简述建筑物区分所有权的概念与特征。

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关于建筑物区分所有权的概念下列哪些表述是错误的

建筑物区分所有权存在的前提是建筑物具有构造上的独立性建筑物区分所有权中的“建筑物”指住宅建筑物区分所有权是所有权的一种类型，它属于共有的一种特殊类型不动产物权不包含建筑物区分所有权

简述建筑物区分所有权的特征

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Everyproductonthemarkethasavarietyofcostsbuiltintoitbeforeitiseverputupforsaletoacustomer.Therearecostsofproductiontransportationstorageadvertisingandmore.Eachofthesecostsmustbringinsomeprofitateachstage:truckersmustprofitfromtransportingproductsortheywouldnotbeinbusiness.Thuscostsalsoincludeseverallayersofprofits.Thesellingpriceofaproductmusttakeallofthesecostsandbuiltinprofitsintoconsideration.Thesellingpriceitselfconsistsofamarkupoverthetotalofallcostsanditisnormallybasedonapercentageofthetotalcost.Themarkupmaybequitehigh90percentofcostoritmaybelow.Groceryitemsmasupermarketusuallyhavealowmarkupwhileminkcoatshaveaveryhighone.Highmarkupshoweverdonotinthemselvesguaranteebigprofits.Profitscomefromturnover.Ifanitemhasa50percentmarkupanddoesnotsellthereisnoprofit.Butifacerealhasan8percentmarkupandsellsverywelltherearereasonableprofits.Whilemostpricingisbasedoncostfactorstherearesomeexceptions.Prestigepricingmeanssettingpricesartificiallyhighinordertoattractselectclientele.Suchpricingattemptstosuggestthatthequalityorstyleoftheproductisexceptionalorthattheitemcannotbefoundelsewhere.Storescanuseprestigepricingtoattractwealthyshoppers.Leaderpricingandbaitpricingaretheoppositesofprestigepricing.Leaderpricingmeanssettinglowpricesoncertainitemstogetpeopletocomeintothestores.Theproductssopricedarecalledlossleadersbecauselittleornoprofitcanbemadeonthem.Theprofitsaremadefromotherproductspeoplebuywhileinthestore.Baitpricingnowgenerallyconsideredillegalmeanssettingartificiallylowpricestoattractcustomers.Thestorehoweverhasnointentionofsellinggoodsatthebaitprices.Thepointistogetpeopleintothestoreandpersuadethemoftheinferiorityofthelowpriceditem.Thenahigherpriceditemispresentedasabetteralternative.Acommonretailtacticisoddpricedproducts.Forsomeproductsof$300thestorewillsetthepriceat$295or$299.95togivetheappearanceofalowerprice.Automobilesandotherhighpricedproductsareusuallypricedinthismanner.Forsomereason$7995hasmoreappealtoapotentialcarcustomerthan$8000.Bidpricingisaspecialkindofpricesetting.Itisoftenusedintheawardingofgovernmentcontracts.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitbidsonajobandnormallythelowestbidderwins.Aschoolsystemmaywanttobuyalargenumberofcomputers.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitpricesandtheschooldistrictwilldecideonthebestbidbasedaswellonconsiderationsofqualityandservice.Odd-pricingmethod______.
Everyproductonthemarkethasavarietyofcostsbuiltintoitbeforeitiseverputupforsaletoacustomer.Therearecostsofproductiontransportationstorageadvertisingandmore.Eachofthesecostsmustbringinsomeprofitateachstage:truckersmustprofitfromtransportingproductsortheywouldnotbeinbusiness.Thuscostsalsoincludeseverallayersofprofits.Thesellingpriceofaproductmusttakeallofthesecostsandbuiltinprofitsintoconsideration.Thesellingpriceitselfconsistsofamarkupoverthetotalofallcostsanditisnormallybasedonapercentageofthetotalcost.Themarkupmaybequitehigh90percentofcostoritmaybelow.Groceryitemsmasupermarketusuallyhavealowmarkupwhileminkcoatshaveaveryhighone.Highmarkupshoweverdonotinthemselvesguaranteebigprofits.Profitscomefromturnover.Ifanitemhasa50percentmarkupanddoesnotsellthereisnoprofit.Butifacerealhasan8percentmarkupandsellsverywelltherearereasonableprofits.Whilemostpricingisbasedoncostfactorstherearesomeexceptions.Prestigepricingmeanssettingpricesartificiallyhighinordertoattractselectclientele.Suchpricingattemptstosuggestthatthequalityorstyleoftheproductisexceptionalorthattheitemcannotbefoundelsewhere.Storescanuseprestigepricingtoattractwealthyshoppers.Leaderpricingandbaitpricingaretheoppositesofprestigepricing.Leaderpricingmeanssettinglowpricesoncertainitemstogetpeopletocomeintothestores.Theproductssopricedarecalledlossleadersbecauselittleornoprofitcanbemadeonthem.Theprofitsaremadefromotherproductspeoplebuywhileinthestore.Baitpricingnowgenerallyconsideredillegalmeanssettingartificiallylowpricestoattractcustomers.Thestorehoweverhasnointentionofsellinggoodsatthebaitprices.Thepointistogetpeopleintothestoreandpersuadethemoftheinferiorityofthelowpriceditem.Thenahigherpriceditemispresentedasabetteralternative.Acommonretailtacticisoddpricedproducts.Forsomeproductsof$300thestorewillsetthepriceat$295or$299.95togivetheappearanceofalowerprice.Automobilesandotherhighpricedproductsareusuallypricedinthismanner.Forsomereason$7995hasmoreappealtoapotentialcarcustomerthan$8000.Bidpricingisaspecialkindofpricesetting.Itisoftenusedintheawardingofgovernmentcontracts.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitbidsonajobandnormallythelowestbidderwins.Aschoolsystemmaywanttobuyalargenumberofcomputers.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitpricesandtheschooldistrictwilldecideonthebestbidbasedaswellonconsiderationsofqualityandservice.Thesecondparagraphmostprobablyimplies______.
Parker&Hobbes POBox4399 BrisbaneAustralia October11th2010 LynetteGallagher ActonIndustry Level12FraserPlace DearMs.Gallagher ThankyouforcontactingParker&HobbesonOctober2toregisteryourinterestinourservices.MynameisJamalYeeandIwillbeyourpointofcontactatParker&Hobbes.Youcangetintouchwithmebyemailphoneorfax.Mycontactdetailsarerecordedatthebottomofthisletter. IwouldbedelightedtodevelopaccommodationssolutionsforyourcompanyintheCairnsareas.AsyouareprobablyawareourheadquartersisbasedinBrisbanebutwedocontactasubstantialamountofbusinessinCairnsandthesurroundingregion.ThereforeIamconfidentthatIcanarrangetodesignandbuildadequatehousingforyourworkplaceinthisarea.Pleaseallowmetoexplaintheprocedurefromhere. AsIunderstandfromtheinitialrequestyousentActonIndustryintendstobeginworkontheToowumbamine50kilometerssouthwestofCairnsinearly2012.WiththedeadlineinmindandpleaseletmeknowimmediatelyifthisinformationisincorrectIhopetosubmitdetailedplanofthehousingcomplexbyMarch2011foryourarrival.Assoonastheplanshavebeensettledtheconstructionprocessshouldtakearound6to8months. Ilookforwardtoworkingwithyoucloselyonthisexcitingproject. Regards JamalYee ProjectManager-Parker&Hobbes Email:j.yee@pandhcom Office:03-888-9077 Cell:012-908-907 Fax:03-888-9078 WhymightMs.Gallagherreplyrightaway
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Thelargeramachineandthemorenumerousitspartsthegreaterlikelihoodofabreakdownandthemoreexpensivetorepair.Whathasbeensaidaboutmarketforcesandmanagementwasnecessarilyoversimplified.Theeconomiesofmodernindustrialnationsarelargeandverycomplex.Tobesurethereismanagementandtherearemarketforcesatworkbuttherearealsomanyotherfactorsthathelporhindereconomicfunction.Inmodernindustrialsocietiesgovernmentsplayalargerole.Thereisagreatamountofregulationmostofitmeantfortheprotectionofthepublic.Allregulationsaffectthewaybusinessesoperateoftenincreasingtheircostsandreducingtheirprofits.Lowerprofitsinturnreducetheamountofmoneywhichisknownasworkingcapitalthatacompanycanuseforexpansion.Autoemissionstandardsforinstancehavehadasignificantimpactonthemanufactureandpricingofautomobiles.Othergovernmentpoliciessuchastaxationbudgetdeficitsandregulationofthemoneysupplyhaveaneffectonhowmuchmoneyisavailableforpeopletospendongoodsandservices.Internationalcrisesandotherconditionsalsoaffecttheworkingofaneconomy.AseverefrostinBrazilcanruinacoffeecropandraisethepriceofthatcommodity.Warcancutoffthesupplyofsuchresourcesaspetroleumchromiumorcopper.IntheUnitedStatesenvironmentalprotestshaveslowedthedevelopmentofnuclearenergycapacityandtheminingofvasttractsofprotectedland.Weatheraffectsagricultureahotdrysummercandamagethewheatcrop;floodscandestroythousandsofacresofcropssuddenly;andinsectpestscandevastatecroplandwitharapidonslaught.People’sattitudesalsohaveanimpactonthemarketingofgoods.Health-consciousindividualsforexamplemaystopsmokingcurtailtheirintakeofalcoholandeatlessofcertainkindsoffood.Advertisingaffectswhatpeoplebuyanditcancreateamarketwherenoneexisted.Styleandfashionaresignificantformanyconsumers.Thereareothereconomicproblemsthataremoredifficulttounderstand.Forcenturieseconomieshavebeensubjecttoperiodsofprosperityfollowedbyperiodsofdecline.Althoughperiodsofprosperitycanbeexplainedrathereasilythereasonsforpanicsrecessionsanddepressionsareofacomplexnature.SomanyfactorscontributedtotheGreatDepressionofthe1930sforexamplethatnoeconomisthaseverbeenabletoaccountforallofthem.Becausethecausesofdeclineareuncertaintheremediesareequallyuncertain.Inthelate20thcenturyallindustrializedsocietiesthroughtheirgovernmentshavetriedtostabilizeeconomieskeepthemprosperousandreduceunemployment.Noneoftheremedieshasworkedtotheextentthatwashoped.Howeconomiesworkandwhatremediescanbefoundtokeepthemoperatingefficientlyarethetasksofeconomistswhomustworktogetherwithbusinessmenandpoliticians.ThemachineinthefirstsentenceofParagraph1iscomparablehereto______.
Thetraditionaldistinctionbetweenproductsthatsatisfyneedsandthosethatsatisfywantsisnolongeradequatetodescribeclassesofproducts.Intoday’sprosperoussocietiesthedistinctionhasbecomeblurredbecausesomanywantshavebeenturnedintoneeds.Awriterforinstancecanworkwithpaperandpencils.Thesearelegitimateneedsforthetask.Buttheworkcanbedonemorequicklyandefficientlywithawordprocessor.Thusacomputerissoonviewedasaneedratherthanawant.Inthefieldofmarketingconsumergoodsareclassedaccordingtothewayinwhichtheyarepurchased.Thetwomaincategoriesareconveniencegoodsandshoppinggoods.Twolessertypesarespecialtygoodsandunsoughtgoods.Itmustbeemphasizedthatallofthesetypesarebasedonthewayshoppersthinkaboutproductsnotonthenatureoftheproductsthemselves.WhatisregardedasaconvenienceiteminFrancewineforexamplemaybeaspecialtygoodintheUnitedStates.Peopledonotspendagreatdealoftimeshoppingforsuchconvenienceitemsasgroceriesnewspaperstoothpasterazorbladesaspirinandcandy.Thebuyingofconveniencegoodsmaybedoneroutinelyassomefamiliesbuygroceriesonceaweek.Suchregularlypurchaseditemsarecalledstaples.Sometimesconvenienceproductsareboughtonimpulse:someonehasasuddendesireforanicecreamsundaeonahotday.Ortheymaybepurchasedasemergencyitems.Shoppinggoodsareitemsforwhichcustomerssearch.Theycomparepricesqualityandstylesandmayvisitanumberofstoresbeforemakingadecision.Buyinganautomobileisoftendonethisway.Shoppinggoodsfallintotwoclasses:thosethatareperceivedasbasicallythesameandthosethatareregardedasdifferent.Itemsthatarelookeduponasbasicallythesameincludesuchthingsashomeappliancestelevisionsetsandautomobiles.Havingdecidedonthemodeldesiredthecustomerisprimarilyinterestedingettingtheitematthemostfavorableprice.Itemsregardedasinherentlydifferentincludeclothingfurnitureanddishes.Qualitystyleandfashionwilleithertakeprecedenceoverpriceortheywillnotmatteratall.Specialtygoodshavecharacteristicsthatimpelcustomerstomakespecialeffortstofindthem.Pricemaybenoconsiderationatall.Specialtygoodscanincludealmostanykindofproduct.Normallyspecialtygoodshaveabrandnameorotherdistinguishingcharacteristics.Unsoughtgoodsareitemsaconsumerdoesnotnecessarilywantorneedormaynotevenknowabout.Promotionoradvertisingbringssuchgoodstotheconsumer’sattention.TheproductcouldbesomethingnewonthemarketastheSonyWalkmanoncewasoritmaybeafairlystandardservicesuchaslifeinsuranceforwhichmostpeoplewillusuallynotbothershopping.Shoppinggoodsthatareconsideredasbasicallythesamearethose______.
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Thetraditionaldistinctionbetweenproductsthatsatisfyneedsandthosethatsatisfywantsisnolongeradequatetodescribeclassesofproducts.Intoday’sprosperoussocietiesthedistinctionhasbecomeblurredbecausesomanywantshavebeenturnedintoneeds.Awriterforinstancecanworkwithpaperandpencils.Thesearelegitimateneedsforthetask.Buttheworkcanbedonemorequicklyandefficientlywithawordprocessor.Thusacomputerissoonviewedasaneedratherthanawant.Inthefieldofmarketingconsumergoodsareclassedaccordingtothewayinwhichtheyarepurchased.Thetwomaincategoriesareconveniencegoodsandshoppinggoods.Twolessertypesarespecialtygoodsandunsoughtgoods.Itmustbeemphasizedthatallofthesetypesarebasedonthewayshoppersthinkaboutproductsnotonthenatureoftheproductsthemselves.WhatisregardedasaconvenienceiteminFrancewineforexamplemaybeaspecialtygoodintheUnitedStates.Peopledonotspendagreatdealoftimeshoppingforsuchconvenienceitemsasgroceriesnewspaperstoothpasterazorbladesaspirinandcandy.Thebuyingofconveniencegoodsmaybedoneroutinelyassomefamiliesbuygroceriesonceaweek.Suchregularlypurchaseditemsarecalledstaples.Sometimesconvenienceproductsareboughtonimpulse:someonehasasuddendesireforanicecreamsundaeonahotday.Ortheymaybepurchasedasemergencyitems.Shoppinggoodsareitemsforwhichcustomerssearch.Theycomparepricesqualityandstylesandmayvisitanumberofstoresbeforemakingadecision.Buyinganautomobileisoftendonethisway.Shoppinggoodsfallintotwoclasses:thosethatareperceivedasbasicallythesameandthosethatareregardedasdifferent.Itemsthatarelookeduponasbasicallythesameincludesuchthingsashomeappliancestelevisionsetsandautomobiles.Havingdecidedonthemodeldesiredthecustomerisprimarilyinterestedingettingtheitematthemostfavorableprice.Itemsregardedasinherentlydifferentincludeclothingfurnitureanddishes.Qualitystyleandfashionwilleithertakeprecedenceoverpriceortheywillnotmatteratall.Specialtygoodshavecharacteristicsthatimpelcustomerstomakespecialeffortstofindthem.Pricemaybenoconsiderationatall.Specialtygoodscanincludealmostanykindofproduct.Normallyspecialtygoodshaveabrandnameorotherdistinguishingcharacteristics.Unsoughtgoodsareitemsaconsumerdoesnotnecessarilywantorneedormaynotevenknowabout.Promotionoradvertisingbringssuchgoodstotheconsumer’sattention.TheproductcouldbesomethingnewonthemarketastheSonyWalkmanoncewasoritmaybeafairlystandardservicesuchaslifeinsuranceforwhichmostpeoplewillusuallynotbothershopping.Awordprocessorcanbelookedonassatisfying______ratherthan______ifitbecomestheonlymeanstoanend.
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Disagreementsamongeconomistsarelegendarybutnotontheissueoffreetrade.Arecentsurveyofprominenteconomistsbothconservativeandliberalconcludedthataneconomistwhoarguesforrestrictinginternationaltradeisalmostascommontodayasaphysicianwhofavorsleeching.WhytheconsensusInternationalfreetradeeconomistsagreemakespossiblehigherstandardsoflivingallovertheglobe.Thecaseforfreetraderestslargelyonthisprinciple:aslongastradeisvoluntarybothpartnersbenefitotherwisetheywouldn’ttrade.Thebuyerofashirtforexamplevaluestheshirtmorethanthemoneyspentwhilethesellervaluesthemoneymore.Botharebetteroffbecauseofthesale.Moreoveritdoesn’tmatterwhethertheshirtsalesmanisfromtheUnitedStatesorHongKongoranywhereelse.ThevastmajorityofAmericanmanufacturesfaceinternationalcompetition.Thiscompetitionforcescompaniestoimprovequalityandcutcosts.Bycontrastprotectionismencouragesmonopolylowerqualityandhigherprices.Americanspayanenormouspriceforprotectionismover$60billionayearor$1000forafamilyoffour.ThankstoprotectionismforexampleAmericanconsumerspaytwicetheworldpriceforsugar.Freetradealsomakestheworldeconomymoreefficientbyallowingnationstocapitalizeontheirstrengths.TheUnitedStateshasanadvantageinfoodproductionforinstancewhileSaudiArabiahasanadvantageinoil.TheSaudiscouldundertakemassiveirrigationtobecomeself-sufficientinfoodbutitismoreeconomicalforthemtoselloilandpurchasefoodfromus.Similarlywecouldbecomeself-sufficientinpetroleumbysqueezingmoreoutofoilshale.ButitismuchlesscostlytobuysomeofouroilfromSaudiArabia.Tradebetweenourtwocountriesimprovesthestandardoflivinginboth.Protectionismisbothwastefulandunjust.Ittaxesmostheavilythepeoplewhocanleastaffordit.Thustariffsthatraisethepriceofshoesburdenthepoormorethantherich.DespitethepowerfulcaseforfreetradetheUnitedStatesandtherestoftheworldhavealwaysbeenprotectionisttosomedegree.Thisisbecausefreetradebenefitsthegeneralpublicwhileprotectionismbenefitsspecialinterestgroupswhicharebetterorganizedbetterfinancedandmoreinformed.Tomakemattersworsemuchofwhatwehearonthisissueismisinformationspreadbythespecialintereststhemselves.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue
Disagreementsamongeconomistsarelegendarybutnotontheissueoffreetrade.Arecentsurveyofprominenteconomistsbothconservativeandliberalconcludedthataneconomistwhoarguesforrestrictinginternationaltradeisalmostascommontodayasaphysicianwhofavorsleeching.WhytheconsensusInternationalfreetradeeconomistsagreemakespossiblehigherstandardsoflivingallovertheglobe.Thecaseforfreetraderestslargelyonthisprinciple:aslongastradeisvoluntarybothpartnersbenefitotherwisetheywouldn’ttrade.Thebuyerofashirtforexamplevaluestheshirtmorethanthemoneyspentwhilethesellervaluesthemoneymore.Botharebetteroffbecauseofthesale.Moreoveritdoesn’tmatterwhethertheshirtsalesmanisfromtheUnitedStatesorHongKongoranywhereelse.ThevastmajorityofAmericanmanufacturesfaceinternationalcompetition.Thiscompetitionforcescompaniestoimprovequalityandcutcosts.Bycontrastprotectionismencouragesmonopolylowerqualityandhigherprices.Americanspayanenormouspriceforprotectionismover$60billionayearor$1000forafamilyoffour.ThankstoprotectionismforexampleAmericanconsumerspaytwicetheworldpriceforsugar.Freetradealsomakestheworldeconomymoreefficientbyallowingnationstocapitalizeontheirstrengths.TheUnitedStateshasanadvantageinfoodproductionforinstancewhileSaudiArabiahasanadvantageinoil.TheSaudiscouldundertakemassiveirrigationtobecomeself-sufficientinfoodbutitismoreeconomicalforthemtoselloilandpurchasefoodfromus.Similarlywecouldbecomeself-sufficientinpetroleumbysqueezingmoreoutofoilshale.ButitismuchlesscostlytobuysomeofouroilfromSaudiArabia.Tradebetweenourtwocountriesimprovesthestandardoflivinginboth.Protectionismisbothwastefulandunjust.Ittaxesmostheavilythepeoplewhocanleastaffordit.Thustariffsthatraisethepriceofshoesburdenthepoormorethantherich.DespitethepowerfulcaseforfreetradetheUnitedStatesandtherestoftheworldhavealwaysbeenprotectionisttosomedegree.Thisisbecausefreetradebenefitsthegeneralpublicwhileprotectionismbenefitsspecialinterestgroupswhicharebetterorganizedbetterfinancedandmoreinformed.Tomakemattersworsemuchofwhatwehearonthisissueismisinformationspreadbythespecialintereststhemselves.Accordingtothefreetradeprincipletheauthorsuggeststhat______.

简述建筑物区分所有权的概念与特征。

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