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Formorethanfiftyyearswehaveknownorcouldhaveknownthatthereisanunconsciousnesstocounterbalanceconsciousness.Medicalpsychologyhasfurnishedallthenecessaryempiricalandexperimentalproofsofthis.Thereisanunconsciouspsychicrealitywhichdemonstrablyinfluencesconsciousnessandbehavior.Allthisisknownbutnopracticalconclusionshavebeendrawnfromit.Westillgoonthinkingandactingasbeforeasifweweresimplexandnotduplex.Accordinglyweimagineourselvestobeinnocuousreasonableandhumane.46Wedonotthinkofdistrustingourmotivesorofaskingourselveshowtheinnermanfeelsaboutthethingswedointheoutsideworldbutactuallyitisfrivoloussuperficialandunreasonableofusaswellaspsychicallyunhygienictooverlookthereactionandviewpointoftheunconscious. 47Onecanregardone’sstomachorheartasunimportantorevenworthyofcontemptneverthelessovereatingandoverexertionhaveconsequenceswhichaffectthewholeman.Yetwethinkthatpsychicmistakesandtheirconsequencescanbeerasedbymerewordsfor"psychic"meanslessthanairtomostpeople.48Allthesamenobodycandenythatwithoutthepsychetherewouldbenoworldatallandstilllessahumanworld.Virtuallyeverythingdependsonthehumansoulanditsfunctions.49Itisworthyofalltheattentionwecangiveitespeciallytodaywheneveryoneadmitsthatthewealorwoeofthefuturewillbedecidedneitherbyattacksofwildanimalsnorbynaturalcatastrophesnorbythedangerofworld-wideepidemicsbutratherbythepsychicchangesinman. Onlyanalmostimperceptibledisturbanceofequilibriuminafewofourrulers’headscouldplungetheworldintobloodfireandradioactivity.Thetechnicalmeanstothisdestructionareavailabletobothsides.Andcertainconsciousdeliberationsuncontrolledbyaninneropponentcanbealltooeasilyindulgedaswehavealreadyseenfromtheexampleofone"leader".Theconsciousnessofmodemmanstillclingssomuchtooutwardobjectsthathebelievesthemexclusivelyresponsibleasifitwereonthemthatdecisionsdepended.50Thatthepsychicstateofcertainindividualscouldfreeitselfforoncefromthebehaviorofobjectsissomethingthatisconsideredfartoolittlealthoughirrationalitiesofthissortareobservedeverydayandcanhappentoeveryone. Itisworthyofalltheattentionwecangiveitespeciallytodaywheneveryoneadmitsthatthewealorwoeofthefuturewillbedecidedneitherbyattacksofwildanimalsnorbynaturalcatastrophesnorbythedangerofworld-wideepidemicsbutratherbythepsychicchangesinman.
Astickingplastermayappeartobeagrosslyinadequatetreatmentforaparaplegic.Attachafewelectrodesthoughandadevicethatresemblessuchadressingcouldhelptranslateintoactionsthethoughtsofpeoplewhoareparalysed.In2008apracticalversionwillbeshowntoworkandthefirstindividualswillberecruitedtotrythemforreal. Paralysisisabreakdownincommunication.Thebraindoesnott0rgethowtorideabicycle.41.____________________________________. JohnDonoghueofBrownUniversityinRhodeIslandhasbeenworkingonhowtorestorethatlink.Hehasshownthatthetechnologyhehasdevelopedworksalbeitonlyforahandfulofpeoplewhowerepreparedtoendurehavingatangleofwiresdanglingfromtheirheads.In2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswillturntheirdeviceintosomethingthatlookslikeahearingaidandwhoseusecouldbecomealmostasroutine. 42.______________________________.Whenthenervecellfiresthiselectricalactivitywillbepickedupbythewireandconveyedtothesiliconchip. 43.____________________________________.Powerwillcomeviaaninductivecoilplacedunderthescalpandnexttoanotherontopofthescalpwhichwillbeattachedtoabattery.Thisandacomputingunitwornonabeltwillbetheonlypartsvisibleoutsidethebody.Ultimatelytheteamintendstoimplantthecomputerunitinthechestconnectedtothebrainbyafibre-opticcable. Theresearchersreckontheirdevicewillbeabletodirectamotorisedwheelchairormovearobotichand.Buttheyalsowanttorestoretoparaplegicstheuseoftheirownbodies.44.______________________________.Connectingthetwosystemstogetherwouldmimicthewayinwhichthebodynormallyworks.Butrestoringusefulmovementtoparaplegicsinvolvesmorethanmakingmusclesworkoncemore.Italsomeansrestoringacapabilitythatmostable-bodiedpeopledonotrealisetheyhave:theuseofsensoryfeedbacktofine-tuneactions.45.__________________________________________. Inordertoachievethisin2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswilldeveloptheirsystemtoruninreverse.Becausethemonkeysusedinthetestswillnotbeparalysedtheimplantwillnotonlybroadcastwhatthebrainisdoingbutalsoeavesdroponwhathappenstothenervecellswhentheyarereceivinginformation.Thiscouldthenbemimickedinpeople.Theideaisthatparalysedpeoplecouldoperatesayarobotichandwithsensorsthatcollectinformationaboutthepressureandtemperaturetheyencounterandconveythesedatabacktothebrain.Thatisthehumanbrainwillbestimulatedtofeelwhattherobotsenses.Notbadforadevicethatlookslikeastickingplaster. [A]Theresearcherswillimplantasiliconchipthesizeofasmallbuttonintothebrainsofmonkeys.Thechipwillbefittedwithanarrayof100thread-likegoldwireseachofwhichwillbeattachedtoanervecellinthebrain [B]HencetheirinvolvementwithHunterPeckhamofCaseWesternReserveUniversity.Heisdevelopingasystemwhichelectricallystimulatesmusclestomakethemmoveonceagain. [C]Yearsafterparalysishasstruckthesamenervecellsfirewhensomeoneisthinkingaboutmoving;itisjustthattherestofthebodydoesnotreceivethemessage. [D]Therearemanykindsofstickingplasterswhicharenowinwideuseinmanycountries.Butstickingplastersarenotveryadequatetotreatparaplegicsandparalytics. [E]Reachouttopickupacupofhotteafromavendingmachineandasyourhandtouchesthecupitsubtlyadjustsitsgripsothatenoughstrengthisusedtoliftthecupwithoutcrushingitandburningyourfingers. [F]Thenextstepwillbetotransmitthisinformationfromtheskulltotheoutsideworld.Aseconddevicewillbeattachedtothesiliconchiptodothis.Itwilltransmitdatathroughtheskinusingpulsesofinfra-redlightjustlikearemotecontrol. [G]Arobotichandisequippedwithsensorswhicharemainlyusedtocollectrelatedinformationandtransmitittotheoutsidechip.Thenthischipwillprocessthemessageandinformtheparaplegictomovehisorhermuscles. 41
Insomecountriessocietalandfamilialtreatmentoftheelderlyusuallyreflectsagreatdegreeofindependenceandindividualism.Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbysocialsecurityorwelfaresystemswhichdecreasedependenceontheirfamily.Additionallyolderpeoplemayseektheirownfriendsratherthanbecometooemotionallydependentontheirchildren.Seniorcitizenscentersprovideameansforpeer-groupassociationwithinone’sownagegroups.ThereareproblemshoweverwithgrowingoldintheUnitedStates.Glorificationofyouthandindifferencetotheagedhaveleftmanyolderpeoplealienatedandalone.Somefamiliessendtheirolderrelativestonursinghomesratherthanintegratethemintothehomesofthechildrenorgrandchildren.Thisseparationoftheelderlyfromtheyounghascontributedtotheisolationofanincreasinglylargesegmentofsociety.Ontheotherhandtherearemanyolderpeoplewhochoosetoliveinretirementcommunitieswheretheyhavethecompanionshipofotherolderpeopleandconvenienceofmanyrecreationalandsocialactivitiesclosehome.Thetreatmentoftheelderlycanbefurtherunderstoodbydistinguishingbetweennuclearandextendedfamilystructures.IntheUnitedStatesthenuclearfamilywhichconsistsofthefatherthemotherandthechildrenisconsideredthefamily.Theextendedfamilycommoninotherculturesincludesgrandparentsauntsunclescousinsnephewsniecesandchildreninlaw.Thedistinctionbetweenthenuclearandextendedfamilyisimportantbecauseitsuggeststheextentoffamilytiesandobligations.Inextendedfamiliesthechildrenandparentshavestrongtiesandobligationstorelatives.Itiscommoninthesefamiliestosupportolderfamilymemberstohaveintensivecontactwithrelativesandtoestablishcommunalhousing.TheAmericannuclearfamilyusuallyhasitsownseparateresidenceandiseconomicallyindependentofotherfamilymembers.Relativesarestillconsideredfamilybutareoftenoutsidethebasicobligationsthatpeoplehavetotheirimmediatefamilies.Whencouplesmanytheyareexpectedtoliveindependentlyoftheirparentsandbecomeheadsofhouseholdswhentheyhavechildren.Itisnotunusualintimesoffinancialneedfornuclearfamilymemberstoborrowmoneyfromabankratherthanfromrelatives.Grandparentsauntsunclesandcousinsthenarenotdirectlyinvolvedinthesamewayastheywouldbeinanextendedfamilystructure.Thewordpeer-groupLine4Para.1mostprobablymeansagroupinwhich
Astickingplastermayappeartobeagrosslyinadequatetreatmentforaparaplegic.Attachafewelectrodesthoughandadevicethatresemblessuchadressingcouldhelptranslateintoactionsthethoughtsofpeoplewhoareparalysed.In2008apracticalversionwillbeshowntoworkandthefirstindividualswillberecruitedtotrythemforreal. Paralysisisabreakdownincommunication.Thebraindoesnott0rgethowtorideabicycle.41.____________________________________. JohnDonoghueofBrownUniversityinRhodeIslandhasbeenworkingonhowtorestorethatlink.Hehasshownthatthetechnologyhehasdevelopedworksalbeitonlyforahandfulofpeoplewhowerepreparedtoendurehavingatangleofwiresdanglingfromtheirheads.In2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswillturntheirdeviceintosomethingthatlookslikeahearingaidandwhoseusecouldbecomealmostasroutine. 42.______________________________.Whenthenervecellfiresthiselectricalactivitywillbepickedupbythewireandconveyedtothesiliconchip. 43.____________________________________.Powerwillcomeviaaninductivecoilplacedunderthescalpandnexttoanotherontopofthescalpwhichwillbeattachedtoabattery.Thisandacomputingunitwornonabeltwillbetheonlypartsvisibleoutsidethebody.Ultimatelytheteamintendstoimplantthecomputerunitinthechestconnectedtothebrainbyafibre-opticcable. Theresearchersreckontheirdevicewillbeabletodirectamotorisedwheelchairormovearobotichand.Buttheyalsowanttorestoretoparaplegicstheuseoftheirownbodies.44.______________________________.Connectingthetwosystemstogetherwouldmimicthewayinwhichthebodynormallyworks.Butrestoringusefulmovementtoparaplegicsinvolvesmorethanmakingmusclesworkoncemore.Italsomeansrestoringacapabilitythatmostable-bodiedpeopledonotrealisetheyhave:theuseofsensoryfeedbacktofine-tuneactions.45.__________________________________________. Inordertoachievethisin2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswilldeveloptheirsystemtoruninreverse.Becausethemonkeysusedinthetestswillnotbeparalysedtheimplantwillnotonlybroadcastwhatthebrainisdoingbutalsoeavesdroponwhathappenstothenervecellswhentheyarereceivinginformation.Thiscouldthenbemimickedinpeople.Theideaisthatparalysedpeoplecouldoperatesayarobotichandwithsensorsthatcollectinformationaboutthepressureandtemperaturetheyencounterandconveythesedatabacktothebrain.Thatisthehumanbrainwillbestimulatedtofeelwhattherobotsenses.Notbadforadevicethatlookslikeastickingplaster. [A]Theresearcherswillimplantasiliconchipthesizeofasmallbuttonintothebrainsofmonkeys.Thechipwillbefittedwithanarrayof100thread-likegoldwireseachofwhichwillbeattachedtoanervecellinthebrain [B]HencetheirinvolvementwithHunterPeckhamofCaseWesternReserveUniversity.Heisdevelopingasystemwhichelectricallystimulatesmusclestomakethemmoveonceagain. [C]Yearsafterparalysishasstruckthesamenervecellsfirewhensomeoneisthinkingaboutmoving;itisjustthattherestofthebodydoesnotreceivethemessage. [D]Therearemanykindsofstickingplasterswhicharenowinwideuseinmanycountries.Butstickingplastersarenotveryadequatetotreatparaplegicsandparalytics. [E]Reachouttopickupacupofhotteafromavendingmachineandasyourhandtouchesthecupitsubtlyadjustsitsgripsothatenoughstrengthisusedtoliftthecupwithoutcrushingitandburningyourfingers. [F]Thenextstepwillbetotransmitthisinformationfromtheskulltotheoutsideworld.Aseconddevicewillbeattachedtothesiliconchiptodothis.Itwilltransmitdatathroughtheskinusingpulsesofinfra-redlightjustlikearemotecontrol. [G]Arobotichandisequippedwithsensorswhicharemainlyusedtocollectrelatedinformationandtransmitittotheoutsidechip.Thenthischipwillprocessthemessageandinformtheparaplegictomovehisorhermuscles. 45
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.17
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.19
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.15
1thespecificresponsibilitiesofthejob2applicationrequirementsinacademicbackgroundworkexperienceetc.3probablesalarystandardYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETII.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdon’tneedtowritetheaddress.
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.13
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.13
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.9
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseinthecomingdecades.Averysmallpartofwhatisnowbeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusofgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated.Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.Thiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofwhatisbeingspentonmissiles.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensivemethodsofmutualslaughterandschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies.Bythehelpofmoderntechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.Thisispossible.Irepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation.ThewordrectifyLine8Para.1mostprobablymeans
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.5
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.15
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.11
WhenitcomestoschoolingtheHerreraboysarenomatchfortheHerreragirls.LastweekfouryearsaftershearrivedfromHondurasMartha20graduatedfromFairfaxHighSchoolinLosAngeles.Shemanageddecentgradeswhileworking36hoursaweekataKentuckyFriedChicken.HersisterMarlin22attendsalocalcommunitycollegeandwillsoonbeacertifiednurseassistant.Thebrothersareadifferentstory.Oscar17wasexpelledtwoyearsagofromFairfaxforcarryingaknifeandlaterdroppedoutofadifferentschool.TheyoungestJonathan15isnowinajuvenilebootcampafterrunningintotroublewiththelaw.Theboysgetsidetrackedmoresaysthekids’motherSuyapaLandaverde.Thegirlsaremoreconfident.Thisisnoaberration.Immigrantgirlsconsistentlyoutperformboysaccordingtothepreliminaryfindingsofajust-completedfive-yearstudyofimmigrantchildren-thelargestofitskindincludingLatinoChineseandHaitiankids-byMarceloandCarolaSuarez-OrozcooftheHarvardGraduateSchoolofEducation.ThoughthattrendholdsforU.S.-bornkidsaswellthereasonsforthediscrepancyamongimmigrantsaredifferent.Thestudyfoundthatimmigrantgirlsaremoreadeptatstraddlingculturesthanboys.Thegirlsareabletoretainsomeoftheprotectivefeaturesoftheirnativeculturebecausethey’rekeptclosertothehouseworksaysMarceloSuarze-Orozcowhiletheymaximizetheiracquisitionofskillsinthenewculturebyhelpingtheirparentsnavigateit.Considerthekid’sexperiencesinschool.ThestudyfoundthatboysfacemorepeerpressuretoadoptAmericanyouthculture-thedresstheslangthecontemptforeducation.They’redisciplinedmoreoftenandasaresultdevelopmoreadversarialrelationshipswithteachers-andthewidersociety.Theymayalsofacemoreprejudices.OneteacherinterviewedforthestudysaidthatthecultureawarenesstrainingshereceivedaspartofhercontinuingincludeddepictionsofLatinoboysasaggressiveandreallymasculineandofthegirlsaspuresweetness.Gendershapesimmigrantkids’experienceoutsideschoolaswell.Oftenhailingfromtraditionalculturesthegirlsfacegreaterdomesticobligations.TheyalsofrequentlyactasculturalambassadorstranslatingforparentsandmediatingbetweenthemandtheoutsideworldsaysCarolaSuarze-Orozco.Anunintendedconsequence:Thegirlsgetfoistedintoaresponsiblerolemorethantheboysdo.TakeChristinaImasanexample18ajunioratFairfaxwhoarrivedfromKoreafouryearsago.Sheranksninthinaclassof400studentsandstillfindstimetofixdinnerforthefamilyandworkonSaturdaysathermother’sclothingshop.HerbrotherHeplayscomputergamesSaysIm.TheHarvardstudybearsacautionarynote:Iflargenumbersofimmigrantboyscontinuetobealienatedacademically-andtobeclearplentyperformphenomenally-theyrisksinkingirretrievablyintoaneconomicunderclass.OscarHerreraMartha’sdropoutbrothermayberealizingthat.I’mthinking9freturningtoschoolherecentlytoldhismother.Heoughttolooktohissistersforguidance.MarceloandCarlaSuarze-Orozcohavealsofoundintheirstudythat
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.7
Astickingplastermayappeartobeagrosslyinadequatetreatmentforaparaplegic.Attachafewelectrodesthoughandadevicethatresemblessuchadressingcouldhelptranslateintoactionsthethoughtsofpeoplewhoareparalysed.In2008apracticalversionwillbeshowntoworkandthefirstindividualswillberecruitedtotrythemforreal. Paralysisisabreakdownincommunication.Thebraindoesnott0rgethowtorideabicycle.41.____________________________________. JohnDonoghueofBrownUniversityinRhodeIslandhasbeenworkingonhowtorestorethatlink.Hehasshownthatthetechnologyhehasdevelopedworksalbeitonlyforahandfulofpeoplewhowerepreparedtoendurehavingatangleofwiresdanglingfromtheirheads.In2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswillturntheirdeviceintosomethingthatlookslikeahearingaidandwhoseusecouldbecomealmostasroutine. 42.______________________________.Whenthenervecellfiresthiselectricalactivitywillbepickedupbythewireandconveyedtothesiliconchip. 43.____________________________________.Powerwillcomeviaaninductivecoilplacedunderthescalpandnexttoanotherontopofthescalpwhichwillbeattachedtoabattery.Thisandacomputingunitwornonabeltwillbetheonlypartsvisibleoutsidethebody.Ultimatelytheteamintendstoimplantthecomputerunitinthechestconnectedtothebrainbyafibre-opticcable. Theresearchersreckontheirdevicewillbeabletodirectamotorisedwheelchairormovearobotichand.Buttheyalsowanttorestoretoparaplegicstheuseoftheirownbodies.44.______________________________.Connectingthetwosystemstogetherwouldmimicthewayinwhichthebodynormallyworks.Butrestoringusefulmovementtoparaplegicsinvolvesmorethanmakingmusclesworkoncemore.Italsomeansrestoringacapabilitythatmostable-bodiedpeopledonotrealisetheyhave:theuseofsensoryfeedbacktofine-tuneactions.45.__________________________________________. Inordertoachievethisin2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswilldeveloptheirsystemtoruninreverse.Becausethemonkeysusedinthetestswillnotbeparalysedtheimplantwillnotonlybroadcastwhatthebrainisdoingbutalsoeavesdroponwhathappenstothenervecellswhentheyarereceivinginformation.Thiscouldthenbemimickedinpeople.Theideaisthatparalysedpeoplecouldoperatesayarobotichandwithsensorsthatcollectinformationaboutthepressureandtemperaturetheyencounterandconveythesedatabacktothebrain.Thatisthehumanbrainwillbestimulatedtofeelwhattherobotsenses.Notbadforadevicethatlookslikeastickingplaster. [A]Theresearcherswillimplantasiliconchipthesizeofasmallbuttonintothebrainsofmonkeys.Thechipwillbefittedwithanarrayof100thread-likegoldwireseachofwhichwillbeattachedtoanervecellinthebrain [B]HencetheirinvolvementwithHunterPeckhamofCaseWesternReserveUniversity.Heisdevelopingasystemwhichelectricallystimulatesmusclestomakethemmoveonceagain. [C]Yearsafterparalysishasstruckthesamenervecellsfirewhensomeoneisthinkingaboutmoving;itisjustthattherestofthebodydoesnotreceivethemessage. [D]Therearemanykindsofstickingplasterswhicharenowinwideuseinmanycountries.Butstickingplastersarenotveryadequatetotreatparaplegicsandparalytics. [E]Reachouttopickupacupofhotteafromavendingmachineandasyourhandtouchesthecupitsubtlyadjustsitsgripsothatenoughstrengthisusedtoliftthecupwithoutcrushingitandburningyourfingers. [F]Thenextstepwillbetotransmitthisinformationfromtheskulltotheoutsideworld.Aseconddevicewillbeattachedtothesiliconchiptodothis.Itwilltransmitdatathroughtheskinusingpulsesofinfra-redlightjustlikearemotecontrol. [G]Arobotichandisequippedwithsensorswhicharemainlyusedtocollectrelatedinformationandtransmitittotheoutsidechip.Thenthischipwillprocessthemessageandinformtheparaplegictomovehisorhermuscles. 43
Insomecountriessocietalandfamilialtreatmentoftheelderlyusuallyreflectsagreatdegreeofindependenceandindividualism.Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbysocialsecurityorwelfaresystemswhichdecreasedependenceontheirfamily.Additionallyolderpeoplemayseektheirownfriendsratherthanbecometooemotionallydependentontheirchildren.Seniorcitizenscentersprovideameansforpeer-groupassociationwithinone’sownagegroups.ThereareproblemshoweverwithgrowingoldintheUnitedStates.Glorificationofyouthandindifferencetotheagedhaveleftmanyolderpeoplealienatedandalone.Somefamiliessendtheirolderrelativestonursinghomesratherthanintegratethemintothehomesofthechildrenorgrandchildren.Thisseparationoftheelderlyfromtheyounghascontributedtotheisolationofanincreasinglylargesegmentofsociety.Ontheotherhandtherearemanyolderpeoplewhochoosetoliveinretirementcommunitieswheretheyhavethecompanionshipofotherolderpeopleandconvenienceofmanyrecreationalandsocialactivitiesclosehome.Thetreatmentoftheelderlycanbefurtherunderstoodbydistinguishingbetweennuclearandextendedfamilystructures.IntheUnitedStatesthenuclearfamilywhichconsistsofthefatherthemotherandthechildrenisconsideredthefamily.Theextendedfamilycommoninotherculturesincludesgrandparentsauntsunclescousinsnephewsniecesandchildreninlaw.Thedistinctionbetweenthenuclearandextendedfamilyisimportantbecauseitsuggeststheextentoffamilytiesandobligations.Inextendedfamiliesthechildrenandparentshavestrongtiesandobligationstorelatives.Itiscommoninthesefamiliestosupportolderfamilymemberstohaveintensivecontactwithrelativesandtoestablishcommunalhousing.TheAmericannuclearfamilyusuallyhasitsownseparateresidenceandiseconomicallyindependentofotherfamilymembers.Relativesarestillconsideredfamilybutareoftenoutsidethebasicobligationsthatpeoplehavetotheirimmediatefamilies.Whencouplesmanytheyareexpectedtoliveindependentlyoftheirparentsandbecomeheadsofhouseholdswhentheyhavechildren.Itisnotunusualintimesoffinancialneedfornuclearfamilymemberstoborrowmoneyfromabankratherthanfromrelatives.Grandparentsauntsunclesandcousinsthenarenotdirectlyinvolvedinthesamewayastheywouldbeinanextendedfamilystructure.IntheUnitedStatewhenyoungpeoplegetmarried
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.11
"Intelligence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.Itisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideas1makedistinctionsreasonlogicallyand2verbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’s3forlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot4charactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.Itisnot5to--itwasnotdesignedforsuch6.Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughly7criticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity. Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofthe8isessentiallyacomparativeaffair. 9theassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthe10withwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"and"11"comparison.Itishere12someofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytest13involvesatleastthreefactors:the14todoone’sbesttheknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodoandthe15abilitytodoit.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonableandthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeen16thoroughly.Itsvalue17ofcourseinitsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneis18interestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan19fromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisagein20whichwethinkrequire"generalintelligence". Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.17
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.TheNDNADhasmoreDNAsamplesthanothercountriesinthat
Formorethanfiftyyearswehaveknownorcouldhaveknownthatthereisanunconsciousnesstocounterbalanceconsciousness.Medicalpsychologyhasfurnishedallthenecessaryempiricalandexperimentalproofsofthis.Thereisanunconsciouspsychicrealitywhichdemonstrablyinfluencesconsciousnessandbehavior.Allthisisknownbutnopracticalconclusionshavebeendrawnfromit.Westillgoonthinkingandactingasbeforeasifweweresimplexandnotduplex.Accordinglyweimagineourselvestobeinnocuousreasonableandhumane.46Wedonotthinkofdistrustingourmotivesorofaskingourselveshowtheinnermanfeelsaboutthethingswedointheoutsideworldbutactuallyitisfrivoloussuperficialandunreasonableofusaswellaspsychicallyunhygienictooverlookthereactionandviewpointoftheunconscious. 47Onecanregardone’sstomachorheartasunimportantorevenworthyofcontemptneverthelessovereatingandoverexertionhaveconsequenceswhichaffectthewholeman.Yetwethinkthatpsychicmistakesandtheirconsequencescanbeerasedbymerewordsfor"psychic"meanslessthanairtomostpeople.48Allthesamenobodycandenythatwithoutthepsychetherewouldbenoworldatallandstilllessahumanworld.Virtuallyeverythingdependsonthehumansoulanditsfunctions.49Itisworthyofalltheattentionwecangiveitespeciallytodaywheneveryoneadmitsthatthewealorwoeofthefuturewillbedecidedneitherbyattacksofwildanimalsnorbynaturalcatastrophesnorbythedangerofworld-wideepidemicsbutratherbythepsychicchangesinman. Onlyanalmostimperceptibledisturbanceofequilibriuminafewofourrulers’headscouldplungetheworldintobloodfireandradioactivity.Thetechnicalmeanstothisdestructionareavailabletobothsides.Andcertainconsciousdeliberationsuncontrolledbyaninneropponentcanbealltooeasilyindulgedaswehavealreadyseenfromtheexampleofone"leader".Theconsciousnessofmodemmanstillclingssomuchtooutwardobjectsthathebelievesthemexclusivelyresponsibleasifitwereonthemthatdecisionsdepended.50Thatthepsychicstateofcertainindividualscouldfreeitselfforoncefromthebehaviorofobjectsissomethingthatisconsideredfartoolittlealthoughirrationalitiesofthissortareobservedeverydayandcanhappentoeveryone. Onecanregardone’sstomachorheartasunimportantorevenworthyofcontemptneverthelessovereatingandoverexertionhaveconsequenceswhichaffectthewholeman.
Insomecountriessocietalandfamilialtreatmentoftheelderlyusuallyreflectsagreatdegreeofindependenceandindividualism.Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbysocialsecurityorwelfaresystemswhichdecreasedependenceontheirfamily.Additionallyolderpeoplemayseektheirownfriendsratherthanbecometooemotionallydependentontheirchildren.Seniorcitizenscentersprovideameansforpeer-groupassociationwithinone’sownagegroups.ThereareproblemshoweverwithgrowingoldintheUnitedStates.Glorificationofyouthandindifferencetotheagedhaveleftmanyolderpeoplealienatedandalone.Somefamiliessendtheirolderrelativestonursinghomesratherthanintegratethemintothehomesofthechildrenorgrandchildren.Thisseparationoftheelderlyfromtheyounghascontributedtotheisolationofanincreasinglylargesegmentofsociety.Ontheotherhandtherearemanyolderpeoplewhochoosetoliveinretirementcommunitieswheretheyhavethecompanionshipofotherolderpeopleandconvenienceofmanyrecreationalandsocialactivitiesclosehome.Thetreatmentoftheelderlycanbefurtherunderstoodbydistinguishingbetweennuclearandextendedfamilystructures.IntheUnitedStatesthenuclearfamilywhichconsistsofthefatherthemotherandthechildrenisconsideredthefamily.Theextendedfamilycommoninotherculturesincludesgrandparentsauntsunclescousinsnephewsniecesandchildreninlaw.Thedistinctionbetweenthenuclearandextendedfamilyisimportantbecauseitsuggeststheextentoffamilytiesandobligations.Inextendedfamiliesthechildrenandparentshavestrongtiesandobligationstorelatives.Itiscommoninthesefamiliestosupportolderfamilymemberstohaveintensivecontactwithrelativesandtoestablishcommunalhousing.TheAmericannuclearfamilyusuallyhasitsownseparateresidenceandiseconomicallyindependentofotherfamilymembers.Relativesarestillconsideredfamilybutareoftenoutsidethebasicobligationsthatpeoplehavetotheirimmediatefamilies.Whencouplesmanytheyareexpectedtoliveindependentlyoftheirparentsandbecomeheadsofhouseholdswhentheyhavechildren.Itisnotunusualintimesoffinancialneedfornuclearfamilymemberstoborrowmoneyfromabankratherthanfromrelatives.Grandparentsauntsunclesandcousinsthenarenotdirectlyinvolvedinthesamewayastheywouldbeinanextendedfamilystructure.Thereasonwhymanyelderlypeoplechoosetoliveinretirementcommunitiesisthat
WhenitcomestoschoolingtheHerreraboysarenomatchfortheHerreragirls.LastweekfouryearsaftershearrivedfromHondurasMartha20graduatedfromFairfaxHighSchoolinLosAngeles.Shemanageddecentgradeswhileworking36hoursaweekataKentuckyFriedChicken.HersisterMarlin22attendsalocalcommunitycollegeandwillsoonbeacertifiednurseassistant.Thebrothersareadifferentstory.Oscar17wasexpelledtwoyearsagofromFairfaxforcarryingaknifeandlaterdroppedoutofadifferentschool.TheyoungestJonathan15isnowinajuvenilebootcampafterrunningintotroublewiththelaw.Theboysgetsidetrackedmoresaysthekids’motherSuyapaLandaverde.Thegirlsaremoreconfident.Thisisnoaberration.Immigrantgirlsconsistentlyoutperformboysaccordingtothepreliminaryfindingsofajust-completedfive-yearstudyofimmigrantchildren-thelargestofitskindincludingLatinoChineseandHaitiankids-byMarceloandCarolaSuarez-OrozcooftheHarvardGraduateSchoolofEducation.ThoughthattrendholdsforU.S.-bornkidsaswellthereasonsforthediscrepancyamongimmigrantsaredifferent.Thestudyfoundthatimmigrantgirlsaremoreadeptatstraddlingculturesthanboys.Thegirlsareabletoretainsomeoftheprotectivefeaturesoftheirnativeculturebecausethey’rekeptclosertothehouseworksaysMarceloSuarze-Orozcowhiletheymaximizetheiracquisitionofskillsinthenewculturebyhelpingtheirparentsnavigateit.Considerthekid’sexperiencesinschool.ThestudyfoundthatboysfacemorepeerpressuretoadoptAmericanyouthculture-thedresstheslangthecontemptforeducation.They’redisciplinedmoreoftenandasaresultdevelopmoreadversarialrelationshipswithteachers-andthewidersociety.Theymayalsofacemoreprejudices.OneteacherinterviewedforthestudysaidthatthecultureawarenesstrainingshereceivedaspartofhercontinuingincludeddepictionsofLatinoboysasaggressiveandreallymasculineandofthegirlsaspuresweetness.Gendershapesimmigrantkids’experienceoutsideschoolaswell.Oftenhailingfromtraditionalculturesthegirlsfacegreaterdomesticobligations.TheyalsofrequentlyactasculturalambassadorstranslatingforparentsandmediatingbetweenthemandtheoutsideworldsaysCarolaSuarze-Orozco.Anunintendedconsequence:Thegirlsgetfoistedintoaresponsiblerolemorethantheboysdo.TakeChristinaImasanexample18ajunioratFairfaxwhoarrivedfromKoreafouryearsago.Sheranksninthinaclassof400studentsandstillfindstimetofixdinnerforthefamilyandworkonSaturdaysathermother’sclothingshop.HerbrotherHeplayscomputergamesSaysIm.TheHarvardstudybearsacautionarynote:Iflargenumbersofimmigrantboyscontinuetobealienatedacademically-andtobeclearplentyperformphenomenally-theyrisksinkingirretrievablyintoaneconomicunderclass.OscarHerreraMartha’sdropoutbrothermayberealizingthat.I’mthinking9freturningtoschoolherecentlytoldhismother.Heoughttolooktohissistersforguidance.Thestatementtheyalsofrequentlyactas’culturalambassadors’Line2Para.4impliesthat
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseinthecomingdecades.Averysmallpartofwhatisnowbeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusofgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated.Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.Thiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofwhatisbeingspentonmissiles.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensivemethodsofmutualslaughterandschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies.Bythehelpofmoderntechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.Thisispossible.Irepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardpreparationsforwar
Theworldhasspentonpreparationsforwarmorethan$112billionayearroughly$450perheadforeverymanwomanandchildintheworld.Letusconsiderforamomentwhatcouldbedonewiththissumofmoneyifitwerespentonpeaceandnotonwar.Someofitatanyrateinthemoreprosperouscountriescouldbespentonthereductionoftaxation.Therestshouldbespentinwaysthatwillatthesametimebeofbenefittomankindandasolutiontotheeconomicproblemofconversionfromwarindustrytotheexpansionofpeaceindustries.Astothisexpansionletusbeginwiththemostelementaryofallneedsnamelyfood.Atpresentthemajorityofmankindsuffersfromundernourishmentandinviewofthepopulationexplosionthissituationislikelytogrowworseinthecomingdecades.Averysmallpartofwhatisnowbeingspentuponarmamentswouldrectifyourpredicament.NotonlycouldtheAmericansurplusofgrainwhichwasformanyyearsuselesslydestroyedbespentinreliefoffaminebutbyirrigationlargeregionsnowdesertcouldbemadefertileandbyimprovementintransportdistributionfromregionsofexcesstoregionsofscarcitycouldbefacilitated.Housingevenintherichestcountriesisoftendisastrouslyinadequate.Thiscouldberemediedbyatinyfractionofwhatisbeingspentonmissiles.EducationeverywherebutespeciallyinthenewlyliberatedcountriesofAfricaandAsiademandsanexpendituremanytimesasgreatasthatwhichitreceivesatpresent.Butitisnotonlygreaterexpenditurethatisneededineducation.Iftheterrorofwarwereremovedsciencecouldbedevotedtoimprovinghumanwelfareinsteadoftotheinventionofincreasinglyexpensivemethodsofmutualslaughterandschoolswouldnolongerthinkitapartoftheirdutytopromotehatredofpossibleenemiesbymeansofignorancetemperedbylies.Bythehelpofmoderntechniquestheworldcouldenteruponaperiodofhappinessandprosperityfarsurpassinganythingknowninprevioushistory.Allthisispossible.Itrequiresonlyadifferentoutlookoninternationalaffairsandadifferentstateofmindtowardthosenationswhicharenowregardedasenemies.Thisispossible.Irepeatbutitcannotbedoneallatonce.Toreversethetrendofaffairsinthemostpowerfulnationoftheworldisnolighttaskandwillrequireadifficultprocessofreeducation.Accordingtothetextschoolsatthepresenttime
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.3
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.AstheNDNADwasestablishedin1995
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.1
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