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Text 2 There was great public interest when a big hole mysteriously appeared in the middle of a...
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根据世界各国城市化的经验城市化水平与经济发展水平之间有密切的关系如以人均GDP代表国家经济发展水平单
人均GDP=500;PU=35%
人均GDP=1000;PU=60%
人均GDP=3000;PU=70%
人均GDP=5000;PU=55%
人均GDP=10000;PU=70%
以下关于城镇化率的计算公式正确的是
PU=UP
PU=U/P
PU=P/U
PU=(U+P)/(U-P)
PSS输出噪声应小于
±0.001pu
±0.002pu
±0.003pu
±0.005pu
PU的口是和球机控制线相连的电脑用超级终端和PU连接时是和PU的口相连的
既往有PU病史或溃疡高危人群必需用NSAID治疗者同时服用抗PU药PPI米索前列醇H2RA对其作用评
在交流电路中三相负载消耗的总功率与各相负载消耗的功率之间的关系是
1/P=1/PU+1/PV+1/PW
P=PU+PV+PW
P=PU•PV•PW
P=(PU+PV+PW)
以下关于城镇化率的计算公式正确的是
PU=U/P
PU=P/U
PU=UP
PU=(U+P)/(U-P)
PU—402的出口压力突然升高的原因可能是
PU—402前的过滤器堵塞
PU—402后的管道堵塞
回流阀开度太大
对特性阻抗为75Ω的高频电缆来说功率电平Pm与电压电平Pu的关系
Pu=Pm-9dB
Pu=Pm+9dB
Pu=Pm+8.686dB
Pu=Pm-8.686dB
玉兔号月球车用Pu作为热源材料下列关于Pu的说法正确的是
Pu与
U互为同位素
Pu与
Pu互为同素异形体
Pu与
U具有相同的化学性质
Pu与
Pu具有相同的最外层电子数
一种核酸外切酶与pApGpUpCpApG-pU一起保温其水解产物中不含有
PA+pC+pUpCpApGpU
PApG+pUpC+pApGpU
2pA+2pG+2pU+pC
PApGpUpCpA+pG+pU
PApGpUpCpApG+pU
在FoxPro中要把当前屏幕画面存入内存变量PM中应当使用的命令是
RESTORE SCREEN FROM PN
SAVE SCREEN TO PU
SAVE ALL TO PU
SESTORE FROM PU
放射性元素钚Pu有20种放射性同位素下列关于Pu和Pu的说法正确的是
Pu和
Pu都含有94个中子
Pu和
Pu互为同位素
Pu和
Pu的核外电子数不同
Pu和
Pu分别含有146和147个质子
玉兔号月球车用Pu作为热源材料.下列关于Pu的说法正确的是
Pu与
U.互为同位素
Pu与
Pu互为同素异形体
Pu与
U.化学性质完全相同
Pu与
Pu最外层电子数相同
在交流电路中三相负载消耗的总功率与各相负载消耗的功率之问的关系是.
1/ P- 1/ Pu+1/ Pv4+1/ Pw
P=Pu+Pv+Pw
P=Pu·Pv·Pw
P=(Pu+Pv+Pw)/√3
在110kV及220kV系统中开断空载架空线路的过电压不超过开断电缆线路可能超过30pu.
20pu.
25pu.
30pu.
35pu.
玉兔号月球车用Pu作为热源材料.下列关于Pu的说法正确的是
Pu与
U互为同位素
Pu与
Pu互为同素异形体
Pu与
U具有完全相同的化学性质
Pu与
Pu具有相同的最外层电子数
在交流电路中三相负载消耗的总功率与各相负载消耗的功率之间的关系是
1/P=l/PU +1/PV +1/PW
P=PU +PV +PW
P= PU · PV · PW
P=(PU +PV +PW ) / 3
2016年9月小军顺利升入初中为学习需要准备购买若干个创意PU笔记本甲乙两家文具店都有足够数量的创
一种核酸外切酶与pApGpUpCpApGpU一起保温其水解产物中不含有
PA+pG+pUpCpApGpU
PApG+pUpC+pApGpU
2pA+2pG+2pU+pC
PApGpUpCpA+pG+pU
PApGpUpCpApG+pU
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Applicantswhohaveneverbeenissuedapassportintheirownnamemustexecuteanapplicationinpersonbefore1apassportagent;2aclerkofanyfederalcourtorstatecourtofrecordorajudgeorclerkofanyprobatecourtacceptingapplications;3apostalemployeedesignatedbythepostmasteratapostofficethathasbeenselectedtoacceptpassportapplications;or4aU.S.diplomaticorconsularofficerabroad. 41______.IftheapplicanthasnopriorpassportandwasbornintheU.S.acertifiedcopyofhis/herbirthcertificategenerallymustbepresentedtotheagentacceptingthepassportapplication.Tobeacceptablethecertificatemustshowthegivennameandsurnamethedateandplaceofbirthandthatthebirthrecordwasfiledshortlyafterbirth.Adelayedbirthcertificatearecordfiledmorethan1yearafterthedateofbirthisacceptableprovidedthatitshowsthatacceptablesecondaryevidencewasusedforcreatingthisrecord. 42______Thenoticemustbeaccompaniedbythebestobtainablesecondaryevidencesuchasabaptismalcertificateorahospitalbirthrecord. AnaturalizedcitizenwithnopreviouspassportmustpresentaCertificateofNaturalization.ApersonbornabroadclaimingU.S.citizenshipthrougheitheranative-bornornaturalizedcitizenparentmustnormallysubmitaCertificateofCitizenshipissuedbytheImmigrationandNaturalizationService;oraConsularReportofBirthorCertificationofBirthAbroadissuedbytheDept.ofState.43______ Additionallyifcitizenshipisderivedthroughbirthtocitizenparentsthefollowingdocumentswillberequired:parents’marriagecertificateshowingperiodsandplacesofresidenceorphysicalpresenceintheU.S.andabroadspecifyingperiodsspentabroadintheemploymentoftheU.S.governmentincludingthearmedforcesorwithcertaininternationalorganizations.44______ Itisimportanttoapplyforapassportasfarinadvanceaspossible.PassportofficesarebusiestbetweenMarchandSeptember.Itcantakeseveralweekstoreceiveyourpassport.45______ A.Ifabirthcertificateisnotobtainableanoticefromastateregistrarmustbesubmittedstatingthatnobirthrecordexists. B.AnyapplicantwithoutpriorpassportneedsabirthcertificateprovidedbyahospitalorclinicanywhereinAmerica. C.Ifoneoftheabovedocumentshasnotbeenobtainedevidenceofcitizenshipoftheparentsthroughwhomcitizenshipisclaimedandevidencethatwouldestablishtheparent/childrelationshipmustbesubmitted. D.Personsinothercircumstancesmaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportthroughinterviewappointedbyemailorphone. E.IfcitizenshipisderivedthroughnaturalizationofparentsevidenceofadmissiontotheU.S.forpermanentresidencealsowillberequired. F.AfullvaliditypassportpreviouslyissuedtotheapplicantoroneinwhichheorshewasincludedwillbeacceptedasproofofU.S.citizenship. G.Personswhopossessthemostrecentpassportissuedwithinthelast12yearsandaftertheir18thbirthdaymaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportbymail. 45
Text2 Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. Accordingtothepassagetheroleoftheflowrestrictioninaheatpumpisto
Directions: AfterreceivingtheflowerssentbyherintimatefriendIrisMarywritesalettertoshowherthankstoIris.Marywantstotellthefollowingthings: Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"Mary"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text1 Oneofthemajorproblemsofnuclearenergyistheinabilityofscientiststodiscoverasafewaytodisposeoftheradioactivewasteswhichoccurthroughoutthenuclearprocess.Manyofthesewastesremaindangerouslyactivefortensofthousandsofyearswhileothershavealifespanclosertoaquarterofamillionyears.Variousmethodshavebeenusedtodatebutallhaverevealedweaknessesforcingscientiststocontinuetheirsearch. Thenuclearprocessinvolvesseveralstageswiththedangerofradioactivityconstantlypresent.Fuelfornuclearreactorscomesfromuraniumorewhichwhenminedspontaneouslyproducesradioactivesubstancesasbyproducts.Thischaracteristicofuraniumorewentundetectedforalongtimeresultinginthedeathduetocancerofhundredsofuraniumminers. TheUnitedStatesattemptedtoburymuchofitsradioactivewastematerialincontainersmadeofsteelcoveredinconcreteandcapableofholdingamilliongallons.Foralongtimeitwasbelievedthatthenuclearwasteproblemhadbeensolveduntilsomeofthesetanksleakedallowingtheradioactivewastestoseepintotheenvironment.Canadapresentlystoresitsnuclearwasteinunderwatertankswiththelong-termeffectslargelyunknown. Howeverplansareunderconsiderationforabove-groundstorageofspentfuelfromreactors.Theseplansincludethebuildingofthreevastconcretecontainerswhichwouldbetwostorieshighandapproximatelythelengthandwidthoftwofootballfields.OthersuggestionsincludeenclosingthewasteinglassblocksandstoringtheminundergroundcavernsorplacinghotcontainersintheAntarcticregionwheretheywouldmelttheicetherebysinkingdownadverseeffectontheicesheets. Accordingtothepassagescientistsfailedto
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text3 Healthingeneraltermsincludesmanynon-medicalareassuchashousingandemployment.Asfarasindividualisconcernedwelfarebenefitscomeintwomaincategories--fiatrateandsupplementary.FlatratebenefitsarethoseapersonhasanautomaticrighttoprovidedheorshehasmadeacertainnumberofcontributionstotheDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity.Unemploymentbenefitisoneofthese.Supplementarybenefitsarebasedonameanstest.Inotherwordstheyarebenefitsgivenregardlessofcontributionsmadewherethegovernmentdecidesthatanindividualhas.insufficientresourcesforaminimumstandardofliving.Thesebenefitscanbeintheformofallowancesforrentandratesspecialdietheatingandclothing.Suchbenefitshavetobeclaimedandtheindividualhastogivefulldetailsofallhisorhercapitalassetsandsourcesofincome.Unclaimedbenefitsamounttoapproximately$100millioneachyear. TheoriginatorsoftheWelfareStateideawereconcernedtoalleviateorremovewhattheysawastheevilsoftheirtime.TheireffortsresultedinagreatimprovementinthestandardoflivingandlifeexpectancyinBritain.ThisprogressinitselfhassimulatedtheincreasingcostofmaintainingtheWelfareState.Over45percentofthehealthauthorityexpenditureonhospitals andcommunityservicesisspentoncareoftheelderly.YetthereareindicationsthatBeveridge calculatedthatlesswouldneedtobespentonpeopleoncetheyretired.Advancesinmedicalknowledgehaveinvolvedtheuseofexpensivedrugsandhospitalprocedures.Drugandalcoholabusemakeincreasingdemandsonthemedicalservices. Thepresentgovernmentisplanninganewapproachtothesocialsecuritysystemwhichaccountsfornearlyone-thirdofpublicexpenditure.Changesinthemovement’spensionschemetoencourageprivateschemeswillstartfromAprilthisyear.Differentwaysofassessingneedareplanned.ToenableclosermonitoringandcontroltheDHSShasbegunthebiggestcomputerizationprograminEurope.Suggestionshavebeenmadebyoppositionpoliticiansthatthepresentmovementintendstosay"farewell"totheWelfareState.AlthoughallthemajorpartiesinBritainsaytheyarecommitted’toacaringsociety.There’saconsiderabledifferenceinthemeanseachwouldwishtousetoachieveit.Astheoldsayinggoes"Onlytimewilltell". WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Text1 Acidrainwhichisaformof’airpollutioncurrentlybecomesasubjectofgreatdebatebecauseofwidespreadenvironmentaldamageforwhichithasbeenblamed.Itformswhenoxidesofsulfurandnitrogencombinewithatmosphericmoisturetoyieldsulfuricandnitricacidswhichmaythenbecarriedlongdistancesfromtheirsourcebeforetheydropintheformofrain.Thepollutionmayalsotaketheformofsnoworfogorfalldownindryforms.Infactalthoughtheterm"acidrain"hasbeeninuse.formorethanacentury--itisderivedfromatmosphericstudiesthatweremadeintheregionofManchesterEngland--themoreaccuratescientifictermwouldbe’aciddeposition.’Thedryformofsuchdepositionisjustasdamagingtotheenvironmentastheliquidform. TheproblemofacidrainoriginatedwiththeIndustrialRevolutionandithasbeengrowingeversince.Theseverityofitseffectshaslongbeenrecognizedinlocalsettingsasexemplifiedbythespellsofacidsmoginheavilyindustrializedareas.Thewidespreaddestructivenessofacidrainhoweverhas’becomeevidentonlyinrecentdecades.OnelargeareathathasbeenstudiedextensivelyisnorthernEuropewhereacidrainhaserodedstructuresinjuredcropsandforestsandthreatenedlifeinfreshwaterlakes.In1984forexampleenvironmentalreportsindicatedthatalmosthalfofthetreesinGermany’sBlackForesthadbeendamagedbyacidrain.ThenortheasternUnitedStatesandeasternCanadahavealsobeenparticularlyaffectedbythisformofpollution;damagehasalsobeendetectedinotherareasofthesecountriesandotherregionsoftheworld. Industrialemissionshavebeenblamedasthemajorcauseofacidrain.Becausethechemicalreactionsinvolvedintheproductionofacidrainintheatmospherearecomplexandasyetlittleunderstoodindustrieshavetendedtochallengesuchassessmentsandtostresstheneedforfurtherstudies;andbecauseofthecostofpollutionreductiongovernmentshavetendedtosupportthisattitude.StudiesreleasedbytheUSgovernmentintheearly1980showeverstronglyindicatedindustriesasthemainsourceofacidrainintheeasternUSandCanada. Whyisacidrainlittleunderstood
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Text3 Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhich’manbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsand"human-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthathedoesnotwhole-heartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement. Theworkerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealities’ofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings. Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace. Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyareagainandagaintestedbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsociabilitycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness. AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortothenineteenthcenturytreeenterprise”capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingwan. Whatistherealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployees
Text2 Oneoftheoddthingsaboutsomebusinessorganizationsisthattheyspendsomuchmoneytolurenewcustomersandspendsolittletokeepthemafterthey’vebeenlanded.Itjustdoesn’tmakesense.Takingcustomersforgrantedisroutineinsomelargerorganizationswheremerebignessgeneratesanattitudeofindifference. Loyalcustomersareanorganization’sonlyprotectionagainstbankruptcyandlosingthembecauseofneglectorindifferenceisdownrightsinful.Notonlydosatisfiedcustomerscontinuetofattenthetilltheyoftenencourageotherstobuy.Thisisadvertisingthatdoesn’tcostapenny.Andalthoughtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomersmaintainingtheirpatronage光顾isn’tallthatdifficult.It’samatterofattitudeofbelievingthateveryonewhobuysfromyouisentitledtothebesttreatmentyoucandeliver.Plusgivingjustalittlemorethanyouhaveto. Wesaidtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomers.Thereasonofcourseisthatnoorganizationisperfectandthere’smanyaslip:unreasonabledelaysinfillingordersshippingthewrongmerchandisefailingtoanswerletterspromptlyandsoon. Sometimestheseerrorsorfailurescan’tbehelped.Forexampleifyoucan’tgetpartsbecauseofmaterialshortagesoratransportationstrikecustomersmaybedeniedthegoodsthey’veordered.Andnotinfrequentlythecustomeristoblame--forexamplefailingtoclearlyidentifythearticleorservjcerequired. Yetnomatterwhoisatfaultcustomerswhomyouvaluehighlyshouldgenerallybegiventhebenefitofthedoubt.Notethatwesaid"customerswhomyouvaluehighly."Theoldsaying格言goesthatallcustomersshouldbetreatedalikeisamyth.Customerswhorepeatedlyplacelargeordersandpayforthemwillnaturallygetmoreattentionthanthosewhobuyinfrequentlyandhavetobebadgeredtopaywhattheyowe.Howeveryouhavetomaketheassumptionthatallcustomersaregoodunlessprovedotherwise. Theauthormightprobablydisagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements
Applicantswhohaveneverbeenissuedapassportintheirownnamemustexecuteanapplicationinpersonbefore1apassportagent;2aclerkofanyfederalcourtorstatecourtofrecordorajudgeorclerkofanyprobatecourtacceptingapplications;3apostalemployeedesignatedbythepostmasteratapostofficethathasbeenselectedtoacceptpassportapplications;or4aU.S.diplomaticorconsularofficerabroad. 41______.IftheapplicanthasnopriorpassportandwasbornintheU.S.acertifiedcopyofhis/herbirthcertificategenerallymustbepresentedtotheagentacceptingthepassportapplication.Tobeacceptablethecertificatemustshowthegivennameandsurnamethedateandplaceofbirthandthatthebirthrecordwasfiledshortlyafterbirth.Adelayedbirthcertificatearecordfiledmorethan1yearafterthedateofbirthisacceptableprovidedthatitshowsthatacceptablesecondaryevidencewasusedforcreatingthisrecord. 42______Thenoticemustbeaccompaniedbythebestobtainablesecondaryevidencesuchasabaptismalcertificateorahospitalbirthrecord. AnaturalizedcitizenwithnopreviouspassportmustpresentaCertificateofNaturalization.ApersonbornabroadclaimingU.S.citizenshipthrougheitheranative-bornornaturalizedcitizenparentmustnormallysubmitaCertificateofCitizenshipissuedbytheImmigrationandNaturalizationService;oraConsularReportofBirthorCertificationofBirthAbroadissuedbytheDept.ofState.43______ Additionallyifcitizenshipisderivedthroughbirthtocitizenparentsthefollowingdocumentswillberequired:parents’marriagecertificateshowingperiodsandplacesofresidenceorphysicalpresenceintheU.S.andabroadspecifyingperiodsspentabroadintheemploymentoftheU.S.governmentincludingthearmedforcesorwithcertaininternationalorganizations.44______ Itisimportanttoapplyforapassportasfarinadvanceaspossible.PassportofficesarebusiestbetweenMarchandSeptember.Itcantakeseveralweekstoreceiveyourpassport.45______ A.Ifabirthcertificateisnotobtainableanoticefromastateregistrarmustbesubmittedstatingthatnobirthrecordexists. B.AnyapplicantwithoutpriorpassportneedsabirthcertificateprovidedbyahospitalorclinicanywhereinAmerica. C.Ifoneoftheabovedocumentshasnotbeenobtainedevidenceofcitizenshipoftheparentsthroughwhomcitizenshipisclaimedandevidencethatwouldestablishtheparent/childrelationshipmustbesubmitted. D.Personsinothercircumstancesmaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportthroughinterviewappointedbyemailorphone. E.IfcitizenshipisderivedthroughnaturalizationofparentsevidenceofadmissiontotheU.S.forpermanentresidencealsowillberequired. F.AfullvaliditypassportpreviouslyissuedtotheapplicantoroneinwhichheorshewasincludedwillbeacceptedasproofofU.S.citizenship. G.Personswhopossessthemostrecentpassportissuedwithinthelast12yearsandaftertheir18thbirthdaymaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportbymail. 43
Text2 Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. Iftheauthor'sassessmentoftheuseofheatpumpsiscorrectwhichofthefollowingbestexpressesthelessonthatadvertisersshouldlearnfromthiscase
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text2 Oneoftheoddthingsaboutsomebusinessorganizationsisthattheyspendsomuchmoneytolurenewcustomersandspendsolittletokeepthemafterthey’vebeenlanded.Itjustdoesn’tmakesense.Takingcustomersforgrantedisroutineinsomelargerorganizationswheremerebignessgeneratesanattitudeofindifference. Loyalcustomersareanorganization’sonlyprotectionagainstbankruptcyandlosingthembecauseofneglectorindifferenceisdownrightsinful.Notonlydosatisfiedcustomerscontinuetofattenthetilltheyoftenencourageotherstobuy.Thisisadvertisingthatdoesn’tcostapenny.Andalthoughtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomersmaintainingtheirpatronage光顾isn’tallthatdifficult.It’samatterofattitudeofbelievingthateveryonewhobuysfromyouisentitledtothebesttreatmentyoucandeliver.Plusgivingjustalittlemorethanyouhaveto. Wesaidtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomers.Thereasonofcourseisthatnoorganizationisperfectandthere’smanyaslip:unreasonabledelaysinfillingordersshippingthewrongmerchandisefailingtoanswerletterspromptlyandsoon. Sometimestheseerrorsorfailurescan’tbehelped.Forexampleifyoucan’tgetpartsbecauseofmaterialshortagesoratransportationstrikecustomersmaybedeniedthegoodsthey’veordered.Andnotinfrequentlythecustomeristoblame--forexamplefailingtoclearlyidentifythearticleorservjcerequired. Yetnomatterwhoisatfaultcustomerswhomyouvaluehighlyshouldgenerallybegiventhebenefitofthedoubt.Notethatwesaid"customerswhomyouvaluehighly."Theoldsaying格言goesthatallcustomersshouldbetreatedalikeisamyth.Customerswhorepeatedlyplacelargeordersandpayforthemwillnaturallygetmoreattentionthanthosewhobuyinfrequentlyandhavetobebadgeredtopaywhattheyowe.Howeveryouhavetomaketheassumptionthatallcustomersaregoodunlessprovedotherwise. Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawnfromthesecondparagraph
46MaybetheyaretooyoungtoknowbetterormoreprobablytheyareyoungenoughtoknowbetterthanmostbuttwoIntemetmarketingwhizzesfromSanFranciscosaybothdotcomcpmpaniesandtheInternetarmofconventionalcompanieswillcontinuetobewhereclientgrowthandprofitaremostprolific. Butamarketingstrategyincludingabove-lineadvertisingtodrivepeople’toyoursite-willstillbeimportantsay23-year-oldChristopherGeorgeand26-year-oldJulioCabanillasinteractivemediaspecialistsfromtheglobaladvertisingagencyFooteConeBeldingFCB. ThetwotraveltheworldtoinstructtheircounterpartsontherightsandwrongsofIntemetasmarketingstrategiesandthecorrectbrandingofdotcomcompanies.Theyshouldknow.47Sixtypercentofbillingsissuedbythe’SanFranciscoofficeofFCBarenowtodotcomcompaniesihcludingthemassiveon-linebookstoreAmazon.comwhichboastsaccesstomorethanamilliontitles. 48Onasmallerscalebutequallyeffectivehasbeenthelistencomadvertisingbannerplacedonahostofcarefullyselectedmusicrelatedsitesandsearchengines.Thebannerhasarequestfunctionwheretheusercanselectanartistandbetakendirectlytothatartist’swebpageanddownloadMP3audiotracks. “Thefactthatyoucansearchwithinthebannerandconditiontheusertoknowwhatyouareofferingiskey.Thecreativeapproachissimplebuteffectiveandconveysexactlywhatthesiteisabout.” 49AlthoughtheInternetstrategiesfollowthestandard1:3ratioofconventionaladvertisingcampaignsroughlythreetimesmoreshouldbespentonplacingadvertisinginthevariousmediasuchastelevisionornewspapersthanontheproductionoftheadvertisingcampaignthecosttoclientscomesbeforeandaftertheonlinecampaign. ForexampleofwhatnottodoSeniorGeorgeandCabanillaspointtothegiantsupermarketchainWal-MartintheUSasanInternetsitethathasnottakenadvantageoftheuniquepropertiesofinteractivity.“Whatthey’vedoneistakethebricksandmortarlayoutstoreaislesforexampleandsimplyputitonline”Cabanillassays. 50“Buttheonlineexperienceismuchmorefluidthanthatandshouldprovide’smarter’serviceslikerecommendationsdiscountsandotherfunthingstoenhancetheuserexperience.Notintrusivejustsmarter.” 47Sixtypercentofbillingsissuedbythe’SanFranciscoofficeofFCBarenowtodotcomcompaniesihcludingthemassiveon-linebookstoreAmazon.comwhichboastsaccesstomorethanamilliontitles.
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Applicantswhohaveneverbeenissuedapassportintheirownnamemustexecuteanapplicationinpersonbefore1apassportagent;2aclerkofanyfederalcourtorstatecourtofrecordorajudgeorclerkofanyprobatecourtacceptingapplications;3apostalemployeedesignatedbythepostmasteratapostofficethathasbeenselectedtoacceptpassportapplications;or4aU.S.diplomaticorconsularofficerabroad. 41______.IftheapplicanthasnopriorpassportandwasbornintheU.S.acertifiedcopyofhis/herbirthcertificategenerallymustbepresentedtotheagentacceptingthepassportapplication.Tobeacceptablethecertificatemustshowthegivennameandsurnamethedateandplaceofbirthandthatthebirthrecordwasfiledshortlyafterbirth.Adelayedbirthcertificatearecordfiledmorethan1yearafterthedateofbirthisacceptableprovidedthatitshowsthatacceptablesecondaryevidencewasusedforcreatingthisrecord. 42______Thenoticemustbeaccompaniedbythebestobtainablesecondaryevidencesuchasabaptismalcertificateorahospitalbirthrecord. AnaturalizedcitizenwithnopreviouspassportmustpresentaCertificateofNaturalization.ApersonbornabroadclaimingU.S.citizenshipthrougheitheranative-bornornaturalizedcitizenparentmustnormallysubmitaCertificateofCitizenshipissuedbytheImmigrationandNaturalizationService;oraConsularReportofBirthorCertificationofBirthAbroadissuedbytheDept.ofState.43______ Additionallyifcitizenshipisderivedthroughbirthtocitizenparentsthefollowingdocumentswillberequired:parents’marriagecertificateshowingperiodsandplacesofresidenceorphysicalpresenceintheU.S.andabroadspecifyingperiodsspentabroadintheemploymentoftheU.S.governmentincludingthearmedforcesorwithcertaininternationalorganizations.44______ Itisimportanttoapplyforapassportasfarinadvanceaspossible.PassportofficesarebusiestbetweenMarchandSeptember.Itcantakeseveralweekstoreceiveyourpassport.45______ A.Ifabirthcertificateisnotobtainableanoticefromastateregistrarmustbesubmittedstatingthatnobirthrecordexists. B.AnyapplicantwithoutpriorpassportneedsabirthcertificateprovidedbyahospitalorclinicanywhereinAmerica. C.Ifoneoftheabovedocumentshasnotbeenobtainedevidenceofcitizenshipoftheparentsthroughwhomcitizenshipisclaimedandevidencethatwouldestablishtheparent/childrelationshipmustbesubmitted. D.Personsinothercircumstancesmaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportthroughinterviewappointedbyemailorphone. E.IfcitizenshipisderivedthroughnaturalizationofparentsevidenceofadmissiontotheU.S.forpermanentresidencealsowillberequired. F.AfullvaliditypassportpreviouslyissuedtotheapplicantoroneinwhichheorshewasincludedwillbeacceptedasproofofU.S.citizenship. G.Personswhopossessthemostrecentpassportissuedwithinthelast12yearsandaftertheir18thbirthdaymaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportbymail. 41
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Text1 Oneofthemajorproblemsofnuclearenergyistheinabilityofscientiststodiscoverasafewaytodisposeoftheradioactivewasteswhichoccurthroughoutthenuclearprocess.Manyofthesewastesremaindangerouslyactivefortensofthousandsofyearswhileothershavealifespanclosertoaquarterofamillionyears.Variousmethodshavebeenusedtodatebutallhaverevealedweaknessesforcingscientiststocontinuetheirsearch. Thenuclearprocessinvolvesseveralstageswiththedangerofradioactivityconstantlypresent.Fuelfornuclearreactorscomesfromuraniumorewhichwhenminedspontaneouslyproducesradioactivesubstancesasbyproducts.Thischaracteristicofuraniumorewentundetectedforalongtimeresultinginthedeathduetocancerofhundredsofuraniumminers. TheUnitedStatesattemptedtoburymuchofitsradioactivewastematerialincontainersmadeofsteelcoveredinconcreteandcapableofholdingamilliongallons.Foralongtimeitwasbelievedthatthenuclearwasteproblemhadbeensolveduntilsomeofthesetanksleakedallowingtheradioactivewastestoseepintotheenvironment.Canadapresentlystoresitsnuclearwasteinunderwatertankswiththelong-termeffectslargelyunknown. Howeverplansareunderconsiderationforabove-groundstorageofspentfuelfromreactors.Theseplansincludethebuildingofthreevastconcretecontainerswhichwouldbetwostorieshighandapproximatelythelengthandwidthoftwofootballfields.OthersuggestionsincludeenclosingthewasteinglassblocksandstoringtheminundergroundcavernsorplacinghotcontainersintheAntarcticregionwheretheywouldmelttheicetherebysinkingdownadverseeffectontheicesheets. Itisimpliedinthepassagethattheprimarydifficultyinseekingasafewaytodisposeofnuclearwastesiscausedby
Text1 Oneofthemajorproblemsofnuclearenergyistheinabilityofscientiststodiscoverasafewaytodisposeoftheradioactivewasteswhichoccurthroughoutthenuclearprocess.Manyofthesewastesremaindangerouslyactivefortensofthousandsofyearswhileothershavealifespanclosertoaquarterofamillionyears.Variousmethodshavebeenusedtodatebutallhaverevealedweaknessesforcingscientiststocontinuetheirsearch. Thenuclearprocessinvolvesseveralstageswiththedangerofradioactivityconstantlypresent.Fuelfornuclearreactorscomesfromuraniumorewhichwhenminedspontaneouslyproducesradioactivesubstancesasbyproducts.Thischaracteristicofuraniumorewentundetectedforalongtimeresultinginthedeathduetocancerofhundredsofuraniumminers. TheUnitedStatesattemptedtoburymuchofitsradioactivewastematerialincontainersmadeofsteelcoveredinconcreteandcapableofholdingamilliongallons.Foralongtimeitwasbelievedthatthenuclearwasteproblemhadbeensolveduntilsomeofthesetanksleakedallowingtheradioactivewastestoseepintotheenvironment.Canadapresentlystoresitsnuclearwasteinunderwatertankswiththelong-termeffectslargelyunknown. Howeverplansareunderconsiderationforabove-groundstorageofspentfuelfromreactors.Theseplansincludethebuildingofthreevastconcretecontainerswhichwouldbetwostorieshighandapproximatelythelengthandwidthoftwofootballfields.OthersuggestionsincludeenclosingthewasteinglassblocksandstoringtheminundergroundcavernsorplacinghotcontainersintheAntarcticregionwheretheywouldmelttheicetherebysinkingdownadverseeffectontheicesheets. Accordingtothepassageuraniumoreisverydangerousbecause
Text3 Healthingeneraltermsincludesmanynon-medicalareassuchashousingandemployment.Asfarasindividualisconcernedwelfarebenefitscomeintwomaincategories--fiatrateandsupplementary.FlatratebenefitsarethoseapersonhasanautomaticrighttoprovidedheorshehasmadeacertainnumberofcontributionstotheDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity.Unemploymentbenefitisoneofthese.Supplementarybenefitsarebasedonameanstest.Inotherwordstheyarebenefitsgivenregardlessofcontributionsmadewherethegovernmentdecidesthatanindividualhas.insufficientresourcesforaminimumstandardofliving.Thesebenefitscanbeintheformofallowancesforrentandratesspecialdietheatingandclothing.Suchbenefitshavetobeclaimedandtheindividualhastogivefulldetailsofallhisorhercapitalassetsandsourcesofincome.Unclaimedbenefitsamounttoapproximately$100millioneachyear. TheoriginatorsoftheWelfareStateideawereconcernedtoalleviateorremovewhattheysawastheevilsoftheirtime.TheireffortsresultedinagreatimprovementinthestandardoflivingandlifeexpectancyinBritain.ThisprogressinitselfhassimulatedtheincreasingcostofmaintainingtheWelfareState.Over45percentofthehealthauthorityexpenditureonhospitals andcommunityservicesisspentoncareoftheelderly.YetthereareindicationsthatBeveridge calculatedthatlesswouldneedtobespentonpeopleoncetheyretired.Advancesinmedicalknowledgehaveinvolvedtheuseofexpensivedrugsandhospitalprocedures.Drugandalcoholabusemakeincreasingdemandsonthemedicalservices. Thepresentgovernmentisplanninganewapproachtothesocialsecuritysystemwhichaccountsfornearlyone-thirdofpublicexpenditure.Changesinthemovement’spensionschemetoencourageprivateschemeswillstartfromAprilthisyear.Differentwaysofassessingneedareplanned.ToenableclosermonitoringandcontroltheDHSShasbegunthebiggestcomputerizationprograminEurope.Suggestionshavebeenmadebyoppositionpoliticiansthatthepresentmovementintendstosay"farewell"totheWelfareState.AlthoughallthemajorpartiesinBritainsaytheyarecommitted’toacaringsociety.There’saconsiderabledifferenceinthemeanseachwouldwishtousetoachieveit.Astheoldsayinggoes"Onlytimewilltell". Togetflatratebenefitsoneneeds
Text4 LetusaskwhatwerethepreparationandtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalorforensic. Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadanyeducationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Notevenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.Noschoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers.Whenhe.becamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourabletocontinuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreadingwereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknewthosefewthoroughly.HetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldreadnolanguagesavehisownandhadonlythefaintestacquaintancewithEuropeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy. Thewantofregulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwascast.Untilhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecouldlearnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratorwastobestored.Evenafterhehadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomixwithexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknewlittlemorethanhedidhimself. Schoolsgavehimnothingandsocietygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill.Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionandindeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartofhimself.Hisconvictionswerehisown--clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveoropinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedandhesitatedlongbeforehedecided’onhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepapolicyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepausedandreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreortowastetimeinvainregretssothatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.Hetookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotleanonhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependentself-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhisacts. WemaysayingeneralthatLincolnwas
Text4 LetusaskwhatwerethepreparationandtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalorforensic. Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadanyeducationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Notevenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.Noschoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers.Whenhe.becamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourabletocontinuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreadingwereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknewthosefewthoroughly.HetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldreadnolanguagesavehisownandhadonlythefaintestacquaintancewithEuropeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy. Thewantofregulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwascast.Untilhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecouldlearnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratorwastobestored.Evenafterhehadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomixwithexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknewlittlemorethanhedidhimself. Schoolsgavehimnothingandsocietygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill.Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionandindeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartofhimself.Hisconvictionswerehisown--clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveoropinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedandhesitatedlongbeforehedecided’onhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepapolicyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepausedandreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreortowastetimeinvainregretssothatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.Hetookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotleanonhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependentself-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhisacts. TheimplicationofthesecondparagraphisthatAbrahamLincoln
Text3 Healthingeneraltermsincludesmanynon-medicalareassuchashousingandemployment.Asfarasindividualisconcernedwelfarebenefitscomeintwomaincategories--fiatrateandsupplementary.FlatratebenefitsarethoseapersonhasanautomaticrighttoprovidedheorshehasmadeacertainnumberofcontributionstotheDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity.Unemploymentbenefitisoneofthese.Supplementarybenefitsarebasedonameanstest.Inotherwordstheyarebenefitsgivenregardlessofcontributionsmadewherethegovernmentdecidesthatanindividualhas.insufficientresourcesforaminimumstandardofliving.Thesebenefitscanbeintheformofallowancesforrentandratesspecialdietheatingandclothing.Suchbenefitshavetobeclaimedandtheindividualhastogivefulldetailsofallhisorhercapitalassetsandsourcesofincome.Unclaimedbenefitsamounttoapproximately$100millioneachyear. TheoriginatorsoftheWelfareStateideawereconcernedtoalleviateorremovewhattheysawastheevilsoftheirtime.TheireffortsresultedinagreatimprovementinthestandardoflivingandlifeexpectancyinBritain.ThisprogressinitselfhassimulatedtheincreasingcostofmaintainingtheWelfareState.Over45percentofthehealthauthorityexpenditureonhospitals andcommunityservicesisspentoncareoftheelderly.YetthereareindicationsthatBeveridge calculatedthatlesswouldneedtobespentonpeopleoncetheyretired.Advancesinmedicalknowledgehaveinvolvedtheuseofexpensivedrugsandhospitalprocedures.Drugandalcoholabusemakeincreasingdemandsonthemedicalservices. Thepresentgovernmentisplanninganewapproachtothesocialsecuritysystemwhichaccountsfornearlyone-thirdofpublicexpenditure.Changesinthemovement’spensionschemetoencourageprivateschemeswillstartfromAprilthisyear.Differentwaysofassessingneedareplanned.ToenableclosermonitoringandcontroltheDHSShasbegunthebiggestcomputerizationprograminEurope.Suggestionshavebeenmadebyoppositionpoliticiansthatthepresentmovementintendstosay"farewell"totheWelfareState.AlthoughallthemajorpartiesinBritainsaytheyarecommitted’toacaringsociety.There’saconsiderabledifferenceinthemeanseachwouldwishtousetoachieveit.Astheoldsayinggoes"Onlytimewilltell". OwingtotheeffortsoftheoriginatorsoftheWelfareState
46MaybetheyaretooyoungtoknowbetterormoreprobablytheyareyoungenoughtoknowbetterthanmostbuttwoIntemetmarketingwhizzesfromSanFranciscosaybothdotcomcpmpaniesandtheInternetarmofconventionalcompanieswillcontinuetobewhereclientgrowthandprofitaremostprolific. Butamarketingstrategyincludingabove-lineadvertisingtodrivepeople’toyoursite-willstillbeimportantsay23-year-oldChristopherGeorgeand26-year-oldJulioCabanillasinteractivemediaspecialistsfromtheglobaladvertisingagencyFooteConeBeldingFCB. ThetwotraveltheworldtoinstructtheircounterpartsontherightsandwrongsofIntemetasmarketingstrategiesandthecorrectbrandingofdotcomcompanies.Theyshouldknow.47Sixtypercentofbillingsissuedbythe’SanFranciscoofficeofFCBarenowtodotcomcompaniesihcludingthemassiveon-linebookstoreAmazon.comwhichboastsaccesstomorethanamilliontitles. 48Onasmallerscalebutequallyeffectivehasbeenthelistencomadvertisingbannerplacedonahostofcarefullyselectedmusicrelatedsitesandsearchengines.Thebannerhasarequestfunctionwheretheusercanselectanartistandbetakendirectlytothatartist’swebpageanddownloadMP3audiotracks. “Thefactthatyoucansearchwithinthebannerandconditiontheusertoknowwhatyouareofferingiskey.Thecreativeapproachissimplebuteffectiveandconveysexactlywhatthesiteisabout.” 49AlthoughtheInternetstrategiesfollowthestandard1:3ratioofconventionaladvertisingcampaignsroughlythreetimesmoreshouldbespentonplacingadvertisinginthevariousmediasuchastelevisionornewspapersthanontheproductionoftheadvertisingcampaignthecosttoclientscomesbeforeandaftertheonlinecampaign. ForexampleofwhatnottodoSeniorGeorgeandCabanillaspointtothegiantsupermarketchainWal-MartintheUSasanInternetsitethathasnottakenadvantageoftheuniquepropertiesofinteractivity.“Whatthey’vedoneistakethebricksandmortarlayoutstoreaislesforexampleandsimplyputitonline”Cabanillassays. 50“Buttheonlineexperienceismuchmorefluidthanthatandshouldprovide’smarter’serviceslikerecommendationsdiscountsandotherfunthingstoenhancetheuserexperience.Notintrusivejustsmarter.” 49AlthoughtheInternetstrategiesfollowthestandard1:3ratioofconventionaladvertisingcampaignsroughlythreetimesmoreshouldbespentonplacingadvertisinginthevariousmediasuchastelevisionornewspapersthanontheproductionoftheadvertisingcampaignthecosttoclientscomesbeforeandaftertheonlinecampaign.
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