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作为传统教育学派的代表人物，提出了教育的最高目的是道德和性格的完善的教育学者是______。
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Childrenstartoutasnaturalscientistseagertolookintotheworldaroundthem.Helpingthemenjoysciencecanbeeasy;there’snoneedforalotofscientifictermsorexpensivelabequipment.Youonlyhavetoshareyourchildren’scuriosity.Firstlylistentotheirquestions.Ioncevisitedaclassroomofseven-year-oldstotalkaboutscienceasajob.ThechildrenaskedmetextbookquestionsaboutschoolingsalaryandwhetherIlikedmyjob.WhenIfinishedansweringwesatfacingoneanotherinsilence.FinallyIsaidNowthatwe’vefinishedwithyourlistsdoyouhavequestionsofyourownaboutscienceAfteralongpauseaboyraisedhishandHaveyoueverseenagrasshopper蚱蜢eatWhenItryeatingleaveslikethatIgetastomachache.WhyThisbeganasetofquestionsthatlastednearlytwohours.Secondlygivethemtimetothink.Studiesoverthepast30yearshaveshownthatafteraskingaquestionadultstypicallywaitonlyonesecondorlesstorananswernotimeforachildtothink.Whenadultsincreasetheirwaittimetothreesecondsormorechildrengivemorelogicalcompleteandcreativeanswers.Thirdlywatchyourlanguage.Onceyouhaveachildinvolvedinasciencediscussiondon’tjumpinwithThat’srightorVerygood.Thesewordsworkwellwhenitcomestoencouraginggoodbehavior.Butintalkingaboutsciencequickpraisecansignalthatdiscussionisover.InsteadkeepthingsgoingbysayingThat’sinterestingorI’dneverthoughtofitthatway-beforeorcomingupwithmorequestionsorideas.NeverpushachildtoThink.Itdoesn’tmakesensechildrenarealwaysthinkingwithoutyourtellingthemto.What’smorethiscanturnaconversationintoaperformance.Thechildwilltrytofindtheansweryouwantinasfewwordsaspossiblesothathewillbeasmallertargetforyourdisagreement.Lastlyshow;don’ttell.Real-lifeimpressionsofnaturearefarmoreimpressivethananylessonchildrencanlearnfromabookoratelevisionprogram.Letchildrenlookattheirfingertipsthroughamagnifyingglassandthey’llunderstandwhyyouwantthemtowashbeforedinner.Ratherthansayingthatwaterevaporatessetapotofwatertoboilandletthemwatchthewaterleveldrop.Inwhichofthefollowingparagraphsdoestheauthortelluswhattosaytoencouragechildreninasciencediscussion
Sincewearesocialbeingsthequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles.Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithoutsuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnessesfromdepressiontoheartdiseaserevealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefendoffillnessandtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.Firstfriendsrelativesandco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Secondotherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Thirdwetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistractingusfromourworriesandtroubles.Finallyotherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport—financialaidmaterialresourcesandneededservices—thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveandcopewithourproblems.Researchshowsthatpeople’sphysicalandmentalhealth______.
—Whenshallwerestartourbusiness—Notuntilweourplan.
几经周折我才在一家金矿找到一份工作
Thiscoastalarea______anationalwildlifereservelastyear.
RandyKrauswasparalyzed.Hisleftsidewasuseless.Buthisrighthandwas1enoughtoliftabuckettohisforehead.Oncehe’dbeenapoliceofficerandownedaprivate-eyeagency.Oncehe’dbeenstrongandable.Nowhefelthewasnothing.His2startedwithParkinson’sdiseasebutitdidn’t3there.InJuly2002the60yearoldKrauswentintothehospitalforanoperationtocontroltheshaking.4duringtheoperationhehadastroke.Hewasparalyzed.The5manwholovedgolfcouldthinkbutcouldn’t6.Krauswantedthedoctorsto7ittohimstraight.Youmayneverwalkagaintheytoldhim.Maybeyouwon’t8beabletotalk.Onceathomehe9hecouldn’tliftaforkortakeadrinkbyhimself.Physicaltreatmentwassopainfulandslow.Whatdidhehaveto10forSonowKrausheldthegunagainsthishead.11thecoldmetalonhisskinhebegantoconsidernothispainbutthepainhe12causehiswifedaughtersandgrandchildren.Hedidn’tpullthetrigger.YouarewhereyouarehisexercisephysiologistAndrewGarudtoldhim.Thepacewouldbeslow;thepainwouldbe13.Butaslongasyouare14youhavetheabilitytogetbetter.Afterthreemonthsof15withGarudKrauswantedtoseeifhecould16.Hecould.Thenhetookthreestepssatdownandcriedlikeababy.Onestep17toanother.Nexthemanagedashortwalk.Itwasthehardest18ofKraus’slife.Garudkeptsayinghecould19more.NowKrauscanbrushhisteethshavehimselfandgetaroundthehousewithawalker.Littlesuccessonlytheparalyzedcan20understand.
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss.What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbezeroimpact.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 21
Tom'smotheralwaystoldhimnottosmokeagainbut______didn'thelp.
Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchdeepinsightintohumannature.
Katehaveyou______thepartyIt'stimetogonow.
TherewouldbenotagoodharvestofwheatinNorthChinathisyearthebigsnow.
Insomeremoteplacestherearestillverypoorpeoplewhocan'taffordtolivein______conditions.
Sincewearesocialbeingsthequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles.Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithoutsuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnessesfromdepressiontoheartdiseaserevealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefendoffillnessandtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.Firstfriendsrelativesandco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Secondotherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Thirdwetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistractingusfromourworriesandtroubles.Finallyotherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport—financialaidmaterialresourcesandneededservices—thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveandcopewithourproblems.Helpingasickneighborwithsomerepairworkisanexampleof______.
______是综合语言运用能力的基础
Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscoininginforcriticism.
Childrenstartoutasnaturalscientistseagertolookintotheworldaroundthem.Helpingthemenjoysciencecanbeeasy;there’snoneedforalotofscientifictermsorexpensivelabequipment.Youonlyhavetoshareyourchildren’scuriosity.Firstlylistentotheirquestions.Ioncevisitedaclassroomofseven-year-oldstotalkaboutscienceasajob.ThechildrenaskedmetextbookquestionsaboutschoolingsalaryandwhetherIlikedmyjob.WhenIfinishedansweringwesatfacingoneanotherinsilence.FinallyIsaidNowthatwe’vefinishedwithyourlistsdoyouhavequestionsofyourownaboutscienceAfteralongpauseaboyraisedhishandHaveyoueverseenagrasshopper蚱蜢eatWhenItryeatingleaveslikethatIgetastomachache.WhyThisbeganasetofquestionsthatlastednearlytwohours.Secondlygivethemtimetothink.Studiesoverthepast30yearshaveshownthatafteraskingaquestionadultstypicallywaitonlyonesecondorlesstorananswernotimeforachildtothink.Whenadultsincreasetheirwaittimetothreesecondsormorechildrengivemorelogicalcompleteandcreativeanswers.Thirdlywatchyourlanguage.Onceyouhaveachildinvolvedinasciencediscussiondon’tjumpinwithThat’srightorVerygood.Thesewordsworkwellwhenitcomestoencouraginggoodbehavior.Butintalkingaboutsciencequickpraisecansignalthatdiscussionisover.InsteadkeepthingsgoingbysayingThat’sinterestingorI’dneverthoughtofitthatway-beforeorcomingupwithmorequestionsorideas.NeverpushachildtoThink.Itdoesn’tmakesensechildrenarealwaysthinkingwithoutyourtellingthemto.What’smorethiscanturnaconversationintoaperformance.Thechildwilltrytofindtheansweryouwantinasfewwordsaspossiblesothathewillbeasmallertargetforyourdisagreement.Lastlyshow;don’ttell.Real-lifeimpressionsofnaturearefarmoreimpressivethananylessonchildrencanlearnfromabookoratelevisionprogram.Letchildrenlookattheirfingertipsthroughamagnifyingglassandthey’llunderstandwhyyouwantthemtowashbeforedinner.Ratherthansayingthatwaterevaporatessetapotofwatertoboilandletthemwatchthewaterleveldrop.Inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphthewordlistscouldbestbereplacedby______.
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 25
Honestycomesinmanyforms.Firstthere’sselfhonesty.IswhatpeopleseetherealarticleordoyouappearthroughsmokeandmirrorsIfindthatifItrytobesomethingI’mnotIfeelunsureofmyselfandtakeoutapartfrommyPBApersonalbankaccount.IlovehowsingerJudyGarlandputitAlwaysbeafirstclassversionofyourselfinsteadofasecondclassversionofsomebodyelse.Thenthere’shonestyinouractions.AreyouhonestatschoolwithyourparentsandwithyourbossIfyou’veeverbeendishonestIthinkweallhavetrybeinghonestandnoticehowwholeitmakesyoufeel.Rememberyoucan’tdowrongandfeelright.ThisstorybyJeffisagoodexampleofthat:Inmysecondyearofstudytherewerethreekidsinmymathclasswhodidn’tdowell.Iwasreallygoodatit.IwouldchargethemthreedollarsforeachtestthatIhelpedthempass.I’dwriteonalittlepieceofpaperalltherightanswersandhandthemoff.AtfirstIfeltlikeIwasmakingmoneykindofanicejob.Iwasn’tthinkingabouthowitcouldhurtallofus.AfterawhileIrealizedIshouldn’tdothatanymorebecauseIwasn’treallyhelpingthem!Theyweren’tlearninganythinganditwouldonlygetharderdowntheroad.Cheatingcertainlywasn’thelpingme.Ittakescouragetobehonestwhenpeopleallaroundyouwhoaregettingawaywithcheatingontestslyingtotheirparentsandstealingatwork.ButremembereveryactofhonestyisadepositintoyourPBAandwillbuildstrength.WhichofthefollowingcanbestexplainJudyGarland’swords
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 23
按照基础阶段英语课程分级总体目标的要求全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准对语言技能语言知识情感态度______和文化意识等五方面都提出了相应的具体的标准和要求
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss.What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbezeroimpact.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingpractices
WilliamSidneyPorterknownasO.Henryismostfamousfor______.
中小学教师职业道德规范的基本内容包括
Honestycomesinmanyforms.Firstthere’sselfhonesty.IswhatpeopleseetherealarticleordoyouappearthroughsmokeandmirrorsIfindthatifItrytobesomethingI’mnotIfeelunsureofmyselfandtakeoutapartfrommyPBApersonalbankaccount.IlovehowsingerJudyGarlandputitAlwaysbeafirstclassversionofyourselfinsteadofasecondclassversionofsomebodyelse.Thenthere’shonestyinouractions.AreyouhonestatschoolwithyourparentsandwithyourbossIfyou’veeverbeendishonestIthinkweallhavetrybeinghonestandnoticehowwholeitmakesyoufeel.Rememberyoucan’tdowrongandfeelright.ThisstorybyJeffisagoodexampleofthat:Inmysecondyearofstudytherewerethreekidsinmymathclasswhodidn’tdowell.Iwasreallygoodatit.IwouldchargethemthreedollarsforeachtestthatIhelpedthempass.I’dwriteonalittlepieceofpaperalltherightanswersandhandthemoff.AtfirstIfeltlikeIwasmakingmoneykindofanicejob.Iwasn’tthinkingabouthowitcouldhurtallofus.AfterawhileIrealizedIshouldn’tdothatanymorebecauseIwasn’treallyhelpingthem!Theyweren’tlearninganythinganditwouldonlygetharderdowntheroad.Cheatingcertainlywasn’thelpingme.Ittakescouragetobehonestwhenpeopleallaroundyouwhoaregettingawaywithcheatingontestslyingtotheirparentsandstealingatwork.ButremembereveryactofhonestyisadepositintoyourPBAandwillbuildstrength.Inthelastparagraphtheauthormainlywantstoexpress______.
新课程提倡的学习方式是
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 17
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 19
NobodybutJane______thesecret.
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss.What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbezeroimpact.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture
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