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Thenumberofcityschoolsputonalistforstrictscrutinybythestateforpooracademicperformancewentupslightlythisyear.andthenumberofcityschoolstakenoffthelistbyshowingimprovementdroppedthestate’scommissionerofeducationannouncedyesterday. Tencityschools—nowatriskofbeingshutdown—wereaddedtothelistofSchoolsUnderRegistrationReviewknownasSURRbringingthetotalinthecitym40.Statewide.61schoolsareunderreviewsaidthecommissionerRichardMills.Theadditionof10cityschoolsreverseswhathadbeenatrendinthepastfewyears:thenumberofschoolsonthelisthadbeenfalling.Therewere55schoolsin200346in2004and35lastyearanall-timelow. Butthisyearanewfactorwasatwork:Thestateraisedthelevelofperformancerequiredtopassitsstandards.Inaddition6ofthe10newlynamedschoolsaremiddleschools--andthoseschoolshaveforyearsconfoundededucatorsbyresistingtheimprovementsthathaveworkedinlowergradesandeveninhighschools.Threecityschoolswereremovedfromthelistthisyearforimprovementinacademicperformancebutthatnumberwassignificantlylowerthanthenumberremovedineachofthepastseveralyears.Forinstance16schoolsweretakenoffthelistlastyear. SchoolsChancellorJoelI.Kleinobservedthatthenumberofendangeredschoolsstillremainsatanear-recordlow."Nevertheless.wecannotacceptfailingperformancebyanyofourschoolsforanyreason"hesaid."Ifaschoolprovesincapableofprovidingahigh-qualityeducationmourstudentsdespiteeffortstoimproveititwillbeclosed."Hesaid8ofthe40schoolsthathavebeenonthelistwerescheduledmbeclosedthisyearand5morewillbeclosednextyear.ThestatealsoexpandeditsreviewprocessforthefirsttimethisyearmDistrict75whichcoversspecialeducationschoolsandoneDistrict75schoolPublicSchool12intheBronxwasputonthelist. DespitetheadditionsMr.Millssaidhewaspleased."Ithinkit’simpressivesincewehavebeenrinsingthebar"hesaid."Thecityhasessentiallybeenstayingaheadofamovinglocomotive." ElsewhereinthestatethreeschoolsinBuffaloandtwoinSyracusewereaddedtothelist.The10NewYorkCityschoolsonthelistareLegacySchoolforIntegratedStudiesinManhattan;P.S.220P.S.12JuniorHighSchool123andMiddleSchool302intheBronx;J.H.S.265.J.H.S.57M.S.143IntermediateSchool291andP.S.12inBrooklyn.ThethreeschoolsremovedfromthelistareP.S.140intheBronx.RepertoryCompanyHighSchoolinManhattanandEBC/ENYHighSchoolforPublicSafetyandLawinBrooklyn. SchoolsChancellor’swordsimplythat
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
AnannualcensusofwolvesatYellowstoneNationalParkhasfoundasharpdropinthepopulation.Butparkbiologistswhosuspectadeadlydiseasecanineparvovirussaytheywillletnaturetakeitscourse."Parvocanbevaccinatedforandcanbetreatedbutwewouldn’tdoitbecausewecouldn’tcatcheveryanimal"DanielStahler.aparkwaifbiologistsaid."Andthisallowsthemtobuildupanaturalresistance." Thecensusfound22pupscomparedwith69lastyear.Thetotalcountofwolvesdroppedm118from171thelowestsince2000."Itwassomewhatdevastatingtohavesuchpoorpupsurvival"Mr.Stahlersaid."Butresearchshowsthatyoungpupscanbouncebackfromitquitesuccessfully."ThatpupshavesufferedthedeclineseemstosuggesttheculpritisparvosaidEdBangswaifrecoverycoordinatorfortheUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServicehere.Nursingpupsreceiveimmunityfromtheirmother’smilk.buttheimmunitydropswhennursingstops. Thelargenumberofwolvesintheparkmightalsobeafactor."Whenyouhaveabiglitterandadultsarehavingtroublekillingenoughtofeedallthesepupsandtheanimalsarestressedparvoflaresup"Mr.Bangssaid."Ifyouhave15brothersandsistersinsteadof3youdon’tgetenoughtoeat;parvokillsyou." CanineparvoviruswasdiscoveredintheUnitedStatesin1978.Extremelyhardythediseasespreadrapidlytodomesticdogsandthenintowildanimalpopulations.BiologistssuspectthatitwasintroducedtoYellowstonebyatourist’sinfecteddogoracoyote.Becauseparvoissohardyitpersistsinthesoilformonths.Awolfcouldcatchitfromsimplysniffinginfectioussoil.thebiologistssaid.Thediseasehashitwolvesonthenorthernrangetheelk-filledmeadowsofthenorthernhalfoftheparkespeciallyhard.Outof49pupsbornthere8survived. SomescientistsincludingMr.Bangstheorizethattheparkmayhaveovershotitscapacityforwolvesandthatthenumbersarenaturallyadjustingdownwardwithdiseasebeingoneoftheagents.Thelong-termcarryingcapacityoftheparkhesaidisprobably110to150wolves. Wolveshavebeenkilledinotherwaystoo.Frequentencountersamongcompetingwolfpacksarethebiggestcauseofdeathamongadults.Inthefirstfiveyearsoftheirreintroductiontotheparkoneortwoanimalsayearwerekilledbyotherwolves.Thatnumberhasrisentofourorfiveayear. VehiclesalsotakeatollFourteenwolveshavebeenkilledbyvehiclesinthelast10yearseightofthemnearMileMarker30onRoute191astraightstretchonthewesternsideoftheparkwheremotoriststendtospeedandwolvesareplentiful. Canineparvovirusisadiseasewhich
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
ItiscommonlysupposedthatthehealthofLongIslandSoundischieflytheresponsibilityoftheshorelinecommunitiesinLongIslandWestchesterCountyandConnecticut.Thisislargelytrue.ItisalsotruehoweverthatNewYorkCityhaslongbeenamajorcontributortotheenvironmentalillsthattorturethisnoblestofAmericanestuaries. ThemainreasonisfouroldmunicipalsewagetreatmentplantsontheEastRiver.EverydayofeveryyeartheseplantsdeposithundredsofthousandsofgallonsofpartlytreatedwastewaterintotheriverwhichthenwithtidalcertaintypropelsthepollutedwaterintotheSounditself Themostdamagingofthepollutantsleavingtheplantsisnitrogen—usefulasafertilizeronlandbutinsufficientquantitiesfataltobodiesofwaterliketheSoundwhereitstimulatesthegrowthofbacteriaandalgaeandrobsthewaterofoxygen.Thisconditionisknownashypoxiaanditsuppressesmarinelife.Roughlyhalfthenitrogencomesfromtreatmentplantsandothersourcesinabout80shorelinecommunitiestheotherhalfcomesfromtheNewYorkCityplants. Itisthuscauseforgreatcelebrationthatthecityagreedlastweektosettlealongstandinglegalactionandspendatleast$700milliontoupgradethesefourplantscuttingtheirnitrogenoutputbynearly60percentby2017.AudubonNewYorkaleaderamongtheenvironmentalgroupsthathelpedshapetheagreementandmoveitforwardwhennegotiationsseemedtofaltercalledtheagreementanhistoricmomentinthestruggletorestoretheSoundtogoodhealth. Inretrospectthemostimportantmomentinthatstrugglethemomentfromwhichallelsehasflowedincludinglastweek’sagreement—camem1994whenNewYorkandConnecticut.aftersustainedpressurefromthefederalEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyapprovedacomprehensiveplantocleanuptheSound.Thecity’smainresponsibilitywastomodernizeitssewagetreatmentplants.TheGiulianiadministrationleftthebulkofthetasktoMayorMichaelBloomberg. Alarmedbytheproject’sestimated$1.3billionpricetagMr.BloombergdispatchedChristopherWardthentheenvironmentalcommissionertoEuropeandelsewheretofindnewmorecost-efficientwastetreatmenttechnologies.InduecourseMr.WardandhiscounterpartinAlbanyErinCrottyreachedanagreementinprincipletoreformtheplantsatwellundertheoriginalcost.Mr.WardandMs.CrottyleftpublicservicebutafterfurtherdebatingaimedpartlyatensuringthatfuturecityadministrationscouldnotwiggleoutofthedealandafterfurtherproddingbyAttorneyGeneralEliotSpitzertheirsuccessors.EmilyLloydandDeniseSheehanbroughtthemattertoaclose. ThisdoesnotmeantheSoundisnolongeratrisk.TheSoundpassesthroughthedensestpopulationcorridorinthecountryandwillremainforeverstressedbythe20millionpeoplewholivewithin50milesofitsshores.ThustheshorelinecommunitiesinLongIslandWestchesterandConnecticutmustdomorethanevertocontainpollution. AccordingtothetextthefollowingstatementsaboutnitrogenaretrueEXCEPT
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
AnannualcensusofwolvesatYellowstoneNationalParkhasfoundasharpdropinthepopulation.Butparkbiologistswhosuspectadeadlydiseasecanineparvovirussaytheywillletnaturetakeitscourse."Parvocanbevaccinatedforandcanbetreatedbutwewouldn’tdoitbecausewecouldn’tcatcheveryanimal"DanielStahler.aparkwaifbiologistsaid."Andthisallowsthemtobuildupanaturalresistance." Thecensusfound22pupscomparedwith69lastyear.Thetotalcountofwolvesdroppedm118from171thelowestsince2000."Itwassomewhatdevastatingtohavesuchpoorpupsurvival"Mr.Stahlersaid."Butresearchshowsthatyoungpupscanbouncebackfromitquitesuccessfully."ThatpupshavesufferedthedeclineseemstosuggesttheculpritisparvosaidEdBangswaifrecoverycoordinatorfortheUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServicehere.Nursingpupsreceiveimmunityfromtheirmother’smilk.buttheimmunitydropswhennursingstops. Thelargenumberofwolvesintheparkmightalsobeafactor."Whenyouhaveabiglitterandadultsarehavingtroublekillingenoughtofeedallthesepupsandtheanimalsarestressedparvoflaresup"Mr.Bangssaid."Ifyouhave15brothersandsistersinsteadof3youdon’tgetenoughtoeat;parvokillsyou." CanineparvoviruswasdiscoveredintheUnitedStatesin1978.Extremelyhardythediseasespreadrapidlytodomesticdogsandthenintowildanimalpopulations.BiologistssuspectthatitwasintroducedtoYellowstonebyatourist’sinfecteddogoracoyote.Becauseparvoissohardyitpersistsinthesoilformonths.Awolfcouldcatchitfromsimplysniffinginfectioussoil.thebiologistssaid.Thediseasehashitwolvesonthenorthernrangetheelk-filledmeadowsofthenorthernhalfoftheparkespeciallyhard.Outof49pupsbornthere8survived. SomescientistsincludingMr.Bangstheorizethattheparkmayhaveovershotitscapacityforwolvesandthatthenumbersarenaturallyadjustingdownwardwithdiseasebeingoneoftheagents.Thelong-termcarryingcapacityoftheparkhesaidisprobably110to150wolves. Wolveshavebeenkilledinotherwaystoo.Frequentencountersamongcompetingwolfpacksarethebiggestcauseofdeathamongadults.Inthefirstfiveyearsoftheirreintroductiontotheparkoneortwoanimalsayearwerekilledbyotherwolves.Thatnumberhasrisentofourorfiveayear. VehiclesalsotakeatollFourteenwolveshavebeenkilledbyvehiclesinthelast10yearseightofthemnearMileMarker30onRoute191astraightstretchonthewesternsideoftheparkwheremotoriststendtospeedandwolvesareplentiful. Thefollowingarecausesleadingtothewolves’declineinnumberEXCEPT
ItcomesasasurprisegivenMicrosoft’snotorioustenacitybutthesoftwaregiantisdefinitelyouttoclearitsantitrustplate.AfteritssettlementwiththeJusticeDepartmentthecompanyhasnowstruckanagreementtoendmorethan100privateclass-actionsuitsandsignalledthatitwantstodothesameforthecasebroughtagainstitbytheEuropeanCommission.41 YetrecenteventssuggestthatitwillnotbethateasyforMicrosofttoshrugoffitslegalwoes.Forastarttheninestateattorneys-generalopposingthefederalsettlementhaveaskedthetrialjudgetoImposetougherremedies.42.AndthisweekaSenatecommitteehearingwasdominatedbycriticismofthefederalsettlement. TheleastofMicrosoft’sproblemsaretheclass-actionsuitsfiledonbehalfofconsumerswhosaytheywereharmedbythecompany’sbehaviour.Givingmoneytoschoolsisagoodidea.ButhalfofthegiftwouldbeintheformoffreeMicrosoftsoftwarecostingthecompanyalmostnothingandhurtingcompetitorsintheeducationmarketmainlyApple.SoworriedisSteveJobsApple’sbossthathehaspubliclycriticisedthedeal—afterhayingkeptquietduringtheentireantitrusttrial.43 Theproposalofthedissentingstatesismoreserious.44.CentraltotheplanareremediesconcerningMicrosoft’sbrowsersoftwareandtheJavaprogramminglanguage:thecompanywouldbeforcedtolicensethesourcecodemitsbrowserandtomakesurethatJavaprogramscanrunonWindows.Microsoftwouldalsoberequiredmofferastripped-downversionofWindowssothatPCmakerscouldchooseadd-onsotherthanitsown. Microsoftsaysthattheproposedremediesare"extremeandnotcommensuratewithwhatisleftofthecase".ColleenKollar-Kotellythetrialjudgewilldecidenextspring.Shehasputthecaseontwoparalleltracks.OneisareviewoftheexistingJusticeDepartmentsettlementundertheTunneyacttodetermineifitisinthepublicinterest.Theotherislitigationoverthenewlyproposedremedies. TheEuropeanCommission.foritspartwillprobablywaitandseewhattranspiresmAmericabeforeproceeding.Itisunlikelysimplytorubber-stamptheoutcomeasMicrosofthassuggested.ForonethingEuropeanregulatorshavedisagreementsoftheirownwiththecompanychieflythatitistryingtoextenditsmonopolyintotheserverandmedia-playermarkets. ButcompetitorsandcriticsofthesoftwaregiantwhohaveheavilylobbiedboththestatesandBrusselsshouldnotgettheirhopesup.GiventheeconomicandpoliticalenvironmentitisstillunlikelythatMicrosoftwillgetmorethanaslaponthewristevenifithurtsmorethanthecompanywouldlike.45 Tosomeextentthisisalreadyhappening.The"LibertyAlliance"forexampleisgainingmomentum.AmericanExpressandAOLTimeWarnerrecentlyjoinedthiscoalitionwhosegoalistoprovideanalternativetoMicrosoft’sonlineauthenticationservicecalledPassport.SimilarlyiftheentertainmentindustrygotitsacttogetheritmightbeabletostopMicrosoftdefiningthestandardfordigitalcopy-protection.PerhapsthistimearoundsuchallianceswillproveabettermatchforMicrosoft’sdetermination. [A]Businessesandconsumerswantbenefitsofbeingconnectedanytimeanyplace—withoutcompromisingsecurityorcontrolofpersonalinformation. [B]ItsrivalswouldperhapsdobettertoconcentratetheirenergiesonformingalliancesthatcouldhelptokeepMicrosoftincheck. [C]About12500schools—manyofwhichareamongthenation’spoorest—wouldbeeligibletoreceivesoftwarefromMicrosoftundertheproposal. [D]Anotherjudgesupervisingtheclass-actionsuitshasquestionedMicrosoft’splantosettlealloftheeasesbydonating$1billiontopoorschools. [E]AsiftounderlinethisnewapproachMicrosoftrecentlyannouncedthatWilliamNeukomitslong-servinggeneralcounselwillsoonbereplacedbyBradSmithhismoreconvivialdeputy [F]Theirsuggestedremediesdomorethanjustplugtheloopholesinthemainsettlementandprovidefortougherenforcement.TheywouldtakebackmuchofwhatMicrosofthaswonbyabusingitsmonopolypower. [G]Thejudge’sremarkssuggestthatMicrosoftwillhavetopaycashinfullifitwantshimmapprovetheagreement. 42
Thenumberofcityschoolsputonalistforstrictscrutinybythestateforpooracademicperformancewentupslightlythisyear.andthenumberofcityschoolstakenoffthelistbyshowingimprovementdroppedthestate’scommissionerofeducationannouncedyesterday. Tencityschools—nowatriskofbeingshutdown—wereaddedtothelistofSchoolsUnderRegistrationReviewknownasSURRbringingthetotalinthecitym40.Statewide.61schoolsareunderreviewsaidthecommissionerRichardMills.Theadditionof10cityschoolsreverseswhathadbeenatrendinthepastfewyears:thenumberofschoolsonthelisthadbeenfalling.Therewere55schoolsin200346in2004and35lastyearanall-timelow. Butthisyearanewfactorwasatwork:Thestateraisedthelevelofperformancerequiredtopassitsstandards.Inaddition6ofthe10newlynamedschoolsaremiddleschools--andthoseschoolshaveforyearsconfoundededucatorsbyresistingtheimprovementsthathaveworkedinlowergradesandeveninhighschools.Threecityschoolswereremovedfromthelistthisyearforimprovementinacademicperformancebutthatnumberwassignificantlylowerthanthenumberremovedineachofthepastseveralyears.Forinstance16schoolsweretakenoffthelistlastyear. SchoolsChancellorJoelI.Kleinobservedthatthenumberofendangeredschoolsstillremainsatanear-recordlow."Nevertheless.wecannotacceptfailingperformancebyanyofourschoolsforanyreason"hesaid."Ifaschoolprovesincapableofprovidingahigh-qualityeducationmourstudentsdespiteeffortstoimproveititwillbeclosed."Hesaid8ofthe40schoolsthathavebeenonthelistwerescheduledmbeclosedthisyearand5morewillbeclosednextyear.ThestatealsoexpandeditsreviewprocessforthefirsttimethisyearmDistrict75whichcoversspecialeducationschoolsandoneDistrict75schoolPublicSchool12intheBronxwasputonthelist. DespitetheadditionsMr.Millssaidhewaspleased."Ithinkit’simpressivesincewehavebeenrinsingthebar"hesaid."Thecityhasessentiallybeenstayingaheadofamovinglocomotive." ElsewhereinthestatethreeschoolsinBuffaloandtwoinSyracusewereaddedtothelist.The10NewYorkCityschoolsonthelistareLegacySchoolforIntegratedStudiesinManhattan;P.S.220P.S.12JuniorHighSchool123andMiddleSchool302intheBronx;J.H.S.265.J.H.S.57M.S.143IntermediateSchool291andP.S.12inBrooklyn.ThethreeschoolsremovedfromthelistareP.S.140intheBronx.RepertoryCompanyHighSchoolinManhattanandEBC/ENYHighSchoolforPublicSafetyandLawinBrooklyn. Fromthefirst2paragraphswecanlearnthat
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
ItiscommonlysupposedthatthehealthofLongIslandSoundischieflytheresponsibilityoftheshorelinecommunitiesinLongIslandWestchesterCountyandConnecticut.Thisislargelytrue.ItisalsotruehoweverthatNewYorkCityhaslongbeenamajorcontributortotheenvironmentalillsthattorturethisnoblestofAmericanestuaries. ThemainreasonisfouroldmunicipalsewagetreatmentplantsontheEastRiver.EverydayofeveryyeartheseplantsdeposithundredsofthousandsofgallonsofpartlytreatedwastewaterintotheriverwhichthenwithtidalcertaintypropelsthepollutedwaterintotheSounditself Themostdamagingofthepollutantsleavingtheplantsisnitrogen—usefulasafertilizeronlandbutinsufficientquantitiesfataltobodiesofwaterliketheSoundwhereitstimulatesthegrowthofbacteriaandalgaeandrobsthewaterofoxygen.Thisconditionisknownashypoxiaanditsuppressesmarinelife.Roughlyhalfthenitrogencomesfromtreatmentplantsandothersourcesinabout80shorelinecommunitiestheotherhalfcomesfromtheNewYorkCityplants. Itisthuscauseforgreatcelebrationthatthecityagreedlastweektosettlealongstandinglegalactionandspendatleast$700milliontoupgradethesefourplantscuttingtheirnitrogenoutputbynearly60percentby2017.AudubonNewYorkaleaderamongtheenvironmentalgroupsthathelpedshapetheagreementandmoveitforwardwhennegotiationsseemedtofaltercalledtheagreementanhistoricmomentinthestruggletorestoretheSoundtogoodhealth. Inretrospectthemostimportantmomentinthatstrugglethemomentfromwhichallelsehasflowedincludinglastweek’sagreement—camem1994whenNewYorkandConnecticut.aftersustainedpressurefromthefederalEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyapprovedacomprehensiveplantocleanuptheSound.Thecity’smainresponsibilitywastomodernizeitssewagetreatmentplants.TheGiulianiadministrationleftthebulkofthetasktoMayorMichaelBloomberg. Alarmedbytheproject’sestimated$1.3billionpricetagMr.BloombergdispatchedChristopherWardthentheenvironmentalcommissionertoEuropeandelsewheretofindnewmorecost-efficientwastetreatmenttechnologies.InduecourseMr.WardandhiscounterpartinAlbanyErinCrottyreachedanagreementinprincipletoreformtheplantsatwellundertheoriginalcost.Mr.WardandMs.CrottyleftpublicservicebutafterfurtherdebatingaimedpartlyatensuringthatfuturecityadministrationscouldnotwiggleoutofthedealandafterfurtherproddingbyAttorneyGeneralEliotSpitzertheirsuccessors.EmilyLloydandDeniseSheehanbroughtthemattertoaclose. ThisdoesnotmeantheSoundisnolongeratrisk.TheSoundpassesthroughthedensestpopulationcorridorinthecountryandwillremainforeverstressedbythe20millionpeoplewholivewithin50milesofitsshores.ThustheshorelinecommunitiesinLongIslandWestchesterandConnecticutmustdomorethanevertocontainpollution. ThefollowingunitsareresponsibleforthehealthofLongIslandSoundEXCEPT
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
ItcomesasasurprisegivenMicrosoft’snotorioustenacitybutthesoftwaregiantisdefinitelyouttoclearitsantitrustplate.AfteritssettlementwiththeJusticeDepartmentthecompanyhasnowstruckanagreementtoendmorethan100privateclass-actionsuitsandsignalledthatitwantstodothesameforthecasebroughtagainstitbytheEuropeanCommission.41 YetrecenteventssuggestthatitwillnotbethateasyforMicrosofttoshrugoffitslegalwoes.Forastarttheninestateattorneys-generalopposingthefederalsettlementhaveaskedthetrialjudgetoImposetougherremedies.42.AndthisweekaSenatecommitteehearingwasdominatedbycriticismofthefederalsettlement. TheleastofMicrosoft’sproblemsaretheclass-actionsuitsfiledonbehalfofconsumerswhosaytheywereharmedbythecompany’sbehaviour.Givingmoneytoschoolsisagoodidea.ButhalfofthegiftwouldbeintheformoffreeMicrosoftsoftwarecostingthecompanyalmostnothingandhurtingcompetitorsintheeducationmarketmainlyApple.SoworriedisSteveJobsApple’sbossthathehaspubliclycriticisedthedeal—afterhayingkeptquietduringtheentireantitrusttrial.43 Theproposalofthedissentingstatesismoreserious.44.CentraltotheplanareremediesconcerningMicrosoft’sbrowsersoftwareandtheJavaprogramminglanguage:thecompanywouldbeforcedtolicensethesourcecodemitsbrowserandtomakesurethatJavaprogramscanrunonWindows.Microsoftwouldalsoberequiredmofferastripped-downversionofWindowssothatPCmakerscouldchooseadd-onsotherthanitsown. Microsoftsaysthattheproposedremediesare"extremeandnotcommensuratewithwhatisleftofthecase".ColleenKollar-Kotellythetrialjudgewilldecidenextspring.Shehasputthecaseontwoparalleltracks.OneisareviewoftheexistingJusticeDepartmentsettlementundertheTunneyacttodetermineifitisinthepublicinterest.Theotherislitigationoverthenewlyproposedremedies. TheEuropeanCommission.foritspartwillprobablywaitandseewhattranspiresmAmericabeforeproceeding.Itisunlikelysimplytorubber-stamptheoutcomeasMicrosofthassuggested.ForonethingEuropeanregulatorshavedisagreementsoftheirownwiththecompanychieflythatitistryingtoextenditsmonopolyintotheserverandmedia-playermarkets. ButcompetitorsandcriticsofthesoftwaregiantwhohaveheavilylobbiedboththestatesandBrusselsshouldnotgettheirhopesup.GiventheeconomicandpoliticalenvironmentitisstillunlikelythatMicrosoftwillgetmorethanaslaponthewristevenifithurtsmorethanthecompanywouldlike.45 Tosomeextentthisisalreadyhappening.The"LibertyAlliance"forexampleisgainingmomentum.AmericanExpressandAOLTimeWarnerrecentlyjoinedthiscoalitionwhosegoalistoprovideanalternativetoMicrosoft’sonlineauthenticationservicecalledPassport.SimilarlyiftheentertainmentindustrygotitsacttogetheritmightbeabletostopMicrosoftdefiningthestandardfordigitalcopy-protection.PerhapsthistimearoundsuchallianceswillproveabettermatchforMicrosoft’sdetermination. [A]Businessesandconsumerswantbenefitsofbeingconnectedanytimeanyplace—withoutcompromisingsecurityorcontrolofpersonalinformation. [B]ItsrivalswouldperhapsdobettertoconcentratetheirenergiesonformingalliancesthatcouldhelptokeepMicrosoftincheck. [C]About12500schools—manyofwhichareamongthenation’spoorest—wouldbeeligibletoreceivesoftwarefromMicrosoftundertheproposal. [D]Anotherjudgesupervisingtheclass-actionsuitshasquestionedMicrosoft’splantosettlealloftheeasesbydonating$1billiontopoorschools. [E]AsiftounderlinethisnewapproachMicrosoftrecentlyannouncedthatWilliamNeukomitslong-servinggeneralcounselwillsoonbereplacedbyBradSmithhismoreconvivialdeputy [F]Theirsuggestedremediesdomorethanjustplugtheloopholesinthemainsettlementandprovidefortougherenforcement.TheywouldtakebackmuchofwhatMicrosofthaswonbyabusingitsmonopolypower. [G]Thejudge’sremarkssuggestthatMicrosoftwillhavetopaycashinfullifitwantshimmapprovetheagreement. 44
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Areburgersandfriesaproductoftheprofoundsocialchangesofthepast50yearsorweretheytoalargeextentresponsibleforthemTheauthorofthisdiatribeagainstmultinationalrestaurantbrandsoptsforthelatterexplanation."Thereisnothinginevitableaboutthefastfoodnationthatsurroundsus"heconcludes."ThetriumphofMcDonald’sanditsimitatorswasbynomeanspre-ordained."Butithappenedneverthelessand.inhisviewitistobeblamedformanyoftheevilsofmodemAmericaandtheirglobalspread.TheemergenceofthecorporatecolossusfollowedinexorablybyitsdeionizationisafamiliarpatterninAmericanbusinesshistory. ThemodemphenomenonoffastfoodoriginatedinCaliforniajustbeforetheSecondWorldWar.Itsfirstmanifestationwaskerbservicewithmealsdeliveredtomotoristsbyhandsomeyoungcarhops.RichardandMauriceMcDonald.whoranadrive-inburgerbarinSanBernardinonearLosAngelesbecametiredofhavingconstantlytoreplacetheircarhopsandwashupcrockeryanddishes.In1948theydecidedtomakecustomersservethemselveswhilerestrictingthemenutoitemsthatcouldbepreparedbyunskilledcooksandeatenwithoutplatesknivesorforks. TheMcDonaldbrothersweresoonboughtoutbytheentrepreneurialRayKrocwhofranchisedtheirnameandtechniquessosuccessfullythatthereisnowscarcelyacomeroftheworldthatisfreefromtheirtrademarkgoldenarchesinvariablyspawningaclusterofrivalchainssellinghamburgerspizzasorfriedchickenhandedoutbysmilingteenagerswillingtoacceptminimalpay.Theyarecheapcheerfulpopularandchildrenlovethem.SojustwhatisMr.Schlosser’sbeefApartfromhisnutritionalreservations—toomuchfatsaltandsugar—heproveshow.asthechainsexpandedtheywereabletodictatetermstothesuppliersofpotatoesandgroundbeeftheirstapleingredients.Thiscausedanupheavalinagribusinessasafewlargesuppliersquicklyforcedlessefficientproducersoutofthemarket.Thedrivetokeepdowncostsandincreasethespeedofproductionledtotheemploymentofcheapunskilledlaborand.tothewidespreadtolerationofdangerousandunhygienicpracticesamonggrowersandprocessorswhichregulatorybodieshavefailedtopolice. Mr.Schlosserwhoisaskillfulandpersuasiveinvestigativereporterseesallthisasadamagingcorruptionofthefreemarket.Heisespeciallyangeredbypromotionaltechniquesaimedatimpressionablechildren.A1997giveawayofTeenieBeanieBabiesincreasedthesaleofMcDonalds’HappyMealsfrom10maweekto10rnaday.Andasurveyfoundthat96%ofAmericanschoolchildrencouldidentifyRonaldMcDonaldthechain’smascot.OnlySantaClausscoredhigher. TheauthorairsMr.Schlosser’sopinioninthesecondparagraphinorderto
Thefourgirlsin"TheSisterhoodoftheTravelingPants"makeapact.46Havingfoundthemagiceverywomandreamsofapairofjeansthatfitsallfourofthemperfectlytheyvowtosharethemlong-distanceduringtheirfirstsummerapart. Thejeansmustbemagicbecausethegirls’shapescouldn’tbemoredifferent.PetiteLenaAlexisBledelisallergictoboyswhoseeherasabeautifulface.WittyCarmenAmericaFerreraistoocurvytofitintothebridesmaid’sgownorderedforherbyLydiaNancyTravistheSouthernbride-to-beofherdivorcedfatherBradleyWhitford.BridgetBlakeLivelyalankystarathletehasnevercometotermswithhermother’ssuicide.47AndTibbyAmberTamblynisablue-hairedcynicwhosesummerjobatasuperstorenamedWallman’sispayingforvideoequipmenttomakeherfirstfilm. 48Thegirlspassthejeansaroundtobringthemluckwhentheyareseparated:LenawithrelativesonSantoriniwhereKostasMichaelRadychangeshermindaboutmen;Carmenwiththefathersheneverseeswhosenewfamilyisashock;BridgetinaMexicansoccercampwhereshesetshersightsonEricMikeVogelforbiddenfruitbecausehe’sacoach;andTibbyvideotapingherco-workers."Adocumentary"saysoneinterviewsubject."That’slikeamovieonlyboring" DeliaEphronandElizabethChandler’sscreenplayisnicelyservedbythedirectionofacomedyveteranKenKwapis.49Hecreatesafairytalesummerworldwherethegirlsgrapplewithrealissues:loveandfamilydeathlosingyourvirginityforthewrongreasonsdivorceracismandhavinganunfashionablebodytype.50Themagicofcourseisinthegirlsastheyhelpeachotherachieveinsightsthatfewoftheirelderscouldmanage.gentlysprinkledsprinkledwithtears.AnnBrashareswhowrotethenovelonwhichthefilmisbasedhaswrittentwomorebooksabouttheSisterhood.IfthisoneclicksWarnerBrosmayfinditselftheproudownerofthefirstsummerfilmfranchiseforteenagegirls. Havingfoundthemagiceverywomandreamsofapairofjeansthatfitsallfourofthemperfectlytheyvowtosharethemlong-distanceduringtheirfirstsummerapart.
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Areburgersandfriesaproductoftheprofoundsocialchangesofthepast50yearsorweretheytoalargeextentresponsibleforthemTheauthorofthisdiatribeagainstmultinationalrestaurantbrandsoptsforthelatterexplanation."Thereisnothinginevitableaboutthefastfoodnationthatsurroundsus"heconcludes."ThetriumphofMcDonald’sanditsimitatorswasbynomeanspre-ordained."Butithappenedneverthelessand.inhisviewitistobeblamedformanyoftheevilsofmodemAmericaandtheirglobalspread.TheemergenceofthecorporatecolossusfollowedinexorablybyitsdeionizationisafamiliarpatterninAmericanbusinesshistory. ThemodemphenomenonoffastfoodoriginatedinCaliforniajustbeforetheSecondWorldWar.Itsfirstmanifestationwaskerbservicewithmealsdeliveredtomotoristsbyhandsomeyoungcarhops.RichardandMauriceMcDonald.whoranadrive-inburgerbarinSanBernardinonearLosAngelesbecametiredofhavingconstantlytoreplacetheircarhopsandwashupcrockeryanddishes.In1948theydecidedtomakecustomersservethemselveswhilerestrictingthemenutoitemsthatcouldbepreparedbyunskilledcooksandeatenwithoutplatesknivesorforks. TheMcDonaldbrothersweresoonboughtoutbytheentrepreneurialRayKrocwhofranchisedtheirnameandtechniquessosuccessfullythatthereisnowscarcelyacomeroftheworldthatisfreefromtheirtrademarkgoldenarchesinvariablyspawningaclusterofrivalchainssellinghamburgerspizzasorfriedchickenhandedoutbysmilingteenagerswillingtoacceptminimalpay.Theyarecheapcheerfulpopularandchildrenlovethem.SojustwhatisMr.Schlosser’sbeefApartfromhisnutritionalreservations—toomuchfatsaltandsugar—heproveshow.asthechainsexpandedtheywereabletodictatetermstothesuppliersofpotatoesandgroundbeeftheirstapleingredients.Thiscausedanupheavalinagribusinessasafewlargesuppliersquicklyforcedlessefficientproducersoutofthemarket.Thedrivetokeepdowncostsandincreasethespeedofproductionledtotheemploymentofcheapunskilledlaborand.tothewidespreadtolerationofdangerousandunhygienicpracticesamonggrowersandprocessorswhichregulatorybodieshavefailedtopolice. Mr.Schlosserwhoisaskillfulandpersuasiveinvestigativereporterseesallthisasadamagingcorruptionofthefreemarket.Heisespeciallyangeredbypromotionaltechniquesaimedatimpressionablechildren.A1997giveawayofTeenieBeanieBabiesincreasedthesaleofMcDonalds’HappyMealsfrom10maweekto10rnaday.Andasurveyfoundthat96%ofAmericanschoolchildrencouldidentifyRonaldMcDonaldthechain’smascot.OnlySantaClausscoredhigher. FromtheexampleofMcDonaldtheauthorconcludesthat
AnannualcensusofwolvesatYellowstoneNationalParkhasfoundasharpdropinthepopulation.Butparkbiologistswhosuspectadeadlydiseasecanineparvovirussaytheywillletnaturetakeitscourse."Parvocanbevaccinatedforandcanbetreatedbutwewouldn’tdoitbecausewecouldn’tcatcheveryanimal"DanielStahler.aparkwaifbiologistsaid."Andthisallowsthemtobuildupanaturalresistance." Thecensusfound22pupscomparedwith69lastyear.Thetotalcountofwolvesdroppedm118from171thelowestsince2000."Itwassomewhatdevastatingtohavesuchpoorpupsurvival"Mr.Stahlersaid."Butresearchshowsthatyoungpupscanbouncebackfromitquitesuccessfully."ThatpupshavesufferedthedeclineseemstosuggesttheculpritisparvosaidEdBangswaifrecoverycoordinatorfortheUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServicehere.Nursingpupsreceiveimmunityfromtheirmother’smilk.buttheimmunitydropswhennursingstops. Thelargenumberofwolvesintheparkmightalsobeafactor."Whenyouhaveabiglitterandadultsarehavingtroublekillingenoughtofeedallthesepupsandtheanimalsarestressedparvoflaresup"Mr.Bangssaid."Ifyouhave15brothersandsistersinsteadof3youdon’tgetenoughtoeat;parvokillsyou." CanineparvoviruswasdiscoveredintheUnitedStatesin1978.Extremelyhardythediseasespreadrapidlytodomesticdogsandthenintowildanimalpopulations.BiologistssuspectthatitwasintroducedtoYellowstonebyatourist’sinfecteddogoracoyote.Becauseparvoissohardyitpersistsinthesoilformonths.Awolfcouldcatchitfromsimplysniffinginfectioussoil.thebiologistssaid.Thediseasehashitwolvesonthenorthernrangetheelk-filledmeadowsofthenorthernhalfoftheparkespeciallyhard.Outof49pupsbornthere8survived. SomescientistsincludingMr.Bangstheorizethattheparkmayhaveovershotitscapacityforwolvesandthatthenumbersarenaturallyadjustingdownwardwithdiseasebeingoneoftheagents.Thelong-termcarryingcapacityoftheparkhesaidisprobably110to150wolves. Wolveshavebeenkilledinotherwaystoo.Frequentencountersamongcompetingwolfpacksarethebiggestcauseofdeathamongadults.Inthefirstfiveyearsoftheirreintroductiontotheparkoneortwoanimalsayearwerekilledbyotherwolves.Thatnumberhasrisentofourorfiveayear. VehiclesalsotakeatollFourteenwolveshavebeenkilledbyvehiclesinthelast10yearseightofthemnearMileMarker30onRoute191astraightstretchonthewesternsideoftheparkwheremotoriststendtospeedandwolvesareplentiful. Bysayingletnaturetakeitscoursethebiologistsmean
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Areburgersandfriesaproductoftheprofoundsocialchangesofthepast50yearsorweretheytoalargeextentresponsibleforthemTheauthorofthisdiatribeagainstmultinationalrestaurantbrandsoptsforthelatterexplanation."Thereisnothinginevitableaboutthefastfoodnationthatsurroundsus"heconcludes."ThetriumphofMcDonald’sanditsimitatorswasbynomeanspre-ordained."Butithappenedneverthelessand.inhisviewitistobeblamedformanyoftheevilsofmodemAmericaandtheirglobalspread.TheemergenceofthecorporatecolossusfollowedinexorablybyitsdeionizationisafamiliarpatterninAmericanbusinesshistory. ThemodemphenomenonoffastfoodoriginatedinCaliforniajustbeforetheSecondWorldWar.Itsfirstmanifestationwaskerbservicewithmealsdeliveredtomotoristsbyhandsomeyoungcarhops.RichardandMauriceMcDonald.whoranadrive-inburgerbarinSanBernardinonearLosAngelesbecametiredofhavingconstantlytoreplacetheircarhopsandwashupcrockeryanddishes.In1948theydecidedtomakecustomersservethemselveswhilerestrictingthemenutoitemsthatcouldbepreparedbyunskilledcooksandeatenwithoutplatesknivesorforks. TheMcDonaldbrothersweresoonboughtoutbytheentrepreneurialRayKrocwhofranchisedtheirnameandtechniquessosuccessfullythatthereisnowscarcelyacomeroftheworldthatisfreefromtheirtrademarkgoldenarchesinvariablyspawningaclusterofrivalchainssellinghamburgerspizzasorfriedchickenhandedoutbysmilingteenagerswillingtoacceptminimalpay.Theyarecheapcheerfulpopularandchildrenlovethem.SojustwhatisMr.Schlosser’sbeefApartfromhisnutritionalreservations—toomuchfatsaltandsugar—heproveshow.asthechainsexpandedtheywereabletodictatetermstothesuppliersofpotatoesandgroundbeeftheirstapleingredients.Thiscausedanupheavalinagribusinessasafewlargesuppliersquicklyforcedlessefficientproducersoutofthemarket.Thedrivetokeepdowncostsandincreasethespeedofproductionledtotheemploymentofcheapunskilledlaborand.tothewidespreadtolerationofdangerousandunhygienicpracticesamonggrowersandprocessorswhichregulatorybodieshavefailedtopolice. Mr.Schlosserwhoisaskillfulandpersuasiveinvestigativereporterseesallthisasadamagingcorruptionofthefreemarket.Heisespeciallyangeredbypromotionaltechniquesaimedatimpressionablechildren.A1997giveawayofTeenieBeanieBabiesincreasedthesaleofMcDonalds’HappyMealsfrom10maweekto10rnaday.Andasurveyfoundthat96%ofAmericanschoolchildrencouldidentifyRonaldMcDonaldthechain’smascot.OnlySantaClausscoredhigher. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsMcDonaldis
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