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在280nm波长附近具有最大光吸收峰的氨基酸是
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280nm波长附近具有最大光吸收峰的氨基酸是
天冬氨酸
丝氨酸
苯丙氨酸
色氨酸
在280nm波长附近具有最大紫外光吸收峰的氨基酸是
天冬氨酸
色氨酸
赖氨酸
丝氨酸
苯丙氨酸
在280nm波长附近具有最大光吸收峰的氨基酸是
色氨酸
丝氨酸
精氨酸
天冬氨酸
甲硫氨酸
在波长280nm附近有特征光吸收峰的氨基酸是______
Val
Met
Tyr
Ser
在280nm波长附近具有最大光吸收峰的氨基酸是
色氨酸
丝氨酸
精氨酸
天冬氨酸
苯丙氨酸
在280nm波长附近具有最大光吸收峰的氨基酸是
天冬氨酸
丝氨酸
苯丙氨酸
色氨酸
赖氨酸(19/2002)
280nm波长附近具有最大光吸收峰的氨基酸是
甘氨酸
天冬氨酸
苯丙氨酸
酪氨酸
苏氨酸
在280nm波长附近具有最大光吸收峰的氨基酸是
天冬氨酸
丝氨酸
苯丙氨酸
色氨酸
赖氨酸
在280nm波长附近具有最大光吸收峰的氨基酸是
天冬氨酸
酪氨酸
苯丙氨酸
色氨酸
赖氨酸
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Personalityistoalargeextentinherent―A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthewinatallcostsmoralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdroppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:Rejoiceweconquer! Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. ObviouslyitisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessenedmoretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged. Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause________________.
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Noonecanbeagreatthinkerwhodoesnotrealizethatasathinkeritishisfirstdutytofollowhisintellecttowhateverconclusionsitmaylead.Truthgainsmoreevenbytheerrorsofonewhowithduestudyandpreparationthinksforhimselfthanbythetrueopinionsofthosewhoonlyholdthembecausetheydonotsufferthemselvestothink.Notthatitissolelyorchieflytoformgreatthinkersthatfreedomofthinkingisrequired.Onthecontraryitisasmuchorevenmoreindispensabletoenableaveragehumanbeingstoattainthementalqualitywhichtheyarecapableof.Therehavebeenandmayagainbegreatindividualthinkersinageneralatmosphereofmentalslavery.Butthereneverhasbeennoreverwillbeinthatatmosphereanintellectuallyactivepeople.Whileanypeoplehasmadeatemporaryapproachtosuchacharacterithasbeenbecausethedreadofheterodox非正统的thinkingwasforatimesuspended.Wherethereisanunspokenconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed;wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosedwecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.Neverwhenprolongedargumentsavoidedthesubjectswhicharelargeandimportantenoughtorouseenthusiasmwasthemindofapeoplestirredupfromitsfoundationsandtheimpulsegivenwhichraisedevenpersonsofthemostordinaryintellecttosomethingofthinkingbeings. Hewhoknowsonlyhisownsideofthecaseknowslittleofthat.Hisreasonsmaybegoodandnoonemayhavebeenabletorefutethem.Butifheisequallyunabletorefutethereasonsontheoppositesideandifhedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyarehehasnogroundforpreferringeitheropinion.Therationalpositionforhimwouldbesuspensionofjudgmentandunlesshecontentshimselfwiththatheiseitherledbyauthorityoradoptslikethegeneralityoftheworldthesidetowhichhefeelsthemostinclination.Norisitenoughthatheshouldheartheargumentsofopponentsfromhisownteacherspresentedastheystatethemandaccompaniedbywhattheyofferasrefutations.Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetotheargumentsorbringthemintorealcontactwithhisownmind.Hemustbeabletohearthemfrompersonswhoactuallybelievethem;whodefendtheminearnestanddotheirveryutmostforthem.Hemustknowthemintheirseeminglyreasonableandpersuasiveform:hemustfeelthewholeforceofthedifficultywhichthetrueviewofthesubjecthastoencounteranddisposeof;otherwisehewillneverreallypossesshimselfoftheportionoftruthwhichmeetsandremovesthatdifficulty.Ninety-nineinahundredofwhatarecallededucatedmenareinthisconditionandevenofthosewhocanarguefluentlyfortheiropinions.Theirconclusionmaybetruebutitmightbefalseforanythingtheyknow.Theyhaveneverthrownthemselvesintothementalpositionofthosewhothinkdifferentlyfromthemandconsideredwhatsuchpersonsmayhavetosay. Theauthorisoftheopinionthatinagreatperiodwemayexpecttofind
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Inacompetitiveeconomytheconsumerusuallyhasthechoiceofseveraldifferentbrandsofthesameproduct.Yetunderneaththeirlabelstheseproductsareoftennearlyidentical.Onemanufacturer’’stoothpastetendstodifferverylittlefromanothermanufacturer’’s.Twodifferentbrandsofshampoomayvaryonlyinscentorcolor.Andthetobaccointwodifferentbrandsofcigarettesfrequentlycomesfromthesamefields.Thisclosesimilaritymeansthatashopperoftenhaslittlereasontochooseonebrandoveranother.Thusmanufacturersareconfrontedwithaproblem--howtokeepsaleshighenoughtostayinbusiness.Manufacturerssolvethisproblembyadvertising.Throughadvertisingeachmanufacturingcompanytriestoconvinceconsumersthatitsproductisspecial.Todothisthecompaniestrytoappealtoconsumersinvariousways.Infactadvertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse. Onetypeofadvertisementtriestoappealtotheconsumer’’sreasoningmind.Itmayofferaclaimthatseemsscientific.ForexampleitmaysaythatdentistsrecommendFlashtoothpasteoritmaydeclarethatWoofdogfoodcontainsaspecialvitamin-richingredientknownasK-9oritmayreportthatlaboratorytestsshowthatR.I.P.cigarettescontainfewerharmfulingredientsthanotherbrands.Insellingaproductthetruthofadvertisingmaybelessimportantthantheappearanceoftruth.Ascientificapproachgivestheappearanceoftruth. Anothertypeofadvertisementtriestoamusethepotentialbuyer.Productsthatareessentiallyboringsuchascleaningpowderorinsecticideareoftenadvertisedinanamusingmanner.Onewayofdoingthisistomaketheproductsappearalive.Theadvertisermaydrawlittlecartooneyesarmsandlegsonthecansofcleaningpowderandhavetheresultingfiguresscrubthesink.Adsofthissortaresillybutadvertisersbelievethatconsumersarelikelytorememberandbuytheproductsthattheconsumersassociatewithfun. Associatingtheproductwithsomethingpleasantisthetechniqueofthethirdtypeofappeal.Inthisclassareadsthatsuggestthattheproductwillsatisfysomebasichumandesires.Onesuchdesireisthewishtobeadmiredbyotherpeople.Manyautomobileadvertisementsareinthiscategory.Theyimplythatotherpeoplewilladmireyou--mayevenbejealous--whentheyseeyoudrivingthehotnewAardvarkcar.Thiskindofappealissometimesstrengthenedbyhiringafamouspersontoendorsetheproduct.Seeingthefamouspersontheconsumerissupposedtoreasonthus:EveryoneadmiresJudsonSmiththegreatfootballstar.JudsonSmithusedBuckworthyBanktraveler’’schecks.ThereforeifIuseBuckworthyBanktraveler’’scheckseveryonewilladmiremetoo.Someotherbasicdesiresthatadscommonlytrytoappealtoarethedesiresforsocialacceptancefinancialsecurityandsoon. OneonlyneedstolookthroughamagazineorwatchanhourofTVinordertoseeexamplesofthesethreedifferentadvertisingstrategies. Wecaninferfromthetextthat
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革命不是请客吃饭不是做文章不是绘画绣花不能那样雅致那样从容不迫文质彬彬那样温良恭俭让革命是暴动是一个阶级推翻另一个阶级的暴烈的行动这段话出自__的
资本主义社会存在着相对过剩人口其根本原因是
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Noonecanbeagreatthinkerwhodoesnotrealizethatasathinkeritishisfirstdutytofollowhisintellecttowhateverconclusionsitmaylead.Truthgainsmoreevenbytheerrorsofonewhowithduestudyandpreparationthinksforhimselfthanbythetrueopinionsofthosewhoonlyholdthembecausetheydonotsufferthemselvestothink.Notthatitissolelyorchieflytoformgreatthinkersthatfreedomofthinkingisrequired.Onthecontraryitisasmuchorevenmoreindispensabletoenableaveragehumanbeingstoattainthementalqualitywhichtheyarecapableof.Therehavebeenandmayagainbegreatindividualthinkersinageneralatmosphereofmentalslavery.Butthereneverhasbeennoreverwillbeinthatatmosphereanintellectuallyactivepeople.Whileanypeoplehasmadeatemporaryapproachtosuchacharacterithasbeenbecausethedreadofheterodox非正统的thinkingwasforatimesuspended.Wherethereisanunspokenconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed;wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosedwecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.Neverwhenprolongedargumentsavoidedthesubjectswhicharelargeandimportantenoughtorouseenthusiasmwasthemindofapeoplestirredupfromitsfoundationsandtheimpulsegivenwhichraisedevenpersonsofthemostordinaryintellecttosomethingofthinkingbeings. Hewhoknowsonlyhisownsideofthecaseknowslittleofthat.Hisreasonsmaybegoodandnoonemayhavebeenabletorefutethem.Butifheisequallyunabletorefutethereasonsontheoppositesideandifhedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyarehehasnogroundforpreferringeitheropinion.Therationalpositionforhimwouldbesuspensionofjudgmentandunlesshecontentshimselfwiththatheiseitherledbyauthorityoradoptslikethegeneralityoftheworldthesidetowhichhefeelsthemostinclination.Norisitenoughthatheshouldheartheargumentsofopponentsfromhisownteacherspresentedastheystatethemandaccompaniedbywhattheyofferasrefutations.Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetotheargumentsorbringthemintorealcontactwithhisownmind.Hemustbeabletohearthemfrompersonswhoactuallybelievethem;whodefendtheminearnestanddotheirveryutmostforthem.Hemustknowthemintheirseeminglyreasonableandpersuasiveform:hemustfeelthewholeforceofthedifficultywhichthetrueviewofthesubjecthastoencounteranddisposeof;otherwisehewillneverreallypossesshimselfoftheportionoftruthwhichmeetsandremovesthatdifficulty.Ninety-nineinahundredofwhatarecallededucatedmenareinthisconditionandevenofthosewhocanarguefluentlyfortheiropinions.Theirconclusionmaybetruebutitmightbefalseforanythingtheyknow.Theyhaveneverthrownthemselvesintothementalpositionofthosewhothinkdifferentlyfromthemandconsideredwhatsuchpersonsmayhavetosay. Accordingtotheauthoritisalwaysadvisableto
世界统一于物质这一命题之所以需要哲学上的证明是因为
AlbertEinsteinoncesaidThewholeofscienceisnothingmorethanarefinementofeverydaythinking. Thefirstthingscientistsmustdoistoaskaquestionoridentifyaproblemtobeinvestigated.46Thenscientistsworkingonthisproblemcollectscientificdataorfactsbymakingobservationsandtakingmeasurementswhichmustbeverifiedorconfirmedbyrepeatedobservationsandmeasurementsideallybyseveraldifferentinvestigators. 47Theprimarygoalofscienceisnotfactsinandofthemselvesbutanewideaprincipleormodelthatconnectsandexplainscertainfactsandleadstousefulpredictionsaboutwhatshouldhappeninnature.Scientistsworkingonaparticularproblemtrytocomeupwithavarietyofpossibleexplanationsorscientifichypothesesofwhattheyorotherscientistsobserveinnature.Thenexperimentsareconductedandrepeatedtobesuretheyarereproducibletotestthedeductionsorpredictionsforeachhypothesissoastoarriveatthemostplausibleorusefulhypothesis. 48Ifmanyexperimentsbydifferentscientistssupportaparticularhypothesisitbecomesascientifictheory―awell-testedandwidelyacceptedideaprincipleormodelthatusuallytiestogetherandexplainsmanyfactsthatpreviouslyappearedtobeunrelated.Convertingascientifichypothesistoascientifictheoryisadifficultprocessoftenrequiringdecadesevenhundredsofyears.Toscientiststheoriesarenottobetakenlightlyfortheyareideasorprinciplesstatedwithahighdegreeofcertaintybecausetheyaresupportedbyagreatdealofevidence. Anotherendresultofscienceisascientificlaw―adescriptionofwhatwefindhappeninginnatureoverandoverinthesamewaywithoutknownexception.Themorecomplexthepartsofnaturescientistsstudythemoredifficultitbecomestodiscoverscientificlaws.49Therearemanyscientificlawsofphysicsandchemistryonlyafewinbiologyandevenfewerandlessreliableonesinfieldsinvolvingcomplexinteractionsofmultiplefactorsvariablessuchasecologyclimatologystudyofclimateandsocialsciencessuchaseconomicsandpolitics. Thescientificprocessrequiresnotonlylogicalreasoningbutalsoimaginationcreativityandintuition.AccordingtophysicistAlbertEinsteinThereisnocompletelylogicalwaytoanewscientificidea.50IntuitionimaginationandcreativityareasimportantinscienceastheyareinpoetryartmusicandothergreatadventuresofthehumanspiritthatawakenustothewondermysteryandbeautyoflifetheEarthandtheuniverse.
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent―A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthewinatallcostsmoralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdroppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:Rejoiceweconquer! Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. ObviouslyitisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessenedmoretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged. Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat________________.
发展社会主义民主政治最根本的是
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水在摄氏度到100度之间是液体这是规律的表现但是要想这一规律起作用需要其一水其二一定的温度其三标准的气压太阳上只有构成水的元素而没有水某些天体也没有水因此这一规律对于这些天体来说是不起作用的由此而论
Inacompetitiveeconomytheconsumerusuallyhasthechoiceofseveraldifferentbrandsofthesameproduct.Yetunderneaththeirlabelstheseproductsareoftennearlyidentical.Onemanufacturer’’stoothpastetendstodifferverylittlefromanothermanufacturer’’s.Twodifferentbrandsofshampoomayvaryonlyinscentorcolor.Andthetobaccointwodifferentbrandsofcigarettesfrequentlycomesfromthesamefields.Thisclosesimilaritymeansthatashopperoftenhaslittlereasontochooseonebrandoveranother.Thusmanufacturersareconfrontedwithaproblem--howtokeepsaleshighenoughtostayinbusiness.Manufacturerssolvethisproblembyadvertising.Throughadvertisingeachmanufacturingcompanytriestoconvinceconsumersthatitsproductisspecial.Todothisthecompaniestrytoappealtoconsumersinvariousways.Infactadvertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse. Onetypeofadvertisementtriestoappealtotheconsumer’’sreasoningmind.Itmayofferaclaimthatseemsscientific.ForexampleitmaysaythatdentistsrecommendFlashtoothpasteoritmaydeclarethatWoofdogfoodcontainsaspecialvitamin-richingredientknownasK-9oritmayreportthatlaboratorytestsshowthatR.I.P.cigarettescontainfewerharmfulingredientsthanotherbrands.Insellingaproductthetruthofadvertisingmaybelessimportantthantheappearanceoftruth.Ascientificapproachgivestheappearanceoftruth. Anothertypeofadvertisementtriestoamusethepotentialbuyer.Productsthatareessentiallyboringsuchascleaningpowderorinsecticideareoftenadvertisedinanamusingmanner.Onewayofdoingthisistomaketheproductsappearalive.Theadvertisermaydrawlittlecartooneyesarmsandlegsonthecansofcleaningpowderandhavetheresultingfiguresscrubthesink.Adsofthissortaresillybutadvertisersbelievethatconsumersarelikelytorememberandbuytheproductsthattheconsumersassociatewithfun. Associatingtheproductwithsomethingpleasantisthetechniqueofthethirdtypeofappeal.Inthisclassareadsthatsuggestthattheproductwillsatisfysomebasichumandesires.Onesuchdesireisthewishtobeadmiredbyotherpeople.Manyautomobileadvertisementsareinthiscategory.Theyimplythatotherpeoplewilladmireyou--mayevenbejealous--whentheyseeyoudrivingthehotnewAardvarkcar.Thiskindofappealissometimesstrengthenedbyhiringafamouspersontoendorsetheproduct.Seeingthefamouspersontheconsumerissupposedtoreasonthus:EveryoneadmiresJudsonSmiththegreatfootballstar.JudsonSmithusedBuckworthyBanktraveler’’schecks.ThereforeifIuseBuckworthyBanktraveler’’scheckseveryonewilladmiremetoo.Someotherbasicdesiresthatadscommonlytrytoappealtoarethedesiresforsocialacceptancefinancialsecurityandsoon. OneonlyneedstolookthroughamagazineorwatchanhourofTVinordertoseeexamplesofthesethreedifferentadvertisingstrategies. Thebesttitleforthistextwouldbe
下列关于经济制度与经济体制的判断哪些是正确的
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. Homer’’sepicsmentionedinParagraph1exemplifiesthefactthat
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. TheasocialpersonalityofAmericansresultsfrom
经验论的错误在于
加强网络文化建设和管理充分发挥互联网在我国社会主义文化建设中的重要作用有利于
近代形而上学唯物主义的局限性是
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