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下列属于所有权凭证的金融工具是( )。
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金融工具按照发行者地位分为
长期信用工具和短期信用工具
直接信用工具和间接信用工具
债务凭证和所有权凭证
基础性金融工具和衍生性金融工具
按照性质不同金融工具可分为
货币市场工具
资本市场工具
债权凭证
所有权凭证
基础金融工具
金融工具包括票据债券等债权债务凭证但不包括所有权凭证
下列属于所有权凭证的金融工具是
商业票据
企业债券
股票
可转让大额定期存单
国债属于
货币市场工具
资本市场工具
所有权凭证
衍生金融工具
下列属于所有权凭证的金融工具是
商业票据
股票
政府债券
可转让大额定期存单
金融工具是投融资活动的书面凭证属于所有权凭证的金融工具是______
商业汇票
金融债券
股票
可转让大额定期存单
金融工具是投融资活动的书面凭证属于所有权凭证的金融工具是
商业汇票
金融债券
股票
可转让大额定期存单
属于所有权凭证的金融工具是
商业票据
股票
政府债券
可转让大额定期存单
国债属于
货币市场工具
资本市场工具
所有权凭证
衍生金融工具
金融工具包括票据债券等债权债务凭证但不包括所有权凭证
下列属于所有权凭证的金融工具是
商业票据
股票
政府债券
可转让大额定期存单
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IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 3
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 11
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 5
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 9
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 1
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.[B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.[C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.[D]ButasthespecializationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 7
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseomereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveocontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Thetitlewhichbestexpressestheideaofthistextis
Whetherworkshouldbeplacedamongthecausesofhappinessoramongthecausesofunhappinessmayperhapsberegardedasadoubtfulquestion.Thereiscertainlymuchworkwhichisexceedinglywearyandanexcessofworkisalwaysverypainful.Ithinkhoweverthatprovidedworkisnotexcessiveinamounteventhedullestworkistomostpeoplelesspainfulthanidleness.Thereareinworkallgradesfrommerereliefoftediumuptotheprofoundestdelightsaccordingtothenatureoftheworkandtheabilitiesoftheworker.Mostoftheworkthatmostpeoplehavetodoisnotinitselfinterestingbutevensuchworkhascertaingreatadvantages.Tobeginwithitfillsagoodmanyhoursofthedaywithouttheneedofdecidingwhatoneshalldo.Mostpeoplewhentheyareleftfreetofilltheirowntimeaccordingtotheirownchoiceareatalosstothinkofanythingsufficientlypleasanttobeworthdoing.Andwhatevertheydecidetheyaretroubledbythefeelingthatsomethingelsewouldhavebeenpleasanter.Tobeabletofillleisureintelligentlyisthelastproductofcivilizationandatpresentveryfewpeoplehavereachedthislevel.Moreovertheexerciseofchoiceisinitselftiresome.Excepttopeoplewithunusualinitiativeitispositivelyagreeabletobetoldwhattodoateachhourofthedayprovidedtheordersarenottoounpleasant.Mostoftheidlerichsufferunspeakableboredomasthepriceoftheirfreedomfromtoil.AttimestheymayfindreliefbyhuntingbiggameinAfricaorbyflyingroundtheworldbutthenumberofsuchsensationsislimitedespeciallyafteryouthispastAccordinglythemoreintelligentrichmenworknearlyashardasiftheywerepoorwhilerichwomenforthemostpartkeepthemselvesbusywithinnumerabletriflesofthoseearth-shakingimportancetheyarefirmlypersuaded. Workthereforeisdesirablefirstandforemostasapreventiveofboredomfortheboredomthatamanfeelswhenheisdoingnecessarythoughuninterestingworkisasnothingincomparisonwiththeboredomthathefeelswhenhehasnothingtodowithhisdays.Withthisadvantageofworkanotherisassociatednamelythatitmakesholidaysmuchmoredeliciouswhentheycome.Providedamandoesnothavetoworksohardastoimpairhisvigorheislikelytofindfarmorezestinhisfreetimethananidlemancouldpossiblyfind. Thesecondadvantageofmostpaidworkandofsomeunpaidworkisthatitgiveschancesofsuccessandopportunitiesforambition.Inmostworksuccessismeasuredbyincomeandwhileourcapitalisticsocietycontinuesthisisinevitable.Itisonlywherethebestworkisconcernedthatthismeasureceasestobethenaturalonetoapply.Thedesirethanmenfeeltoincreasetheirincomeisquiteasmuchadesireforsuccessasfortheextracomfortsthatahigherincomecanacquire.Howeverdullworkmaybeitbecomesbearableifitisameansofbuildingupareputationwhetherintheworldatlargeoronlyinone’sowncircle. Intheauthor’sopinionwhatisthelastproductofcivilization
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseomereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveocontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Accordingtothetextthemostimportantadvancesmadebymankindmostprobablystemfrom
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.[B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.[C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.[D]ButasthespecializationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
Directions: Youhaveacloseforeignfriend.HeaskedyoutosubscribetoacopyofChinaDailyforhimbecausehewillleaveawayfromChinaforonemonth.Nowwritealettertothecirculationdepartmentofthenewspaper: 1inquiryaboutdetailedinformation 2andexpressingcomplimentaryremarks. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
GloballyrecoveryisgoingslightlybetterthanexpectedaccordingtotheIMFwhichreleaseditslatestWorldEconomicOutlooktoday.Aftershrinkingby0.6%lastyeartheglobaleconomyislikelytoexpandby4.2%in20100.3%fasterthantheIMFprojectedinJanuary.Buteconomicperformanceswillcontinuetovarywidelyaroundtheworld.MuchoftheupwardrevisiontoglobalgrowthcanbeattributedtoabetteroutlookfortheAmericaneconomy.TheIMFreviseditsforecastforAmericaneconomicexpansionin2010up0.4%to3.1%.Therewasnochangebycontrastfortheeuroareawhichalreadyfacedapoorergrowthoutlook.TheEuroareaeconomymayonlygrowby1%in2010and1.5%in2011.AndmuchofthejobofexpansionwillbehandledbyGermanyandFrancewhilesouthernEuropeangrowthcontinuestolag.Spain’seconomywillcontinuetoshrinkin2010. ButtheoutlookisbrighteningformanyemergingeconomiesincludingthoseincentralandeasternEuropeforwhichgrowthforecastswererevisedupby0.8%.DevelopingAsiaisenjoyingastrongrecoveryandtheIMFindicatedthatbothIndiaandBrazilarelikelytoperformmuchbetterthisyearthaninitiallyanticipatednotching赢得growthratesof8.8%and5.5%respectively. Thereportsuggestedthatplannedstimulusmeasuresfor2010shouldbefullyimplementedgiventhefragilityofrecoverybutitalsonotedthatsovereigndebtworrieswillbecomemoresevereastheyearprogresses.DebtissuesarelikelytoproveespeciallyproblematicinEuropewhichhasthehighestdebtratiosandtheslowestexpectedgrowthrates.ThestressedsouthernEuropeannationsareinadamned-if-they-do-damned-if-they-don’tposition.Iflittleactionistakenondebtrisingdebtcostswillchokeofanalreadyweakrecovery.Ifaggressiveactionistakentheblowtoaggregatedemandwilllikewiseunderminegrowth. Aroundtheworldtradeandproductionhaverecoveredstronglybutemploymentremainswellbelowprerecessionlevelsinmostcountries.Labourmarketweaknessishelpingtokeepinflationexpectationsincheck;theIMFforecastsconsumerpriceincreasesindevelopednationsof1.5%in2010and1.4%in2011.Butthereturntostronggrowthisboostingcommoditypricesoncemore.Oilpricesmayincreaseby30%in2010saidtheIMFarise7%largerthanprojectedinJanuary. Theoverallpictureisofaremarkableturnaroundinglobalfortunesgiventhedepthoftherecession.Theyear’sperformanceismuchbetterthanmanywouldhavedaredtohopeearlylastyear.ButinpartsofEuropethefutureissomewhatlesscertainandbecausethatuncertainfuturecouldleadtosovereigndebtcrisesthatcouldpotentiallyrattlefinancialmarketsworldleadersshouldremainvigilant. Theeconomicperformancearoundtheworldwill
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress. ThetermtheBigBangprobablyrefersto
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy". ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction. In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded. AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty. EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion. HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459words Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ Accordingtothecontextthewordflamboyantmostlikelymeans
GloballyrecoveryisgoingslightlybetterthanexpectedaccordingtotheIMFwhichreleaseditslatestWorldEconomicOutlooktoday.Aftershrinkingby0.6%lastyeartheglobaleconomyislikelytoexpandby4.2%in20100.3%fasterthantheIMFprojectedinJanuary.Buteconomicperformanceswillcontinuetovarywidelyaroundtheworld.MuchoftheupwardrevisiontoglobalgrowthcanbeattributedtoabetteroutlookfortheAmericaneconomy.TheIMFreviseditsforecastforAmericaneconomicexpansionin2010up0.4%to3.1%.Therewasnochangebycontrastfortheeuroareawhichalreadyfacedapoorergrowthoutlook.TheEuroareaeconomymayonlygrowby1%in2010and1.5%in2011.AndmuchofthejobofexpansionwillbehandledbyGermanyandFrancewhilesouthernEuropeangrowthcontinuestolag.Spain’seconomywillcontinuetoshrinkin2010. ButtheoutlookisbrighteningformanyemergingeconomiesincludingthoseincentralandeasternEuropeforwhichgrowthforecastswererevisedupby0.8%.DevelopingAsiaisenjoyingastrongrecoveryandtheIMFindicatedthatbothIndiaandBrazilarelikelytoperformmuchbetterthisyearthaninitiallyanticipatednotching赢得growthratesof8.8%and5.5%respectively. Thereportsuggestedthatplannedstimulusmeasuresfor2010shouldbefullyimplementedgiventhefragilityofrecoverybutitalsonotedthatsovereigndebtworrieswillbecomemoresevereastheyearprogresses.DebtissuesarelikelytoproveespeciallyproblematicinEuropewhichhasthehighestdebtratiosandtheslowestexpectedgrowthrates.ThestressedsouthernEuropeannationsareinadamned-if-they-do-damned-if-they-don’tposition.Iflittleactionistakenondebtrisingdebtcostswillchokeofanalreadyweakrecovery.Ifaggressiveactionistakentheblowtoaggregatedemandwilllikewiseunderminegrowth. Aroundtheworldtradeandproductionhaverecoveredstronglybutemploymentremainswellbelowprerecessionlevelsinmostcountries.Labourmarketweaknessishelpingtokeepinflationexpectationsincheck;theIMFforecastsconsumerpriceincreasesindevelopednationsof1.5%in2010and1.4%in2011.Butthereturntostronggrowthisboostingcommoditypricesoncemore.Oilpricesmayincreaseby30%in2010saidtheIMFarise7%largerthanprojectedinJanuary. Theoverallpictureisofaremarkableturnaroundinglobalfortunesgiventhedepthoftherecession.Theyear’sperformanceismuchbetterthanmanywouldhavedaredtohopeearlylastyear.ButinpartsofEuropethefutureissomewhatlesscertainandbecausethatuncertainfuturecouldleadtosovereigndebtcrisesthatcouldpotentiallyrattlefinancialmarketsworldleadersshouldremainvigilant. Bysayingdamned-if-they-do-damned-if-they-don’tLine4Paragraph3theauthormeans
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 13
Whetherworkshouldbeplacedamongthecausesofhappinessoramongthecausesofunhappinessmayperhapsberegardedasadoubtfulquestion.Thereiscertainlymuchworkwhichisexceedinglywearyandanexcessofworkisalwaysverypainful.Ithinkhoweverthatprovidedworkisnotexcessiveinamounteventhedullestworkistomostpeoplelesspainfulthanidleness.Thereareinworkallgradesfrommerereliefoftediumuptotheprofoundestdelightsaccordingtothenatureoftheworkandtheabilitiesoftheworker.Mostoftheworkthatmostpeoplehavetodoisnotinitselfinterestingbutevensuchworkhascertaingreatadvantages.Tobeginwithitfillsagoodmanyhoursofthedaywithouttheneedofdecidingwhatoneshalldo.Mostpeoplewhentheyareleftfreetofilltheirowntimeaccordingtotheirownchoiceareatalosstothinkofanythingsufficientlypleasanttobeworthdoing.Andwhatevertheydecidetheyaretroubledbythefeelingthatsomethingelsewouldhavebeenpleasanter.Tobeabletofillleisureintelligentlyisthelastproductofcivilizationandatpresentveryfewpeoplehavereachedthislevel.Moreovertheexerciseofchoiceisinitselftiresome.Excepttopeoplewithunusualinitiativeitispositivelyagreeabletobetoldwhattodoateachhourofthedayprovidedtheordersarenottoounpleasant.Mostoftheidlerichsufferunspeakableboredomasthepriceoftheirfreedomfromtoil.AttimestheymayfindreliefbyhuntingbiggameinAfricaorbyflyingroundtheworldbutthenumberofsuchsensationsislimitedespeciallyafteryouthispastAccordinglythemoreintelligentrichmenworknearlyashardasiftheywerepoorwhilerichwomenforthemostpartkeepthemselvesbusywithinnumerabletriflesofthoseearth-shakingimportancetheyarefirmlypersuaded. Workthereforeisdesirablefirstandforemostasapreventiveofboredomfortheboredomthatamanfeelswhenheisdoingnecessarythoughuninterestingworkisasnothingincomparisonwiththeboredomthathefeelswhenhehasnothingtodowithhisdays.Withthisadvantageofworkanotherisassociatednamelythatitmakesholidaysmuchmoredeliciouswhentheycome.Providedamandoesnothavetoworksohardastoimpairhisvigorheislikelytofindfarmorezestinhisfreetimethananidlemancouldpossiblyfind. Thesecondadvantageofmostpaidworkandofsomeunpaidworkisthatitgiveschancesofsuccessandopportunitiesforambition.Inmostworksuccessismeasuredbyincomeandwhileourcapitalisticsocietycontinuesthisisinevitable.Itisonlywherethebestworkisconcernedthatthismeasureceasestobethenaturalonetoapply.Thedesirethanmenfeeltoincreasetheirincomeisquiteasmuchadesireforsuccessasfortheextracomfortsthatahigherincomecanacquire.Howeverdullworkmaybeitbecomesbearableifitisameansofbuildingupareputationwhetherintheworldatlargeoronlyinone’sowncircle. Accordingtothepassagesuccesscanmostlybemeasuredintermsof
Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpression.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotrueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysisandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy". ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction. In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded. AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty. EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion. HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459words Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ Theauthor’stoneinthetextmaybestbesummarizedasthatof
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress. JohnHorgan. Ⅰ.haspublishedabookentitledTheEndofScience Ⅱ.hasbeenworkingasaneditorofScientificAmerican Ⅲ.hasbeenworkingmanyyearsasaliterarycritic Ⅳ.isworkingasasciencewriter
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.[B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.[C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.[D]ButasthespecializationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy". ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction. In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded. AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty. EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion. HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459words Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ ThetextdoesnotdirectlysaybutimpliesthatKissinger
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseomereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveocontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Theauthordoesnotincludeamongthesciencesthestudyof
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
Datasecurityusedtobeallaboutspendingbigbucksonfirewallstodefenddataatthenetworkperimeterandonantivirussoftwaretoprotectindividualcomputers.Internet-basedcomputingorcloudcomputinghaschangedallthatatthesametimeexpandingexponentiallythechancesfordatathievesandhackers. Thecloudcreatesotheropportunitiestoo.ahandfulofsecurityvendorsnowdeliversecurityasaservice--aone-twopunchofhardwareandsoftwarethatmonitorsandmanagesanenterprise’sdatasecurityandbillscustomersonlyforthecomputingpowertheyuse."Foryearssecuritywasaboutbigcompaniespushingtechnologytotheircustomers"saysQualysCEOandfounderPhilippeCourtot."Nowit’saboutthecustomerspullingpreciselywhattheyneedandprovidingthemwiththoseresourcesondemand." QualysaprivatelyheldcompanyinRedwoodShoresCalif.wasamongthefirsttoembracetheservice-orientedmodelin1999.TodayfourdifferentmodulesofQualysGuarditsflagshipofferingareusedbymorethan3500organizationsin85countries.Thecompanyperformsmorethan200millionsecurityauditsperyear. Courtotknowssomethingaboutopportunity.TheFrenchentrepreneurarrivedinSiliconValleyin1987andhasbuiltanumberofcompaniesintobig-timeplayersincludingSignioanelectronic-paymentstart-upthatwaseventuallysoldtoVeriSigninacombineddealformorethan$1billion.AsCEOherebuiltVerityandtransformedcc:Mailaonceunknownfirmof12peopleintoadominante-mailplatformbeforeLotusacquireditin1991."ThroughoutmycareerI’vebeenabletorecognizethatforatechnologytosucceeditmusthaveapurpose"hesays."Technologyitselfhasnovalue.It’swhatyoudowithitthatcounts." UndertheoldparadigmaccordingtoCourtotenterprisesoverspentforstand-alonesecuritydevicesthatbecameunrulyanddifficulttooperateoverthelongtermHesaysQualysattackstheflawsinthisstrategybystreamliningsecurityandtacklingmostoftheservicedeliverythroughthecloud."Wecontroltheinfrastructuresoftwareupdatesqualityassuranceandjustabouteverythinginbetween"hesays.ThefirmunveiledQualysGuardin2000.Afteraninfusionof$25millionfromtheventurefirmTridentCapitalandanother$25millionfromGourtotQualystweakedtheservicetofocusmostlyonvulnerabilitymanagement. Muchofthecompany’scurrentrevenue-salestopped$50millionlastyear--isbeingdrivingbyasetofstandardsestablishedbythePaymentCardIndustrySecurityStandardsCouncilPCISSC."ThePCIstandardhasbeenamajordriverofbusinessforallofthemespeciallyQualys"saysAvivahLitanavicepresidentandanalystatmarket-researchfirmGartner."Wheneveryonehastocomplythere’salotofworktogoaround. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthePCIstandardis
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 17
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 15
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 19
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