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我们党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标是
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党的十八大报告指出全面建成小康社会是党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标
我们党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标是什么
全面建设小康社会
建设和谐社会
全面建成小康社会
我们党和国家到2020年奋斗目标是什么
全面建设小康社会
建设和谐社会
实现科学发展
解放思想是
发展中国特色社会主义的强大动力
发展中国特色社会主义的一大法宝
发展中国特色社会主义的基本要求
我们党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标
我们必须坚定不移地为全面建设小康社会而奋斗因为它是①我们党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标②全国各族人民
①②
③④
①③
②④
到2020年是我们党确定的两个一百年奋斗目标的第一个百年奋斗目标
达到中等发达国家水平
全面建成小康社会
全面完成扶贫任务
全面建设小康社会
我们党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标是
全面建成小康社会
建设和谐社会
实现科学发展
完成工业化
我们党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标是
党的十八届五中全会认为到年全面建成小 康社会是我们党确定的?两个一百年?奋斗目标的第一个 百年奋斗目
2020 关键
2020 决胜
2030 重要
全面建成小康社会是党和国家到年的奋斗目标
2020
2010
2015
2049
我们必须坚定不移地为全面建设小康社会而奋斗因为它是
我们党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标
全国各族人民根本利益所在
发展中国特色社会主义的基本要求
党的思想路线的本质要求
全面建设小康社会是党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标
到2020年全面建成小康社会实现第个百年奋斗目标 是我们党向人民向历史作出的庄严承诺
4
3
2
1
是党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标
总体达到小康水平。
全面建设小康社会。
建设中等发达国家。
转变经济发展方式
是在探索和把握我国经济发展规律的基础上提出的重要方针
是从当前我国经济发展的实际出发提出的重大战略
是发展中国特色社会主义的强大动力
是我们党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标
我们党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标是什么
全面建设小康社会
建设和谐社会
实现科学发展
基本实现社会主义现代化是党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标是全国各族人民的根本利益所 在
到2020年全面建成是我们党确定的两个一百年奋斗目标的第一个百年奋斗目标
小康社会
社会主义
共产主
发达国家
党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标是什么
我们党和国家到2020年的奋斗目标是
全面建设小康社会
建设和谐社会
实现科学发展
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Directions: ZhangLiisaclassmateofyours.Hesufferedfromaseriousillness.Writealetterto 1callonthestudentstohelpZhangLiand 2tellthemhowtohelpZhangLi. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisabadidea. Whenoilburnsitdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeopleburnsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthe"greenhousegases’thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise. Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment—thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse. AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy. Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks—mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture. TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithit.TheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasadisadvantageofburyingpollution
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandB.Allresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effectivemanagementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwellineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining. [G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 45
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
战后西方国家跨国公司迅速发展是由于
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
我国社会主义市场体系中的生产要素市场包括
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandB.Allresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effectivemanagementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwellineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining. [G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 41
生产关系一定要适合生产力状况的规律是
生产资本的职能是
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisabadidea. Whenoilburnsitdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeopleburnsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthe"greenhousegases’thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise. Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment—thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse. AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy. Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks—mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture. TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithit.TheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer. Accordingtothepassageoilresultsinairpollutionbecause
ItmaynothavegeneratedmuchinterestoutsideenergyandinvestmentcirclesbutarecentcommentbyTidewaterInc.presidentDeanTaylorsentearthquakesthroughtheNewOrleansbusinesscommunity.InJuneTaylortoldtheHoustonChroniclethattheinternationalmarineservicescompany—theworld’slargestoperatorofshipsservingtheoffshoreoilindustry—wasseriouslyconsideringmovingitsheadquartersalongwithscoresofadministrativejobsfromtheCrescentCitytoHouston."Wehavealotofsympathyforthecity"Taylorsaid."Butourshareholdersdon’tpayustohavesympathy.Theypayustohaveresultsforthem." Itwasthelastthingthehurricane-scarredcityneededtohear.Tidewaterwasfoundedherealittlemorethan50yearsagoandkeptitsmainofficeinNewOrleansthroughouttheoilbustofthe1980sandthefollowingdecadesofindustryconsolidationwhendozensofenergyfirmsallbutabandonedNewOrleansforgreenerpasturesontheTexascoast.InthenearlytwoyearssinceHurricaneKatrinaravagedthecitythepaceofexodushasaccelerated.complicatingNewOrleans’haltingrecovery;accordingtothelocalbusinessweeklyCityBusinessthemetropolitanareahaslost12ofthe23publiclytradedcompaniesheadquarteredheretakingwhite-collarjobscorporatecommunitysupportandsorelyneededtaxpayerswiththem—andthreateningtoleavethecityevenmoredependentonatourismbasedeconomythanitwasbeforethestorm. Makingmattersworsesomeobserverssayisthecityleadership’sapparentindifference10thebloodletting.JustweeksafterHurricaneKatrinainAugust2005MayorRayNaginthenintheveryearlystagesofaheatedreelectionbiddismissedwarningsthatmanycompanieslikedisplacedresidentsmightopttorelocate.Naginsaidhehopedtheywouldstay."Butiftheydon’t"hesaidwithtypicalglibness"I’llsendthemapostcard."ThecommentmighthavebeenwrittenoffasoneofNagin’smanyverbalmissteps.Butinthemonthsthatfollowedthewarningsturnedoutinmanycasestobetrueevenasthecity’srebuildingeffortlanguishedinfrastructurerepairslimpedalongthestatereimbursementprogramfordamagedhomesfalteredandtheNewOrleans’infamouscrimeratemadeasickeningcomeback. NewOrleans"wasn’tconsideredagreatcityfordoingbusinessbeforethestorm.Peoplewerealwaysdribblingout"saysPeterRicchiutiaprofessorofeconomicsatTulaneUniversity.Whilemanyofthecompaniesthatmadeitthroughthestormcouldstandtobenefitfromthecity’srecoveryhesaysKatrinamayhavehastenedthelossofhigh-payingenergyjobs."We’relosingthewhite-collarjobsandkeepingtheblue-collarjobs"hesays."We’rebecomingmuchmoreofablue-collaroilindustry." OneofthelatestexamplesisChevronCorp.whichisbuildingnewofficesinthenorthernsuburbs40milesnorthofthecityacrossLakePontchartrainandplanstotransfer550employeesfromNewOrleanstoCovingtonbytheendoftheyear.Thatwouldtakewell-paidpeopleoutofdowntownNewOrleansamovethatwillimpactthecentralbusinessdistrict’seconomy."WemadethedecisioninMay2006whenouremployeesweremakingimportanthousingdecisions"saysQiWilsonaChevronspokesperson.Thecompanylikemanyemployeesdecidedthenorthshoreofferedbettersecurityshouldanotherhurricanestrikealongwithfewerofthepost-Katrinaheadachesthatstillplaguethecity.Themove"willmakeiteasiertoretainthetalentwehaveandtoattractnewtalent"Wilsonsays. MayorRayNaginisquotedinthe3rdparagraphto
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly. Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare. Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep. "Icouldtellyouhorrorstories"saysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying."Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours"onewrites."Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound." "PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork"writesanother."Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[105km/h]." "Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy"writesathird"becausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep." Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24hourwork-shiftlimit. Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves"doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment." TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed. Inthelastparagraphtheexpressionpatientsareontheirownmostprobablymeans
ItmaynothavegeneratedmuchinterestoutsideenergyandinvestmentcirclesbutarecentcommentbyTidewaterInc.presidentDeanTaylorsentearthquakesthroughtheNewOrleansbusinesscommunity.InJuneTaylortoldtheHoustonChroniclethattheinternationalmarineservicescompany—theworld’slargestoperatorofshipsservingtheoffshoreoilindustry—wasseriouslyconsideringmovingitsheadquartersalongwithscoresofadministrativejobsfromtheCrescentCitytoHouston."Wehavealotofsympathyforthecity"Taylorsaid."Butourshareholdersdon’tpayustohavesympathy.Theypayustohaveresultsforthem." Itwasthelastthingthehurricane-scarredcityneededtohear.Tidewaterwasfoundedherealittlemorethan50yearsagoandkeptitsmainofficeinNewOrleansthroughouttheoilbustofthe1980sandthefollowingdecadesofindustryconsolidationwhendozensofenergyfirmsallbutabandonedNewOrleansforgreenerpasturesontheTexascoast.InthenearlytwoyearssinceHurricaneKatrinaravagedthecitythepaceofexodushasaccelerated.complicatingNewOrleans’haltingrecovery;accordingtothelocalbusinessweeklyCityBusinessthemetropolitanareahaslost12ofthe23publiclytradedcompaniesheadquarteredheretakingwhite-collarjobscorporatecommunitysupportandsorelyneededtaxpayerswiththem—andthreateningtoleavethecityevenmoredependentonatourismbasedeconomythanitwasbeforethestorm. Makingmattersworsesomeobserverssayisthecityleadership’sapparentindifference10thebloodletting.JustweeksafterHurricaneKatrinainAugust2005MayorRayNaginthenintheveryearlystagesofaheatedreelectionbiddismissedwarningsthatmanycompanieslikedisplacedresidentsmightopttorelocate.Naginsaidhehopedtheywouldstay."Butiftheydon’t"hesaidwithtypicalglibness"I’llsendthemapostcard."ThecommentmighthavebeenwrittenoffasoneofNagin’smanyverbalmissteps.Butinthemonthsthatfollowedthewarningsturnedoutinmanycasestobetrueevenasthecity’srebuildingeffortlanguishedinfrastructurerepairslimpedalongthestatereimbursementprogramfordamagedhomesfalteredandtheNewOrleans’infamouscrimeratemadeasickeningcomeback. NewOrleans"wasn’tconsideredagreatcityfordoingbusinessbeforethestorm.Peoplewerealwaysdribblingout"saysPeterRicchiutiaprofessorofeconomicsatTulaneUniversity.Whilemanyofthecompaniesthatmadeitthroughthestormcouldstandtobenefitfromthecity’srecoveryhesaysKatrinamayhavehastenedthelossofhigh-payingenergyjobs."We’relosingthewhite-collarjobsandkeepingtheblue-collarjobs"hesays."We’rebecomingmuchmoreofablue-collaroilindustry." OneofthelatestexamplesisChevronCorp.whichisbuildingnewofficesinthenorthernsuburbs40milesnorthofthecityacrossLakePontchartrainandplanstotransfer550employeesfromNewOrleanstoCovingtonbytheendoftheyear.Thatwouldtakewell-paidpeopleoutofdowntownNewOrleansamovethatwillimpactthecentralbusinessdistrict’seconomy."WemadethedecisioninMay2006whenouremployeesweremakingimportanthousingdecisions"saysQiWilsonaChevronspokesperson.Thecompanylikemanyemployeesdecidedthenorthshoreofferedbettersecurityshouldanotherhurricanestrikealongwithfewerofthepost-Katrinaheadachesthatstillplaguethecity.Themove"willmakeiteasiertoretainthetalentwehaveandtoattractnewtalent"Wilsonsays. AccordingtoWilsonChevronintendstotransferitsemployeeschieflyto
某资本家投入资本100万元用于购买生产资料80万元购买劳动力20万元生产出的商品价值为140万元其剩余价值率为
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandB.Allresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effectivemanagementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwellineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining. [G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 43
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. Thebiggestproblemwiththenewpyramidseemstobethat
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. DiscussionoftheassimilationofPuertoRicans波多黎各人intheUnitedStateshasfocusedontwofactors:socialstandingandthelossofnationalculture.IngeneralexcessivestressisplacedononefactorortheotherdependingonwhetherthecommentatorisNorthAmericanorPuertoRican.ManyNorthAmericansocialscientistssuchasOscarHandlinJosephFitzpatrickandOscarLewisconsiderPuertoRicansasthemostrecentinalonglineofethnicentrantstooccupythelowestrungonthesocialladder.46Sucha"sociodemographic"approachtendstoregardassimilationasabenignprocesstakingforgrantedincreasedeconomicadvantageandinevitableculturalintegrationinasupposedlyegalitariancontext.HoweverthisapproachfailstotakeintoaccountthecolonialnatureofthePuertoRicancasewiththisgroupunliketheirEuropeanpredecessorscomingfromanationpoliticallysubordinatedtotheUnitedStates.47Eventhe"radical"critiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodelsuchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSocietyattachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority. Incontrastthe"colonialist"approachofislandbasedwriterssuchasEduardoSeda-BonillaManuelMaldonado-DenisandLuisNieves-Falcontendstoviewassimilationastheforcedlossofnationalcultureinanunequalcontestwithimposedforeignvalues.ThereisofcourseastrongtraditionofculturalaccommodationamongotherPuertoRicanthinkers.ThewritingsofEugenioFernandezMendezclearlyexemplifythistraditionandmanysupportersofPuertoRico’scommonwealthstatussharethesameuniversalizingorientation.48ButthePuertoRicanintellectualswhohavewrittenmostabouttheassimilationprocessintheUnitedStatesalladvanceculturalnationalistviewsadvocatingthepreservationofminorityculturaldistinctionsandrejectingwhattheyseeasthesubmissionofcolonialnationalities. ThisculturalandpoliticalemphasisisappropriatebutthecolonialistthinkersmisdirectitoverlookingtheclassrelationsatworkinbothPuertoRicanandNorthAmericanhistory.Theyposetheclashofnationalculturesasanabsolutepolaritywitheachcultureunderstoodasstaticandundifferentiated.49YetboththePuertoRicanandNorthAmericantraditionshavebeensubjecttoconstantchallengefromculturalforceswithintheirownsocietiesforcesthatmaymovetowardeachotherinwaysthatcannotbewrittenoffasmere"assimilation."ConsiderforexampletheindigenousandAfro-CaribbeantraditionsinPuertoRicancultureandhowtheyinfluenceandareinfluencedbyotherCaribbeanculturesandBlackculturesintheUnitedStates.50Theelementsofcompulsionandinequalitysocentraltoculturalcontactaccordingtothecolonialistframeworkplaynoroleinthiskindofconvergenceofraciallyandethnicallydifferentelementsofthesamesocialclass. EventheradicalcritiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodelsuchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSocietyattachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority.
经济全球化本质上是
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. Thephrasecavedinlines3-4paragraph2mostprobablymeans
在竞争中处于有利地位的商品生产者所生产的商品的个别价值
资本积累是指个别资本通过
先进生产力的集中体现和主要标志是
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. DiscussionoftheassimilationofPuertoRicans波多黎各人intheUnitedStateshasfocusedontwofactors:socialstandingandthelossofnationalculture.IngeneralexcessivestressisplacedononefactorortheotherdependingonwhetherthecommentatorisNorthAmericanorPuertoRican.ManyNorthAmericansocialscientistssuchasOscarHandlinJosephFitzpatrickandOscarLewisconsiderPuertoRicansasthemostrecentinalonglineofethnicentrantstooccupythelowestrungonthesocialladder.46Sucha"sociodemographic"approachtendstoregardassimilationasabenignprocesstakingforgrantedincreasedeconomicadvantageandinevitableculturalintegrationinasupposedlyegalitariancontext.HoweverthisapproachfailstotakeintoaccountthecolonialnatureofthePuertoRicancasewiththisgroupunliketheirEuropeanpredecessorscomingfromanationpoliticallysubordinatedtotheUnitedStates.47Eventhe"radical"critiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodelsuchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSocietyattachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority. Incontrastthe"colonialist"approachofislandbasedwriterssuchasEduardoSeda-BonillaManuelMaldonado-DenisandLuisNieves-Falcontendstoviewassimilationastheforcedlossofnationalcultureinanunequalcontestwithimposedforeignvalues.ThereisofcourseastrongtraditionofculturalaccommodationamongotherPuertoRicanthinkers.ThewritingsofEugenioFernandezMendezclearlyexemplifythistraditionandmanysupportersofPuertoRico’scommonwealthstatussharethesameuniversalizingorientation.48ButthePuertoRicanintellectualswhohavewrittenmostabouttheassimilationprocessintheUnitedStatesalladvanceculturalnationalistviewsadvocatingthepreservationofminorityculturaldistinctionsandrejectingwhattheyseeasthesubmissionofcolonialnationalities. ThisculturalandpoliticalemphasisisappropriatebutthecolonialistthinkersmisdirectitoverlookingtheclassrelationsatworkinbothPuertoRicanandNorthAmericanhistory.Theyposetheclashofnationalculturesasanabsolutepolaritywitheachcultureunderstoodasstaticandundifferentiated.49YetboththePuertoRicanandNorthAmericantraditionshavebeensubjecttoconstantchallengefromculturalforceswithintheirownsocietiesforcesthatmaymovetowardeachotherinwaysthatcannotbewrittenoffasmere"assimilation."ConsiderforexampletheindigenousandAfro-CaribbeantraditionsinPuertoRicancultureandhowtheyinfluenceandareinfluencedbyotherCaribbeanculturesandBlackculturesintheUnitedStates.50Theelementsofcompulsionandinequalitysocentraltoculturalcontactaccordingtothecolonialistframeworkplaynoroleinthiskindofconvergenceofraciallyandethnicallydifferentelementsofthesamesocialclass. YetboththePuertoRicanandNorthAmericantraditionshavebeensubjecttoconstantchallengefromculturalforceswithintheirownsocietiesforcesthatmaymovetowardeachotherinwaysthatcannotbewrittenoffasmereassimilation.
社会主义公有制的主体地位主要体现在
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
ItmaynothavegeneratedmuchinterestoutsideenergyandinvestmentcirclesbutarecentcommentbyTidewaterInc.presidentDeanTaylorsentearthquakesthroughtheNewOrleansbusinesscommunity.InJuneTaylortoldtheHoustonChroniclethattheinternationalmarineservicescompany—theworld’slargestoperatorofshipsservingtheoffshoreoilindustry—wasseriouslyconsideringmovingitsheadquartersalongwithscoresofadministrativejobsfromtheCrescentCitytoHouston."Wehavealotofsympathyforthecity"Taylorsaid."Butourshareholdersdon’tpayustohavesympathy.Theypayustohaveresultsforthem." Itwasthelastthingthehurricane-scarredcityneededtohear.Tidewaterwasfoundedherealittlemorethan50yearsagoandkeptitsmainofficeinNewOrleansthroughouttheoilbustofthe1980sandthefollowingdecadesofindustryconsolidationwhendozensofenergyfirmsallbutabandonedNewOrleansforgreenerpasturesontheTexascoast.InthenearlytwoyearssinceHurricaneKatrinaravagedthecitythepaceofexodushasaccelerated.complicatingNewOrleans’haltingrecovery;accordingtothelocalbusinessweeklyCityBusinessthemetropolitanareahaslost12ofthe23publiclytradedcompaniesheadquarteredheretakingwhite-collarjobscorporatecommunitysupportandsorelyneededtaxpayerswiththem—andthreateningtoleavethecityevenmoredependentonatourismbasedeconomythanitwasbeforethestorm. Makingmattersworsesomeobserverssayisthecityleadership’sapparentindifference10thebloodletting.JustweeksafterHurricaneKatrinainAugust2005MayorRayNaginthenintheveryearlystagesofaheatedreelectionbiddismissedwarningsthatmanycompanieslikedisplacedresidentsmightopttorelocate.Naginsaidhehopedtheywouldstay."Butiftheydon’t"hesaidwithtypicalglibness"I’llsendthemapostcard."ThecommentmighthavebeenwrittenoffasoneofNagin’smanyverbalmissteps.Butinthemonthsthatfollowedthewarningsturnedoutinmanycasestobetrueevenasthecity’srebuildingeffortlanguishedinfrastructurerepairslimpedalongthestatereimbursementprogramfordamagedhomesfalteredandtheNewOrleans’infamouscrimeratemadeasickeningcomeback. NewOrleans"wasn’tconsideredagreatcityfordoingbusinessbeforethestorm.Peoplewerealwaysdribblingout"saysPeterRicchiutiaprofessorofeconomicsatTulaneUniversity.Whilemanyofthecompaniesthatmadeitthroughthestormcouldstandtobenefitfromthecity’srecoveryhesaysKatrinamayhavehastenedthelossofhigh-payingenergyjobs."We’relosingthewhite-collarjobsandkeepingtheblue-collarjobs"hesays."We’rebecomingmuchmoreofablue-collaroilindustry." OneofthelatestexamplesisChevronCorp.whichisbuildingnewofficesinthenorthernsuburbs40milesnorthofthecityacrossLakePontchartrainandplanstotransfer550employeesfromNewOrleanstoCovingtonbytheendoftheyear.Thatwouldtakewell-paidpeopleoutofdowntownNewOrleansamovethatwillimpactthecentralbusinessdistrict’seconomy."WemadethedecisioninMay2006whenouremployeesweremakingimportanthousingdecisions"saysQiWilsonaChevronspokesperson.Thecompanylikemanyemployeesdecidedthenorthshoreofferedbettersecurityshouldanotherhurricanestrikealongwithfewerofthepost-Katrinaheadachesthatstillplaguethecity.Themove"willmakeiteasiertoretainthetalentwehaveandtoattractnewtalent"Wilsonsays. Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat.
在商品经济中使用价值交换价值价值三者之间的关系是
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisabadidea. Whenoilburnsitdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeopleburnsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthe"greenhousegases’thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise. Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment—thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse. AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy. Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks—mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture. TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithit.TheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthisideaofburyingpollutionseemstobe
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly. Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare. Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep. "Icouldtellyouhorrorstories"saysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying."Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours"onewrites."Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound." "PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork"writesanother."Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[105km/h]." "Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy"writesathird"becausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep." Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24hourwork-shiftlimit. Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves"doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment." TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
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