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Astickingplastermayappeartobeagrosslyinadequatetreatmentforaparaplegic.Attachafewelectrodesthoughandadevicethatresemblessuchadressingcouldhelptranslateintoactionsthethoughtsofpeoplewhoareparalysed.In2008apracticalversionwillbeshowntoworkandthefirstindividualswillberecruitedtotrythemforreal. Paralysisisabreakdownincommunication.Thebraindoesnott0rgethowtorideabicycle.41.____________________________________. JohnDonoghueofBrownUniversityinRhodeIslandhasbeenworkingonhowtorestorethatlink.Hehasshownthatthetechnologyhehasdevelopedworksalbeitonlyforahandfulofpeoplewhowerepreparedtoendurehavingatangleofwiresdanglingfromtheirheads.In2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswillturntheirdeviceintosomethingthatlookslikeahearingaidandwhoseusecouldbecomealmostasroutine. 42.______________________________.Whenthenervecellfiresthiselectricalactivitywillbepickedupbythewireandconveyedtothesiliconchip. 43.____________________________________.Powerwillcomeviaaninductivecoilplacedunderthescalpandnexttoanotherontopofthescalpwhichwillbeattachedtoabattery.Thisandacomputingunitwornonabeltwillbetheonlypartsvisibleoutsidethebody.Ultimatelytheteamintendstoimplantthecomputerunitinthechestconnectedtothebrainbyafibre-opticcable. Theresearchersreckontheirdevicewillbeabletodirectamotorisedwheelchairormovearobotichand.Buttheyalsowanttorestoretoparaplegicstheuseoftheirownbodies.44.______________________________.Connectingthetwosystemstogetherwouldmimicthewayinwhichthebodynormallyworks.Butrestoringusefulmovementtoparaplegicsinvolvesmorethanmakingmusclesworkoncemore.Italsomeansrestoringacapabilitythatmostable-bodiedpeopledonotrealisetheyhave:theuseofsensoryfeedbacktofine-tuneactions.45.__________________________________________. Inordertoachievethisin2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswilldeveloptheirsystemtoruninreverse.Becausethemonkeysusedinthetestswillnotbeparalysedtheimplantwillnotonlybroadcastwhatthebrainisdoingbutalsoeavesdroponwhathappenstothenervecellswhentheyarereceivinginformation.Thiscouldthenbemimickedinpeople.Theideaisthatparalysedpeoplecouldoperatesayarobotichandwithsensorsthatcollectinformationaboutthepressureandtemperaturetheyencounterandconveythesedatabacktothebrain.Thatisthehumanbrainwillbestimulatedtofeelwhattherobotsenses.Notbadforadevicethatlookslikeastickingplaster. [A]Theresearcherswillimplantasiliconchipthesizeofasmallbuttonintothebrainsofmonkeys.Thechipwillbefittedwithanarrayof100thread-likegoldwireseachofwhichwillbeattachedtoanervecellinthebrain [B]HencetheirinvolvementwithHunterPeckhamofCaseWesternReserveUniversity.Heisdevelopingasystemwhichelectricallystimulatesmusclestomakethemmoveonceagain. [C]Yearsafterparalysishasstruckthesamenervecellsfirewhensomeoneisthinkingaboutmoving;itisjustthattherestofthebodydoesnotreceivethemessage. [D]Therearemanykindsofstickingplasterswhicharenowinwideuseinmanycountries.Butstickingplastersarenotveryadequatetotreatparaplegicsandparalytics. [E]Reachouttopickupacupofhotteafromavendingmachineandasyourhandtouchesthecupitsubtlyadjustsitsgripsothatenoughstrengthisusedtoliftthecupwithoutcrushingitandburningyourfingers. [F]Thenextstepwillbetotransmitthisinformationfromtheskulltotheoutsideworld.Aseconddevicewillbeattachedtothesiliconchiptodothis.Itwilltransmitdatathroughtheskinusingpulsesofinfra-redlightjustlikearemotecontrol. [G]Arobotichandisequippedwithsensorswhicharemainlyusedtocollectrelatedinformationandtransmitittotheoutsidechip.Thenthischipwillprocessthemessageandinformtheparaplegictomovehisorhermuscles. 44
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.Thetextmainlytellsusthat
WhenitcomestoschoolingtheHerreraboysarenomatchfortheHerreragirls.LastweekfouryearsaftershearrivedfromHondurasMartha20graduatedfromFairfaxHighSchoolinLosAngeles.Shemanageddecentgradeswhileworking36hoursaweekataKentuckyFriedChicken.HersisterMarlin22attendsalocalcommunitycollegeandwillsoonbeacertifiednurseassistant.Thebrothersareadifferentstory.Oscar17wasexpelledtwoyearsagofromFairfaxforcarryingaknifeandlaterdroppedoutofadifferentschool.TheyoungestJonathan15isnowinajuvenilebootcampafterrunningintotroublewiththelaw.Theboysgetsidetrackedmoresaysthekids’motherSuyapaLandaverde.Thegirlsaremoreconfident.Thisisnoaberration.Immigrantgirlsconsistentlyoutperformboysaccordingtothepreliminaryfindingsofajust-completedfive-yearstudyofimmigrantchildren-thelargestofitskindincludingLatinoChineseandHaitiankids-byMarceloandCarolaSuarez-OrozcooftheHarvardGraduateSchoolofEducation.ThoughthattrendholdsforU.S.-bornkidsaswellthereasonsforthediscrepancyamongimmigrantsaredifferent.Thestudyfoundthatimmigrantgirlsaremoreadeptatstraddlingculturesthanboys.Thegirlsareabletoretainsomeoftheprotectivefeaturesoftheirnativeculturebecausethey’rekeptclosertothehouseworksaysMarceloSuarze-Orozcowhiletheymaximizetheiracquisitionofskillsinthenewculturebyhelpingtheirparentsnavigateit.Considerthekid’sexperiencesinschool.ThestudyfoundthatboysfacemorepeerpressuretoadoptAmericanyouthculture-thedresstheslangthecontemptforeducation.They’redisciplinedmoreoftenandasaresultdevelopmoreadversarialrelationshipswithteachers-andthewidersociety.Theymayalsofacemoreprejudices.OneteacherinterviewedforthestudysaidthatthecultureawarenesstrainingshereceivedaspartofhercontinuingincludeddepictionsofLatinoboysasaggressiveandreallymasculineandofthegirlsaspuresweetness.Gendershapesimmigrantkids’experienceoutsideschoolaswell.Oftenhailingfromtraditionalculturesthegirlsfacegreaterdomesticobligations.TheyalsofrequentlyactasculturalambassadorstranslatingforparentsandmediatingbetweenthemandtheoutsideworldsaysCarolaSuarze-Orozco.Anunintendedconsequence:Thegirlsgetfoistedintoaresponsiblerolemorethantheboysdo.TakeChristinaImasanexample18ajunioratFairfaxwhoarrivedfromKoreafouryearsago.Sheranksninthinaclassof400studentsandstillfindstimetofixdinnerforthefamilyandworkonSaturdaysathermother’sclothingshop.HerbrotherHeplayscomputergamesSaysIm.TheHarvardstudybearsacautionarynote:Iflargenumbersofimmigrantboyscontinuetobealienatedacademically-andtobeclearplentyperformphenomenally-theyrisksinkingirretrievablyintoaneconomicunderclass.OscarHerreraMartha’sdropoutbrothermayberealizingthat.I’mthinking9freturningtoschoolherecentlytoldhismother.Heoughttolooktohissistersforguidance.Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby
WhenitcomestoschoolingtheHerreraboysarenomatchfortheHerreragirls.LastweekfouryearsaftershearrivedfromHondurasMartha20graduatedfromFairfaxHighSchoolinLosAngeles.Shemanageddecentgradeswhileworking36hoursaweekataKentuckyFriedChicken.HersisterMarlin22attendsalocalcommunitycollegeandwillsoonbeacertifiednurseassistant.Thebrothersareadifferentstory.Oscar17wasexpelledtwoyearsagofromFairfaxforcarryingaknifeandlaterdroppedoutofadifferentschool.TheyoungestJonathan15isnowinajuvenilebootcampafterrunningintotroublewiththelaw.Theboysgetsidetrackedmoresaysthekids’motherSuyapaLandaverde.Thegirlsaremoreconfident.Thisisnoaberration.Immigrantgirlsconsistentlyoutperformboysaccordingtothepreliminaryfindingsofajust-completedfive-yearstudyofimmigrantchildren-thelargestofitskindincludingLatinoChineseandHaitiankids-byMarceloandCarolaSuarez-OrozcooftheHarvardGraduateSchoolofEducation.ThoughthattrendholdsforU.S.-bornkidsaswellthereasonsforthediscrepancyamongimmigrantsaredifferent.Thestudyfoundthatimmigrantgirlsaremoreadeptatstraddlingculturesthanboys.Thegirlsareabletoretainsomeoftheprotectivefeaturesoftheirnativeculturebecausethey’rekeptclosertothehouseworksaysMarceloSuarze-Orozcowhiletheymaximizetheiracquisitionofskillsinthenewculturebyhelpingtheirparentsnavigateit.Considerthekid’sexperiencesinschool.ThestudyfoundthatboysfacemorepeerpressuretoadoptAmericanyouthculture-thedresstheslangthecontemptforeducation.They’redisciplinedmoreoftenandasaresultdevelopmoreadversarialrelationshipswithteachers-andthewidersociety.Theymayalsofacemoreprejudices.OneteacherinterviewedforthestudysaidthatthecultureawarenesstrainingshereceivedaspartofhercontinuingincludeddepictionsofLatinoboysasaggressiveandreallymasculineandofthegirlsaspuresweetness.Gendershapesimmigrantkids’experienceoutsideschoolaswell.Oftenhailingfromtraditionalculturesthegirlsfacegreaterdomesticobligations.TheyalsofrequentlyactasculturalambassadorstranslatingforparentsandmediatingbetweenthemandtheoutsideworldsaysCarolaSuarze-Orozco.Anunintendedconsequence:Thegirlsgetfoistedintoaresponsiblerolemorethantheboysdo.TakeChristinaImasanexample18ajunioratFairfaxwhoarrivedfromKoreafouryearsago.Sheranksninthinaclassof400studentsandstillfindstimetofixdinnerforthefamilyandworkonSaturdaysathermother’sclothingshop.HerbrotherHeplayscomputergamesSaysIm.TheHarvardstudybearsacautionarynote:Iflargenumbersofimmigrantboyscontinuetobealienatedacademically-andtobeclearplentyperformphenomenally-theyrisksinkingirretrievablyintoaneconomicunderclass.OscarHerreraMartha’sdropoutbrothermayberealizingthat.I’mthinking9freturningtoschoolherecentlytoldhismother.Heoughttolooktohissistersforguidance.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph’
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.18
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.10
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.2
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.2
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.6
Astickingplastermayappeartobeagrosslyinadequatetreatmentforaparaplegic.Attachafewelectrodesthoughandadevicethatresemblessuchadressingcouldhelptranslateintoactionsthethoughtsofpeoplewhoareparalysed.In2008apracticalversionwillbeshowntoworkandthefirstindividualswillberecruitedtotrythemforreal. Paralysisisabreakdownincommunication.Thebraindoesnott0rgethowtorideabicycle.41.____________________________________. JohnDonoghueofBrownUniversityinRhodeIslandhasbeenworkingonhowtorestorethatlink.Hehasshownthatthetechnologyhehasdevelopedworksalbeitonlyforahandfulofpeoplewhowerepreparedtoendurehavingatangleofwiresdanglingfromtheirheads.In2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswillturntheirdeviceintosomethingthatlookslikeahearingaidandwhoseusecouldbecomealmostasroutine. 42.______________________________.Whenthenervecellfiresthiselectricalactivitywillbepickedupbythewireandconveyedtothesiliconchip. 43.____________________________________.Powerwillcomeviaaninductivecoilplacedunderthescalpandnexttoanotherontopofthescalpwhichwillbeattachedtoabattery.Thisandacomputingunitwornonabeltwillbetheonlypartsvisibleoutsidethebody.Ultimatelytheteamintendstoimplantthecomputerunitinthechestconnectedtothebrainbyafibre-opticcable. Theresearchersreckontheirdevicewillbeabletodirectamotorisedwheelchairormovearobotichand.Buttheyalsowanttorestoretoparaplegicstheuseoftheirownbodies.44.______________________________.Connectingthetwosystemstogetherwouldmimicthewayinwhichthebodynormallyworks.Butrestoringusefulmovementtoparaplegicsinvolvesmorethanmakingmusclesworkoncemore.Italsomeansrestoringacapabilitythatmostable-bodiedpeopledonotrealisetheyhave:theuseofsensoryfeedbacktofine-tuneactions.45.__________________________________________. Inordertoachievethisin2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswilldeveloptheirsystemtoruninreverse.Becausethemonkeysusedinthetestswillnotbeparalysedtheimplantwillnotonlybroadcastwhatthebrainisdoingbutalsoeavesdroponwhathappenstothenervecellswhentheyarereceivinginformation.Thiscouldthenbemimickedinpeople.Theideaisthatparalysedpeoplecouldoperatesayarobotichandwithsensorsthatcollectinformationaboutthepressureandtemperaturetheyencounterandconveythesedatabacktothebrain.Thatisthehumanbrainwillbestimulatedtofeelwhattherobotsenses.Notbadforadevicethatlookslikeastickingplaster. [A]Theresearcherswillimplantasiliconchipthesizeofasmallbuttonintothebrainsofmonkeys.Thechipwillbefittedwithanarrayof100thread-likegoldwireseachofwhichwillbeattachedtoanervecellinthebrain [B]HencetheirinvolvementwithHunterPeckhamofCaseWesternReserveUniversity.Heisdevelopingasystemwhichelectricallystimulatesmusclestomakethemmoveonceagain. [C]Yearsafterparalysishasstruckthesamenervecellsfirewhensomeoneisthinkingaboutmoving;itisjustthattherestofthebodydoesnotreceivethemessage. [D]Therearemanykindsofstickingplasterswhicharenowinwideuseinmanycountries.Butstickingplastersarenotveryadequatetotreatparaplegicsandparalytics. [E]Reachouttopickupacupofhotteafromavendingmachineandasyourhandtouchesthecupitsubtlyadjustsitsgripsothatenoughstrengthisusedtoliftthecupwithoutcrushingitandburningyourfingers. [F]Thenextstepwillbetotransmitthisinformationfromtheskulltotheoutsideworld.Aseconddevicewillbeattachedtothesiliconchiptodothis.Itwilltransmitdatathroughtheskinusingpulsesofinfra-redlightjustlikearemotecontrol. [G]Arobotichandisequippedwithsensorswhicharemainlyusedtocollectrelatedinformationandtransmitittotheoutsidechip.Thenthischipwillprocessthemessageandinformtheparaplegictomovehisorhermuscles. 42
1describethedrawingbriefly 2interprettheintendedmeaningreflectedbyitand 3giveyourcomment.
Formorethanfiftyyearswehaveknownorcouldhaveknownthatthereisanunconsciousnesstocounterbalanceconsciousness.Medicalpsychologyhasfurnishedallthenecessaryempiricalandexperimentalproofsofthis.Thereisanunconsciouspsychicrealitywhichdemonstrablyinfluencesconsciousnessandbehavior.Allthisisknownbutnopracticalconclusionshavebeendrawnfromit.Westillgoonthinkingandactingasbeforeasifweweresimplexandnotduplex.Accordinglyweimagineourselvestobeinnocuousreasonableandhumane.46Wedonotthinkofdistrustingourmotivesorofaskingourselveshowtheinnermanfeelsaboutthethingswedointheoutsideworldbutactuallyitisfrivoloussuperficialandunreasonableofusaswellaspsychicallyunhygienictooverlookthereactionandviewpointoftheunconscious. 47Onecanregardone’sstomachorheartasunimportantorevenworthyofcontemptneverthelessovereatingandoverexertionhaveconsequenceswhichaffectthewholeman.Yetwethinkthatpsychicmistakesandtheirconsequencescanbeerasedbymerewordsfor"psychic"meanslessthanairtomostpeople.48Allthesamenobodycandenythatwithoutthepsychetherewouldbenoworldatallandstilllessahumanworld.Virtuallyeverythingdependsonthehumansoulanditsfunctions.49Itisworthyofalltheattentionwecangiveitespeciallytodaywheneveryoneadmitsthatthewealorwoeofthefuturewillbedecidedneitherbyattacksofwildanimalsnorbynaturalcatastrophesnorbythedangerofworld-wideepidemicsbutratherbythepsychicchangesinman. Onlyanalmostimperceptibledisturbanceofequilibriuminafewofourrulers’headscouldplungetheworldintobloodfireandradioactivity.Thetechnicalmeanstothisdestructionareavailabletobothsides.Andcertainconsciousdeliberationsuncontrolledbyaninneropponentcanbealltooeasilyindulgedaswehavealreadyseenfromtheexampleofone"leader".Theconsciousnessofmodemmanstillclingssomuchtooutwardobjectsthathebelievesthemexclusivelyresponsibleasifitwereonthemthatdecisionsdepended.50Thatthepsychicstateofcertainindividualscouldfreeitselfforoncefromthebehaviorofobjectsissomethingthatisconsideredfartoolittlealthoughirrationalitiesofthissortareobservedeverydayandcanhappentoeveryone. Wedonotthinkofdistrustingourmotivesorofaskingourselveshowtheinnermanfeelsaboutthethingswedointheoutsideworldbutactuallyitisfrivoloussuperficialandunreasonableofusaswellaspsychicallyunhygienictooverlookthereactionandviewpointoftheunconscious.
Insomecountriessocietalandfamilialtreatmentoftheelderlyusuallyreflectsagreatdegreeofindependenceandindividualism.Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbysocialsecurityorwelfaresystemswhichdecreasedependenceontheirfamily.Additionallyolderpeoplemayseektheirownfriendsratherthanbecometooemotionallydependentontheirchildren.Seniorcitizenscentersprovideameansforpeer-groupassociationwithinone’sownagegroups.ThereareproblemshoweverwithgrowingoldintheUnitedStates.Glorificationofyouthandindifferencetotheagedhaveleftmanyolderpeoplealienatedandalone.Somefamiliessendtheirolderrelativestonursinghomesratherthanintegratethemintothehomesofthechildrenorgrandchildren.Thisseparationoftheelderlyfromtheyounghascontributedtotheisolationofanincreasinglylargesegmentofsociety.Ontheotherhandtherearemanyolderpeoplewhochoosetoliveinretirementcommunitieswheretheyhavethecompanionshipofotherolderpeopleandconvenienceofmanyrecreationalandsocialactivitiesclosehome.Thetreatmentoftheelderlycanbefurtherunderstoodbydistinguishingbetweennuclearandextendedfamilystructures.IntheUnitedStatesthenuclearfamilywhichconsistsofthefatherthemotherandthechildrenisconsideredthefamily.Theextendedfamilycommoninotherculturesincludesgrandparentsauntsunclescousinsnephewsniecesandchildreninlaw.Thedistinctionbetweenthenuclearandextendedfamilyisimportantbecauseitsuggeststheextentoffamilytiesandobligations.Inextendedfamiliesthechildrenandparentshavestrongtiesandobligationstorelatives.Itiscommoninthesefamiliestosupportolderfamilymemberstohaveintensivecontactwithrelativesandtoestablishcommunalhousing.TheAmericannuclearfamilyusuallyhasitsownseparateresidenceandiseconomicallyindependentofotherfamilymembers.Relativesarestillconsideredfamilybutareoftenoutsidethebasicobligationsthatpeoplehavetotheirimmediatefamilies.Whencouplesmanytheyareexpectedtoliveindependentlyoftheirparentsandbecomeheadsofhouseholdswhentheyhavechildren.Itisnotunusualintimesoffinancialneedfornuclearfamilymemberstoborrowmoneyfromabankratherthanfromrelatives.Grandparentsauntsunclesandcousinsthenarenotdirectlyinvolvedinthesamewayastheywouldbeinanextendedfamilystructure.AccordingtothetextmanyelderlypeopleintheUnitedStates
Formorethanfiftyyearswehaveknownorcouldhaveknownthatthereisanunconsciousnesstocounterbalanceconsciousness.Medicalpsychologyhasfurnishedallthenecessaryempiricalandexperimentalproofsofthis.Thereisanunconsciouspsychicrealitywhichdemonstrablyinfluencesconsciousnessandbehavior.Allthisisknownbutnopracticalconclusionshavebeendrawnfromit.Westillgoonthinkingandactingasbeforeasifweweresimplexandnotduplex.Accordinglyweimagineourselvestobeinnocuousreasonableandhumane.46Wedonotthinkofdistrustingourmotivesorofaskingourselveshowtheinnermanfeelsaboutthethingswedointheoutsideworldbutactuallyitisfrivoloussuperficialandunreasonableofusaswellaspsychicallyunhygienictooverlookthereactionandviewpointoftheunconscious. 47Onecanregardone’sstomachorheartasunimportantorevenworthyofcontemptneverthelessovereatingandoverexertionhaveconsequenceswhichaffectthewholeman.Yetwethinkthatpsychicmistakesandtheirconsequencescanbeerasedbymerewordsfor"psychic"meanslessthanairtomostpeople.48Allthesamenobodycandenythatwithoutthepsychetherewouldbenoworldatallandstilllessahumanworld.Virtuallyeverythingdependsonthehumansoulanditsfunctions.49Itisworthyofalltheattentionwecangiveitespeciallytodaywheneveryoneadmitsthatthewealorwoeofthefuturewillbedecidedneitherbyattacksofwildanimalsnorbynaturalcatastrophesnorbythedangerofworld-wideepidemicsbutratherbythepsychicchangesinman. Onlyanalmostimperceptibledisturbanceofequilibriuminafewofourrulers’headscouldplungetheworldintobloodfireandradioactivity.Thetechnicalmeanstothisdestructionareavailabletobothsides.Andcertainconsciousdeliberationsuncontrolledbyaninneropponentcanbealltooeasilyindulgedaswehavealreadyseenfromtheexampleofone"leader".Theconsciousnessofmodemmanstillclingssomuchtooutwardobjectsthathebelievesthemexclusivelyresponsibleasifitwereonthemthatdecisionsdepended.50Thatthepsychicstateofcertainindividualscouldfreeitselfforoncefromthebehaviorofobjectsissomethingthatisconsideredfartoolittlealthoughirrationalitiesofthissortareobservedeverydayandcanhappentoeveryone. Allthesamenobodycandenythatwithoutthepsychetherewouldbenoworldatallandstilllessahumanworld.
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.16
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.4
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.6
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.14
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.Thecaseoftwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapeinparagraph3
Formorethanfiftyyearswehaveknownorcouldhaveknownthatthereisanunconsciousnesstocounterbalanceconsciousness.Medicalpsychologyhasfurnishedallthenecessaryempiricalandexperimentalproofsofthis.Thereisanunconsciouspsychicrealitywhichdemonstrablyinfluencesconsciousnessandbehavior.Allthisisknownbutnopracticalconclusionshavebeendrawnfromit.Westillgoonthinkingandactingasbeforeasifweweresimplexandnotduplex.Accordinglyweimagineourselvestobeinnocuousreasonableandhumane.46Wedonotthinkofdistrustingourmotivesorofaskingourselveshowtheinnermanfeelsaboutthethingswedointheoutsideworldbutactuallyitisfrivoloussuperficialandunreasonableofusaswellaspsychicallyunhygienictooverlookthereactionandviewpointoftheunconscious. 47Onecanregardone’sstomachorheartasunimportantorevenworthyofcontemptneverthelessovereatingandoverexertionhaveconsequenceswhichaffectthewholeman.Yetwethinkthatpsychicmistakesandtheirconsequencescanbeerasedbymerewordsfor"psychic"meanslessthanairtomostpeople.48Allthesamenobodycandenythatwithoutthepsychetherewouldbenoworldatallandstilllessahumanworld.Virtuallyeverythingdependsonthehumansoulanditsfunctions.49Itisworthyofalltheattentionwecangiveitespeciallytodaywheneveryoneadmitsthatthewealorwoeofthefuturewillbedecidedneitherbyattacksofwildanimalsnorbynaturalcatastrophesnorbythedangerofworld-wideepidemicsbutratherbythepsychicchangesinman. Onlyanalmostimperceptibledisturbanceofequilibriuminafewofourrulers’headscouldplungetheworldintobloodfireandradioactivity.Thetechnicalmeanstothisdestructionareavailabletobothsides.Andcertainconsciousdeliberationsuncontrolledbyaninneropponentcanbealltooeasilyindulgedaswehavealreadyseenfromtheexampleofone"leader".Theconsciousnessofmodemmanstillclingssomuchtooutwardobjectsthathebelievesthemexclusivelyresponsibleasifitwereonthemthatdecisionsdepended.50Thatthepsychicstateofcertainindividualscouldfreeitselfforoncefromthebehaviorofobjectsissomethingthatisconsideredfartoolittlealthoughirrationalitiesofthissortareobservedeverydayandcanhappentoeveryone. Thatthepsychicstateofcertainindividualscouldfreeitselfforoncefromthebehaviorofobjectsissomethingthatisconsideredfartoolittlealthoughirrationalitiesofthissortareobservedeverydayandcanhappentoeveryone.
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseinthecomingdecades.Averysmallpartofwhatisnowbeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusofgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated.Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.Thiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofwhatisbeingspentonmissiles.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensivemethodsofmutualslaughterandschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies.Bythehelpofmoderntechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.Thisispossible.Irepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation.Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext
Insomecountriessocietalandfamilialtreatmentoftheelderlyusuallyreflectsagreatdegreeofindependenceandindividualism.Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbysocialsecurityorwelfaresystemswhichdecreasedependenceontheirfamily.Additionallyolderpeoplemayseektheirownfriendsratherthanbecometooemotionallydependentontheirchildren.Seniorcitizenscentersprovideameansforpeer-groupassociationwithinone’sownagegroups.ThereareproblemshoweverwithgrowingoldintheUnitedStates.Glorificationofyouthandindifferencetotheagedhaveleftmanyolderpeoplealienatedandalone.Somefamiliessendtheirolderrelativestonursinghomesratherthanintegratethemintothehomesofthechildrenorgrandchildren.Thisseparationoftheelderlyfromtheyounghascontributedtotheisolationofanincreasinglylargesegmentofsociety.Ontheotherhandtherearemanyolderpeoplewhochoosetoliveinretirementcommunitieswheretheyhavethecompanionshipofotherolderpeopleandconvenienceofmanyrecreationalandsocialactivitiesclosehome.Thetreatmentoftheelderlycanbefurtherunderstoodbydistinguishingbetweennuclearandextendedfamilystructures.IntheUnitedStatesthenuclearfamilywhichconsistsofthefatherthemotherandthechildrenisconsideredthefamily.Theextendedfamilycommoninotherculturesincludesgrandparentsauntsunclescousinsnephewsniecesandchildreninlaw.Thedistinctionbetweenthenuclearandextendedfamilyisimportantbecauseitsuggeststheextentoffamilytiesandobligations.Inextendedfamiliesthechildrenandparentshavestrongtiesandobligationstorelatives.Itiscommoninthesefamiliestosupportolderfamilymemberstohaveintensivecontactwithrelativesandtoestablishcommunalhousing.TheAmericannuclearfamilyusuallyhasitsownseparateresidenceandiseconomicallyindependentofotherfamilymembers.Relativesarestillconsideredfamilybutareoftenoutsidethebasicobligationsthatpeoplehavetotheirimmediatefamilies.Whencouplesmanytheyareexpectedtoliveindependentlyoftheirparentsandbecomeheadsofhouseholdswhentheyhavechildren.Itisnotunusualintimesoffinancialneedfornuclearfamilymemberstoborrowmoneyfromabankratherthanfromrelatives.Grandparentsauntsunclesandcousinsthenarenotdirectlyinvolvedinthesamewayastheywouldbeinanextendedfamilystructure.Annuclearfamilyusually
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseinthecomingdecades.Averysmallpartofwhatisnowbeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusofgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated.Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.Thiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofwhatisbeingspentonmissiles.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensivemethodsofmutualslaughterandschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies.Bythehelpofmoderntechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.Thisispossible.Irepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation.Accordingtotheauthortheproblemofmalnutrition
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.12
1describethesetofdrawingsinterpretitsmeaningand 2pointoutitsimplicationsinlife 3giveyourcomments. Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEETII.
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.4
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.20
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.8
WhenitcomestoschoolingtheHerreraboysarenomatchfortheHerreragirls.LastweekfouryearsaftershearrivedfromHondurasMartha20graduatedfromFairfaxHighSchoolinLosAngeles.Shemanageddecentgradeswhileworking36hoursaweekataKentuckyFriedChicken.HersisterMarlin22attendsalocalcommunitycollegeandwillsoonbeacertifiednurseassistant.Thebrothersareadifferentstory.Oscar17wasexpelledtwoyearsagofromFairfaxforcarryingaknifeandlaterdroppedoutofadifferentschool.TheyoungestJonathan15isnowinajuvenilebootcampafterrunningintotroublewiththelaw.Theboysgetsidetrackedmoresaysthekids’motherSuyapaLandaverde.Thegirlsaremoreconfident.Thisisnoaberration.Immigrantgirlsconsistentlyoutperformboysaccordingtothepreliminaryfindingsofajust-completedfive-yearstudyofimmigrantchildren-thelargestofitskindincludingLatinoChineseandHaitiankids-byMarceloandCarolaSuarez-OrozcooftheHarvardGraduateSchoolofEducation.ThoughthattrendholdsforU.S.-bornkidsaswellthereasonsforthediscrepancyamongimmigrantsaredifferent.Thestudyfoundthatimmigrantgirlsaremoreadeptatstraddlingculturesthanboys.Thegirlsareabletoretainsomeoftheprotectivefeaturesoftheirnativeculturebecausethey’rekeptclosertothehouseworksaysMarceloSuarze-Orozcowhiletheymaximizetheiracquisitionofskillsinthenewculturebyhelpingtheirparentsnavigateit.Considerthekid’sexperiencesinschool.ThestudyfoundthatboysfacemorepeerpressuretoadoptAmericanyouthculture-thedresstheslangthecontemptforeducation.They’redisciplinedmoreoftenandasaresultdevelopmoreadversarialrelationshipswithteachers-andthewidersociety.Theymayalsofacemoreprejudices.OneteacherinterviewedforthestudysaidthatthecultureawarenesstrainingshereceivedaspartofhercontinuingincludeddepictionsofLatinoboysasaggressiveandreallymasculineandofthegirlsaspuresweetness.Gendershapesimmigrantkids’experienceoutsideschoolaswell.Oftenhailingfromtraditionalculturesthegirlsfacegreaterdomesticobligations.TheyalsofrequentlyactasculturalambassadorstranslatingforparentsandmediatingbetweenthemandtheoutsideworldsaysCarolaSuarze-Orozco.Anunintendedconsequence:Thegirlsgetfoistedintoaresponsiblerolemorethantheboysdo.TakeChristinaImasanexample18ajunioratFairfaxwhoarrivedfromKoreafouryearsago.Sheranksninthinaclassof400studentsandstillfindstimetofixdinnerforthefamilyandworkonSaturdaysathermother’sclothingshop.HerbrotherHeplayscomputergamesSaysIm.TheHarvardstudybearsacautionarynote:Iflargenumbersofimmigrantboyscontinuetobealienatedacademically-andtobeclearplentyperformphenomenally-theyrisksinkingirretrievablyintoaneconomicunderclass.OscarHerreraMartha’sdropoutbrothermayberealizingthat.I’mthinking9freturningtoschoolherecentlytoldhismother.Heoughttolooktohissistersforguidance.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext
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