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Directions: Title: How to Make a Good Speech in English Outline: 1. The importance of speaking Engl...
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Text3 EveryonehasheardoftheSanAndreasfaultwhichconstantlythreatensCaliforniaandtheWestCoastwithearth-quakes.ButhowmanypeopleknowabouttheequallyseriousNewMadridfaultinMissouri.’ BetweenDecemberof1811andFebruaryof1812threemajorearthquakesoccurredallcenteredaroundthetownofNewMadridMissouriontheMississippiRiver.Propertydamagewassevere. Buildingsintheareawerealmostdestoyed.Wholeforestsfellatonceandhugecracksopenedinthegroundallowingsmellofsulfurtofilterupward. TheMississippiRiveritselfcompletelychangedcharacterdevelopingsuddenrapidsandwhirlpools.Severaltimesitchangeditscourseandonceaccordingtosomeobserversitactuallyappearedtorunbackwards.FewpeoplewerekilledintheNewMadridearthquakesprobablysimplybecausefewpeoplelivedintheareain1811;buttheseverityoftheearth-quakesareshownbythefactthattheshockwavesrangbellsinchurchtowersinCharlestonSouthCarolinaonthecoast.BuildingsshookinNewYorkCityandclockswerestoppedinWashingtonD.C.ScientistsnowknowthatAmerica’stwomajorfaultsareessentiallydifferent.TheSanAndreasisahorizontalboundarybetweentwomajorlandmassesthatareslowlymovinginoppositedirections.Californiaearthquakesresultwhenthemovementofthesetwomassessuddenlylurchesforward. TheNewMadridfaultontheotherhandisaverticalfault;atsomepointpossiblyhundredsofmillionsofyearsagorockwaspusheduptowardthesurfaceprobablybyvolcanoesunderthesurface.Suddenlythevolcanoescooledandtherockcollapsedleavinghugecracks.Evennow’therockcontinuestosettledownwardsandsuddensinkingmotionstriggerearthquakesintheregion.ThefaultitselfalargecrackinthislayerofrockwithdozensofothercracksthatsplitofffromitextendsfromnortheastArkansasthroughMissouriandintosouthernIllinois. ScientistswhohavestudiedtheNewMadridfaultsaytherehavebeennumeroussmallerquakesintheareasince1811;thesesmallerquakesindicatethatlargeronesareprobablycomingbutritescientistssaytheyhavenomethodofpredictingwhenalargeearthquakewilloccur. Thispassageismainlyabout
Text4 Thosewhowelcomedtherailwaysawitasmorethanarapidandcomfortablemeansofpassing.Theyactuallysawitasafactorinworldpeace.Theydidnotforeseethattherailwaywouldbejustonemoremeansfortherapidmovementofaggressivearmies.Noneofthemforesawthatthemorewearetogether—themorechancesthereareofwar.Anyboyorgirlwhoisoneofalargefamilyknowsthat. Wheneveranynewinventionisputforwardthoseforitandthoseagainstitcanalwaysfindmedicalmentoapproveorcondemn.Theanti-railwaygroupproduceddoctorswhosaidthattunnelswouldbemostdangeroustopublichealth:theywouldproducecoldscatarrhs黏膜炎andconsumptions.Thedeafeningnoiseandtheglareoftheenginefirewouldhaveabadeffectonthenerves.Furtherbeingmovedthroughtheairatahighspeedwoulddograveinjurytodelicatelungs.Inthosewithhighbloodpressurethemovementofthetrainmightproduceapoplexy.Thesuddenplungingofatrainintothedarknessofatannelandtheequallysuddenrushintofulldaylightwouldcausegreatdamagetoeyesight.Butthepro-railwaygroupwasofcourseabletoproduceequallyfamousmedicalmentosayjusttheopposite.Theysaidthatthespeedandswingofthetrainwouldequalizethecirculationpromotedigestiontranquilizethenervesandensuregoodsleep. Theactualrolling-stockwasanythingbutcomfortable.Ifitwasatestofendurancetositforfourhoursoutsideacoachinrainorinsideindirtyairtherailwayofferedlittlemoreinthewayofcomfort.Certainlythefirst-classcarriageshadcushionedseats;butthesecond-classhadonlynarrowbareboardswhilethethird-classhadnothingatall;noseatsandnoroof;theywerejustopentrucks.Sothatthird-classpassengersgainednothingfromthefewmodeexceptspeed.Inthematterofcomfortindeedtheylost;theydidonthecoacheshaveaseatbutnowtheyhadtostandallthewaywhichgaveopportunitiestothecomicpress.Thiskindofthing:"Amanwasseenyesterdaybuyingathird-classticketforthenewLondonandBirminghamRailway.Thestateofhismindisbeingenquiredinto". Awriterintheearlydaysofrailwayswrotefeelinglyofbothsecond-andthird-classcarriages.Hemadethesuggestionthatthedirectorsoftherailwaysmusthavesentallovertheworldtofindthehardestpossiblewood.Oftheopenthird-classtruckshesaidthattheyhadthepeculiarpropertyofmeetingtherainfromwhateverquarteritcame.Hedescribedthemashorizontalshower-bathsfromwhosesearchingpowertherewasnoescape. Accordingtotheanti-railwaygroupallthefollowingsaretruebut
Text3 EveryonehasheardoftheSanAndreasfaultwhichconstantlythreatensCaliforniaandtheWestCoastwithearth-quakes.ButhowmanypeopleknowabouttheequallyseriousNewMadridfaultinMissouri.’ BetweenDecemberof1811andFebruaryof1812threemajorearthquakesoccurredallcenteredaroundthetownofNewMadridMissouriontheMississippiRiver.Propertydamagewassevere. Buildingsintheareawerealmostdestoyed.Wholeforestsfellatonceandhugecracksopenedinthegroundallowingsmellofsulfurtofilterupward. TheMississippiRiveritselfcompletelychangedcharacterdevelopingsuddenrapidsandwhirlpools.Severaltimesitchangeditscourseandonceaccordingtosomeobserversitactuallyappearedtorunbackwards.FewpeoplewerekilledintheNewMadridearthquakesprobablysimplybecausefewpeoplelivedintheareain1811;buttheseverityoftheearth-quakesareshownbythefactthattheshockwavesrangbellsinchurchtowersinCharlestonSouthCarolinaonthecoast.BuildingsshookinNewYorkCityandclockswerestoppedinWashingtonD.C.ScientistsnowknowthatAmerica’stwomajorfaultsareessentiallydifferent.TheSanAndreasisahorizontalboundarybetweentwomajorlandmassesthatareslowlymovinginoppositedirections.Californiaearthquakesresultwhenthemovementofthesetwomassessuddenlylurchesforward. TheNewMadridfaultontheotherhandisaverticalfault;atsomepointpossiblyhundredsofmillionsofyearsagorockwaspusheduptowardthesurfaceprobablybyvolcanoesunderthesurface.Suddenlythevolcanoescooledandtherockcollapsedleavinghugecracks.Evennow’therockcontinuestosettledownwardsandsuddensinkingmotionstriggerearthquakesintheregion.ThefaultitselfalargecrackinthislayerofrockwithdozensofothercracksthatsplitofffromitextendsfromnortheastArkansasthroughMissouriandintosouthernIllinois. ScientistswhohavestudiedtheNewMadridfaultsaytherehavebeennumeroussmallerquakesintheareasince1811;thesesmallerquakesindicatethatlargeronesareprobablycomingbutritescientistssaytheyhavenomethodofpredictingwhenalargeearthquakewilloccur. Wemayconcludefromthepassagethat
Lawsofnatureareoftwobasicforms:1alawisUniversalifitstatesthatsomeconditionssofarasareknownin-variablyarefoundtogetherwithcertainotherconditions;and2alawisprobabilisticifitaffirmsthatontheaverageastatedfractionofcasesdisplayingagivenconditionwilldisplayacertainotherconditionaswell.Ineithercasealawmaybevalideventhoughitobtainsonlyunderspecialcircumstancesorasaconvenientapproximation. 46Moreoveralawofnaturehasnologicalnecessity;ratheritrestsdirectlyorindirectlyupontheevidenceofexperience.Lawsofuniversalformmustbedistinguishedfromgeneralizationssuchas"Allchairsinthisofficearegray"whichappeartobeaccidental.Generalizationsforexamplecannotsupportcounterfactualconditionalstatementssuchas"Ifthischairhadbeeninmyofficeitwouldbegray"norsubjunctiveconditionalssuchas"Ifthischairwereputinmyofficeitwouldbegray."Ontheotherhandthestatement"Allplanetaryobjectsmoveinnearlyellipticalpathsabouttheirstar"doesprovidethissupport.Allscientificlawsappeartogivesimilarresults.47Theclassofuniversalstatementsthatcanbecandidatesforthestatusoflawshoweverisdeterminedatanytimeinhistorybythetheoriesofsciencecurrentthen. Severalpositiveattributesarecommonlyrequiredofanaturallaw.Statementsaboutthingsoreventslimitedtoonelocationoronedatecannotbelawlike.Alsomostscientistsholdthatthepredicatemustapplytoevidencenotusedindeft-ringthelaw:thoughthelawisfoundeduponexperienceitmustpredictorhelponetounderstandmattersnotincludedamongtheseexperiences.Finallyitisnormallyexpectedthatolawwillbeexplainablebymoreembracinglawsorbysometheory. 48Thustaregularityforwhichtherearegeneraltheoreticalgroundsforexpectingitwillbemorereadilycalledanaturallawthananempiricalregularitythatcannotbesubsumedundermoregenerallawsortheories. Universallawsareofseveraltypes.49Manyassertadependencebetweenvaryingquantitiesmeasuringcertainpropertiesasinthelawthatthepressureofagasundersteadytemperatureisinverselyproportionaltoitsvolnme. Othersstatethateventsoccurinaninvariantorderasin"Vertebratesalwaysoccurinthefossilrecordaftertheriseofinvertebrates."Lastlytherearelawsaffirmingthatifanobjectisofastatedsortitwillhavecertainobservableproperties.50Partofthereasonfortheambiguityofthetermlawofnatureliesinthetemptationtoapplythetermonlytostatementsofoneofthesesortsoflawsasintheclaimthatsciencedealssolelywithcauseandeffectrelationshipswheninfactallthreekindsareequallyvalid. Thustaregularityforwhichtherearegeneraltheoreticalgroundsforexpectingitwillbemorereadilycalledanaturallawthananempiricalregularitythatcannotbesubsumedundermoregenerallawsortheories.
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
PartB Directions: "PursuitforMoreComfortandLuxury" A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayin160--200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethechangesasshowninthetable 2Analyzepossiblereasonsforthechange 3Makepredictionsonthefuturetendency StatisticsinPeople’sDailyexpensesinShanghai
BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun. Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986. Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text1 In1939twobrothersMacandDickMcDonaldstartedadrive-inrestaurantinSanBernadinoCalifornia.Theycarefullychoseabusycomerfortheirlocation.Theyhadruntheirownbusinessforyearsfirstatheaterthenabarbecue烤肉restaurantthenanotherdrive-in.Butintheirnewoperationtheyofferedanewshortenedmenu:Frenchfrieshamburgersandsodas.Tothissmallselectiontheyaddedonenewconcept:quickservicenowaitersorwaitressesandnotips. Theirhamburgerssoldforfifteencents.Cheesewasanotherfourcents.TheirFrenchfriesandhamburgershadaremarkableuniformityforthebrothershaddevelopedastrictroutineforthepreparationoftheirfoodandtheyinsistedontheircooks’stickingtotheirroutine.Theirnewdrive-inbecameincrediblypopularparticularlyforlunch.Peopledroveupbythehundredsduringthebusynoontime.Theserf-servicerestaurantwassopopularthatthebrothershadallowedtencopiesoftheirrestauranttobeopened.TheywerecontentwiththismodestsuccessuntiltheymetRayKroc. KrocwasasalesmanwhomettheMcDonaldbrothersin1954whenhewassellingmilkshake-mixingmachines.Hequicklysawtheuniqueappealofthebrothersfastfoodrestaurantsandboughttherighttofranchise特许经营othercopiesoftheirrestaurants.Theagreementstruckincludedtherighttoduplicatethemenu.Theequipmenteventheirredandwhitebuildingswiththegoldenarches. TodayMcDonald’sisreallyahouseholdname.ItsnamesforitssandwicheshavecometomeanhamburgerinthedecadessincethedayRayKrocwatchedpeoplerushuptoorderfifteen-centhamburgers.In1976McDonald’shadover$1billionintotalsales.Itsfirsttwenty-twoyearsisoneofthemostincrediblesuccessstoriesinmodemAmericanbusinesshistory. Thispassagemainlytalksabout
Text4 Thosewhowelcomedtherailwaysawitasmorethanarapidandcomfortablemeansofpassing.Theyactuallysawitasafactorinworldpeace.Theydidnotforeseethattherailwaywouldbejustonemoremeansfortherapidmovementofaggressivearmies.Noneofthemforesawthatthemorewearetogether—themorechancesthereareofwar.Anyboyorgirlwhoisoneofalargefamilyknowsthat. Wheneveranynewinventionisputforwardthoseforitandthoseagainstitcanalwaysfindmedicalmentoapproveorcondemn.Theanti-railwaygroupproduceddoctorswhosaidthattunnelswouldbemostdangeroustopublichealth:theywouldproducecoldscatarrhs黏膜炎andconsumptions.Thedeafeningnoiseandtheglareoftheenginefirewouldhaveabadeffectonthenerves.Furtherbeingmovedthroughtheairatahighspeedwoulddograveinjurytodelicatelungs.Inthosewithhighbloodpressurethemovementofthetrainmightproduceapoplexy.Thesuddenplungingofatrainintothedarknessofatannelandtheequallysuddenrushintofulldaylightwouldcausegreatdamagetoeyesight.Butthepro-railwaygroupwasofcourseabletoproduceequallyfamousmedicalmentosayjusttheopposite.Theysaidthatthespeedandswingofthetrainwouldequalizethecirculationpromotedigestiontranquilizethenervesandensuregoodsleep. Theactualrolling-stockwasanythingbutcomfortable.Ifitwasatestofendurancetositforfourhoursoutsideacoachinrainorinsideindirtyairtherailwayofferedlittlemoreinthewayofcomfort.Certainlythefirst-classcarriageshadcushionedseats;butthesecond-classhadonlynarrowbareboardswhilethethird-classhadnothingatall;noseatsandnoroof;theywerejustopentrucks.Sothatthird-classpassengersgainednothingfromthefewmodeexceptspeed.Inthematterofcomfortindeedtheylost;theydidonthecoacheshaveaseatbutnowtheyhadtostandallthewaywhichgaveopportunitiestothecomicpress.Thiskindofthing:"Amanwasseenyesterdaybuyingathird-classticketforthenewLondonandBirminghamRailway.Thestateofhismindisbeingenquiredinto". Awriterintheearlydaysofrailwayswrotefeelinglyofbothsecond-andthird-classcarriages.Hemadethesuggestionthatthedirectorsoftherailwaysmusthavesentallovertheworldtofindthehardestpossiblewood.Oftheopenthird-classtruckshesaidthattheyhadthepeculiarpropertyofmeetingtherainfromwhateverquarteritcame.Hedescribedthemashorizontalshower-bathsfromwhosesearchingpowertherewasnoescape. Wemaysafelyconcludethat
Text2 You’rebusyfillingouttheapplicationformforapositionyoureallyneed;let’sassumeyouonceactuallycompletedacoupleofyearsofcollegeworkoreventhatyoucompletedyourdegree. Isn’tittemptingtoliejustalittletoclaimontheformthatyourdiplomarepresentsaHarvarddegreeOrthatyoufinishedanextracoupleofyearsbackatStateUniversityMoreandmorepeopleareturningtoutterdeceptionlikethistolandtheirjobortomoveaheadintheircareersforpersonnelofficerslikemostAmericansvaluedegreesfromfamousschools.Ajobapplicantmayhaveagoodeducationanywaybutheorsheassumesthatchancesofbeinghiredarebetterwithadiplomafromawell-knownuniversity.Registrarsatmostwell-knowncollegessaytheydealwithdeceitfulclaimsliketheseattherateofaboutoneperweek. Personnelofficersdocheckupondegreeslistedonapplicationformsthenifitturnsoutthatanapplicantislyingmostcollegesarereluctanttoaccusetheapplicantdirectly.OneIvyLeagueschoolcallsthem"impostors";anotherreferstothemas"specialcases"onewell-knownWestCoastschoolinperhapsthemostdelicatephraseofallsaysthattheseclaimsaremadeby"nosuchpeople." Toavoidoutrightliessomejob-seekersclaimthatthey"attended"or"wereassociatedwith"acollegeoruniversity.Aftercarefullycheckingapersonnelofficermaydiscoverthat"attending"meansbeingdismissedafteronesemester.Itmaybethat"beingassociatedwith"acollegemeansthatthejobseekervisitedhisyoungerbrotherforafootballweekend.Oneschoolthatkeepsrecordsoffalseclaimssaysthatthepracticedatesbackatleasttotheturnofthecentury—that’swhentheybegankeepingrecordsanyhow. Ifyoudon’twanttolieorevenstretchthetruththerearecompaniesthatwillsellyouaphonydiploma.OnecompanywithofficesinNewYorkandontheWestCoastwillputyournameonadiplomafromanynumberofnonexistentcolleges.Thepricebeginsataroundtwentydollarsforadiplomafrom"SmootStateUniversity."Thepricesincreaserapidlyforadegreefromthe"UniversityofPurdue."AsthereisnoSmootStateandtherealschoolinIndianaisproperlycalledPurdueUniversitythepricesseemratherhighforonesheetofpaper. Asusedinthethirdsentenceofthesecondparagraphtheworduttermeans
Text4 Thosewhowelcomedtherailwaysawitasmorethanarapidandcomfortablemeansofpassing.Theyactuallysawitasafactorinworldpeace.Theydidnotforeseethattherailwaywouldbejustonemoremeansfortherapidmovementofaggressivearmies.Noneofthemforesawthatthemorewearetogether—themorechancesthereareofwar.Anyboyorgirlwhoisoneofalargefamilyknowsthat. Wheneveranynewinventionisputforwardthoseforitandthoseagainstitcanalwaysfindmedicalmentoapproveorcondemn.Theanti-railwaygroupproduceddoctorswhosaidthattunnelswouldbemostdangeroustopublichealth:theywouldproducecoldscatarrhs黏膜炎andconsumptions.Thedeafeningnoiseandtheglareoftheenginefirewouldhaveabadeffectonthenerves.Furtherbeingmovedthroughtheairatahighspeedwoulddograveinjurytodelicatelungs.Inthosewithhighbloodpressurethemovementofthetrainmightproduceapoplexy.Thesuddenplungingofatrainintothedarknessofatannelandtheequallysuddenrushintofulldaylightwouldcausegreatdamagetoeyesight.Butthepro-railwaygroupwasofcourseabletoproduceequallyfamousmedicalmentosayjusttheopposite.Theysaidthatthespeedandswingofthetrainwouldequalizethecirculationpromotedigestiontranquilizethenervesandensuregoodsleep. Theactualrolling-stockwasanythingbutcomfortable.Ifitwasatestofendurancetositforfourhoursoutsideacoachinrainorinsideindirtyairtherailwayofferedlittlemoreinthewayofcomfort.Certainlythefirst-classcarriageshadcushionedseats;butthesecond-classhadonlynarrowbareboardswhilethethird-classhadnothingatall;noseatsandnoroof;theywerejustopentrucks.Sothatthird-classpassengersgainednothingfromthefewmodeexceptspeed.Inthematterofcomfortindeedtheylost;theydidonthecoacheshaveaseatbutnowtheyhadtostandallthewaywhichgaveopportunitiestothecomicpress.Thiskindofthing:"Amanwasseenyesterdaybuyingathird-classticketforthenewLondonandBirminghamRailway.Thestateofhismindisbeingenquiredinto". Awriterintheearlydaysofrailwayswrotefeelinglyofbothsecond-andthird-classcarriages.Hemadethesuggestionthatthedirectorsoftherailwaysmusthavesentallovertheworldtofindthehardestpossiblewood.Oftheopenthird-classtruckshesaidthattheyhadthepeculiarpropertyofmeetingtherainfromwhateverquarteritcame.Hedescribedthemashorizontalshower-bathsfromwhosesearchingpowertherewasnoescape. Whatisthetoneofthispassage
Doanimalshaverights.Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulgroundclearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.47Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople—4orinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations. Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoithowdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsider-ationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice. Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake—asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning—theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl—istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsider-ationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.
Lawsofnatureareoftwobasicforms:1alawisUniversalifitstatesthatsomeconditionssofarasareknownin-variablyarefoundtogetherwithcertainotherconditions;and2alawisprobabilisticifitaffirmsthatontheaverageastatedfractionofcasesdisplayingagivenconditionwilldisplayacertainotherconditionaswell.Ineithercasealawmaybevalideventhoughitobtainsonlyunderspecialcircumstancesorasaconvenientapproximation. 46Moreoveralawofnaturehasnologicalnecessity;ratheritrestsdirectlyorindirectlyupontheevidenceofexperience.Lawsofuniversalformmustbedistinguishedfromgeneralizationssuchas"Allchairsinthisofficearegray"whichappeartobeaccidental.Generalizationsforexamplecannotsupportcounterfactualconditionalstatementssuchas"Ifthischairhadbeeninmyofficeitwouldbegray"norsubjunctiveconditionalssuchas"Ifthischairwereputinmyofficeitwouldbegray."Ontheotherhandthestatement"Allplanetaryobjectsmoveinnearlyellipticalpathsabouttheirstar"doesprovidethissupport.Allscientificlawsappeartogivesimilarresults.47Theclassofuniversalstatementsthatcanbecandidatesforthestatusoflawshoweverisdeterminedatanytimeinhistorybythetheoriesofsciencecurrentthen. Severalpositiveattributesarecommonlyrequiredofanaturallaw.Statementsaboutthingsoreventslimitedtoonelocationoronedatecannotbelawlike.Alsomostscientistsholdthatthepredicatemustapplytoevidencenotusedindeft-ringthelaw:thoughthelawisfoundeduponexperienceitmustpredictorhelponetounderstandmattersnotincludedamongtheseexperiences.Finallyitisnormallyexpectedthatolawwillbeexplainablebymoreembracinglawsorbysometheory. 48Thustaregularityforwhichtherearegeneraltheoreticalgroundsforexpectingitwillbemorereadilycalledanaturallawthananempiricalregularitythatcannotbesubsumedundermoregenerallawsortheories. Universallawsareofseveraltypes.49Manyassertadependencebetweenvaryingquantitiesmeasuringcertainpropertiesasinthelawthatthepressureofagasundersteadytemperatureisinverselyproportionaltoitsvolnme. Othersstatethateventsoccurinaninvariantorderasin"Vertebratesalwaysoccurinthefossilrecordaftertheriseofinvertebrates."Lastlytherearelawsaffirmingthatifanobjectisofastatedsortitwillhavecertainobservableproperties.50Partofthereasonfortheambiguityofthetermlawofnatureliesinthetemptationtoapplythetermonlytostatementsofoneofthesesortsoflawsasintheclaimthatsciencedealssolelywithcauseandeffectrelationshipswheninfactallthreekindsareequallyvalid. Partofthereasonfortheambiguityofthetermlawofnatureliesinthetemptationtoapplythetermonlytostatementsofoneofthesesortsoflawsasintheclaimthatsciencedealssolelywithcauseandeffectrelationshipswheninfactallthreekindsareequallyvalid.
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text2 You’rebusyfillingouttheapplicationformforapositionyoureallyneed;let’sassumeyouonceactuallycompletedacoupleofyearsofcollegeworkoreventhatyoucompletedyourdegree. Isn’tittemptingtoliejustalittletoclaimontheformthatyourdiplomarepresentsaHarvarddegreeOrthatyoufinishedanextracoupleofyearsbackatStateUniversityMoreandmorepeopleareturningtoutterdeceptionlikethistolandtheirjobortomoveaheadintheircareersforpersonnelofficerslikemostAmericansvaluedegreesfromfamousschools.Ajobapplicantmayhaveagoodeducationanywaybutheorsheassumesthatchancesofbeinghiredarebetterwithadiplomafromawell-knownuniversity.Registrarsatmostwell-knowncollegessaytheydealwithdeceitfulclaimsliketheseattherateofaboutoneperweek. Personnelofficersdocheckupondegreeslistedonapplicationformsthenifitturnsoutthatanapplicantislyingmostcollegesarereluctanttoaccusetheapplicantdirectly.OneIvyLeagueschoolcallsthem"impostors";anotherreferstothemas"specialcases"onewell-knownWestCoastschoolinperhapsthemostdelicatephraseofallsaysthattheseclaimsaremadeby"nosuchpeople." Toavoidoutrightliessomejob-seekersclaimthatthey"attended"or"wereassociatedwith"acollegeoruniversity.Aftercarefullycheckingapersonnelofficermaydiscoverthat"attending"meansbeingdismissedafteronesemester.Itmaybethat"beingassociatedwith"acollegemeansthatthejobseekervisitedhisyoungerbrotherforafootballweekend.Oneschoolthatkeepsrecordsoffalseclaimssaysthatthepracticedatesbackatleasttotheturnofthecentury—that’swhentheybegankeepingrecordsanyhow. Ifyoudon’twanttolieorevenstretchthetruththerearecompaniesthatwillsellyouaphonydiploma.OnecompanywithofficesinNewYorkandontheWestCoastwillputyournameonadiplomafromanynumberofnonexistentcolleges.Thepricebeginsataroundtwentydollarsforadiplomafrom"SmootStateUniversity."Thepricesincreaserapidlyforadegreefromthe"UniversityofPurdue."AsthereisnoSmootStateandtherealschoolinIndianaisproperlycalledPurdueUniversitythepricesseemratherhighforonesheetofpaper. Wecaninferfromthepassagethat
41____________Manyoftheoptionshavealreadybeenrehearsedinthepress:excludingsometreatmentsfromtheNHSchargingforcertaindrugsandservicesanddevelopingvoluntaryorcompulsoryhealthinsuranceschemes. 42____________Wespendabout7percentofGDPonhealthcomparedwith9percentintheNetherlandsand10percentinFranceandGermany.Intermsofhealthoutcomesversusspendwecompareprettyfavourably. Idon’tseeprivatehealthcareprovidingmuchofthesolutiontocurrentproblems.43____________Neitherisclosetobeingimplementedbutthefuturecouldseeadeliberateshiftofattentiontovoluntaryhealthinsuranceandanemphasisonsocialinsurance. 44____________Evensohighertaxeswillplainlybeneededtofundhealthcare.Ithinkwe’lleventuallyseelargerNHSchargesmorerationingofmedicalservicesandrestrictionsoncertainprocedureswithoutprovenoutcomes.Strictereligibilitycriteriaforcertaintreatmentsareanotherpossibility. 45____________.Noneofthemisgoingtowinvotesforthepoliticalpartydesperateenoughtointroducethem—butthennobodyisgoingtovoteforill—healthoranearlydeatheither. [A]EnglishNationalHealthServiceisauniversalhealthkeepingsystem.ButNowtheshortageofmoneybecomesaseriousproblem. [B]Allsuchoptionswouldmeanasharpbreakwithtraditionandpoliticalfalloutthatcouldbeextremelydamaging. [C]Theoptionsprovidessolutiontotheshortageofmoneyproblem. [D]Iexpectindividualstotakegreaterresponsibilityfortheirpersonalhealthusingtechnologythatallowsselfdiag-nosisfollowedbyserf-treatmentorhomecare. [E]Lookingathowfarwe’11beabletofundtheHealthServiceinthe21stcenturyraisesanynumberofthornyis-sues. [F]Morelikelyisashiftfromuniversalhealthcoveragetotopupschemeswhichgivepeoplebasichealthentitlementsbutrequirethemtofinanceothertreatmentthroughprivatefinancingoroptoutschemeswhichusetaxrelieftoencourageindividualstomakeprivateprovision. [G]ComparedtoitsEuropeanUnioncounterpartsBritain.operatesalowcosthealthsystem. 44
Doanimalshaverights.Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulgroundclearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.47Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople—4orinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations. Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoithowdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsider-ationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice. Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake—asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning—theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl—istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.
Text1 In1939twobrothersMacandDickMcDonaldstartedadrive-inrestaurantinSanBernadinoCalifornia.Theycarefullychoseabusycomerfortheirlocation.Theyhadruntheirownbusinessforyearsfirstatheaterthenabarbecue烤肉restaurantthenanotherdrive-in.Butintheirnewoperationtheyofferedanewshortenedmenu:Frenchfrieshamburgersandsodas.Tothissmallselectiontheyaddedonenewconcept:quickservicenowaitersorwaitressesandnotips. Theirhamburgerssoldforfifteencents.Cheesewasanotherfourcents.TheirFrenchfriesandhamburgershadaremarkableuniformityforthebrothershaddevelopedastrictroutineforthepreparationoftheirfoodandtheyinsistedontheircooks’stickingtotheirroutine.Theirnewdrive-inbecameincrediblypopularparticularlyforlunch.Peopledroveupbythehundredsduringthebusynoontime.Theserf-servicerestaurantwassopopularthatthebrothershadallowedtencopiesoftheirrestauranttobeopened.TheywerecontentwiththismodestsuccessuntiltheymetRayKroc. KrocwasasalesmanwhomettheMcDonaldbrothersin1954whenhewassellingmilkshake-mixingmachines.Hequicklysawtheuniqueappealofthebrothersfastfoodrestaurantsandboughttherighttofranchise特许经营othercopiesoftheirrestaurants.Theagreementstruckincludedtherighttoduplicatethemenu.Theequipmenteventheirredandwhitebuildingswiththegoldenarches. TodayMcDonald’sisreallyahouseholdname.ItsnamesforitssandwicheshavecometomeanhamburgerinthedecadessincethedayRayKrocwatchedpeoplerushuptoorderfifteen-centhamburgers.In1976McDonald’shadover$1billionintotalsales.Itsfirsttwenty-twoyearsisoneofthemostincrediblesuccessstoriesinmodemAmericanbusinesshistory. Wemayinferfromthispassagethat
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text2 You’rebusyfillingouttheapplicationformforapositionyoureallyneed;let’sassumeyouonceactuallycompletedacoupleofyearsofcollegeworkoreventhatyoucompletedyourdegree. Isn’tittemptingtoliejustalittletoclaimontheformthatyourdiplomarepresentsaHarvarddegreeOrthatyoufinishedanextracoupleofyearsbackatStateUniversityMoreandmorepeopleareturningtoutterdeceptionlikethistolandtheirjobortomoveaheadintheircareersforpersonnelofficerslikemostAmericansvaluedegreesfromfamousschools.Ajobapplicantmayhaveagoodeducationanywaybutheorsheassumesthatchancesofbeinghiredarebetterwithadiplomafromawell-knownuniversity.Registrarsatmostwell-knowncollegessaytheydealwithdeceitfulclaimsliketheseattherateofaboutoneperweek. Personnelofficersdocheckupondegreeslistedonapplicationformsthenifitturnsoutthatanapplicantislyingmostcollegesarereluctanttoaccusetheapplicantdirectly.OneIvyLeagueschoolcallsthem"impostors";anotherreferstothemas"specialcases"onewell-knownWestCoastschoolinperhapsthemostdelicatephraseofallsaysthattheseclaimsaremadeby"nosuchpeople." Toavoidoutrightliessomejob-seekersclaimthatthey"attended"or"wereassociatedwith"acollegeoruniversity.Aftercarefullycheckingapersonnelofficermaydiscoverthat"attending"meansbeingdismissedafteronesemester.Itmaybethat"beingassociatedwith"acollegemeansthatthejobseekervisitedhisyoungerbrotherforafootballweekend.Oneschoolthatkeepsrecordsoffalseclaimssaysthatthepracticedatesbackatleasttotheturnofthecentury—that’swhentheybegankeepingrecordsanyhow. Ifyoudon’twanttolieorevenstretchthetruththerearecompaniesthatwillsellyouaphonydiploma.OnecompanywithofficesinNewYorkandontheWestCoastwillputyournameonadiplomafromanynumberofnonexistentcolleges.Thepricebeginsataroundtwentydollarsforadiplomafrom"SmootStateUniversity."Thepricesincreaserapidlyforadegreefromthe"UniversityofPurdue."AsthereisnoSmootStateandtherealschoolinIndianaisproperlycalledPurdueUniversitythepricesseemratherhighforonesheetofpaper. Thispassageimpliesthat
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
41____________Manyoftheoptionshavealreadybeenrehearsedinthepress:excludingsometreatmentsfromtheNHSchargingforcertaindrugsandservicesanddevelopingvoluntaryorcompulsoryhealthinsuranceschemes. 42____________Wespendabout7percentofGDPonhealthcomparedwith9percentintheNetherlandsand10percentinFranceandGermany.Intermsofhealthoutcomesversusspendwecompareprettyfavourably. Idon’tseeprivatehealthcareprovidingmuchofthesolutiontocurrentproblems.43____________Neitherisclosetobeingimplementedbutthefuturecouldseeadeliberateshiftofattentiontovoluntaryhealthinsuranceandanemphasisonsocialinsurance. 44____________Evensohighertaxeswillplainlybeneededtofundhealthcare.Ithinkwe’lleventuallyseelargerNHSchargesmorerationingofmedicalservicesandrestrictionsoncertainprocedureswithoutprovenoutcomes.Strictereligibilitycriteriaforcertaintreatmentsareanotherpossibility. 45____________.Noneofthemisgoingtowinvotesforthepoliticalpartydesperateenoughtointroducethem—butthennobodyisgoingtovoteforill—healthoranearlydeatheither. [A]EnglishNationalHealthServiceisauniversalhealthkeepingsystem.ButNowtheshortageofmoneybecomesaseriousproblem. [B]Allsuchoptionswouldmeanasharpbreakwithtraditionandpoliticalfalloutthatcouldbeextremelydamaging. [C]Theoptionsprovidessolutiontotheshortageofmoneyproblem. [D]Iexpectindividualstotakegreaterresponsibilityfortheirpersonalhealthusingtechnologythatallowsselfdiag-nosisfollowedbyserf-treatmentorhomecare. [E]Lookingathowfarwe’11beabletofundtheHealthServiceinthe21stcenturyraisesanynumberofthornyis-sues. [F]Morelikelyisashiftfromuniversalhealthcoveragetotopupschemeswhichgivepeoplebasichealthentitlementsbutrequirethemtofinanceothertreatmentthroughprivatefinancingoroptoutschemeswhichusetaxrelieftoencourageindividualstomakeprivateprovision. [G]ComparedtoitsEuropeanUnioncounterpartsBritain.operatesalowcosthealthsystem. 42
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEETII.
Doanimalshaverights.Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulgroundclearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.47Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople—4orinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations. Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoithowdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsider-ationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice. Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake—asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning—theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl—istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthisbash’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’renea3foryouButthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong:Morothananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltfightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate--excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
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