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Our understanding of the Emotional System today is still in the Dark Ages. (46) This has its anal...
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1.罗伯特·彭斯是苏格兰的文学巨匠他的诗歌作品往往运用想象触及强烈的情感RobertBurnsisS
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已知A=α1α2α3β和B=α1α2α3γ都是4阶矩阵．其中α1α2α3βγ均为4维列向量且|A|=2|B|=-3．则|2A+B|=______.
Asthebaby-boomergenerationcontemplatestheprospectoftheZimmerframetherehasneverbeenmoreinterestindelayingtheprocessofageing.Oneconsequencehasbeenan1riseinthepopularityofbrain-traininggames.Buthow2reallyisadailydoseofcrypticcrossword RobertWilsonaneuropsychologistatRushUniversityinChicagoandhiscolleaguesdecidedto3out4followingagroupofpeoplewithoutdementia.Participantswereaskedto5howfrequentlytheyengagedincognitively6activities.Theresearcherswerelookingforsuchthingsasreadingnewspapersbooksandmagazines7challenginggameslikechesslisteningtotheradioandwatchingtelevisionand8museums. ThegoodnewsastheyreportinNeurologyisthat9activityofthissortseemstoslowtherateof10declineinthosewithoutcognitive11.ThebadnewsisthatinthosewhodothendevelopAlzheimer’sdiseaseitisassociatedwithamorerapid12decline. Whatseemstobehappeningisthatcognitivestimulationhelps13theeffectoftheneurodegenerativelesionsassociatedwithdementia.Itdoesnot14makethemgoaway.Theycontinueto15sothatwhenthediseasedoeseventuallytake16therearemoreofthemaroundthanthereotherwisewouldbewhichresultsinamore17cognitivefalloff.Thatisnotamessageofdespair18becausethelengthoftimesomeonesuffersfromdementiaisthus19andtheirhealthylifeprolonged.Sothemessageis20onwiththecrosswords. 14
Painunfortunatelyisahorriblenecessityoflife.Itprotectspeoplebyalertingthemtothingsthatmightinjurethem.Butsomelong-termpainhasnothingtodowithanyobviousinjury.Oneestimatesuggeststhatoneinsixadultssufferfromachronicpaincondition.SteveMcMahonapainresearcheratKing’sCollegeLondonsaysthatifskinisdamagedforinstancewithahotironanareaofsensitivitydevelopsaroundtheoutsideoftheburnwherealthoughuntouchedandundamagedbytheironthebehaviorofthenervefibersisdisrupted.Asaresultheightenedsensitivityandabnormalpainsensationsoccurinthesurroundingskin.Chronicpainhesaysmaysimilarlybecausednotbydamagetothebodybutbecauseweakpainsignalsbecomeamplified.Thiswouldalsohelpexplainwhychronicpainssuchaslower-backpainandosteoarthritisfailtorespondwelltotraditionalpaintherapies.ButnowanentirelynewkindofdrugcalledTanezumabhasbeendeveloped.ItisanantibodyforaproteincallednervegrowthfactorNGFwhichisvitalfornewnervegrowthduringdevelopment.NGFitturnsoutisalsocrucialintheregulationofthesensitisationofpaininchronicconditions.KennethVerburgoneoftheresearchersinvolvedinthedevelopmentofTanezumabatPfizersaysitisnotexactlyclearwhatroleNGFplaysinnormalphysiologybutafteraninjurywhichinvolvestissuedamageandinflammationlevelsofNGFincreasedramatically.NGFseemstobeinvolvedintransmittingthepainsignal.AsaconsequenceblockingNGFreduceschronicpain.Tanezumabmuststillcompletethefinalstagesofclinicaltrialsbeforeitcanbecomeaweaponinthetoolkitforreducinghumansuffering.Butunexpectedpainsdonotalwayscomefromthebody.AccordingtoIreneTraceyapainresearcherattheUniversityofOxfordhowpainisexperiencedalsodependsuponaperson’sstateofmind.Ifsuccessivepatientssufferthesameburntheextenttowhichithurtswilldependonwhetheroneisanxiousdepressedhappyordistracted.Suchideasarebeingexploredwithbrainscanswhichsuggestthatevenifalowlevelofpainisbeingsenttothebrainthesignalcanbeturnedupbytheminditself.Indeedpatientscanevenbetrickedintofeelingpain.Inoneexperimentvolunteersweregivenapowerfulanalgesicandsubjectedtoapainfulstimulus—whichbecauseoftheanalgesictheycouldnotfeel.Thentheyweretoldthedrughadwornoffalthoughithadnotandsubsequentlycomplainedthatthestimulushurt.Peoplecanthereforefeelpainsimplybecauseitisexpected.Theycanfailtofeelpainforexactlythesamereasonsforexamplewhentheyaregivenplacebosoraredistracted.Butalthoughpainmaybesubjectivethatdoesnotmeanthefinalexperienceiscontrolledsolelybythemind.ArecentpaperinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofScienceshasshownthatgenesplayaroleindeterminingsensitivitytopain.OnegeneknownasSCN9Acodesforaproteinthatallowsthechannelsalongwhichnervesignalsaretransmittedtoremainactiveforlongerandthustransmitmorepainsignals.Itseemslikelythatthisproteinwillattractagreatdealmoreanalgesicresearch.VariationsinSCN9Amayalsoexplainwhysomepatientspreferdifferentclassesofpainkillers.Althoughpainmaybeahorriblenecessitythereisnodoubtthathumanitycouldcopewithfarlessofthechronicsort.Understandinghowthemindthebodyandpeople’sgenesinteracttocausepainshouldbringmorerelief.ThewordthatSteveMcMahonsaysismentionedto______.
Therenewable-fuelstandardreleasedinFebruarybyAmerica’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPApaintsanambitiouspictureofbiofuels’future.Itwantstheamountofthestuffusedastransportfueltoclimbfrom13billiongallons49billionlitresin2010to36billiongallonsin2022requiringbyfarthelargestpartofthatincreasetocomefromvariousadvancedbiofuelsratherthanethanolmadefromcornmaize.Butalthoughthefuturelooksexcitingthepresentisrathergrim.41Thefactthatcorn-ethanolproductionhascontinuedtogrowdespitethefailureofanumberoffinnsinlate2008andearly2009pointstotheefficacyofthevariousprotectionsandsubsidiesitenjoysfallingmaizepriceshelpedtoothoughitsaysnothingabouttheirefficiencyorwisdom.Ethanolwhichisusedmainlyasanadditivetopetrolisnotaparticularlygoodfuel:itoffersonlyabouttwo-thirdsasmuchenergyaspetrolandcancorrodepipelinesandcarengines.42EvenasproducershaveurgedtheEPAtoliftthisbarithaschallengedthemtomovebeyondcornandmakeethanolfromcellulosetheabundantinedibleportionofmostcrops.Usinginedibleinputsavoidsfightsaboutdivertingfoodcropsforfuelandfreestheindustryfromrelianceonasinglecommodity.Despiteampleinvestmenthoweverproductioncostsremainhighandcommercialisationelusive.43Stillitandothersaregamelypushingahead.AboostcamelastmonthwhenNovozymesandDaniscotwoDanishfirmsunveilednewcheaperenzymeswhichareneededtobreakdowncellulose.44Thealternativeistoproducesomethingbettersuchasanadvancedbiodiesel.AccordingtoLuxResearchbasedinBostonventurecapitalistsinvested$208minalgaetechnologieswiththissortofthinginmindduring2008sixtimesasmuchastheyspentin2007.Butbuildingvastpoolsforalgaeandturningthemintofuelremainstremendouslyexpensive.SolazymeaCalifornianfirmisapromisinganomalyusingalgaetomakefuelfromsugarsindarkindustrialvatsratherthanpools.Suchstrategiesmayworkbuthaveyettobescaledup.Solazymetellinglyhasdevelopedothersourcesofrevenue.America’sgovernmentisdolingoutgrantsandloanguaranteesandoilcompaniesareinvestingtoo.SolazymehasapartnershipwithChevron.ValeroAmerica’sbiggestoilrefinerhasboughtuptroubledethanolplantsandinvestedinfirmsthatuseplantmaterialalgaeandrubbishtoproducefuel.45ItstillfeelslikethefinalbetshavenotbeenmadeexplainsPhilNewtheheadofBPBiofuels.A.By2014orearlierethanolproductionisexpectedtoreach10%ofAmerica’stotalfueldemandandthustohitablendwallsincetheEPAdoesnotatpresentallowblendsofmorethan10%formainstreamuse.B.Since2007onecompanyRangeFuelshasreceivedmorethan$150minfederalgrantsandguaranteesforalargecellulosic-ethanolplantbuthasyettoproduceany.C.TheEPAhasbeenforcedtoslashits2010mandateforthemostwidelytoutedofthenon-cornbiofuelscellulosicethanolfrom100mgallonstojust6.5mlessthanathousandthofthe11billiongallonsproducedfromcornin2009.D.Algaztechnologieshadalreadybecometheavailableadvancedbiofuelswhichcouldlowerthecost.E.Evenifcellulosicethanolweretogetcheaperthoughitwouldstillbeethanolapoorfuel.F.Advancedbiofuelhavethegovernment’ssubsidyandloanguarantees.G.BP’sbroad-basedportfolioincludesinvestmentsinBraziliansugarcaneethanolcellulosicethanolandapartnershipwithDuPonttoproducebiobutanol.
EarlierthismonththeheadofPeoplefortheEthicalTreatmentofAnimalsanon-profitorganisationwrotetoGoldmanSachs.Animalsheltersthelettersaidarestrugglingtocopewithasurgeinthenumberofpetsthathavebeenabandonedbecausetheirownershavefallenonhardtimes.MaybeGoldmanexecutivesshouldgivetheirbigbonusestothedogsSadlyitlooksunlikely.Asthenumberofjoblossesandforeclosureshasmountedoverthepasttwoyearssomepeoplehavechosentosurrendertheiranimalsunabletoaffordpetfoodletaloneveterinarycare.Manyhavebroughttheirdogsandcatstoshelters.Somehavebeenlesskindchainingthemtofencesorlockingtheminsidetheirforeclosedhomes.OnekittenwasevenleftinamailboxinBoston.Lookingafterthesepetsisbecomingmorechallengingbecausemanysheltersrelyongovernmentmoneyandhaveseentheirfundingcut.AnimalCareandControlofNewYorkCityforexamplesawitsgrantfallbyover$750000thisfiscalyeararound7%ofitsoperatingbudget.Fewerpeoplearecomingforwardtomakedonations.Somenon-profitsaretryingtostepinandencouragepeoplenottoabandontheirfurryfriendsatsheltersinthefirstplace.Pet-foodbankswhichgivepetfoodtopeopleinneedhavesprungupacrossthecountry.TheHumaneSocietyoftheUnitedStatesestimatesthataround6m～8mcatsanddogsendupinshelterseachyear.Onlyhalfareadopted.Therestareputdown.Thereissomeconcernthatevenmorearebeingputtosleepnowbecausesheltersdonothavethespaceormoneytokeepaliveanimalsthathavenotbeenadopted.Fewerpeoplearecomingforwardtoadoptaswellpresumablybecausetheycannotaffordto.Onenon-profitorganisationPilots’NPawsconnectspilotstoshelterswithdogsthathavenotfoundhomes.Thepilotsvolunteertoflythemtootherstatesgivingthemasecondchanceatadoption.TheInternetisplayingitspart.OneorganisationForeclosurePets.orgrunsanonlinebillboardthatallowspeoplefacingforeclosuretofindahomefortheirpets.Adopt-a-pet.comusesitswebsitetohelpsheltersadvertiseandsende-mailalertswhencertaintypesofanimalscomein.Bytheendof20098500animalshelterswereusingthesitetopostadoptionlistingsfor140000petsupfrom6800sheltersand98000listingsatthebeginningoftheyear.Nowallthatisneededis140000goodhomes.Accordingtothetextwecaninferthat______.
Asthebaby-boomergenerationcontemplatestheprospectoftheZimmerframetherehasneverbeenmoreinterestindelayingtheprocessofageing.Oneconsequencehasbeenan1riseinthepopularityofbrain-traininggames.Buthow2reallyisadailydoseofcrypticcrossword RobertWilsonaneuropsychologistatRushUniversityinChicagoandhiscolleaguesdecidedto3out4followingagroupofpeoplewithoutdementia.Participantswereaskedto5howfrequentlytheyengagedincognitively6activities.Theresearcherswerelookingforsuchthingsasreadingnewspapersbooksandmagazines7challenginggameslikechesslisteningtotheradioandwatchingtelevisionand8museums. ThegoodnewsastheyreportinNeurologyisthat9activityofthissortseemstoslowtherateof10declineinthosewithoutcognitive11.ThebadnewsisthatinthosewhodothendevelopAlzheimer’sdiseaseitisassociatedwithamorerapid12decline. Whatseemstobehappeningisthatcognitivestimulationhelps13theeffectoftheneurodegenerativelesionsassociatedwithdementia.Itdoesnot14makethemgoaway.Theycontinueto15sothatwhenthediseasedoeseventuallytake16therearemoreofthemaroundthanthereotherwisewouldbewhichresultsinamore17cognitivefalloff.Thatisnotamessageofdespair18becausethelengthoftimesomeonesuffersfromdementiaisthus19andtheirhealthylifeprolonged.Sothemessageis20onwiththecrosswords. 4
Asthebaby-boomergenerationcontemplatestheprospectoftheZimmerframetherehasneverbeenmoreinterestindelayingtheprocessofageing.Oneconsequencehasbeenan1riseinthepopularityofbrain-traininggames.Buthow2reallyisadailydoseofcrypticcrossword RobertWilsonaneuropsychologistatRushUniversityinChicagoandhiscolleaguesdecidedto3out4followingagroupofpeoplewithoutdementia.Participantswereaskedto5howfrequentlytheyengagedincognitively6activities.Theresearcherswerelookingforsuchthingsasreadingnewspapersbooksandmagazines7challenginggameslikechesslisteningtotheradioandwatchingtelevisionand8museums. ThegoodnewsastheyreportinNeurologyisthat9activityofthissortseemstoslowtherateof10declineinthosewithoutcognitive11.ThebadnewsisthatinthosewhodothendevelopAlzheimer’sdiseaseitisassociatedwithamorerapid12decline. Whatseemstobehappeningisthatcognitivestimulationhelps13theeffectoftheneurodegenerativelesionsassociatedwithdementia.Itdoesnot14makethemgoaway.Theycontinueto15sothatwhenthediseasedoeseventuallytake16therearemoreofthemaroundthanthereotherwisewouldbewhichresultsinamore17cognitivefalloff.Thatisnotamessageofdespair18becausethelengthoftimesomeonesuffersfromdementiaisthus19andtheirhealthylifeprolonged.Sothemessageis20onwiththecrosswords. 8
Asthebaby-boomergenerationcontemplatestheprospectoftheZimmerframetherehasneverbeenmoreinterestindelayingtheprocessofageing.Oneconsequencehasbeenan1riseinthepopularityofbrain-traininggames.Buthow2reallyisadailydoseofcrypticcrossword RobertWilsonaneuropsychologistatRushUniversityinChicagoandhiscolleaguesdecidedto3out4followingagroupofpeoplewithoutdementia.Participantswereaskedto5howfrequentlytheyengagedincognitively6activities.Theresearcherswerelookingforsuchthingsasreadingnewspapersbooksandmagazines7challenginggameslikechesslisteningtotheradioandwatchingtelevisionand8museums. ThegoodnewsastheyreportinNeurologyisthat9activityofthissortseemstoslowtherateof10declineinthosewithoutcognitive11.ThebadnewsisthatinthosewhodothendevelopAlzheimer’sdiseaseitisassociatedwithamorerapid12decline. Whatseemstobehappeningisthatcognitivestimulationhelps13theeffectoftheneurodegenerativelesionsassociatedwithdementia.Itdoesnot14makethemgoaway.Theycontinueto15sothatwhenthediseasedoeseventuallytake16therearemoreofthemaroundthanthereotherwisewouldbewhichresultsinamore17cognitivefalloff.Thatisnotamessageofdespair18becausethelengthoftimesomeonesuffersfromdementiaisthus19andtheirhealthylifeprolonged.Sothemessageis20onwiththecrosswords. 16
EarlierthismonththeheadofPeoplefortheEthicalTreatmentofAnimalsanon-profitorganisationwrotetoGoldmanSachs.Animalsheltersthelettersaidarestrugglingtocopewithasurgeinthenumberofpetsthathavebeenabandonedbecausetheirownershavefallenonhardtimes.MaybeGoldmanexecutivesshouldgivetheirbigbonusestothedogsSadlyitlooksunlikely.Asthenumberofjoblossesandforeclosureshasmountedoverthepasttwoyearssomepeoplehavechosentosurrendertheiranimalsunabletoaffordpetfoodletaloneveterinarycare.Manyhavebroughttheirdogsandcatstoshelters.Somehavebeenlesskindchainingthemtofencesorlockingtheminsidetheirforeclosedhomes.OnekittenwasevenleftinamailboxinBoston.Lookingafterthesepetsisbecomingmorechallengingbecausemanysheltersrelyongovernmentmoneyandhaveseentheirfundingcut.AnimalCareandControlofNewYorkCityforexamplesawitsgrantfallbyover$750000thisfiscalyeararound7%ofitsoperatingbudget.Fewerpeoplearecomingforwardtomakedonations.Somenon-profitsaretryingtostepinandencouragepeoplenottoabandontheirfurryfriendsatsheltersinthefirstplace.Pet-foodbankswhichgivepetfoodtopeopleinneedhavesprungupacrossthecountry.TheHumaneSocietyoftheUnitedStatesestimatesthataround6m～8mcatsanddogsendupinshelterseachyear.Onlyhalfareadopted.Therestareputdown.Thereissomeconcernthatevenmorearebeingputtosleepnowbecausesheltersdonothavethespaceormoneytokeepaliveanimalsthathavenotbeenadopted.Fewerpeoplearecomingforwardtoadoptaswellpresumablybecausetheycannotaffordto.Onenon-profitorganisationPilots’NPawsconnectspilotstoshelterswithdogsthathavenotfoundhomes.Thepilotsvolunteertoflythemtootherstatesgivingthemasecondchanceatadoption.TheInternetisplayingitspart.OneorganisationForeclosurePets.orgrunsanonlinebillboardthatallowspeoplefacingforeclosuretofindahomefortheirpets.Adopt-a-pet.comusesitswebsitetohelpsheltersadvertiseandsende-mailalertswhencertaintypesofanimalscomein.Bytheendof20098500animalshelterswereusingthesitetopostadoptionlistingsfor140000petsupfrom6800sheltersand98000listingsatthebeginningoftheyear.Nowallthatisneededis140000goodhomes.Lookingafterthepetsisbecomingmorechallengingforthefollowingreasonsexceptthat____.
设fx和gx在[01]上连续在01内可导f0=f1=-1．试证至少存在一点e∈01使f′ξ+g′ξ[fξ-ξ]=1．
Atworkasinlifeattractivewomengetalotofthebreaks.Studieshaveshownthattheyaremorelikelytobepromotedthantheirplain-Janecolleagues.Becausepeopletendtoprojectpositivetraitsontothemsuchassensitivityandpoisetheymayalsobeatanadvantageinjobinterviews.Theonlydownsidetohotnessishavingtofendoffghastlymalecolleagues;orsomanypeoplethink.ButresearchbytwoIsraelissuggestsotherwise.BradleyRuffleatBen-GurionUniversityandZe’evShtudineratArielUniversityCentrelookedatwhathappenswhenjobhuntersincludephotoswiththeircurriculavitaeasisthenorminmuchofEuropeandAsia.Thepairsentfictionalapplicationstoover2500real-lifevacancies.Foreachjobtheysenttwoverysimilarrésumésonewithaphotoonewithout.Subjectshadpreviouslybeengradedfortheirattractiveness.Formentheresultswereasexpected.Hunksweremorelikelytobecalledforaninterviewiftheyincludedaphoto.Uglymenwerebetteroffnotincludingone.Howeverforwomenthiswasreversed.Attractivefemaleswerelesslikelytobeofferedaninterviewiftheyincludedamugshot.Whenapplyingdirectlytoacompanyratherthanthroughanagencyanattractivewomanwouldneedtosendout11CVsonaveragebeforegettinganinterview;anequallyqualifiedplainonejustseven.AtfirstMrRuffleconsideredwhathecallsthedumb-blondehypothesis—thatpeopleassumebeautifulwomentobestupid.Howeverthephotoshadalsobeenratedonhowintelligentpeoplethoughteachsubjectlooked;therewasnocorrelationbetweenperceivedintellectandpulchritude.Sothecauseofthediscriminationmustlieelsewhere.Humanresourcesdepartmentstendtobestaffedmostlybywomen.IndeedintheIsraelistudy93%ofthosetaskedwithselectingwhomtoinviteforaninterviewwerefemale.Theresearchers’unavoidable—andunpleasant—conclusionisthatold-fashionedjealousyledthewomentodiscriminateagainstprettycandidates.SoshouldattractivewomensimplyattachphotosthatmakethemlookdowdyNo.BettersaysMrRuffletodiscouragethepracticeofincludingaphotoaltogether.CompaniesmightevenconsidertheanonymousmodelusedintheBelgianpublicsectorwhereCVsdonotevenincludethecandidate’sname.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that______.
Asthebaby-boomergenerationcontemplatestheprospectoftheZimmerframetherehasneverbeenmoreinterestindelayingtheprocessofageing.Oneconsequencehasbeenan1riseinthepopularityofbrain-traininggames.Buthow2reallyisadailydoseofcrypticcrossword RobertWilsonaneuropsychologistatRushUniversityinChicagoandhiscolleaguesdecidedto3out4followingagroupofpeoplewithoutdementia.Participantswereaskedto5howfrequentlytheyengagedincognitively6activities.Theresearcherswerelookingforsuchthingsasreadingnewspapersbooksandmagazines7challenginggameslikechesslisteningtotheradioandwatchingtelevisionand8museums. ThegoodnewsastheyreportinNeurologyisthat9activityofthissortseemstoslowtherateof10declineinthosewithoutcognitive11.ThebadnewsisthatinthosewhodothendevelopAlzheimer’sdiseaseitisassociatedwithamorerapid12decline. Whatseemstobehappeningisthatcognitivestimulationhelps13theeffectoftheneurodegenerativelesionsassociatedwithdementia.Itdoesnot14makethemgoaway.Theycontinueto15sothatwhenthediseasedoeseventuallytake16therearemoreofthemaroundthanthereotherwisewouldbewhichresultsinamore17cognitivefalloff.Thatisnotamessageofdespair18becausethelengthoftimesomeonesuffersfromdementiaisthus19andtheirhealthylifeprolonged.Sothemessageis20onwiththecrosswords. 6
Asthebaby-boomergenerationcontemplatestheprospectoftheZimmerframetherehasneverbeenmoreinterestindelayingtheprocessofageing.Oneconsequencehasbeenan1riseinthepopularityofbrain-traininggames.Buthow2reallyisadailydoseofcrypticcrossword RobertWilsonaneuropsychologistatRushUniversityinChicagoandhiscolleaguesdecidedto3out4followingagroupofpeoplewithoutdementia.Participantswereaskedto5howfrequentlytheyengagedincognitively6activities.Theresearcherswerelookingforsuchthingsasreadingnewspapersbooksandmagazines7challenginggameslikechesslisteningtotheradioandwatchingtelevisionand8museums. ThegoodnewsastheyreportinNeurologyisthat9activityofthissortseemstoslowtherateof10declineinthosewithoutcognitive11.ThebadnewsisthatinthosewhodothendevelopAlzheimer’sdiseaseitisassociatedwithamorerapid12decline. Whatseemstobehappeningisthatcognitivestimulationhelps13theeffectoftheneurodegenerativelesionsassociatedwithdementia.Itdoesnot14makethemgoaway.Theycontinueto15sothatwhenthediseasedoeseventuallytake16therearemoreofthemaroundthanthereotherwisewouldbewhichresultsinamore17cognitivefalloff.Thatisnotamessageofdespair18becausethelengthoftimesomeonesuffersfromdementiaisthus19andtheirhealthylifeprolonged.Sothemessageis20onwiththecrosswords. 10
Atworkasinlifeattractivewomengetalotofthebreaks.Studieshaveshownthattheyaremorelikelytobepromotedthantheirplain-Janecolleagues.Becausepeopletendtoprojectpositivetraitsontothemsuchassensitivityandpoisetheymayalsobeatanadvantageinjobinterviews.Theonlydownsidetohotnessishavingtofendoffghastlymalecolleagues;orsomanypeoplethink.ButresearchbytwoIsraelissuggestsotherwise.BradleyRuffleatBen-GurionUniversityandZe’evShtudineratArielUniversityCentrelookedatwhathappenswhenjobhuntersincludephotoswiththeircurriculavitaeasisthenorminmuchofEuropeandAsia.Thepairsentfictionalapplicationstoover2500real-lifevacancies.Foreachjobtheysenttwoverysimilarrésumésonewithaphotoonewithout.Subjectshadpreviouslybeengradedfortheirattractiveness.Formentheresultswereasexpected.Hunksweremorelikelytobecalledforaninterviewiftheyincludedaphoto.Uglymenwerebetteroffnotincludingone.Howeverforwomenthiswasreversed.Attractivefemaleswerelesslikelytobeofferedaninterviewiftheyincludedamugshot.Whenapplyingdirectlytoacompanyratherthanthroughanagencyanattractivewomanwouldneedtosendout11CVsonaveragebeforegettinganinterview;anequallyqualifiedplainonejustseven.AtfirstMrRuffleconsideredwhathecallsthedumb-blondehypothesis—thatpeopleassumebeautifulwomentobestupid.Howeverthephotoshadalsobeenratedonhowintelligentpeoplethoughteachsubjectlooked;therewasnocorrelationbetweenperceivedintellectandpulchritude.Sothecauseofthediscriminationmustlieelsewhere.Humanresourcesdepartmentstendtobestaffedmostlybywomen.IndeedintheIsraelistudy93%ofthosetaskedwithselectingwhomtoinviteforaninterviewwerefemale.Theresearchers’unavoidable—andunpleasant—conclusionisthatold-fashionedjealousyledthewomentodiscriminateagainstprettycandidates.SoshouldattractivewomensimplyattachphotosthatmakethemlookdowdyNo.BettersaysMrRuffletodiscouragethepracticeofincludingaphotoaltogether.CompaniesmightevenconsidertheanonymousmodelusedintheBelgianpublicsectorwhereCVsdonotevenincludethecandidate’sname.Thereasonwhyprettywomencandidatesareoftendiscriminatedisthat______.
Asthebaby-boomergenerationcontemplatestheprospectoftheZimmerframetherehasneverbeenmoreinterestindelayingtheprocessofageing.Oneconsequencehasbeenan1riseinthepopularityofbrain-traininggames.Buthow2reallyisadailydoseofcrypticcrossword RobertWilsonaneuropsychologistatRushUniversityinChicagoandhiscolleaguesdecidedto3out4followingagroupofpeoplewithoutdementia.Participantswereaskedto5howfrequentlytheyengagedincognitively6activities.Theresearcherswerelookingforsuchthingsasreadingnewspapersbooksandmagazines7challenginggameslikechesslisteningtotheradioandwatchingtelevisionand8museums. ThegoodnewsastheyreportinNeurologyisthat9activityofthissortseemstoslowtherateof10declineinthosewithoutcognitive11.ThebadnewsisthatinthosewhodothendevelopAlzheimer’sdiseaseitisassociatedwithamorerapid12decline. Whatseemstobehappeningisthatcognitivestimulationhelps13theeffectoftheneurodegenerativelesionsassociatedwithdementia.Itdoesnot14makethemgoaway.Theycontinueto15sothatwhenthediseasedoeseventuallytake16therearemoreofthemaroundthanthereotherwisewouldbewhichresultsinamore17cognitivefalloff.Thatisnotamessageofdespair18becausethelengthoftimesomeonesuffersfromdementiaisthus19andtheirhealthylifeprolonged.Sothemessageis20onwiththecrosswords. 12
设fxy有二阶连续导数gxy=fexyx2+y2且证明gxy在00取得极值判断此极值是极大值还是极小值并求出此极值．
Itisnotthethrillofwinningbutthethrillofalmostwinningthatsetsaproblemgamblerapartfromthosewhojustfancyaflutter.Astrongreactioninthebraininresponsetonearmissesiscorrelatedwithagreatertendencytocompulsivegamblingaccordingtonewresearch.Gamblingtouchesalmosteveryonefromfriendsplayingonlinepokertogranniesbuyinglottotickets.Formanyitisjustgoodfunbutforsomeitbecomesaterribleaddictionwhichwreckslives:theyneedbiggerwinstosatisfytheircravingandwhenforcedtostoptheysufferwithdrawalsymptoms.HenryChaseoftheUniversityofNottinghamandLukeClarkoftheUniversityofCambridgeareinterestedinthecognitivecomplexitiesofgamblers.Forinstancegamblersoftenbelievethatgameslikerouletteorpickinglotterynumbersinvolvesomedegreeofskilleventhoughtheydonot.Ingameswhereskilldoesmattersuchasfootballanearmisslikekickingaballintothegoalpostcanrightlybeassociatedwithalmostscoringagoal.Soassigningvaluetoanalmost-goalmakessomesense.Butingamesofchancenearmissesaremeaningless.Theysaynothingaboutthefuturelikelihoodofwinning.Yetthatisnotthewaymanypeoplethinkaboutit.Dr.ChaseandDr.Clarkhavefoundthatinnormalhealthyvolunteersnearmissesthatwonparticipantsnotapennystillactivatedpartsofthebrainassociatedwithmonetarywins.InanewstudyintheJournalofNeurosciencetheysetouttodiscoverjusthowthatbrainactivationwasrelatedtogamblingseverity.Theyinvited20volunteerstwoofwhomwerewomentoplayakindofslotmachinewhileafunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimagingscannerexaminedtheirbrainactivity.Thesemachinesshowcertainpartsofthebrainlightingupwithincreasedbloodflowastheybecomeactive.Thevolunteersallenjoyedsomegamblingrangingfromoff-coursebettingonracehorsesandfootballmatchestoplayingslotmachinesscratchcardsandlotteries.Allbutonevolunteer—whohadbeenabstinentforayear—gambledatleastonceaweek.Betsrangedfromfivepeoplewhoroutinelyspent10～100$15～150adayongamblingandtwowhowerewillingtodropover10000.Perhapsnotsurprisingly13ofthevolunteerswouldhavebeenconsideredtohaveanexcessivegamblinghabitonconventionaltests.Thegamewassimple:whenaniconontheleft-handreellinedupwiththesameicononaright-handonethevolunteerwonacashprizeof50pence75cents.Sometimesthevolunteerscouldpicktheleft-handicon.Atothertimesitwasselectedforthem.Anearmisscamewiththeagonisingdecelerationoftheright-handreelsothatsomethinglikeacowboybootananchororabananaeventuallystoppedwithinaspaceortwoofliningupwithamatchingiconontheleft.Infacttheresultsweremanipulatedandallparticipantsgot30wins60nearmissesand90clearmisses.Theresearchersfoundthatthosewhoscoredhighestingamblingseverityalsoshowedthemostactivityinthemidbrainareainresponsetonearmisses.Theydidnotdifferintheirresponsetorealwinshowever.Thisareaofthebrainisofinteresttoresearchersbecauseitiswheredopamineaneurotransmitterisproduced.Dopaminehasbeenimplicatedinotheraddictionstudies.Itcouldbethenearmissesthatenhancedopaminetransmissioningamblerswhosufferthemostsevereproblemsthestudysuggests.Whichmeansitmightbepossibletofindtreatmentsthatreducedopaminetransmissioninthebraintotakesomeofthecompulsionoutofgambling.AccordingtoParagraph3whichstatementiswrong
Painunfortunatelyisahorriblenecessityoflife.Itprotectspeoplebyalertingthemtothingsthatmightinjurethem.Butsomelong-termpainhasnothingtodowithanyobviousinjury.Oneestimatesuggeststhatoneinsixadultssufferfroma"chronicpain"condition. SteveMcMahonapainresearcheratKing’sCollegeLondonsaysthatifskinisdamagedforinstancewithahotironanareaofsensitivitydevelopsaroundtheoutsideoftheburnwherealthoughuntouchedandundamagedbytheironthebehaviorofthenervefibersisdisrupted.Asaresultheightenedsensitivityandabnormalpainsensationsoccurinthesurroundingskin.Chronicpainhesaysmaysimilarlybecausednotbydamagetothebodybutbecauseweakpainsignalsbecomeamplified. Thiswouldalsohelpexplainwhychronicpainssuchaslower-backpainandosteoarthritisfailtorespondwelltotraditionalpaintherapies.ButnowanentirelynewkindofdrugcalledTanezumabhasbeendeveloped.ItisanantibodyforaproteincallednervegrowthfactorNGFwhichisvitalfornewnervegrowthduringdevelopment.NGFitturnsoutisalsocrucialintheregulationofthesensitisationofpaininchronicconditions. KennethVerburgoneoftheresearchersinvolvedinthedevelopmentofTanezumabatPfizersaysitisnotexactlyclearwhatroleNGFplaysinnormalphysiologybutafteraninjurywhichinvolvestissuedamageandinflammationlevelsofNGFincreasedramatically.NGFseemstobeinvolvedintransmittingthepainsignal.AsaconsequenceblockingNGFreduceschronicpain. Tanezumabmuststillcompletethefinalstagesofclinicaltrialsbeforeitcanbecomeaweaponinthetoolkitforreducinghumansuffering.Butunexpectedpainsdonotalwayscomefromthebody.AccordingtoIreneTraceyapainresearcherattheUniversityofOxfordhowpainisexperiencedalsodependsuponaperson’sstateofmind.Ifsuccessivepatientssufferthesameburntheextenttowhichithurtswilldependonwhetheroneisanxiousdepressedhappyordistracted. Suchideasarebeingexploredwithbrainscanswhichsuggestthatevenifalowlevelofpainisbeingsenttothebrainthesignalcanbeturnedupbythe"mind"itself.Indeedpatientscanevenbetrickedintofeelingpain. Inoneexperimentvolunteersweregivenapowerfulanalgesicandsubjectedtoapainfulstimulus—whichbecauseoftheanalgesictheycouldnotfeel.Thentheyweretoldthedrughadwornoffalthoughithadnotandsubsequentlycomplainedthatthestimulushurt. Peoplecanthereforefeelpainsimplybecauseitisexpected.Theycanfailtofeelpainforexactlythesamereasonsforexamplewhentheyaregivenplacebosoraredistracted.Butalthoughpainmaybesubjectivethatdoesnotmeanthefinalexperienceiscontrolledsolelybythemind. ArecentpaperinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofScienceshasshownthatgenesplayaroleindeterminingsensitivitytopain.OnegeneknownasSCN9Acodesforaproteinthatallowsthechannelsalongwhichnervesignalsaretransmittedtoremainactiveforlongerandthustransmitmorepainsignals.Itseemslikelythatthisproteinwillattractagreatdealmoreanalgesicresearch.VariationsinSCN9Amayalsoexplainwhysomepatientspreferdifferentclassesofpainkillers. Althoughpainmaybeahorriblenecessitythereisnodoubtthathumanitycouldcopewithfarlessofthechronicsort.Understandinghowthemindthebodyandpeople’sgenesinteracttocausepainshouldbringmorerelief. AccordingtothetextTanezumabis
Asthebaby-boomergenerationcontemplatestheprospectoftheZimmerframetherehasneverbeenmoreinterestindelayingtheprocessofageing.Oneconsequencehasbeenan1riseinthepopularityofbrain-traininggames.Buthow2reallyisadailydoseofcrypticcrossword RobertWilsonaneuropsychologistatRushUniversityinChicagoandhiscolleaguesdecidedto3out4followingagroupofpeoplewithoutdementia.Participantswereaskedto5howfrequentlytheyengagedincognitively6activities.Theresearcherswerelookingforsuchthingsasreadingnewspapersbooksandmagazines7challenginggameslikechesslisteningtotheradioandwatchingtelevisionand8museums. ThegoodnewsastheyreportinNeurologyisthat9activityofthissortseemstoslowtherateof10declineinthosewithoutcognitive11.ThebadnewsisthatinthosewhodothendevelopAlzheimer’sdiseaseitisassociatedwithamorerapid12decline. Whatseemstobehappeningisthatcognitivestimulationhelps13theeffectoftheneurodegenerativelesionsassociatedwithdementia.Itdoesnot14makethemgoaway.Theycontinueto15sothatwhenthediseasedoeseventuallytake16therearemoreofthemaroundthanthereotherwisewouldbewhichresultsinamore17cognitivefalloff.Thatisnotamessageofdespair18becausethelengthoftimesomeonesuffersfromdementiaisthus19andtheirhealthylifeprolonged.Sothemessageis20onwiththecrosswords. 18
Itisnotthethrillofwinningbutthethrillofalmostwinningthatsetsaproblemgamblerapartfromthosewhojustfancyaflutter.Astrongreactioninthebraininresponsetonearmissesiscorrelatedwithagreatertendencytocompulsivegamblingaccordingtonewresearch.Gamblingtouchesalmosteveryonefromfriendsplayingonlinepokertogranniesbuyinglottotickets.Formanyitisjustgoodfunbutforsomeitbecomesaterribleaddictionwhichwreckslives:theyneedbiggerwinstosatisfytheircravingandwhenforcedtostoptheysufferwithdrawalsymptoms.HenryChaseoftheUniversityofNottinghamandLukeClarkoftheUniversityofCambridgeareinterestedinthecognitivecomplexitiesofgamblers.Forinstancegamblersoftenbelievethatgameslikerouletteorpickinglotterynumbersinvolvesomedegreeofskilleventhoughtheydonot.Ingameswhereskilldoesmattersuchasfootballanearmisslikekickingaballintothegoalpostcanrightlybeassociatedwithalmostscoringagoal.Soassigningvaluetoanalmost-goalmakessomesense.Butingamesofchancenearmissesaremeaningless.Theysaynothingaboutthefuturelikelihoodofwinning.Yetthatisnotthewaymanypeoplethinkaboutit.Dr.ChaseandDr.Clarkhavefoundthatinnormalhealthyvolunteersnearmissesthatwonparticipantsnotapennystillactivatedpartsofthebrainassociatedwithmonetarywins.InanewstudyintheJournalofNeurosciencetheysetouttodiscoverjusthowthatbrainactivationwasrelatedtogamblingseverity.Theyinvited20volunteerstwoofwhomwerewomentoplayakindofslotmachinewhileafunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimagingscannerexaminedtheirbrainactivity.Thesemachinesshowcertainpartsofthebrainlightingupwithincreasedbloodflowastheybecomeactive.Thevolunteersallenjoyedsomegamblingrangingfromoff-coursebettingonracehorsesandfootballmatchestoplayingslotmachinesscratchcardsandlotteries.Allbutonevolunteer—whohadbeenabstinentforayear—gambledatleastonceaweek.Betsrangedfromfivepeoplewhoroutinelyspent10～100$15～150adayongamblingandtwowhowerewillingtodropover10000.Perhapsnotsurprisingly13ofthevolunteerswouldhavebeenconsideredtohaveanexcessivegamblinghabitonconventionaltests.Thegamewassimple:whenaniconontheleft-handreellinedupwiththesameicononaright-handonethevolunteerwonacashprizeof50pence75cents.Sometimesthevolunteerscouldpicktheleft-handicon.Atothertimesitwasselectedforthem.Anearmisscamewiththeagonisingdecelerationoftheright-handreelsothatsomethinglikeacowboybootananchororabananaeventuallystoppedwithinaspaceortwoofliningupwithamatchingiconontheleft.Infacttheresultsweremanipulatedandallparticipantsgot30wins60nearmissesand90clearmisses.Theresearchersfoundthatthosewhoscoredhighestingamblingseverityalsoshowedthemostactivityinthemidbrainareainresponsetonearmisses.Theydidnotdifferintheirresponsetorealwinshowever.Thisareaofthebrainisofinteresttoresearchersbecauseitiswheredopamineaneurotransmitterisproduced.Dopaminehasbeenimplicatedinotheraddictionstudies.Itcouldbethenearmissesthatenhancedopaminetransmissioningamblerswhosufferthemostsevereproblemsthestudysuggests.Whichmeansitmightbepossibletofindtreatmentsthatreducedopaminetransmissioninthebraintotakesomeofthecompulsionoutofgambling.Whichisthetopicofthistext
Asthebaby-boomergenerationcontemplatestheprospectoftheZimmerframetherehasneverbeenmoreinterestindelayingtheprocessofageing.Oneconsequencehasbeenan1riseinthepopularityofbrain-traininggames.Buthow2reallyisadailydoseofcrypticcrossword RobertWilsonaneuropsychologistatRushUniversityinChicagoandhiscolleaguesdecidedto3out4followingagroupofpeoplewithoutdementia.Participantswereaskedto5howfrequentlytheyengagedincognitively6activities.Theresearcherswerelookingforsuchthingsasreadingnewspapersbooksandmagazines7challenginggameslikechesslisteningtotheradioandwatchingtelevisionand8museums. ThegoodnewsastheyreportinNeurologyisthat9activityofthissortseemstoslowtherateof10declineinthosewithoutcognitive11.ThebadnewsisthatinthosewhodothendevelopAlzheimer’sdiseaseitisassociatedwithamorerapid12decline. Whatseemstobehappeningisthatcognitivestimulationhelps13theeffectoftheneurodegenerativelesionsassociatedwithdementia.Itdoesnot14makethemgoaway.Theycontinueto15sothatwhenthediseasedoeseventuallytake16therearemoreofthemaroundthanthereotherwisewouldbewhichresultsinamore17cognitivefalloff.Thatisnotamessageofdespair18becausethelengthoftimesomeonesuffersfromdementiaisthus19andtheirhealthylifeprolonged.Sothemessageis20onwiththecrosswords. 2
FewpeoplesareasproudoftheiruniquenessasaretheChinese.46Manyfeelthesamewayaboutoneoftheirnationalemblems:theSouthChinatigersotwoAmericanswhohavequestioneditspedigreehavecreatedquiteastir.In2004StephenO’BrienheadofgeneticsattheNationalCancerInstituteinMarylandpublishedtheresultsofa20-yearstudyintothespecies.HisfindingsconcludedthatofthefivebeastshesampledlabelledintheChinesezooswheretheywerekeptasSouthChinatigersonlytwowereofuniquelineage.ThreewerenodifferentgeneticallyfromtheIndochinesetigeraseparatesub-speciesendemictoVietnamMyanmarCambodiaThailandandLaos.Hisstudyhasgreatbearingontheanimal’sfuture.HuntedtothebrinkofextinctionduringMaoZedong’santi-pestcampaignstheSouthChinatigeristherarestoffivetigersub-speciesandtherehavebeennoconfirmedsightingsinthewildformorethan30years.Manyexpertsthinkthe68nowkeptinChinesezoosandresearchcentresaretheonlyonesleft.47Thesesurvivorsarealltheprogenyofjusttwomalesandfourfemalesanddisplaytheloweredfertilityandabove-averageinfantmortalitythatgoeswithinbreeding.Mr.O’Brien’sfindingsaregoodnewsforRonaldTilsonaconservationistwhoadvisesanationalprogrammetoreintroducethebeastintothewild.HerecommendssettinguptwomassivereservesintheprovincesofHunanandGuangdong.48Henowthinksitwillbeeasiertofindfree-ranginghealthyreproducingtigerstofillthembecausethereshouldbenoobjectiontointroducingIndochinesespecimensintotheincest-riddenbreedingstock.Mr.Tilsonfirstmadehimselfunpopularwithhishostsin2001.AfterleadingofficersfromtheStateForestryAdministrationSFAonacensusofwildSouthChinatigershedeclaredthatnonewasleft.49ManyChinesewilltakenolesskindlytobeingtoldthetigerisanundistinguishedmongrelandthatmiscegenationisthewayforward.TheSFA’sWangWeishengforexampleangrilydeniesthattheSouthChinatigerisextinctinthewild.HecitestheexampleofthePèreDavid’sdeer.Atonetimefewerthan20ofthisChineseungulatesurvived—allinthegroundsofanEnglishstatelyhome.AfterasuccessfulbreedingprogrammethousandsnowliveinChinesereserves.YetneitherMr.WangnoranyotherChineseofficialdeniesthattheSouthChinatigerurgentlyneedsnewblood.50AtaconferencelastNovemberWangXingjinofGuangzhouZoo’sSouthChinaTigerResearchProgrammeadmittedtheSouthChinatigerwasveryprobablyextinctinthewildandwillcertainlydisappearunlesswecanfindawildtigertoenterthebreedingpool.
Asthebaby-boomergenerationcontemplatestheprospectoftheZimmerframetherehasneverbeenmoreinterestindelayingtheprocessofageing.Oneconsequencehasbeenan1riseinthepopularityofbrain-traininggames.Buthow2reallyisadailydoseofcrypticcrossword RobertWilsonaneuropsychologistatRushUniversityinChicagoandhiscolleaguesdecidedto3out4followingagroupofpeoplewithoutdementia.Participantswereaskedto5howfrequentlytheyengagedincognitively6activities.Theresearcherswerelookingforsuchthingsasreadingnewspapersbooksandmagazines7challenginggameslikechesslisteningtotheradioandwatchingtelevisionand8museums. ThegoodnewsastheyreportinNeurologyisthat9activityofthissortseemstoslowtherateof10declineinthosewithoutcognitive11.ThebadnewsisthatinthosewhodothendevelopAlzheimer’sdiseaseitisassociatedwithamorerapid12decline. Whatseemstobehappeningisthatcognitivestimulationhelps13theeffectoftheneurodegenerativelesionsassociatedwithdementia.Itdoesnot14makethemgoaway.Theycontinueto15sothatwhenthediseasedoeseventuallytake16therearemoreofthemaroundthanthereotherwisewouldbewhichresultsinamore17cognitivefalloff.Thatisnotamessageofdespair18becausethelengthoftimesomeonesuffersfromdementiaisthus19andtheirhealthylifeprolonged.Sothemessageis20onwiththecrosswords. 20
FewpeoplesareasproudoftheiruniquenessasaretheChinese.46Manyfeelthesamewayaboutoneoftheirnationalemblems:theSouthChinatigersotwoAmericanswhohavequestioneditspedigreehavecreatedquiteastir.In2004StephenO’BrienheadofgeneticsattheNationalCancerInstituteinMarylandpublishedtheresultsofa20-yearstudyintothespecies.HisfindingsconcludedthatofthefivebeastshesampledlabelledintheChinesezooswheretheywerekeptasSouthChinatigersonlytwowereofuniquelineage.ThreewerenodifferentgeneticallyfromtheIndochinesetigeraseparatesub-speciesendemictoVietnamMyanmarCambodiaThailandandLaos.Hisstudyhasgreatbearingontheanimal’sfuture.HuntedtothebrinkofextinctionduringMaoZedong’santi-pestcampaignstheSouthChinatigeristherarestoffivetigersub-speciesandtherehavebeennoconfirmedsightingsinthewildformorethan30years.Manyexpertsthinkthe68nowkeptinChinesezoosandresearchcentresaretheonlyonesleft.47Thesesurvivorsarealltheprogenyofjusttwomalesandfourfemalesanddisplaytheloweredfertilityandabove-averageinfantmortalitythatgoeswithinbreeding.Mr.O’Brien’sfindingsaregoodnewsforRonaldTilsonaconservationistwhoadvisesanationalprogrammetoreintroducethebeastintothewild.HerecommendssettinguptwomassivereservesintheprovincesofHunanandGuangdong.48Henowthinksitwillbeeasiertofindfree-ranginghealthyreproducingtigerstofillthembecausethereshouldbenoobjectiontointroducingIndochinesespecimensintotheincest-riddenbreedingstock.Mr.Tilsonfirstmadehimselfunpopularwithhishostsin2001.AfterleadingofficersfromtheStateForestryAdministrationSFAonacensusofwildSouthChinatigershedeclaredthatnonewasleft.49ManyChinesewilltakenolesskindlytobeingtoldthetigerisanundistinguishedmongrelandthatmiscegenationisthewayforward.TheSFA’sWangWeishengforexampleangrilydeniesthattheSouthChinatigerisextinctinthewild.HecitestheexampleofthePèreDavid’sdeer.Atonetimefewerthan20ofthisChineseungulatesurvived—allinthegroundsofanEnglishstatelyhome.AfterasuccessfulbreedingprogrammethousandsnowliveinChinesereserves.YetneitherMr.WangnoranyotherChineseofficialdeniesthattheSouthChinatigerurgentlyneedsnewblood.50AtaconferencelastNovemberWangXingjinofGuangzhouZoo’sSouthChinaTigerResearchProgrammeadmittedtheSouthChinatigerwasveryprobablyextinctinthewildandwillcertainlydisappearunlesswecanfindawildtigertoenterthebreedingpool.
Painunfortunatelyisahorriblenecessityoflife.Itprotectspeoplebyalertingthemtothingsthatmightinjurethem.Butsomelong-termpainhasnothingtodowithanyobviousinjury.Oneestimatesuggeststhatoneinsixadultssufferfromachronicpaincondition.SteveMcMahonapainresearcheratKing’sCollegeLondonsaysthatifskinisdamagedforinstancewithahotironanareaofsensitivitydevelopsaroundtheoutsideoftheburnwherealthoughuntouchedandundamagedbytheironthebehaviorofthenervefibersisdisrupted.Asaresultheightenedsensitivityandabnormalpainsensationsoccurinthesurroundingskin.Chronicpainhesaysmaysimilarlybecausednotbydamagetothebodybutbecauseweakpainsignalsbecomeamplified.Thiswouldalsohelpexplainwhychronicpainssuchaslower-backpainandosteoarthritisfailtorespondwelltotraditionalpaintherapies.ButnowanentirelynewkindofdrugcalledTanezumabhasbeendeveloped.ItisanantibodyforaproteincallednervegrowthfactorNGFwhichisvitalfornewnervegrowthduringdevelopment.NGFitturnsoutisalsocrucialintheregulationofthesensitisationofpaininchronicconditions.KennethVerburgoneoftheresearchersinvolvedinthedevelopmentofTanezumabatPfizersaysitisnotexactlyclearwhatroleNGFplaysinnormalphysiologybutafteraninjurywhichinvolvestissuedamageandinflammationlevelsofNGFincreasedramatically.NGFseemstobeinvolvedintransmittingthepainsignal.AsaconsequenceblockingNGFreduceschronicpain.Tanezumabmuststillcompletethefinalstagesofclinicaltrialsbeforeitcanbecomeaweaponinthetoolkitforreducinghumansuffering.Butunexpectedpainsdonotalwayscomefromthebody.AccordingtoIreneTraceyapainresearcherattheUniversityofOxfordhowpainisexperiencedalsodependsuponaperson’sstateofmind.Ifsuccessivepatientssufferthesameburntheextenttowhichithurtswilldependonwhetheroneisanxiousdepressedhappyordistracted.Suchideasarebeingexploredwithbrainscanswhichsuggestthatevenifalowlevelofpainisbeingsenttothebrainthesignalcanbeturnedupbytheminditself.Indeedpatientscanevenbetrickedintofeelingpain.Inoneexperimentvolunteersweregivenapowerfulanalgesicandsubjectedtoapainfulstimulus—whichbecauseoftheanalgesictheycouldnotfeel.Thentheyweretoldthedrughadwornoffalthoughithadnotandsubsequentlycomplainedthatthestimulushurt.Peoplecanthereforefeelpainsimplybecauseitisexpected.Theycanfailtofeelpainforexactlythesamereasonsforexamplewhentheyaregivenplacebosoraredistracted.Butalthoughpainmaybesubjectivethatdoesnotmeanthefinalexperienceiscontrolledsolelybythemind.ArecentpaperinProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofScienceshasshownthatgenesplayaroleindeterminingsensitivitytopain.OnegeneknownasSCN9Acodesforaproteinthatallowsthechannelsalongwhichnervesignalsaretransmittedtoremainactiveforlongerandthustransmitmorepainsignals.Itseemslikelythatthisproteinwillattractagreatdealmoreanalgesicresearch.VariationsinSCN9Amayalsoexplainwhysomepatientspreferdifferentclassesofpainkillers.Althoughpainmaybeahorriblenecessitythereisnodoubtthathumanitycouldcopewithfarlessofthechronicsort.Understandinghowthemindthebodyandpeople’sgenesinteracttocausepainshouldbringmorerelief.Whatisthebesttitleforthistext
求极限
设X1X2Xn为来自总体X的简单随机样本而x～B1p0＜p＜1记和．试求ⅠX的概率分布ⅡⅢET的值．
Therenewable-fuelstandardreleasedinFebruarybyAmerica’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPApaintsanambitiouspictureofbiofuels’future.Itwantstheamountofthestuffusedastransportfueltoclimbfrom13billiongallons49billionlitresin2010to36billiongallonsin2022requiringbyfarthelargestpartofthatincreasetocomefromvariousadvancedbiofuelsratherthanethanolmadefromcornmaize.Butalthoughthefuturelooksexcitingthepresentisrathergrim.41Thefactthatcorn-ethanolproductionhascontinuedtogrowdespitethefailureofanumberoffinnsinlate2008andearly2009pointstotheefficacyofthevariousprotectionsandsubsidiesitenjoysfallingmaizepriceshelpedtoothoughitsaysnothingabouttheirefficiencyorwisdom.Ethanolwhichisusedmainlyasanadditivetopetrolisnotaparticularlygoodfuel:itoffersonlyabouttwo-thirdsasmuchenergyaspetrolandcancorrodepipelinesandcarengines.42EvenasproducershaveurgedtheEPAtoliftthisbarithaschallengedthemtomovebeyondcornandmakeethanolfromcellulosetheabundantinedibleportionofmostcrops.Usinginedibleinputsavoidsfightsaboutdivertingfoodcropsforfuelandfreestheindustryfromrelianceonasinglecommodity.Despiteampleinvestmenthoweverproductioncostsremainhighandcommercialisationelusive.43Stillitandothersaregamelypushingahead.AboostcamelastmonthwhenNovozymesandDaniscotwoDanishfirmsunveilednewcheaperenzymeswhichareneededtobreakdowncellulose.44Thealternativeistoproducesomethingbettersuchasanadvancedbiodiesel.AccordingtoLuxResearchbasedinBostonventurecapitalistsinvested$208minalgaetechnologieswiththissortofthinginmindduring2008sixtimesasmuchastheyspentin2007.Butbuildingvastpoolsforalgaeandturningthemintofuelremainstremendouslyexpensive.SolazymeaCalifornianfirmisapromisinganomalyusingalgaetomakefuelfromsugarsindarkindustrialvatsratherthanpools.Suchstrategiesmayworkbuthaveyettobescaledup.Solazymetellinglyhasdevelopedothersourcesofrevenue.America’sgovernmentisdolingoutgrantsandloanguaranteesandoilcompaniesareinvestingtoo.SolazymehasapartnershipwithChevron.ValeroAmerica’sbiggestoilrefinerhasboughtuptroubledethanolplantsandinvestedinfirmsthatuseplantmaterialalgaeandrubbishtoproducefuel.45ItstillfeelslikethefinalbetshavenotbeenmadeexplainsPhilNewtheheadofBPBiofuels.A.By2014orearlierethanolproductionisexpectedtoreach10%ofAmerica’stotalfueldemandandthustohitablendwallsincetheEPAdoesnotatpresentallowblendsofmorethan10%formainstreamuse.B.Since2007onecompanyRangeFuelshasreceivedmorethan$150minfederalgrantsandguaranteesforalargecellulosic-ethanolplantbuthasyettoproduceany.C.TheEPAhasbeenforcedtoslashits2010mandateforthemostwidelytoutedofthenon-cornbiofuelscellulosicethanolfrom100mgallonstojust6.5mlessthanathousandthofthe11billiongallonsproducedfromcornin2009.D.Algaztechnologieshadalreadybecometheavailableadvancedbiofuelswhichcouldlowerthecost.E.Evenifcellulosicethanolweretogetcheaperthoughitwouldstillbeethanolapoorfuel.F.Advancedbiofuelhavethegovernment’ssubsidyandloanguarantees.G.BP’sbroad-basedportfolioincludesinvestmentsinBraziliansugarcaneethanolcellulosicethanolandapartnershipwithDuPonttoproducebiobutanol.
Itisnotthethrillofwinningbutthethrillofalmostwinningthatsetsaproblemgamblerapartfromthosewhojustfancyaflutter.Astrongreactioninthebraininresponsetonearmissesiscorrelatedwithagreatertendencytocompulsivegamblingaccordingtonewresearch.Gamblingtouchesalmosteveryonefromfriendsplayingonlinepokertogranniesbuyinglottotickets.Formanyitisjustgoodfunbutforsomeitbecomesaterribleaddictionwhichwreckslives:theyneedbiggerwinstosatisfytheircravingandwhenforcedtostoptheysufferwithdrawalsymptoms.HenryChaseoftheUniversityofNottinghamandLukeClarkoftheUniversityofCambridgeareinterestedinthecognitivecomplexitiesofgamblers.Forinstancegamblersoftenbelievethatgameslikerouletteorpickinglotterynumbersinvolvesomedegreeofskilleventhoughtheydonot.Ingameswhereskilldoesmattersuchasfootballanearmisslikekickingaballintothegoalpostcanrightlybeassociatedwithalmostscoringagoal.Soassigningvaluetoanalmost-goalmakessomesense.Butingamesofchancenearmissesaremeaningless.Theysaynothingaboutthefuturelikelihoodofwinning.Yetthatisnotthewaymanypeoplethinkaboutit.Dr.ChaseandDr.Clarkhavefoundthatinnormalhealthyvolunteersnearmissesthatwonparticipantsnotapennystillactivatedpartsofthebrainassociatedwithmonetarywins.InanewstudyintheJournalofNeurosciencetheysetouttodiscoverjusthowthatbrainactivationwasrelatedtogamblingseverity.Theyinvited20volunteerstwoofwhomwerewomentoplayakindofslotmachinewhileafunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimagingscannerexaminedtheirbrainactivity.Thesemachinesshowcertainpartsofthebrainlightingupwithincreasedbloodflowastheybecomeactive.Thevolunteersallenjoyedsomegamblingrangingfromoff-coursebettingonracehorsesandfootballmatchestoplayingslotmachinesscratchcardsandlotteries.Allbutonevolunteer—whohadbeenabstinentforayear—gambledatleastonceaweek.Betsrangedfromfivepeoplewhoroutinelyspent10～100$15～150adayongamblingandtwowhowerewillingtodropover10000.Perhapsnotsurprisingly13ofthevolunteerswouldhavebeenconsideredtohaveanexcessivegamblinghabitonconventionaltests.Thegamewassimple:whenaniconontheleft-handreellinedupwiththesameicononaright-handonethevolunteerwonacashprizeof50pence75cents.Sometimesthevolunteerscouldpicktheleft-handicon.Atothertimesitwasselectedforthem.Anearmisscamewiththeagonisingdecelerationoftheright-handreelsothatsomethinglikeacowboybootananchororabananaeventuallystoppedwithinaspaceortwoofliningupwithamatchingiconontheleft.Infacttheresultsweremanipulatedandallparticipantsgot30wins60nearmissesand90clearmisses.Theresearchersfoundthatthosewhoscoredhighestingamblingseverityalsoshowedthemostactivityinthemidbrainareainresponsetonearmisses.Theydidnotdifferintheirresponsetorealwinshowever.Thisareaofthebrainisofinteresttoresearchersbecauseitiswheredopamineaneurotransmitterisproduced.Dopaminehasbeenimplicatedinotheraddictionstudies.Itcouldbethenearmissesthatenhancedopaminetransmissioningamblerswhosufferthemostsevereproblemsthestudysuggests.Whichmeansitmightbepossibletofindtreatmentsthatreducedopaminetransmissioninthebraintotakesomeofthecompulsionoutofgambling.WhatdoestheunderlinedworditinLine3Paragraph7referto
设A是各行元素之和均为0的三阶矩阵αβ是线性无关的三维列向量并满足Aα=3βAβ=3α．Ⅰ证明矩阵A和对角矩阵相似Ⅱ如α=0-11Tβ=10-1T求矩阵AⅢ用配方法化二次型xTAx为标准形并写出所用坐标变换．
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