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She was French; he was English; they had just moved to London from Paris. When he found out about...
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HeisnotgoodatEnglishandneither___goodatFrench.
she is
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MynameisFrank.IamfromSt.JohnMiddleSchoolinAmericA.
JanIhavenewphotosofmyfamilybutthey'renotverygooD.T
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Theunknownpervadestheuniverse.Thatwhichpeoplecanseewiththeaidofvarioussortsoftelescopeaccountsforjust4%ofthetotalmass.Theresthowevermustexist.Withoutitgalaxieswouldnotsurviveandtheuniversewouldnotbegentlyexpandingaswitnessedbyastronomers.Whatexactlyconstitutesthisdarkmatteranddarkenergyremainsmysteriousbutphysicistshaverecentlyuncoveredsomemorecluesabouttheformeratleast. Onepossibleexplanationfordarkmatterisagroupofsubatomicparticlescalledneutrinos.Neutrinosarethoughttobethemostabundantparticlesintheuniverse.AccordingtotheStandardModelthemostsuccessfuldescriptionofparticlephysicstodateneutrinoscomeinthreevarietiescalled"flavors".AgainaccordingtotheStandardModeltheyarepoint-likeelectricallyneutralandmassless.Butinrecentyearsthisviewhasbeenchallengedasphysicistsrealizedthatneutrinosmighthavemass. Thefirststrongevidencecamein1998whenresearchersatanexperimentbasedinJapanshowedthatmuonneutrinosproducedbycosmicrayshittingtheupperatmospherehadgonemissingbythetimetheyshouldhavereachedanundergrounddetector.Itsoperatorssuspectthatthemissingmuonneutrinoshadchangedflavorbecomingelectronneutrinosor-morelikely-tauneutrinos.Theo-rysuggeststhatthisprocesscalledoscillationcanhappenonlyifneutrinoshavemass. Overthecomingmonthsandyearsresearchershopetoproducethemostaccuratemeasurementsyet.Theresearcherscreatedabeamofmuonneutrinosfirst.Ontheothersideofthetargetsataparticledetectorthatmonitoredthenumberofmuonneutrinosleaving.Theneutrinosthentravelled750km450milesthroughtheEarthtoadetectorinaformerironmineinSoudanMinnesota.Researchersthenwereabletoconfirmthatasignificantnumberofmuonneutrinoshaddisappeared-thatistheyhadchangedflavor.Whiletheirmassissosmallthatneutrinoscannotbethesoleconstituentofdarkmattertheyhaveanadvantageinthattheyareatleastknowntoexist. ThesamecannotbesaidforsureofanotherpossibleformofdarkmatterbeingstudiedbyagroupofphysicistsinItaly.Iftheresultcontinuestowithstandscrutinyitwouldappeartobeevidenceforanexoticnewsortoffundamentalparticleknownasanaxionwhichcouldalsobeatypeofdarkmatter. Whataspectaboutneutrinoshasbeenquestionedinrecentyears
Whenintheageofautomationmansearchesforaworkertodothetediousunpleasantjobsthataremoreorlessimpossibletomechanizehemayveryprofitablyconsidertheape. Ifwetackledtheproblemofbreedingforbrainswithasmuchenthusiasmaswedevotetobreedingdogsofsurrealisticshapeswecouldeventuallyproduceassortedmodelsofusefulprimatesranginginsizefromthegorilladowntothebabooneachadaptedtoaspecialkindofwork.Itisnotputtingtoomuchstrainontheimaginationtoassumethatgeneticistscouldproduceasuper-apewhichisabletounderstandsomescoresofwordsandcapableofbeingtrainedforsuchjobsaspickingfruitcleaningupthelitterinparksshiningshoescollectinggarbagedoinghouseholdchoresandevenbaby-sittingalthoughIhaveknownsomebabiesIwouldnotcaretotrustwithavaluableape. ApescoulddomanyjobssuchascleaningstreetsandthemorerepetitivetypesofagriculturalworkwithoutsupervisionthoughtheymightneedprotectionfromthoseegregiousspecimensofHomesapienswhothinkitamusingtoteaseorbullyanythingtheyconsiderlowerontheevolutionaryladder.Forothertaskssuchasdeliveringpapersandlaboringonthedocksourman-apewouldhavetoworkunderhumanoverseers;andincidentallyIwouldlovetoseethefinaleofthetwenty-firstcenturyversionofOntheWaterfrontinwhichthehonestbuthairyherowilldrumonhischestafter—literally—takingthewickedlaborleaderapart. OnceasupplyofnonhumanworkersbecomesavailableawholerangeoflowIQjobscouldbethankfullygivenupbymankindtoitsgreatmentalandphysicaladvantage.WhatismoreoneoftheproblemswhichhasannoyedsomanyfictionalUtopiaswouldbeavoided:TherewouldbenoneofthedegradinglysubhumanEpsilonsofHuxley’sBraveNewWorldtoactasapermanentreproachtosocietyforthereisaprofoundmoraldifferencebetweenbreedingsub-menandsuper-apesthoughtheendproductsaremuchthesame.Thefirstwouldintroduceaformofslaverybutthesecondwouldbeabiologicaltriumphwhichcouldbenefitbothmenandanimals. Notes:surrealistic超现实的primate灵长类动物gorilla大猩猩baboon狒狒chore杂活caretodosth.常用于否定句=willingtodooragreetodosth.愿意做某事trustAwithB把B托付给A.egregious通常指坏人或坏事异乎寻常的突出的Homesapiens人类finalen.结局Epsilons奴隶人名assorted各色各样的Utopia乌托邦理想主义 BythehonestbuthairyheroinPara.3theauthormostprobablyrefersto
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 4
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HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket. Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnersrelativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies. Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected. Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems. Accordingtothetextonefactorthatcausesunemploymentandearningsfigurestooverpredicttheamountofeconomichardshipisthe
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers. It’snotquitethatsimple.“Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforced”saysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve. Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.“Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongterm”saysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.“Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.” HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.“Thecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitions”saysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun. Whatisthemessagethatpeerpressureconveystochildren
Beforeyouspeaktoanyaudienceyoushouldlearnasmuchaboutitsmembersaspossible.Onlyinthatwaycanyoubestadaptthelevelofyourlanguageandthecontentofyourtalktoyourlisteners.41.Speakingtosomeoneyouknowwell.______WhereareyoulikelytospeakCertainlyinthisclassyou’llgiveseveraltalksandsinceyouknowmostifnotallofthestudentsyoushouldfacenomajorproblemsinadaptingyourapproachtothem.Anotherspeakingpossibilityexistsinyourworkplace.Athirdspeakingpossibilityexistsinanyorganizationsocialculturalathleticandsoonthatyoubelongto.Youmaybeaskedtospeakatthenextmeetingorattheannualbanquet.Hereagainyouknowthepeopleinvolvedtheirbackgroundtheireducationlevelandtheirattitudesandthat’satremendousadvantageforyou.Sincewe’reupbeatandpositiveinthiscoursewe’llassumethatyou’vegivensuccessfultalksunderallthreecircumstancesandwiththiscourseunderyourbeltyoucandoitagain.Sincegoodspeakersarehardtofindandwordaboutthemtravelsfastsupposethatonedayyougetaninvitationtospeaktoanorganizationinwhichyoudon’tknowasoul.WhatdoyoudonowIfyoufeelabletohandlethetopicyou’reaskedtospeakonacceptthisrarechallenge.Here’swhereaudienceanalysiscomesintoplay.Besuretoaskthepersonwhoinvitedyouforinformationonthemembersinformationthatencompassesabroadspectrumsuchasinthefollowingareas.42.Howoldareyourlisteners______43.Sexcompositionofyourlisteners.______44.Interestintopic.______45.Interestsorhobbiesofthelisteners.______[A]Ifyou’reinvitedtospeaktoawomen’sormen’sorganizationyouknowtheanswertothisquestionatonce.Quiteoftenhoweveraudiencesaremixedfairlyevenlyalthoughattimesonesexmaypredominate.[B]DomembersofyourprospectiveaudiencespendeveningswatchingTVmoviesanddrinkingbeeratalocaltavernordotheyreadtheHarvardClassicsandattendconcertsofBeethovenandMozartDotheyplaybingoand21ordotheypursuethequestionstheintriguingintricaciesofcontractbridgeandchessAnswerstothesequestionscanhelpyouchoosethemostappropriatematerialandlanguageforyouraudience.Yourchoicescanbecrucialindeterminingthesuccessorfailureofyourpresentation.[C]ArethemembersrecentcollegegraduatesseniorcitizensorbusinessexecutivesinmidcareerJustrememberageexertsapowerfulimpactonpeople’sattitudesvaluesandmotivations.[D]Forexampleyourdepartmentmanagermayaskyoutoexplainanddemonstrateaproceduretosomefellowemployee.Orshemayselectyoutoaddressyourdepartmentonbehalfofthelocalblooddonordrive.Inbothspeechsituations--inclassandonthejob--you’refamiliarwithyouraudience;youspeaktheirlanguage;youhavethingsincommonwiththem.[E]AreyouawareoftheeducationalbackgroundofyouraudienceHowmanyofthemhavedoctoraldegreesmasterdegreesorbachelordegreesThiswilldecidewhatkindoflanguageyoushouldadoptandhowmuchtheycanunderstand.[F]ArethemembersoftheorganizationinterestedinthetopicoraretheyrequiredtoattendregardlessoftheirinterestIfthelatteristruewhattypesofmaterialwillmostlikelypiquetheircuriosity
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 18
HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket. Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnersrelativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies. Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected. Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems. Whichofthetollowingdoeslabormarketproblemsinthefirstsenteneereferto
Directions: Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingtopic. MyIdealFutureJob Inyouressayyoushould 1stateclearlywhatyouridealfuturejobis 2illustratewhyyouwouldliketotakethisjoband 3drawanatureconclusiontoyouressay. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Beforeyouspeaktoanyaudienceyoushouldlearnasmuchaboutitsmembersaspossible.Onlyinthatwaycanyoubestadaptthelevelofyourlanguageandthecontentofyourtalktoyourlisteners.41.Speakingtosomeoneyouknowwell.______WhereareyoulikelytospeakCertainlyinthisclassyou’llgiveseveraltalksandsinceyouknowmostifnotallofthestudentsyoushouldfacenomajorproblemsinadaptingyourapproachtothem.Anotherspeakingpossibilityexistsinyourworkplace.Athirdspeakingpossibilityexistsinanyorganizationsocialculturalathleticandsoonthatyoubelongto.Youmaybeaskedtospeakatthenextmeetingorattheannualbanquet.Hereagainyouknowthepeopleinvolvedtheirbackgroundtheireducationlevelandtheirattitudesandthat’satremendousadvantageforyou.Sincewe’reupbeatandpositiveinthiscoursewe’llassumethatyou’vegivensuccessfultalksunderallthreecircumstancesandwiththiscourseunderyourbeltyoucandoitagain.Sincegoodspeakersarehardtofindandwordaboutthemtravelsfastsupposethatonedayyougetaninvitationtospeaktoanorganizationinwhichyoudon’tknowasoul.WhatdoyoudonowIfyoufeelabletohandlethetopicyou’reaskedtospeakonacceptthisrarechallenge.Here’swhereaudienceanalysiscomesintoplay.Besuretoaskthepersonwhoinvitedyouforinformationonthemembersinformationthatencompassesabroadspectrumsuchasinthefollowingareas.42.Howoldareyourlisteners______43.Sexcompositionofyourlisteners.______44.Interestintopic.______45.Interestsorhobbiesofthelisteners.______[A]Ifyou’reinvitedtospeaktoawomen’sormen’sorganizationyouknowtheanswertothisquestionatonce.Quiteoftenhoweveraudiencesaremixedfairlyevenlyalthoughattimesonesexmaypredominate.[B]DomembersofyourprospectiveaudiencespendeveningswatchingTVmoviesanddrinkingbeeratalocaltavernordotheyreadtheHarvardClassicsandattendconcertsofBeethovenandMozartDotheyplaybingoand21ordotheypursuethequestionstheintriguingintricaciesofcontractbridgeandchessAnswerstothesequestionscanhelpyouchoosethemostappropriatematerialandlanguageforyouraudience.Yourchoicescanbecrucialindeterminingthesuccessorfailureofyourpresentation.[C]ArethemembersrecentcollegegraduatesseniorcitizensorbusinessexecutivesinmidcareerJustrememberageexertsapowerfulimpactonpeople’sattitudesvaluesandmotivations.[D]Forexampleyourdepartmentmanagermayaskyoutoexplainanddemonstrateaproceduretosomefellowemployee.Orshemayselectyoutoaddressyourdepartmentonbehalfofthelocalblooddonordrive.Inbothspeechsituations--inclassandonthejob--you’refamiliarwithyouraudience;youspeaktheirlanguage;youhavethingsincommonwiththem.[E]AreyouawareoftheeducationalbackgroundofyouraudienceHowmanyofthemhavedoctoraldegreesmasterdegreesorbachelordegreesThiswilldecidewhatkindoflanguageyoushouldadoptandhowmuchtheycanunderstand.[F]ArethemembersoftheorganizationinterestedinthetopicoraretheyrequiredtoattendregardlessoftheirinterestIfthelatteristruewhattypesofmaterialwillmostlikelypiquetheircuriosity
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 14
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers. It’snotquitethatsimple.“Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforced”saysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve. Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.“Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongterm”saysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.“Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.” HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.“Thecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitions”saysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun. What’sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 8
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 16
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 20
46U.S.farmersareplantingmoreacresofcropsusingsoilbuildingandpollutionfightingfamingsystemsthantraditionalmethodsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillageaccordingtoareportduetobereleasedearlynextmonth.ThereporttitledNationalCropResidueManagementSurveyshowsa6millionacregainforenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsthisyear.47Italsoshowstraditionalfarmingmethodswhichresultingreatersoilerosionandrunofffromfieldsdeclinedby4millionacres.48Thesurveyconductedonacounty-by-countybasisbyUSDANaturalResourcesConservationServiceindicatesthatfarmersinIowaIllinoisSouthDakotaKansasandIndianacontributedthemosttotheincreaseinacresgrownwithenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsknownasconservationtillagesystems.Thesestatesaccountedfor5millionofthe6millionacreincreaseinconservationtillagethisyear.Allconservationtillagesystemssuchasno-tillmulch-tillridge-tillstrip-tillandzone-tillrelyonlesstillageorlesssoildisturbancetoplantandmanagecrops.Farmerswhousethesesystemsleaveplantmaterialsstemsstalksandleaves—onthesurfaceoffieldsafterharvest.Theplantmaterialsalsocalledcropresiduesserveasablankettoprotectthesoilfromerosion.Thecropresiduesslowlydecomposetoaddorganicmattertothesoilmuchlikemulchingorcompostingaddorganicmattertoagarden.Thesurveyresultsfor1997indicatethatconservationtillagesystemsnowaccountfor109.8millionacresorfully37percentofthe294.6millionannuallyplantedcroplandacresintheUnitedStates.Inthemeantimetraditionalsystemsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillagefellto107.6millionacresthisyear.Theremainingacresareinanintermediatefarmingsystemknownasreducedtill.49Theheadofthenonprofitcenterthatcompilesandpublishestheannualsurveyiscallingonconsumersandfarmersaliketofocusincreasedattentiononconservationtillagesystems.50IndependentresearchandpracticalapplicationacrossthecountryshowthatthesesystemsnotonlyreplenishandbuildorganicmatterinthesoilforimprovedfuturefoodproductivitybuttheywillalsoprotectwaterqualityandenhancewildlifeandtheenvironmentforfuturegenerationssaysJohnHebblethwaiteexecutivedirectoroftheConservationTechnologyInformationCenter.Thereisalsogrowingevidencethatthesesystemscanevenhelpuscombatthepotentialforglobalwarmingheadds.ConservationtillagehaslongbeencreditedforprotectingwaterqualitybyreducingrunofffromfarmfieldsaccordingtoHebblethwaite.Henotesthelatestresearchalsoindicatesthatsoilenrichedbycropresiduesoffersnaturalprotectionforgroundwater.Conservationtillagesystemssavethefarmermoneybyreducingtripsthroughthefieldforplantingandcultivation.
46U.S.farmersareplantingmoreacresofcropsusingsoilbuildingandpollutionfightingfamingsystemsthantraditionalmethodsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillageaccordingtoareportduetobereleasedearlynextmonth.ThereporttitledNationalCropResidueManagementSurveyshowsa6millionacregainforenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsthisyear.47Italsoshowstraditionalfarmingmethodswhichresultingreatersoilerosionandrunofffromfieldsdeclinedby4millionacres.48Thesurveyconductedonacounty-by-countybasisbyUSDANaturalResourcesConservationServiceindicatesthatfarmersinIowaIllinoisSouthDakotaKansasandIndianacontributedthemosttotheincreaseinacresgrownwithenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsknownasconservationtillagesystems.Thesestatesaccountedfor5millionofthe6millionacreincreaseinconservationtillagethisyear.Allconservationtillagesystemssuchasno-tillmulch-tillridge-tillstrip-tillandzone-tillrelyonlesstillageorlesssoildisturbancetoplantandmanagecrops.Farmerswhousethesesystemsleaveplantmaterialsstemsstalksandleaves—onthesurfaceoffieldsafterharvest.Theplantmaterialsalsocalledcropresiduesserveasablankettoprotectthesoilfromerosion.Thecropresiduesslowlydecomposetoaddorganicmattertothesoilmuchlikemulchingorcompostingaddorganicmattertoagarden.Thesurveyresultsfor1997indicatethatconservationtillagesystemsnowaccountfor109.8millionacresorfully37percentofthe294.6millionannuallyplantedcroplandacresintheUnitedStates.Inthemeantimetraditionalsystemsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillagefellto107.6millionacresthisyear.Theremainingacresareinanintermediatefarmingsystemknownasreducedtill.49Theheadofthenonprofitcenterthatcompilesandpublishestheannualsurveyiscallingonconsumersandfarmersaliketofocusincreasedattentiononconservationtillagesystems.50IndependentresearchandpracticalapplicationacrossthecountryshowthatthesesystemsnotonlyreplenishandbuildorganicmatterinthesoilforimprovedfuturefoodproductivitybuttheywillalsoprotectwaterqualityandenhancewildlifeandtheenvironmentforfuturegenerationssaysJohnHebblethwaiteexecutivedirectoroftheConservationTechnologyInformationCenter.Thereisalsogrowingevidencethatthesesystemscanevenhelpuscombatthepotentialforglobalwarmingheadds.ConservationtillagehaslongbeencreditedforprotectingwaterqualitybyreducingrunofffromfarmfieldsaccordingtoHebblethwaite.Henotesthelatestresearchalsoindicatesthatsoilenrichedbycropresiduesoffersnaturalprotectionforgroundwater.Conservationtillagesystemssavethefarmermoneybyreducingtripsthroughthefieldforplantingandcultivation.
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 20
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers. It’snotquitethatsimple.“Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforced”saysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve. Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.“Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongterm”saysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.“Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.” HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.“Thecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitions”saysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun. Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingiscorrect
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 6
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 10
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 12
Theunknownpervadestheuniverse.Thatwhichpeoplecanseewiththeaidofvarioussortsoftelescopeaccountsforjust4%ofthetotalmass.Theresthowevermustexist.Withoutitgalaxieswouldnotsurviveandtheuniversewouldnotbegentlyexpandingaswitnessedbyastronomers.Whatexactlyconstitutesthisdarkmatteranddarkenergyremainsmysteriousbutphysicistshaverecentlyuncoveredsomemorecluesabouttheformeratleast. Onepossibleexplanationfordarkmatterisagroupofsubatomicparticlescalledneutrinos.Neutrinosarethoughttobethemostabundantparticlesintheuniverse.AccordingtotheStandardModelthemostsuccessfuldescriptionofparticlephysicstodateneutrinoscomeinthreevarietiescalled"flavors".AgainaccordingtotheStandardModeltheyarepoint-likeelectricallyneutralandmassless.Butinrecentyearsthisviewhasbeenchallengedasphysicistsrealizedthatneutrinosmighthavemass. Thefirststrongevidencecamein1998whenresearchersatanexperimentbasedinJapanshowedthatmuonneutrinosproducedbycosmicrayshittingtheupperatmospherehadgonemissingbythetimetheyshouldhavereachedanundergrounddetector.Itsoperatorssuspectthatthemissingmuonneutrinoshadchangedflavorbecomingelectronneutrinosor-morelikely-tauneutrinos.Theo-rysuggeststhatthisprocesscalledoscillationcanhappenonlyifneutrinoshavemass. Overthecomingmonthsandyearsresearchershopetoproducethemostaccuratemeasurementsyet.Theresearcherscreatedabeamofmuonneutrinosfirst.Ontheothersideofthetargetsataparticledetectorthatmonitoredthenumberofmuonneutrinosleaving.Theneutrinosthentravelled750km450milesthroughtheEarthtoadetectorinaformerironmineinSoudanMinnesota.Researchersthenwereabletoconfirmthatasignificantnumberofmuonneutrinoshaddisappeared-thatistheyhadchangedflavor.Whiletheirmassissosmallthatneutrinoscannotbethesoleconstituentofdarkmattertheyhaveanadvantageinthattheyareatleastknowntoexist. ThesamecannotbesaidforsureofanotherpossibleformofdarkmatterbeingstudiedbyagroupofphysicistsinItaly.Iftheresultcontinuestowithstandscrutinyitwouldappeartobeevidenceforanexoticnewsortoffundamentalparticleknownasanaxionwhichcouldalsobeatypeofdarkmatter. WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheexperimentmentionedinParagraph4
Inmostpeople’smindgrowthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProductGNPameasuresupposedlyofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatic:howeveristhenotionthatincreasedpressureondwindlingnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperityespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.Sowhichiscorrect Whatgrowthadvocatesmeanprimarilywhentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonearenatheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.ToargueagainstgrowthotherthanpopulationgrowthinlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemscallous.ButisitCoulditbethatgrowthespeciallythegrowthofthewealthiercountrieshascontributedtotheimpoverishmentnottheadvancementofThirdWorldcountriesIfnothowdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowth ToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountriestherealitynottheabstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthroughrose-coloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagribusinessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexportifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaboratorsifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtednesstheproceedsofwhichgoesnotintothedevelopmentofthecountrybutintothepurchaseofexpensivecarsandthebuyingofluxuriousresidenceinMiami.Admittedlythisisanoversimplification.ButthepointIbelieveremainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocietiesonwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthiswayitjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial. SodoweneedgrowthforprosperityOnlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Moderneconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomenaatributetoman’sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioningsuchasapolicyofzerogrowthshouldnotbeproposedwithoutawaryprudenceandaself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiringequallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentalcatastropheswhichthreatenourveryexistence. Theauthorseemstobelievethatprosperity
HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket. Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnersrelativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies. Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected. Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems. Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor
Inmostpeople’smindgrowthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProductGNPameasuresupposedlyofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatic:howeveristhenotionthatincreasedpressureondwindlingnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperityespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.Sowhichiscorrect Whatgrowthadvocatesmeanprimarilywhentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonearenatheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.ToargueagainstgrowthotherthanpopulationgrowthinlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemscallous.ButisitCoulditbethatgrowthespeciallythegrowthofthewealthiercountrieshascontributedtotheimpoverishmentnottheadvancementofThirdWorldcountriesIfnothowdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowth ToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountriestherealitynottheabstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthroughrose-coloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagribusinessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexportifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaboratorsifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtednesstheproceedsofwhichgoesnotintothedevelopmentofthecountrybutintothepurchaseofexpensivecarsandthebuyingofluxuriousresidenceinMiami.Admittedlythisisanoversimplification.ButthepointIbelieveremainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocietiesonwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthiswayitjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial. SodoweneedgrowthforprosperityOnlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Moderneconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomenaatributetoman’sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioningsuchasapolicyofzerogrowthshouldnotbeproposedwithoutawaryprudenceandaself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiringequallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentalcatastropheswhichthreatenourveryexistence. ItisimpliedinParagraphs2and3that
46U.S.farmersareplantingmoreacresofcropsusingsoilbuildingandpollutionfightingfamingsystemsthantraditionalmethodsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillageaccordingtoareportduetobereleasedearlynextmonth.ThereporttitledNationalCropResidueManagementSurveyshowsa6millionacregainforenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsthisyear.47Italsoshowstraditionalfarmingmethodswhichresultingreatersoilerosionandrunofffromfieldsdeclinedby4millionacres.48Thesurveyconductedonacounty-by-countybasisbyUSDANaturalResourcesConservationServiceindicatesthatfarmersinIowaIllinoisSouthDakotaKansasandIndianacontributedthemosttotheincreaseinacresgrownwithenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsknownasconservationtillagesystems.Thesestatesaccountedfor5millionofthe6millionacreincreaseinconservationtillagethisyear.Allconservationtillagesystemssuchasno-tillmulch-tillridge-tillstrip-tillandzone-tillrelyonlesstillageorlesssoildisturbancetoplantandmanagecrops.Farmerswhousethesesystemsleaveplantmaterialsstemsstalksandleaves—onthesurfaceoffieldsafterharvest.Theplantmaterialsalsocalledcropresiduesserveasablankettoprotectthesoilfromerosion.Thecropresiduesslowlydecomposetoaddorganicmattertothesoilmuchlikemulchingorcompostingaddorganicmattertoagarden.Thesurveyresultsfor1997indicatethatconservationtillagesystemsnowaccountfor109.8millionacresorfully37percentofthe294.6millionannuallyplantedcroplandacresintheUnitedStates.Inthemeantimetraditionalsystemsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillagefellto107.6millionacresthisyear.Theremainingacresareinanintermediatefarmingsystemknownasreducedtill.49Theheadofthenonprofitcenterthatcompilesandpublishestheannualsurveyiscallingonconsumersandfarmersaliketofocusincreasedattentiononconservationtillagesystems.50IndependentresearchandpracticalapplicationacrossthecountryshowthatthesesystemsnotonlyreplenishandbuildorganicmatterinthesoilforimprovedfuturefoodproductivitybuttheywillalsoprotectwaterqualityandenhancewildlifeandtheenvironmentforfuturegenerationssaysJohnHebblethwaiteexecutivedirectoroftheConservationTechnologyInformationCenter.Thereisalsogrowingevidencethatthesesystemscanevenhelpuscombatthepotentialforglobalwarmingheadds.ConservationtillagehaslongbeencreditedforprotectingwaterqualitybyreducingrunofffromfarmfieldsaccordingtoHebblethwaite.Henotesthelatestresearchalsoindicatesthatsoilenrichedbycropresiduesoffersnaturalprotectionforgroundwater.Conservationtillagesystemssavethefarmermoneybyreducingtripsthroughthefieldforplantingandcultivation.
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