceptionsofPresidentBush’scompetenceheseemedtobeontheroadtoaverynarrowvictoryinNovember. B.Butleadershipyouknowisn’tabouttakingtheeasyroute;itisaboutmakingthetoughsometimesunpopulardecisions.PresidentBushhasdemonstratedthathecanmaketoughdecisionsandIpersonallylikethefactthathisfaithendhisvaluesarethefoundationofhisdecisions. C.Notexactly.AmericansoutsideMassachusettswhichKerryrepresentsintheSenateseemtofindithardtorelatetotheDemocraticcandidate. D.WhileBushwoulddearlylovetoundermineKerry’simagehecannotaffordtobeseendoingso.Hisownmilitaryrecordafterall;makesasorrycontrastwithKerry’s. E.AretheadstheBushcampaigninactionorjustthevengefulprotestofnavalofficerswhoseleadershipwasquestionedinarecentbiographyofKerryItcostshundredsofthousandsofdollarstomakesuchanadandbuyairtime;somanypeopleimmediatelysuspectedthatwealthyRepublicanswerebehindtheeffort. F.HoweveragroupofnavyveteransallpresentinthesameareaofVietnamasKerryandduringthesameperiodsomeasseniorofficersothersascrewmennotonKerry’sboatbutonothersimilarcrafthavedenouncedKerryinabookthatcameoutlastmonth.Theyallegethathedidnotdeservethemedalsforvaliantleadershiphewoninthewar. G.KerryremainsanunknownquantitytomostAmericansbutbetterknownDemocratsaremuchinthenews.Examinethepublicitypostersinthecartoon.Inbothuppercomersareadsforex-PresidentClinton’slengthyautobiographyMyLif 43
Spaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalso1raysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagain2asourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantsto3thefoodwhichweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheair4outerspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunare5off.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyare6tothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftiftheyareinside7preventalotofradiationdamage.8isthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled"rem".Scientistshave9tothinkthatamancan10farmoreradiationthan0.1ramwithoutbeingdamaged:thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttomake11aboutradiationdamage—apersonmayfeelperfectlywell12thecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswill13bediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrew14alargeamountofrems.Sofar;no15amountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenare.goingto16whentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidethe17oftheatmosphere18inaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelpto19thedamagedonebyradiationbutnoreally20oneshavebeenfoundsofar. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Spaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalso1raysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagain2asourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantsto3thefoodwhichweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheair4outerspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunare5off.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyare6tothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftiftheyareinside7preventalotofradiationdamage.8isthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled"rem".Scientistshave9tothinkthatamancan10farmoreradiationthan0.1ramwithoutbeingdamaged:thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttomake11aboutradiationdamage—apersonmayfeelperfectlywell12thecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswill13bediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrew14alargeamountofrems.Sofar;no15amountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenare.goingto16whentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidethe17oftheatmosphere18inaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelpto19thedamagedonebyradiationbutnoreally20oneshavebeenfoundsofar. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Spaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalso1raysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagain2asourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantsto3thefoodwhichweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheair4outerspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunare5off.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyare6tothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftiftheyareinside7preventalotofradiationdamage.8isthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled"rem".Scientistshave9tothinkthatamancan10farmoreradiationthan0.1ramwithoutbeingdamaged:thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttomake11aboutradiationdamage—apersonmayfeelperfectlywell12thecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswill13bediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrew14alargeamountofrems.Sofar;no15amountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenare.goingto16whentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidethe17oftheatmosphere18inaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelpto19thedamagedonebyradiationbutnoreally20oneshavebeenfoundsofar. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Ofgreatestinteresttothoseconcernedwiththeenvironmentalaspectsofsolidwastemanagementistheissueof—andtheneedfor—resourcerecoveryandrecycling.TomanyAmericansthereisperhapsnogreatersymbolofourimbalancewithnatureandourmal-adaptationtoitsrealitiesthanthefactthatwediscardmillionsoftonsofwasteseveryyearwhichdoinacthavevalue.TheAmericanpeoplerealizenowthattrashneednotbemerejunk.Ithasthepotentialofbecomingasignificantveinorresourcesamotherlodeofopportunityformenofvisionwhocanseebeyondthehorizon.TheAmericanpeopleareright.Andthosewhoservethemcannolongerviewsolidwastemanagementsolelyintermsofcollectionanddisposal.Howeversomethingmorethanthemagicofscienceandtechnologyisrequiredtoconvertallthiswastebackintousefulresources.Infactinproportiontoconsumptionresource:recoveryhasbeensteadilylosinggroundinrecentyearsinvirtuallyeverymaterialssector.Approximately200milliontonsofpaperironsteelglassnonferrousmetalstextilesrubberandplasticsflowthroughtheeconomyyearly--andmaterialsweighingroughlythesameleavetheeconomyagainaswaste.Inspiteofneighborhoodrecyclingprojectscontainerrecoverydepotspaperdrivesanti-littercampaignslocalordinancesbanningthenon-returnablebottleandfileemergenceofvaluablenewtechnologicalapproachesonlyatrickleoftheeffluenceofaffluenceistodaybeingdivertedfromthemunicipalwastestream.Theprincipalobstaclesareeconomicandinstitutionalnottechnological.Thecostofrecoveringprocessingandtransportingwastesissohighthattheresultingproductssimplycannotcompeteeconomicallywithvirginmaterials.Ofcourseitthetruecostsofsucheconomicexternalitiesasenvironmentalimpactassociatedwithvirginmaterialsusewerereflectedinproductioncostsandiftherewerenosubsidiestovirginmaterialsintheformofdepletionallowancesandfavorablefreightratestheuseofsecondarymaterialswouldbecomemuckmoreattractive.Buttheyarenotnow.Therearenoeconomicortechnicaleventsonthehorizonshortofgovernmentalinterventionthatwouldindicateareversalofthistrend.Ifallowedtocontinuetooperateasitdoesnowtheeconomicsystemwillcontinuetoselectvirginrawmaterialsinpreferencetowastes.Thisfactshouldbeetchedintotheawarenessofthosewholooktorecyclingasawayoutofthesolidwastemanagementdilemma.Whatdoestheauthor’sattitudetowardrecyclingsolidwaste
USPresidentBushhasbeenhavingadifficultsummer.Recentpollsshowaconsiderabledeclineinpublicapprovalofhisconductofthenation’sbusinessyetinjustfewweeksvoterswilldecidewhetherheorDemocratJohnKerryistobethenextpresident.IfthingsaregoingsobadlyforBushthenKerrymustbedoingwellright 41__________.Hispublicappearanceskindlelittleenthusiasm.HisTVadsswayfewviewers.AsaresultKerrysupporterstendtobemoreanti-Bushthantheyaregenuinelypro-Kerry. DemocraticstrategistspointoutthatKerryhasapatternofcomingfrombehindtowinpoliticalraces.AndeventhoughKerrystirslittleexcitementmanyAmericansarequiteeagertolearnwhomhewillchooseashisrunningmate.ApopularvicepresidentialcandidatecouldenergizehiscampaignespeciallysincethereislittlechancethatPresident.Bushwilldumpthemuch-loathedRichardCheneyfromtheRepublicanticket. MostobserversagreethatKerryisnotaparticularlystrongcandidatefortheUSpresidency.Hetendstoberespectedbuthearouseslittleenthusiasm.42__________ButthentwoweeksagotheRepublicanscounterattackedvigorouslyendtheraceisonceagainwideopen. Thepublic’sgenerallypositiveimpressionofSenator’sKerry’scharacterisbasedinlargepartonhisrecordduringthewarinVietnamwhenheperformedheroicallyasthecommanderofa"swiftboat"alightmilitarycraftusedbytheUSNavytothreadtheriversandcanalsofsouthernVietnam.Thecrewofhisoldboatareunitedintheirpraiseofhim. 43__________.TwoweeksagotheybeganappearinginstinginglynegativeTVadsairedincrucialstateswherecurrentlyundecidedvoterswillprobablydeterminetheoutcomeoftheelection.AndtheadswereeffectivedrawingindependentvotersawayfromKerry.InthemeantimeKerry’sowncrewmenhavestronglyrejectedthenewversionofevents. 44__________JournalistsquicklyturneduplinksbetweenthenavyveteransandTexasfatcatswhohadlongsuppliedtheBushfamilywithfundsforpoliticalcampaigns.TheserichfolkswereinturnlinkedtoKarlRoveBush’smasterfulpoliticalstrategist--hisveryownZhugeLiang. 45__________.CartoonistDavidHorseylikemanyotherobserversthinksKarlRoveisuptohisoldtricks;asimilareffort--inthiscaseuntraceableslanderousrumorsduringakeyprimaryrace--underminedpopularRepublicanSenatorJohnMcCaine’scampaignfortheGOPnominationin2000.Intoday’scartoonRoveisportrayedasthepuppeteercontrollingBush’swealthysupportersinTexasnoticetheTexas-stylecowboyhat.Thehandpuppetinturnseemstobemanipulatinganothersmallerpuppetthatrepresentstheangryswiftboatveterans. A.NonethelessthankstothesloweconomicrecoverythedifficultsituationinIraqandchangingperceptionsofPresidentBush’scompetenceheseemedtobeontheroadtoaverynarrowvictoryinNovember. B.Butleadershipyouknowisn’tabouttakingtheeasyroute;itisaboutmakingthetoughsometimesunpopulardecisions.PresidentBushhasdemonstratedthathecanmaketoughdecisionsandIpersonallylikethefactthathisfaithendhisvaluesarethefoundationofhisdecisions. C.Notexactly.AmericansoutsideMassachusettswhichKerryrepresentsintheSenateseemtofindithardtorelatetotheDemocraticcandidate. D.WhileBushwoulddearlylovetoundermineKerry’simagehecannotaffordtobeseendoingso.Hisownmilitaryrecordafterall;makesasorrycontrastwithKerry’s. E.AretheadstheBushcampaigninactionorjustthevengefulprotestofnavalofficerswhoseleadershipwasquestionedinarecentbiographyofKerryItcostshundredsofthousandsofdollarstomakesuchanadandbuyairtime;somanypeopleimmediatelysuspectedthatwealthyRepublicanswerebehindtheeffort. F.HoweveragroupofnavyveteransallpresentinthesameareaofVietnamasKerryandduringthesameperiodsomeasseniorofficersothersascrewmennotonKerry’sboatbutonothersimilarcrafthavedenouncedKerryinabookthatcameoutlastmonth.Theyallegethathedidnotdeservethemedalsforvaliantleadershiphewoninthewar. G.KerryremainsanunknownquantitytomostAmericansbutbetterknownDemocratsaremuchinthenews.Examinethepublicitypostersinthecartoon.Inbothuppercomersareadsforex-PresidentClinton’slengthyautobiographyMyLif 45
USPresidentBushhasbeenhavingadifficultsummer.Recentpollsshowaconsiderabledeclineinpublicapprovalofhisconductofthenation’sbusinessyetinjustfewweeksvoterswilldecidewhetherheorDemocratJohnKerryistobethenextpresident.IfthingsaregoingsobadlyforBushthenKerrymustbedoingwellright 41__________.Hispublicappearanceskindlelittleenthusiasm.HisTVadsswayfewviewers.AsaresultKerrysupporterstendtobemoreanti-Bushthantheyaregenuinelypro-Kerry. DemocraticstrategistspointoutthatKerryhasapatternofcomingfrombehindtowinpoliticalraces.AndeventhoughKerrystirslittleexcitementmanyAmericansarequiteeagertolearnwhomhewillchooseashisrunningmate.ApopularvicepresidentialcandidatecouldenergizehiscampaignespeciallysincethereislittlechancethatPresident.Bushwilldumpthemuch-loathedRichardCheneyfromtheRepublicanticket. MostobserversagreethatKerryisnotaparticularlystrongcandidatefortheUSpresidency.Hetendstoberespectedbuthearouseslittleenthusiasm.42__________ButthentwoweeksagotheRepublicanscounterattackedvigorouslyendtheraceisonceagainwideopen. Thepublic’sgenerallypositiveimpressionofSenator’sKerry’scharacterisbasedinlargepartonhisrecordduringthewarinVietnamwhenheperformedheroicallyasthecommanderofa"swiftboat"alightmilitarycraftusedbytheUSNavytothreadtheriversandcanalsofsouthernVietnam.Thecrewofhisoldboatareunitedintheirpraiseofhim. 43__________.TwoweeksagotheybeganappearinginstinginglynegativeTVadsairedincrucialstateswherecurrentlyundecidedvoterswillprobablydeterminetheoutcomeoftheelection.AndtheadswereeffectivedrawingindependentvotersawayfromKerry.InthemeantimeKerry’sowncrewmenhavestronglyrejectedthenewversionofevents. 44__________JournalistsquicklyturneduplinksbetweenthenavyveteransandTexasfatcatswhohadlongsuppliedtheBushfamilywithfundsforpoliticalcampaigns.TheserichfolkswereinturnlinkedtoKarlRoveBush’smasterfulpoliticalstrategist--hisveryownZhugeLiang. 45__________.CartoonistDavidHorseylikemanyotherobserversthinksKarlRoveisuptohisoldtricks;asimilareffort--inthiscaseuntraceableslanderousrumorsduringakeyprimaryrace--underminedpopularRepublicanSenatorJohnMcCaine’scampaignfortheGOPnominationin2000.Intoday’scartoonRoveisportrayedasthepuppeteercontrollingBush’swealthysupportersinTexasnoticetheTexas-stylecowboyhat.Thehandpuppetinturnseemstobemanipulatinganothersmallerpuppetthatrepresentstheangryswiftboatveterans. A.NonethelessthankstothesloweconomicrecoverythedifficultsituationinIraqandchangingperceptionsofPresidentBush’scompetenceheseemedtobeontheroadtoaverynarrowvictoryinNovember. B.Butleadershipyouknowisn’tabouttakingtheeasyroute;itisaboutmakingthetoughsometimesunpopulardecisions.PresidentBushhasdemonstratedthathecanmaketoughdecisionsandIpersonallylikethefactthathisfaithendhisvaluesarethefoundationofhisdecisions. C.Notexactly.AmericansoutsideMassachusettswhichKerryrepresentsintheSenateseemtofindithardtorelatetotheDemocraticcandidate. D.WhileBushwoulddearlylovetoundermineKerry’simagehecannotaffordtobeseendoingso.Hisownmilitaryrecordafterall;makesasorrycontrastwithKerry’s. E.AretheadstheBushcampaigninactionorjustthevengefulprotestofnavalofficerswhoseleadershipwasquestionedinarecentbiographyofKerryItcostshundredsofthousandsofdollarstomakesuchanadandbuyairtime;somanypeopleimmediatelysuspectedthatwealthyRepublicanswerebehindtheeffort. F.HoweveragroupofnavyveteransallpresentinthesameareaofVietnamasKerryandduringthesameperiodsomeasseniorofficersothersascrewmennotonKerry’sboatbutonothersimilarcrafthavedenouncedKerryinabookthatcameoutlastmonth.Theyallegethathedidnotdeservethemedalsforvaliantleadershiphewoninthewar. G.KerryremainsanunknownquantitytomostAmericansbutbetterknownDemocratsaremuchinthenews.Examinethepublicitypostersinthecartoon.Inbothuppercomersareadsforex-PresidentClinton’slengthyautobiographyMyLif 41
Somethingbigishappeningtothehumanrace--somethingthatcouldbecalledTheGreatTransformation.TheTransformationconsistsofallthechangesthatareoccurringmhumanlifeduetoadvancingtechnology.Forthousandsofyearssuchprogressoccurredslowly.Noweverythingischangingsofastthatyoumayfindyourselfwonderingwhereallthisprogressisreallyleading.Nobodyknowswhatallthesechangesreallywillmeaninthelongrun.ButthismysteriousTransformationisthebiggeststoryofalltime.Itisthestoryofthehumanraceitself.Somepeopleworryaboutwhatwillhappenwhenthedepositsofpetroleumaregonebutalreadyresearchersarefindingallkindsofnewwaystoobtainenergy.Somedaysolarpowercollectedbysatellitescirclingtheearthoffissionpowermanufacturedbymankindmaygiveusalltheenergyweneedforanexpandingcivilization.Spaceexplorationpromisestoopenupmanynewterritoriesforhumansettlementaswellasleadingtotheharvestofmineralresourcesliketheasteroids.Scientificresearchcontinuestoopenuppreviouslyundreamed-ofpossibilities.Fiftyyearsagofewpeoplecouldevenimaginethingslikecomputerslasersandholography.Todayahostofnewlyemergingtechnologiessuchasartificialintelligenceandgeneticengineeringareopeningupallkindsofnewpathsfortechnologists.Likeitornotouradvancingtechnologyhasmadeusmastersoftheearth.Wenotonlydominatealltheotheranimalsbutwearereshapingtheworld’splantlifeandevenitssoilandrocksitswatersandsurroundingair.Mountainsarebeingduguptoprovidemineralsandstoneforbuildings.Theverygroundunderourfeetiswashingawayaswechopdowntheforestsplowupthefieldsandexcavatefoundationsforourbuildings.Humanjunkisclutteringupnotonlythelandbuteventhebottomofthesea.Andsomanychemicalsarebeingreleasedintotheairbyhumanactivitiesthatscientistsworrythattheentireglobemaywarmcausingthepolaricecapstomeltandoceanwaterstofloodvastareasoftheland.Duringthetwentiethcenturyadvancingtechnologyhasenabledmantoreachthousandsoffeetintotheoceandepthsandtoclimbthehighestmountains.MountEverestthehighestmountainofallresistedallclimbersuntilthe1950’s:NowmanisreachingbeyondEarthtothemoonMarsandthestars.NooneknowswhattheGreatTransformationmeansorwhereitwillultimatelylead.Butonethingissure:Humanlife50yearsfromnowwillbeverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.It’salsoworthnotingthatourwondroustechnologyisposinganincreasinglyinsistentquestion:WhenwecandosomanythingshowcanwepossiblydecidewhatwereallyshoulddoWhenhumanswererelativelypowerlesstheydidn’thavetomakethechoicestheyhavetomaketoday.Technologygivesusthepowertobuildamagnificentnewcivilization—ifwecanjustagreeonwhatwewantittobe.Buttodaythereislittleglobalagreementongoalsandhowweshouldachievethem.Soitremainstobeseenwhatwillhappenasaresultofourtechnology.Pessimistsworrythatwewillusethetechnologyeventuallytoblowourselvesup.Buttheyhavebeensayingthatfordecadesandsofarwehaveescaped.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosoremainsunknown--butwecancontinuetohope.TheGreatTransformationiscausedby______.
BilingualeducationinNewYorkCitywasoriginallyviewedasatransitionalprogramthatwouldteachforeign-bornchildrenintheirnativelanguagesuntiltheywerefluentenoughinEnglishtoentertheeducationalmainstream.Butoverthelast25yearsbilingualprogramsatmanyschoolshavebecomeforeign-languageghettosfromwhichmanychildrenneverescape.Theneedtoexposeforeign-bornstudentstomoreEnglishduringtheschoolday--andtomovethemasquicklyaspossibleintothemainstream-wasunderscoredthisweekinapairofreportsonefromMayorRudolphGiuliani’staskforceonbilingualeducationandoneformSchoolsChancellorHaroldLevy.ThepushtoreformbilingualeducationhasintensifiedacrossthecountrysincetheSiliconValleymillionaireRonk.UnzchampionedaballotinitiativethatendedbilingualeducationinCaliforniatwoyearsago.Opponentsofbilingualeducationwantitreplacedwiththeso-calledimmersionmethodinwhichstudentsareforcedtosinkorswiminclassestaughtentirelyinEnglish.Immersionhasatleastachanceofsuccessintheearlygradeswherechildrenaremainlybeingtaughttoreadandwrite.Butitisarecipeforfailureintheuppergradeswhereolderforeign-bornstudentsmustsimultaneouslylearnEnglishandmastercomplexsubjectslikemathscienceandliterature.MayorGiulianiandSchoolsChancellorLevyhavewiselycalledforreformingspecialeducationinsteadofdismantlingit.Bothreportswanttoendthepracticeofdragooningchildrenintothesystemandcallonadministratorstoofferparentsarangeofchoices.Insteadofautomaticallyassigningstudentstobilingualclasses—wheretheytakesubjectslikemathematicsandsocialstudiesintheirnativelanguages—parentswouldbeallowedtochooseotheroptionsincludingthestrategyofEnglishasasecondlanguageinwhichmostinstructionisofferedinEnglish.Childrenwouldbemovedintothemainstreamasquicklyaspossiblepreferablywithinthreeyears.Butthesesensiblereformshavelittlechanceofsucceedingunlessthecityandthestateactquicklytotrainandrecruitteacherswhocanperformtheneededtask.Nearly30percentofbilingualinstructorsareuncertified.Somehavenotevenmasteredthelanguagestheyhavebeenhiredtoteach.Truereformwillrequiredollarsdeterminationandaqualifiedteacherineveryclassroom.AttheendofthepassagesuggestionsaremadeEXCEPT______.
Spaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalso1raysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagain2asourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantsto3thefoodwhichweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheair4outerspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunare5off.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyare6tothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftiftheyareinside7preventalotofradiationdamage.8isthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled"rem".Scientistshave9tothinkthatamancan10farmoreradiationthan0.1ramwithoutbeingdamaged:thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttomake11aboutradiationdamage—apersonmayfeelperfectlywell12thecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswill13bediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrew14alargeamountofrems.Sofar;no15amountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenare.goingto16whentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidethe17oftheatmosphere18inaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelpto19thedamagedonebyradiationbutnoreally20oneshavebeenfoundsofar. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
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