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北洋政府的最高审判机关是
SevenyearsagoagroupoffemalescientistsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyproducedapieceofresearchshowingthatseniorwomenprofessorsintheinstitute’sschoolofsciencehadlowersalariesandreceivedfewerresourcesforresearchthantheirmalecounterpartsdid.Discriminationagainstfemalescientistshascroppedupelsewhere.OnestudyconductedinSwedenofallplaces--showedthatfemalemedical-researchscientistshadtobetwiceasgoodasmentowinresearchgrants.Thesepiecesofworkthoughwererelativelysmall-scale.NowamuchlargerstudyhasfoundthatdiscriminationplaysaroleinthepaygapbetweenmaleandfemalescientistsatBritishuniversities. SaraConnollyaresearcherattheUniversityofEastAnglia’sschoolofeconomicshasbeenanalyzingtheresultsofasurveyofover7000scientistsandshehasjustpresentedherfindingsatthisyear’smeetingoftheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinNorwich.Shefoundthattheaveragepaygapbetweenmaleandfemaleacademicsworkinginscienceengineeringandtechnologyisaround￡1500$2850ayear. Thatisnotofcourseirrefutableproofofdiscrimination.Analternativehypothesisisthatthecoursesofmen’sandwomen’slivesmeanthegapiscausedbysomethingelse;womentaking"careerbreaks"tohavechildrenforexampleandthusrisingmoreslowlythroughthehierarchy.UnfortunatelyforthatideaDr.ConnollyfoundthatmenarealsolikelytoearnmorewithinanygivengradeofthehierarchyMaleprofessorsforexampleearnover￡4000ayearmorethanfemaleones. ToprovethepointbeyonddoubtDr.Connollyworkedouthowmuchoftheoverallpaydifferentialwasexplainedbydifferencessuchasseniorityexperienceandageandhowmuchwasunexplainedandthereforesuggestiveofdiscrimination.Explicabledifferencesamountedto77%oftheoverallpaygapbetweenthesexes.Thatstillleftasubstantia123%gapinpaywhichDr.Connollyattributestodiscrimination. Besidespayherstudyalsolookedatthe"glass-ceiling"effect--namelythatatallstagesofawoman’scareersheislesslikelythanhermalecolleaguestobepromoted.Betweenpostdoctoralandlecturerlevelmenaremorelikelytobepromotedthanwomenarebyafactorofbetween1.04and2.45.Suchdifferencesarebiggerathighergradeswiththehardestmoveofallbeingforawomantosettleintoaprofessorialchair: Ofcourseitmightbethatateachgrademendomoreworkthanwomentomakethemselvesmoreeligibleforpromotion.Butthatexplanationtooseemstobewrong.UnlikethepreviousstudiesDr.Connolly’scomparedtheexperienceofscientistsinuniversitieswiththatofthoseinothersortsoflaboratory.Itturnsoutthatfemaleacademicresearchersfacemorebarrierstopromotionandhaveawidergapbetweentheirpayandthatoftheirmalecounterpartsthandotheirsistersinindustryorresearchinstitutesindependentofuniversities.Privateenterpriseinotherwordsdeliversmoreequalitythanthesupposedlyegalitarianworldofacademiadoes. Whichoffollowingscouldbethebesttitleforthetext
我国现行__规定国家举办各种学校国家普及义务教育的范围是
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutlaughing.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Whathavetheyfound [B]Isittruethatlaughingcanmakeushealthier [C]Sowhydopeoplelaughsomuch [D]Whatmakesyoulaugh [E]Howdidyoucometoresearchit [F]Sowhat’sitfor Whyareyouinterestedinlaughter It’sauniversalphenomenonandoneofthemostcommonthingswedo.Welaughmanytimesadayformanydifferentreasonsbutrarelythinkaboutitandseldomconsciouslycontrolit.Weknowsolittleaboutthedifferentkindsandfunctionsoflaughterandmyinterestreallystartsthere.WhydowedoitWhatcanlaughterteachusaboutourpositiveemotionsandsocialbehaviourThere’ssomuchwedon’tknowabouthowthebraincontributestoemotionandIthinkwecangetatunderstandingthisbystudyinglaughter. 41.______ Only10or20percentoflaughingisaresponsetohumour.Mostofthetimeit’samessagewesendtootherpeople--communicatingjoyfuldispositionawillingnesstobondandsoon.Itoccupiesaspecialplaceinsocialinteractionandisafascinatingfeatureofourbiologywithmotoremotionalandcognitivecomponents.Scientistsstudyallkindsofemotionsandbehaviourbutfewfocusonthismostbasicingredient.Laughtergivesusacluethatwehavepowerfulsystemsinourbrainwhichrespondtopleasurehappinessandjoy.It’salsoinvolvedineventssuchasreleaseoffear. 42.______ Myprofessionalfocushasalwaysbeenonemotionalbehaviour.Ispentmanyyearsinvestigatingtheneuralbasisoffearinratsandcametolaughterviathatroute.WhenIwasworkingwithratsInoticedthatwhentheywerealoneinanexposedenvironmenttheywerescaredandquiteuncomfortable.Backinacagewithotherstheyseemedmuchhappier.Itlookedasiftheyplayedwithoneanother--realrough-and-tumble--andIwonderedwhethertheywerealsolaughing.TheneurobiologistJaakPanksepphadshownthatjuvenileratsmakeshortvocalisationspitchedtoohighforhumanstohearduringrough-and-tumbleplay.Hethinksthesearesimilartolaughter.Thismademewonderabouttherootsoflaughter. 43.______ Everythinghumansdohasafunctionandlaughingisnoexception.Itsfunctionissurelycommunication.Weneedtobuildsocialstructuresinordertolivewellinoursocietyandevolutionhasselectedlaughterasausefuldeviceforpromotingsocialcommunication.Inotherwordsitmusthaveasurvivaladvantageforthespecies. 44.______ Thebrainscansareusuallydonewhilepeoplearerespondingtohumorousmaterial.Youseebrainwaveactivityspreadfromthesensoryprocessingareaoftheocci15itallobethebitatthebackofthebrainthatprocessesvisualsignalstothebrain’sfrontallobe.Itseemsthatthefrontallobeisinvolvedinrecognisingthingsasfunny.Theleftsideofthefrontallobeanalysesthewordsandstructureofjokeswhiletherightsidedoestheintellectualanalysesrequiredto"get"jokes.Finallyactivityspreadstothemotorareasofthebraincontrollingthephysicaltaskoflaughing.Wealsoknowaboutthesecomplexpathwaysinvolvedinlaughterfromneurologicalillnessandinjury.SometimesafterbraindamagetumoursstrokeorbraindisorderssuchasParkinson’sdiseasepeopleget"stonefacedsyndrome"andcan’tlaugh. 45.______ IlaughalotwhenIwatchamateurvideosofchildrenbecausethey’resonatural.I’msurethey’renotforcinganythingfunnytohappen.Idon’tparticularlylaughhardatjokesbutratheratsituations.IalsoloveoldcomedymoviessuchasLaurelandHardyandanextremelyticklish.AfterstartingtostudylaughterindepthIbegantolaughandsmilemoreinsocialsituationsthoseinvolvingeitherclosenessorhostility.Laughterre-allycreatesabridgebetweenpeopledisarmsthemandfacilitatesamicablebehaviour. 45
DespiteincreasedairportsecuritysinceSeptember11th2001thetechnologytoscanbothpassengersandbaggageforweaponsandbombsremainslargelyunchanged.Travellerswalkthroughmetaldetectorsandcarry-onbagspassthroughx-raymachinesthatsuperimposecolour-codedhighlightsbutdolittleelse.Checked-inluggageisscreenedby"computedtomography"whichpeersinsideasuitcaseratherlikeaCATscanofabrain.Thesesystemscanalertanoperatortosomethingsuspiciousbuttheycannottellwhatitis. Moresophisticatedscreeningtechnologiesareemergingalbeitslowly.Therearethreemainapproaches:enhancedx-raystospothiddenobjectssensortechnologytosniffdangerouschemicalsandradiofrequenciesthatcanidentifyliquidsandsolids.Anumberofmanufacturersareusing"reflective"or"backscatter"x-raysthatcanbecalibratedtoseeobjectsthroughclothing.Theycanspotthingsthatametaldetectormaynotsuchasaceramicknifeorplasticexplosives.Butsomepeoplethinktheycanrevealtoomuch.InAmericacivil-libertiesgroupshavestalledtheintroductionofsuchequipmentarguingthatitistoointrusive.Toprotecttravellers’modestyfiltershavebeencreatedtoblurgenitalareas. Machinesthatcandetectminutetracesofexplosivearealsobeingtested.Passengerswalkthroughamachinethatblowsaburstofairintendedtodislodgemoleculesofsubstancesonaperson’sbodyandclothes.Theairissuckedintoafilterwhichinstantaneouslyanalysesittoseewhetheritincludesanysuspectsubstances.Theprocesscanworkforbaggageaswell.Itisavastimprovementontoday’smethodwherebycarry-onitemsareoccasionallyswabbedandscreenedfortracesofexplosives.Becausethisisamanualoperationonlyasmallshareofbagsareexaminedthisway. Themostradicalofthenewapproachesuses"quadrupoleresonancetechnology".Thisinvolvesbombardinganobjectwithradiowaves.Byreadingthereturningsignalsthemachinescanidentifythemolecularstructureofthematerialsitcontains.Sinceeverycompound--solidliquidorgas--createsauniquefrequencyitcanbereadlikeafingerprint.Thesystemcanbeusedtolookfordrugsaswellasexplosives. Forthesetechnologiestomakethejumpfromdevelopmentlabsandsmalltrialstofulldeploymentatairportstheymustbeavailableatapricethatairportsarepreparedtopay.TheymustalsobeeasytousetakeuplittlespaceandprovidequickresultssaysChrisYatesasecurityexpertwithJane’sAirportReview.NormanShanksanairportsecurityexpertsaysaddingthenewtechnologiescostsaround$100000permachine;heexpectsthesystemstoberolledoutcommerciallyoverthenext12months.Theymightcloseoffoneroutetodestroyinganairlinerbutacruelcertaintyisthatterroristswilltrytofindothers. Whatistherelationshipbetweenthe2ndparagraphandthe3rd4thand5thparagraphs
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
现行__序言指出工人阶级领导的以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政
SevenyearsagoagroupoffemalescientistsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyproducedapieceofresearchshowingthatseniorwomenprofessorsintheinstitute’sschoolofsciencehadlowersalariesandreceivedfewerresourcesforresearchthantheirmalecounterpartsdid.Discriminationagainstfemalescientistshascroppedupelsewhere.OnestudyconductedinSwedenofallplaces--showedthatfemalemedical-researchscientistshadtobetwiceasgoodasmentowinresearchgrants.Thesepiecesofworkthoughwererelativelysmall-scale.NowamuchlargerstudyhasfoundthatdiscriminationplaysaroleinthepaygapbetweenmaleandfemalescientistsatBritishuniversities. SaraConnollyaresearcherattheUniversityofEastAnglia’sschoolofeconomicshasbeenanalyzingtheresultsofasurveyofover7000scientistsandshehasjustpresentedherfindingsatthisyear’smeetingoftheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinNorwich.Shefoundthattheaveragepaygapbetweenmaleandfemaleacademicsworkinginscienceengineeringandtechnologyisaround￡1500$2850ayear. Thatisnotofcourseirrefutableproofofdiscrimination.Analternativehypothesisisthatthecoursesofmen’sandwomen’slivesmeanthegapiscausedbysomethingelse;womentaking"careerbreaks"tohavechildrenforexampleandthusrisingmoreslowlythroughthehierarchy.UnfortunatelyforthatideaDr.ConnollyfoundthatmenarealsolikelytoearnmorewithinanygivengradeofthehierarchyMaleprofessorsforexampleearnover￡4000ayearmorethanfemaleones. ToprovethepointbeyonddoubtDr.Connollyworkedouthowmuchoftheoverallpaydifferentialwasexplainedbydifferencessuchasseniorityexperienceandageandhowmuchwasunexplainedandthereforesuggestiveofdiscrimination.Explicabledifferencesamountedto77%oftheoverallpaygapbetweenthesexes.Thatstillleftasubstantia123%gapinpaywhichDr.Connollyattributestodiscrimination. Besidespayherstudyalsolookedatthe"glass-ceiling"effect--namelythatatallstagesofawoman’scareersheislesslikelythanhermalecolleaguestobepromoted.Betweenpostdoctoralandlecturerlevelmenaremorelikelytobepromotedthanwomenarebyafactorofbetween1.04and2.45.Suchdifferencesarebiggerathighergradeswiththehardestmoveofallbeingforawomantosettleintoaprofessorialchair: Ofcourseitmightbethatateachgrademendomoreworkthanwomentomakethemselvesmoreeligibleforpromotion.Butthatexplanationtooseemstobewrong.UnlikethepreviousstudiesDr.Connolly’scomparedtheexperienceofscientistsinuniversitieswiththatofthoseinothersortsoflaboratory.Itturnsoutthatfemaleacademicresearchersfacemorebarrierstopromotionandhaveawidergapbetweentheirpayandthatoftheirmalecounterpartsthandotheirsistersinindustryorresearchinstitutesindependentofuniversities.Privateenterpriseinotherwordsdeliversmoreequalitythanthesupposedlyegalitarianworldofacademiadoes. Accordingtothetexttheauthorplacesinterpretationon
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
第一次写入人格尊严内容的我国__是
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutlaughing.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Whathavetheyfound [B]Isittruethatlaughingcanmakeushealthier [C]Sowhydopeoplelaughsomuch [D]Whatmakesyoulaugh [E]Howdidyoucometoresearchit [F]Sowhat’sitfor Whyareyouinterestedinlaughter It’sauniversalphenomenonandoneofthemostcommonthingswedo.Welaughmanytimesadayformanydifferentreasonsbutrarelythinkaboutitandseldomconsciouslycontrolit.Weknowsolittleaboutthedifferentkindsandfunctionsoflaughterandmyinterestreallystartsthere.WhydowedoitWhatcanlaughterteachusaboutourpositiveemotionsandsocialbehaviourThere’ssomuchwedon’tknowabouthowthebraincontributestoemotionandIthinkwecangetatunderstandingthisbystudyinglaughter. 41.______ Only10or20percentoflaughingisaresponsetohumour.Mostofthetimeit’samessagewesendtootherpeople--communicatingjoyfuldispositionawillingnesstobondandsoon.Itoccupiesaspecialplaceinsocialinteractionandisafascinatingfeatureofourbiologywithmotoremotionalandcognitivecomponents.Scientistsstudyallkindsofemotionsandbehaviourbutfewfocusonthismostbasicingredient.Laughtergivesusacluethatwehavepowerfulsystemsinourbrainwhichrespondtopleasurehappinessandjoy.It’salsoinvolvedineventssuchasreleaseoffear. 42.______ Myprofessionalfocushasalwaysbeenonemotionalbehaviour.Ispentmanyyearsinvestigatingtheneuralbasisoffearinratsandcametolaughterviathatroute.WhenIwasworkingwithratsInoticedthatwhentheywerealoneinanexposedenvironmenttheywerescaredandquiteuncomfortable.Backinacagewithotherstheyseemedmuchhappier.Itlookedasiftheyplayedwithoneanother--realrough-and-tumble--andIwonderedwhethertheywerealsolaughing.TheneurobiologistJaakPanksepphadshownthatjuvenileratsmakeshortvocalisationspitchedtoohighforhumanstohearduringrough-and-tumbleplay.Hethinksthesearesimilartolaughter.Thismademewonderabouttherootsoflaughter. 43.______ Everythinghumansdohasafunctionandlaughingisnoexception.Itsfunctionissurelycommunication.Weneedtobuildsocialstructuresinordertolivewellinoursocietyandevolutionhasselectedlaughterasausefuldeviceforpromotingsocialcommunication.Inotherwordsitmusthaveasurvivaladvantageforthespecies. 44.______ Thebrainscansareusuallydonewhilepeoplearerespondingtohumorousmaterial.Youseebrainwaveactivityspreadfromthesensoryprocessingareaoftheocci15itallobethebitatthebackofthebrainthatprocessesvisualsignalstothebrain’sfrontallobe.Itseemsthatthefrontallobeisinvolvedinrecognisingthingsasfunny.Theleftsideofthefrontallobeanalysesthewordsandstructureofjokeswhiletherightsidedoestheintellectualanalysesrequiredto"get"jokes.Finallyactivityspreadstothemotorareasofthebraincontrollingthephysicaltaskoflaughing.Wealsoknowaboutthesecomplexpathwaysinvolvedinlaughterfromneurologicalillnessandinjury.SometimesafterbraindamagetumoursstrokeorbraindisorderssuchasParkinson’sdiseasepeopleget"stonefacedsyndrome"andcan’tlaugh. 45.______ IlaughalotwhenIwatchamateurvideosofchildrenbecausethey’resonatural.I’msurethey’renotforcinganythingfunnytohappen.Idon’tparticularlylaughhardatjokesbutratheratsituations.IalsoloveoldcomedymoviessuchasLaurelandHardyandanextremelyticklish.AfterstartingtostudylaughterindepthIbegantolaughandsmilemoreinsocialsituationsthoseinvolvingeitherclosenessorhostility.Laughterre-allycreatesabridgebetweenpeopledisarmsthemandfacilitatesamicablebehaviour. 41
DespiteincreasedairportsecuritysinceSeptember11th2001thetechnologytoscanbothpassengersandbaggageforweaponsandbombsremainslargelyunchanged.Travellerswalkthroughmetaldetectorsandcarry-onbagspassthroughx-raymachinesthatsuperimposecolour-codedhighlightsbutdolittleelse.Checked-inluggageisscreenedby"computedtomography"whichpeersinsideasuitcaseratherlikeaCATscanofabrain.Thesesystemscanalertanoperatortosomethingsuspiciousbuttheycannottellwhatitis. Moresophisticatedscreeningtechnologiesareemergingalbeitslowly.Therearethreemainapproaches:enhancedx-raystospothiddenobjectssensortechnologytosniffdangerouschemicalsandradiofrequenciesthatcanidentifyliquidsandsolids.Anumberofmanufacturersareusing"reflective"or"backscatter"x-raysthatcanbecalibratedtoseeobjectsthroughclothing.Theycanspotthingsthatametaldetectormaynotsuchasaceramicknifeorplasticexplosives.Butsomepeoplethinktheycanrevealtoomuch.InAmericacivil-libertiesgroupshavestalledtheintroductionofsuchequipmentarguingthatitistoointrusive.Toprotecttravellers’modestyfiltershavebeencreatedtoblurgenitalareas. Machinesthatcandetectminutetracesofexplosivearealsobeingtested.Passengerswalkthroughamachinethatblowsaburstofairintendedtodislodgemoleculesofsubstancesonaperson’sbodyandclothes.Theairissuckedintoafilterwhichinstantaneouslyanalysesittoseewhetheritincludesanysuspectsubstances.Theprocesscanworkforbaggageaswell.Itisavastimprovementontoday’smethodwherebycarry-onitemsareoccasionallyswabbedandscreenedfortracesofexplosives.Becausethisisamanualoperationonlyasmallshareofbagsareexaminedthisway. Themostradicalofthenewapproachesuses"quadrupoleresonancetechnology".Thisinvolvesbombardinganobjectwithradiowaves.Byreadingthereturningsignalsthemachinescanidentifythemolecularstructureofthematerialsitcontains.Sinceeverycompound--solidliquidorgas--createsauniquefrequencyitcanbereadlikeafingerprint.Thesystemcanbeusedtolookfordrugsaswellasexplosives. Forthesetechnologiestomakethejumpfromdevelopmentlabsandsmalltrialstofulldeploymentatairportstheymustbeavailableatapricethatairportsarepreparedtopay.TheymustalsobeeasytousetakeuplittlespaceandprovidequickresultssaysChrisYatesasecurityexpertwithJane’sAirportReview.NormanShanksanairportsecurityexpertsaysaddingthenewtechnologiescostsaround$100000permachine;heexpectsthesystemstoberolledoutcommerciallyoverthenext12months.Theymightcloseoffoneroutetodestroyinganairlinerbutacruelcertaintyisthatterroristswilltrytofindothers. Thewordalbeitinthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points Theproducedepartmentsofthefuturemaylooklikenothingonearthandwithgoodreason.Chinesescientistshavebeengrowingtomatoesthesizeofsoftballscucumbersaslongasbaseballbatsandotheroutsizefruitsandvegetablesusingseedsthathavebeenshotintospace.Theseedsarethenexposedtoseventypesofextraterrestrialconditionsfromzerogravityandcosmicradiationtosubatomicparticles.46Asthesespaceveggiesgrowbackonearththeyareselectedfordesirabletraits--bulkappearanceorcertainnutrients--thenbredthroughsuccessivegenerationstoensurethatthemutationsareconsistent. Chinesescientistsdon’tunderstandexactlyhowatripintospacealterstheseeds’DNAandyieldssucheffectsbutit’snotjustsizethatchanges.47TongYichaowhosefirmtheBeijingFlyingEagleGreenFoodsGrouphasbeensendingseedsandseedlingsaboardChinesespacecraftsince1999saysithasgrownspacetomatoeswith27percentmoreoftheantioxidantbetacarotenethanordinaryonesandsix-foot-tallcottonplantsthatproducelongermoreflexiblethreads.Usingconventionalmethods"ascientistmightcreatejustthreenewplantsinhislifetime"saysTong."We’vedevelopedmorethan50since1999." 48AdozenorsoChinesefirmsarepayingupto$45000agramtoplacevariousfloraaboardsatellitesandmannedspacecraft.Thelong-termgoal:tofeedmorepeopleandhelpendangeredspeciesescapeextinction.Todatenearly3000botanicalspecies-includinggardenvegetablesmedicinalherbsandflowers--havebeensentintoorbitandbroughtbacktoearth. 49ThecommercialpromiseofChina’sspaceveggieshasyettoerbearfruit.It’slegaltosellthecosmicproduceandcommercialfarmshavepurchasedsomespaceplants.Butmostarebeingdevelopedinlabsorexperimentalgreenhousesbecausenoonewantstogotomarketbeforethesafetyandqualityoftheproducehavebeenestablished.Evensotheideaofspacefloraisprovingirresistibletoanovelty-lovingChinesepublic.50WhenTongdisplayedahandfulofmonsterspaceeggplants--thelargestofwhichweighedmorethanfourpounds--atanexpoonedisappearedbeforetheshowopened.Hotstuffforsure. ThecommercialpromiseofChina’sspaceveggieshasyettoerbearfruit.
按照美国法学家富勒对道德的区分你不能卖假药这一道德要求属于
具有中国公民资格的法定条件是
DespiteincreasedairportsecuritysinceSeptember11th2001thetechnologytoscanbothpassengersandbaggageforweaponsandbombsremainslargelyunchanged.Travellerswalkthroughmetaldetectorsandcarry-onbagspassthroughx-raymachinesthatsuperimposecolour-codedhighlightsbutdolittleelse.Checked-inluggageisscreenedby"computedtomography"whichpeersinsideasuitcaseratherlikeaCATscanofabrain.Thesesystemscanalertanoperatortosomethingsuspiciousbuttheycannottellwhatitis. Moresophisticatedscreeningtechnologiesareemergingalbeitslowly.Therearethreemainapproaches:enhancedx-raystospothiddenobjectssensortechnologytosniffdangerouschemicalsandradiofrequenciesthatcanidentifyliquidsandsolids.Anumberofmanufacturersareusing"reflective"or"backscatter"x-raysthatcanbecalibratedtoseeobjectsthroughclothing.Theycanspotthingsthatametaldetectormaynotsuchasaceramicknifeorplasticexplosives.Butsomepeoplethinktheycanrevealtoomuch.InAmericacivil-libertiesgroupshavestalledtheintroductionofsuchequipmentarguingthatitistoointrusive.Toprotecttravellers’modestyfiltershavebeencreatedtoblurgenitalareas. Machinesthatcandetectminutetracesofexplosivearealsobeingtested.Passengerswalkthroughamachinethatblowsaburstofairintendedtodislodgemoleculesofsubstancesonaperson’sbodyandclothes.Theairissuckedintoafilterwhichinstantaneouslyanalysesittoseewhetheritincludesanysuspectsubstances.Theprocesscanworkforbaggageaswell.Itisavastimprovementontoday’smethodwherebycarry-onitemsareoccasionallyswabbedandscreenedfortracesofexplosives.Becausethisisamanualoperationonlyasmallshareofbagsareexaminedthisway. Themostradicalofthenewapproachesuses"quadrupoleresonancetechnology".Thisinvolvesbombardinganobjectwithradiowaves.Byreadingthereturningsignalsthemachinescanidentifythemolecularstructureofthematerialsitcontains.Sinceeverycompound--solidliquidorgas--createsauniquefrequencyitcanbereadlikeafingerprint.Thesystemcanbeusedtolookfordrugsaswellasexplosives. Forthesetechnologiestomakethejumpfromdevelopmentlabsandsmalltrialstofulldeploymentatairportstheymustbeavailableatapricethatairportsarepreparedtopay.TheymustalsobeeasytousetakeuplittlespaceandprovidequickresultssaysChrisYatesasecurityexpertwithJane’sAirportReview.NormanShanksanairportsecurityexpertsaysaddingthenewtechnologiescostsaround$100000permachine;heexpectsthesystemstoberolledoutcommerciallyoverthenext12months.Theymightcloseoffoneroutetodestroyinganairlinerbutacruelcertaintyisthatterroristswilltrytofindothers. Whichofthefollowingsisadeterminingfactorintermsoftheprospectofthescreeningtechnologiesdiscussedinthetext
SevenyearsagoagroupoffemalescientistsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyproducedapieceofresearchshowingthatseniorwomenprofessorsintheinstitute’sschoolofsciencehadlowersalariesandreceivedfewerresourcesforresearchthantheirmalecounterpartsdid.Discriminationagainstfemalescientistshascroppedupelsewhere.OnestudyconductedinSwedenofallplaces--showedthatfemalemedical-researchscientistshadtobetwiceasgoodasmentowinresearchgrants.Thesepiecesofworkthoughwererelativelysmall-scale.NowamuchlargerstudyhasfoundthatdiscriminationplaysaroleinthepaygapbetweenmaleandfemalescientistsatBritishuniversities. SaraConnollyaresearcherattheUniversityofEastAnglia’sschoolofeconomicshasbeenanalyzingtheresultsofasurveyofover7000scientistsandshehasjustpresentedherfindingsatthisyear’smeetingoftheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinNorwich.Shefoundthattheaveragepaygapbetweenmaleandfemaleacademicsworkinginscienceengineeringandtechnologyisaround￡1500$2850ayear. Thatisnotofcourseirrefutableproofofdiscrimination.Analternativehypothesisisthatthecoursesofmen’sandwomen’slivesmeanthegapiscausedbysomethingelse;womentaking"careerbreaks"tohavechildrenforexampleandthusrisingmoreslowlythroughthehierarchy.UnfortunatelyforthatideaDr.ConnollyfoundthatmenarealsolikelytoearnmorewithinanygivengradeofthehierarchyMaleprofessorsforexampleearnover￡4000ayearmorethanfemaleones. ToprovethepointbeyonddoubtDr.Connollyworkedouthowmuchoftheoverallpaydifferentialwasexplainedbydifferencessuchasseniorityexperienceandageandhowmuchwasunexplainedandthereforesuggestiveofdiscrimination.Explicabledifferencesamountedto77%oftheoverallpaygapbetweenthesexes.Thatstillleftasubstantia123%gapinpaywhichDr.Connollyattributestodiscrimination. Besidespayherstudyalsolookedatthe"glass-ceiling"effect--namelythatatallstagesofawoman’scareersheislesslikelythanhermalecolleaguestobepromoted.Betweenpostdoctoralandlecturerlevelmenaremorelikelytobepromotedthanwomenarebyafactorofbetween1.04and2.45.Suchdifferencesarebiggerathighergradeswiththehardestmoveofallbeingforawomantosettleintoaprofessorialchair: Ofcourseitmightbethatateachgrademendomoreworkthanwomentomakethemselvesmoreeligibleforpromotion.Butthatexplanationtooseemstobewrong.UnlikethepreviousstudiesDr.Connolly’scomparedtheexperienceofscientistsinuniversitieswiththatofthoseinothersortsoflaboratory.Itturnsoutthatfemaleacademicresearchersfacemorebarrierstopromotionandhaveawidergapbetweentheirpayandthatoftheirmalecounterpartsthandotheirsistersinindustryorresearchinstitutesindependentofuniversities.Privateenterpriseinotherwordsdeliversmoreequalitythanthesupposedlyegalitarianworldofacademiadoes. Thephrasecropupinthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Artificialheartshavelongbeenthestuffofsciencefiction.In"Robocop"snazzycardiacdevicesaremadebyYamahaandJensenandin"StarTrek"Jean-LucPicardcaptainoftheEnterprisehasoneimplantedintheyear2328.Inthepresentdayhowevertheirhistoryhasbeenmorechequered.Thefirstseriousattempttobuildonehappenedinthe1980swhenJarvik-7madebyRobertJarvikasurgeonattheUniversityofUtahcapturedtheworld’sattention.ButJarvik-7wasacomplicatedaffairthatneededtobeconnected’viatubestomachinesoutsidethebody.Thepatientcouldnotgohomenoreventurnaroundinbed.Variousotherdesignshavebeentriedsincebutallwereseenastemporaryexpedientsintendedtotideapatientoveruntiltherealthingbecameavailablefromahumandonor. Thatmaybeabouttochange.ThisweekAmerica’sFoodandDrugAdministrationgaveitsapprovaltoanewtypeofartificialheartmadebyAbiomedafirmbasednearBoston.Theagencygranteda"humanitariandeviceexemption"arestrictedformofapprovalthatwillallowdoctorstoimplantthenewdeviceinpeoplewhoseheartsareabouttofailbutwhocannotforreasonssuchasintoleranceoftheimmunosuppressivedrugsneededtostoprejectionreceiveatransplant.SuchpeoplehavealifeexpectancyoflessthanamonthbutadozensimilarlyhopelesspatientsimplantedwithAbiomed’sheartsurvivedforaboutfivemonths. UnlikeDr.Jarvik’sdevicethisnewfangledbundleoftitaniumandpolyurethanealmstosetthepatientfree.Anelectricmotorrevolvingupto10000timesaminutepushesanincompressiblefluidaroundtheAbiomedheartandthatfluidinturnpushestheblood--firsttothelungstobeoxygenatedandthenaroundthebody.Powerissuppliedbyanelectriccurrentgeneratedinapackoutsidethebody.Thisinducescurrentinthemotorinsidetheheart.Alldiagnosticsaredoneremotelyusingradiosignals.Therearenotubesorwirescomingoutofthepatient. Thechargerisusuallypluggedintothemainsbutifarmedwithabatteryitcanbecarriedaroundforhoursinavestorbackpackthusallowingthepatienttoroamfreely.Moststrikinglythedevice’sinternalbatterycanlasthalfanhourbeforeitneedsrecharging.Thatallowssomeonetimetotakeashowerorevengoforaquickswimwithouthavingtowearthecharger. Abiomed’schairmanMichaelMinoguedoesnotclaimthathisfirm’sproductwilldisplacehumantransplants.Evensothefirmhasbigambitions.Itisalreadydevelopinganewversionthatwillbe30%smallermeaningmorewomencanuseitandwilllastforfiveyears.Thatshouldbereadyby2008--320yearsearlierthanthewritersof"StarTrek"predicted. Accordingtothetextthecurrentresearchconcentrateson
ForthefirsttimeGeorgeBushhasacknowledgedtheexistenceofsecretCIAprisonsaroundtheworldwherekeyterroristsuspects—100inallofficialssay--havebeeninterrogatedwith"analternativesetofprocedures".FourteenofthesuspectsincludingtheallegedmastermindoftheSeptember11thattacksweretransferredonMondaytotheAmericannavalbaseatGuantanamoBayinCubawheresomewillfacetrialforwarcrimesbeforespecialmilitarycommissions. Manyofthesemen--asMr.BushconfirmedinatelevisedspeechattheWhiteHouseonSeptember6th--areal-QaedaoperativesorTalibanfighterswhohadsoughttowithholdinformationthatcould"saveAmericanlives"."Inthesecasesithasbeennecessarytomovetheseindividualstoanenvironmentwheretheycanbeheldsecretlyandquestionedbyexperts"thepresidentsaid.HedeclinedtosaywheretheyhadbeenheldorwhytheyhadnotsimplybeensentstraighttoGuantanamoassome770othersuspectedterroristshavebeen. Mr.Bushalsorefusedtorevealwhatinterrogationmethodshadbeenusedsayingonlythatthough"tough"theyhadbeen"safeandlawfulandnecessary".ManybelievethatthemainpurposeoftheCIA’sprisonswastohidefrompryingeyesthetortureandothercruelordegradingtreatmentusedtoextractinformationfromprisoners.ButMr.BushinsistedthatAmericadidnottorture:"It’sagainstourlawsandit’sagainstourvalues.IhavenotauthoriseditandIwillnotauthoriseit." Thepentagonthisweekissueditslong-awaitednewArmyFieldManualforbiddingallformsoftortureanddegradingtreatmentofprisonersbyarmypersonnel--thoughnottheCIA.ForthefirsttimeitspecificallybansforcednakednesshoodingtheUseofdogssexualhumiliationand"waterboarding"simulateddrowning--allpracticesthathavebeenusedatGuantanamoandAbuGhraib. SowhydidthepresidentdecidenowtorevealtheCIA’ssecretprogrammePartlyheconfessed;becauseoftheSupremeCourt’srecentrulingthatminimumprotectionsundertheGenevaConventionsappliedtoallmilitaryprisonersnomatterwheretheywere.ThishasputAmericanagentsatriskofprosecutionforwarcrimes.Mr.BushhasnowaskedCongresstobansuspectedterroristsfromsuingAmericanpersonnelinfederalcourts. AccordingtothetexttheoldArmyFieldManuallacks
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points Theproducedepartmentsofthefuturemaylooklikenothingonearthandwithgoodreason.Chinesescientistshavebeengrowingtomatoesthesizeofsoftballscucumbersaslongasbaseballbatsandotheroutsizefruitsandvegetablesusingseedsthathavebeenshotintospace.Theseedsarethenexposedtoseventypesofextraterrestrialconditionsfromzerogravityandcosmicradiationtosubatomicparticles.46Asthesespaceveggiesgrowbackonearththeyareselectedfordesirabletraits--bulkappearanceorcertainnutrients--thenbredthroughsuccessivegenerationstoensurethatthemutationsareconsistent. Chinesescientistsdon’tunderstandexactlyhowatripintospacealterstheseeds’DNAandyieldssucheffectsbutit’snotjustsizethatchanges.47TongYichaowhosefirmtheBeijingFlyingEagleGreenFoodsGrouphasbeensendingseedsandseedlingsaboardChinesespacecraftsince1999saysithasgrownspacetomatoeswith27percentmoreoftheantioxidantbetacarotenethanordinaryonesandsix-foot-tallcottonplantsthatproducelongermoreflexiblethreads.Usingconventionalmethods"ascientistmightcreatejustthreenewplantsinhislifetime"saysTong."We’vedevelopedmorethan50since1999." 48AdozenorsoChinesefirmsarepayingupto$45000agramtoplacevariousfloraaboardsatellitesandmannedspacecraft.Thelong-termgoal:tofeedmorepeopleandhelpendangeredspeciesescapeextinction.Todatenearly3000botanicalspecies-includinggardenvegetablesmedicinalherbsandflowers--havebeensentintoorbitandbroughtbacktoearth. 49ThecommercialpromiseofChina’sspaceveggieshasyettoerbearfruit.It’slegaltosellthecosmicproduceandcommercialfarmshavepurchasedsomespaceplants.Butmostarebeingdevelopedinlabsorexperimentalgreenhousesbecausenoonewantstogotomarketbeforethesafetyandqualityoftheproducehavebeenestablished.Evensotheideaofspacefloraisprovingirresistibletoanovelty-lovingChinesepublic.50WhenTongdisplayedahandfulofmonsterspaceeggplants--thelargestofwhichweighedmorethanfourpounds--atanexpoonedisappearedbeforetheshowopened.Hotstuffforsure. TongYichaowhosefirmtheBeijingFlyingEagleGreenFoodsGrouphasbeensendingseedsandseedlingsaboardChinesespacecraftsince1999saysithasgrownspacetomatoeswith27percentmoreoftheantioxidantbetacarotenethanordinaryonesandsix-foot-tallcottonplantsthatproducelongermoreflexiblethreads.
Artificialheartshavelongbeenthestuffofsciencefiction.In"Robocop"snazzycardiacdevicesaremadebyYamahaandJensenandin"StarTrek"Jean-LucPicardcaptainoftheEnterprisehasoneimplantedintheyear2328.Inthepresentdayhowevertheirhistoryhasbeenmorechequered.Thefirstseriousattempttobuildonehappenedinthe1980swhenJarvik-7madebyRobertJarvikasurgeonattheUniversityofUtahcapturedtheworld’sattention.ButJarvik-7wasacomplicatedaffairthatneededtobeconnected’viatubestomachinesoutsidethebody.Thepatientcouldnotgohomenoreventurnaroundinbed.Variousotherdesignshavebeentriedsincebutallwereseenastemporaryexpedientsintendedtotideapatientoveruntiltherealthingbecameavailablefromahumandonor. Thatmaybeabouttochange.ThisweekAmerica’sFoodandDrugAdministrationgaveitsapprovaltoanewtypeofartificialheartmadebyAbiomedafirmbasednearBoston.Theagencygranteda"humanitariandeviceexemption"arestrictedformofapprovalthatwillallowdoctorstoimplantthenewdeviceinpeoplewhoseheartsareabouttofailbutwhocannotforreasonssuchasintoleranceoftheimmunosuppressivedrugsneededtostoprejectionreceiveatransplant.SuchpeoplehavealifeexpectancyoflessthanamonthbutadozensimilarlyhopelesspatientsimplantedwithAbiomed’sheartsurvivedforaboutfivemonths. UnlikeDr.Jarvik’sdevicethisnewfangledbundleoftitaniumandpolyurethanealmstosetthepatientfree.Anelectricmotorrevolvingupto10000timesaminutepushesanincompressiblefluidaroundtheAbiomedheartandthatfluidinturnpushestheblood--firsttothelungstobeoxygenatedandthenaroundthebody.Powerissuppliedbyanelectriccurrentgeneratedinapackoutsidethebody.Thisinducescurrentinthemotorinsidetheheart.Alldiagnosticsaredoneremotelyusingradiosignals.Therearenotubesorwirescomingoutofthepatient. Thechargerisusuallypluggedintothemainsbutifarmedwithabatteryitcanbecarriedaroundforhoursinavestorbackpackthusallowingthepatienttoroamfreely.Moststrikinglythedevice’sinternalbatterycanlasthalfanhourbeforeitneedsrecharging.Thatallowssomeonetimetotakeashowerorevengoforaquickswimwithouthavingtowearthecharger. Abiomed’schairmanMichaelMinoguedoesnotclaimthathisfirm’sproductwilldisplacehumantransplants.Evensothefirmhasbigambitions.Itisalreadydevelopinganewversionthatwillbe30%smallermeaningmorewomencanuseitandwilllastforfiveyears.Thatshouldbereadyby2008--320yearsearlierthanthewritersof"StarTrek"predicted. Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthat
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutlaughing.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points [A]Whathavetheyfound [B]Isittruethatlaughingcanmakeushealthier [C]Sowhydopeoplelaughsomuch [D]Whatmakesyoulaugh [E]Howdidyoucometoresearchit [F]Sowhat’sitfor Whyareyouinterestedinlaughter It’sauniversalphenomenonandoneofthemostcommonthingswedo.Welaughmanytimesadayformanydifferentreasonsbutrarelythinkaboutitandseldomconsciouslycontrolit.Weknowsolittleaboutthedifferentkindsandfunctionsoflaughterandmyinterestreallystartsthere.WhydowedoitWhatcanlaughterteachusaboutourpositiveemotionsandsocialbehaviourThere’ssomuchwedon’tknowabouthowthebraincontributestoemotionandIthinkwecangetatunderstandingthisbystudyinglaughter. 41.______ Only10or20percentoflaughingisaresponsetohumour.Mostofthetimeit’samessagewesendtootherpeople--communicatingjoyfuldispositionawillingnesstobondandsoon.Itoccupiesaspecialplaceinsocialinteractionandisafascinatingfeatureofourbiologywithmotoremotionalandcognitivecomponents.Scientistsstudyallkindsofemotionsandbehaviourbutfewfocusonthismostbasicingredient.Laughtergivesusacluethatwehavepowerfulsystemsinourbrainwhichrespondtopleasurehappinessandjoy.It’salsoinvolvedineventssuchasreleaseoffear. 42.______ Myprofessionalfocushasalwaysbeenonemotionalbehaviour.Ispentmanyyearsinvestigatingtheneuralbasisoffearinratsandcametolaughterviathatroute.WhenIwasworkingwithratsInoticedthatwhentheywerealoneinanexposedenvironmenttheywerescaredandquiteuncomfortable.Backinacagewithotherstheyseemedmuchhappier.Itlookedasiftheyplayedwithoneanother--realrough-and-tumble--andIwonderedwhethertheywerealsolaughing.TheneurobiologistJaakPanksepphadshownthatjuvenileratsmakeshortvocalisationspitchedtoohighforhumanstohearduringrough-and-tumbleplay.Hethinksthesearesimilartolaughter.Thismademewonderabouttherootsoflaughter. 43.______ Everythinghumansdohasafunctionandlaughingisnoexception.Itsfunctionissurelycommunication.Weneedtobuildsocialstructuresinordertolivewellinoursocietyandevolutionhasselectedlaughterasausefuldeviceforpromotingsocialcommunication.Inotherwordsitmusthaveasurvivaladvantageforthespecies. 44.______ Thebrainscansareusuallydonewhilepeoplearerespondingtohumorousmaterial.Youseebrainwaveactivityspreadfromthesensoryprocessingareaoftheocci15itallobethebitatthebackofthebrainthatprocessesvisualsignalstothebrain’sfrontallobe.Itseemsthatthefrontallobeisinvolvedinrecognisingthingsasfunny.Theleftsideofthefrontallobeanalysesthewordsandstructureofjokeswhiletherightsidedoestheintellectualanalysesrequiredto"get"jokes.Finallyactivityspreadstothemotorareasofthebraincontrollingthephysicaltaskoflaughing.Wealsoknowaboutthesecomplexpathwaysinvolvedinlaughterfromneurologicalillnessandinjury.SometimesafterbraindamagetumoursstrokeorbraindisorderssuchasParkinson’sdiseasepeopleget"stonefacedsyndrome"andcan’tlaugh. 45.______ IlaughalotwhenIwatchamateurvideosofchildrenbecausethey’resonatural.I’msurethey’renotforcinganythingfunnytohappen.Idon’tparticularlylaughhardatjokesbutratheratsituations.IalsoloveoldcomedymoviessuchasLaurelandHardyandanextremelyticklish.AfterstartingtostudylaughterindepthIbegantolaughandsmilemoreinsocialsituationsthoseinvolvingeitherclosenessorhostility.Laughterre-allycreatesabridgebetweenpeopledisarmsthemandfacilitatesamicablebehaviour. 43
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
ForthefirsttimeGeorgeBushhasacknowledgedtheexistenceofsecretCIAprisonsaroundtheworldwherekeyterroristsuspects—100inallofficialssay--havebeeninterrogatedwith"analternativesetofprocedures".FourteenofthesuspectsincludingtheallegedmastermindoftheSeptember11thattacksweretransferredonMondaytotheAmericannavalbaseatGuantanamoBayinCubawheresomewillfacetrialforwarcrimesbeforespecialmilitarycommissions. Manyofthesemen--asMr.BushconfirmedinatelevisedspeechattheWhiteHouseonSeptember6th--areal-QaedaoperativesorTalibanfighterswhohadsoughttowithholdinformationthatcould"saveAmericanlives"."Inthesecasesithasbeennecessarytomovetheseindividualstoanenvironmentwheretheycanbeheldsecretlyandquestionedbyexperts"thepresidentsaid.HedeclinedtosaywheretheyhadbeenheldorwhytheyhadnotsimplybeensentstraighttoGuantanamoassome770othersuspectedterroristshavebeen. Mr.Bushalsorefusedtorevealwhatinterrogationmethodshadbeenusedsayingonlythatthough"tough"theyhadbeen"safeandlawfulandnecessary".ManybelievethatthemainpurposeoftheCIA’sprisonswastohidefrompryingeyesthetortureandothercruelordegradingtreatmentusedtoextractinformationfromprisoners.ButMr.BushinsistedthatAmericadidnottorture:"It’sagainstourlawsandit’sagainstourvalues.IhavenotauthoriseditandIwillnotauthoriseit." Thepentagonthisweekissueditslong-awaitednewArmyFieldManualforbiddingallformsoftortureanddegradingtreatmentofprisonersbyarmypersonnel--thoughnottheCIA.ForthefirsttimeitspecificallybansforcednakednesshoodingtheUseofdogssexualhumiliationand"waterboarding"simulateddrowning--allpracticesthathavebeenusedatGuantanamoandAbuGhraib. SowhydidthepresidentdecidenowtorevealtheCIA’ssecretprogrammePartlyheconfessed;becauseoftheSupremeCourt’srecentrulingthatminimumprotectionsundertheGenevaConventionsappliedtoallmilitaryprisonersnomatterwheretheywere.ThishasputAmericanagentsatriskofprosecutionforwarcrimes.Mr.BushhasnowaskedCongresstobansuspectedterroristsfromsuingAmericanpersonnelinfederalcourts. Mr.Bush’sattitudetowardthepublic’sremarksis
Directions: Youwillsoonbeleavingtheuniversityatwhichyouhavestudiedforseveralyears.Writeafarewellspeechtoyourfellowsthatexpresses: 1yourregretathavingtoleave 2yourappreciationoftheirfriendshipandhelpovertheyears 3yourpromisetokeepintouchwiththeminthefuture. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.10points
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