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Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 - 45...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions:Forthispartyouarerequiredtowriteacompos
PartB Directions: A.Studythefollowingcartooncaref
PartB Directions: Honestyisperhapsnotonlythenoble
PartB Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbased
Directions:Forthispartwriteapassageabout100~-120wo
PartB Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecaref
PartB Directions:Writeonacompositionaccordingtoth
PartB Directions: 1.Describethepicture. 2.Pointou
PartB Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbased
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Ofthefollowing______iscorrect．
the Sailing Directions Book is also known as Pilot Book
the Sailing Directions Book and the Pilot Book are different books
the Pilot Book is a part of the Sailing Directions
the Sailing Directions Book contains the Pilot Book"
Directions:Forthispartwriteapassageabout100～120wor
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderableenlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtofindthementallyillinjailsandalmshousesandcrusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecouldreceivehumanecareinhospital-likeenvironmentsandtreatmentwhichmighthelprestorethemtosanity.Bythemid-1800s20stateshadestablishedasylums.Butduringthelate1800sandearly1900sinthefaceofeconomicdepressionlegislatureswereunabletoappropriatesufficientfundsfordecentcare.Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.Additionallypatientsweremoreresistanttotreatmentthanthepioneersinthementalhealthfieldhadanticipatedandsecurityandrestraintwereneededtoprotectpatientsandothers.Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichthefightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten. TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorldWarⅡ.Atthattimenewtreatmentswerediscoveredforsomemajormentalillnessesconsidereduntreatablepenicillinforsyphilisofthebrainandinsulintreatmentforschizophreniaanddepressionsandasuccessionofbooksmotionpicturesandnewspaperscalledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.ImprovementsweremadeandDr.DavidVail’sHumanePracticesProgrammeisabeaconfortoday.Butchangeswerestoreincominguntiltheearly1960s.AtthattimetheCivilRightsMovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisonswhichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacksandtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheinstitutionsthatwereworsethanthehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswerefilledwithangryyoungmenwhoencouragedbylegalsupportwerequicktodemandtheirfights.Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsanebycontrastwerepopulatedwithpeoplewhowereconsidered"crazy"andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedoseofmajortranquillizers.Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.Thelawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewereafterallpeoplewhounlikecriminalshaddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystatestheywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutionsaninjusticewhichonceexposedwashoundtoshockthepublicandparticularlythejudicialconscience. Judicialinterventionshavehadsomedefinitepositiveeffectsbutthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.Thedetailsofprovidingday-to-daycaresimplycannotbemandatedbyacourtsoitistimetotakefromthecourtstheresponsibilityfordeliveryofmentalheathcareandassuranceofpatientfightsandreturnittothestatementalhealthadministratorstowhomthemandatewasoriginallygiven.Thoughitisadifficulttaskadministratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected. Theauthor’sattitudetowardspatientsinstareinstitutionscartbestbedescribedas
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondifyougeta3.Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachineinoperationyou6hearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessage7usuallysayssomething8this:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe9rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"10isabriefhigh-pitched11.Alterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto12youoryoucanleavea13.Sometelephoneansweringmachines14foronly20or30secondsafterthebeepsoyoumustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon15aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof16.Usingthesesystems17youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyourtopushacertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantin-formationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Aftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwheremostoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswith.thelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatthemajorityofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwofactors:thecollapseofthecottonindustrywhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills. ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeenthoroughlyinvestigated.Althoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentanexodus大批出走fromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin"manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits"thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyencompassingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbeenticedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth. Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery—blacksmithsmasonscarpenters—whichhadhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandout-date.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.DuringthatperiodurbanblackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuingarrivalofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsub-sequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundcomesintoquestion. TheauthorcitieseachofthefollowingaspossibleinfluencesinaBlackworkers’decisiontomigratenorthintheGreatMigrationEXCEPT
ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderableenlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtofindthementallyillinjailsandalmshousesandcrusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecouldreceivehumanecareinhospital-likeenvironmentsandtreatmentwhichmighthelprestorethemtosanity.Bythemid-1800s20stateshadestablishedasylums.Butduringthelate1800sandearly1900sinthefaceofeconomicdepressionlegislatureswereunabletoappropriatesufficientfundsfordecentcare.Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.Additionallypatientsweremoreresistanttotreatmentthanthepioneersinthementalhealthfieldhadanticipatedandsecurityandrestraintwereneededtoprotectpatientsandothers.Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichthefightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten. TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorldWarⅡ.Atthattimenewtreatmentswerediscoveredforsomemajormentalillnessesconsidereduntreatablepenicillinforsyphilisofthebrainandinsulintreatmentforschizophreniaanddepressionsandasuccessionofbooksmotionpicturesandnewspaperscalledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.ImprovementsweremadeandDr.DavidVail’sHumanePracticesProgrammeisabeaconfortoday.Butchangeswerestoreincominguntiltheearly1960s.AtthattimetheCivilRightsMovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisonswhichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacksandtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheinstitutionsthatwereworsethanthehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswerefilledwithangryyoungmenwhoencouragedbylegalsupportwerequicktodemandtheirfights.Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsanebycontrastwerepopulatedwithpeoplewhowereconsidered"crazy"andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedoseofmajortranquillizers.Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.Thelawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewereafterallpeoplewhounlikecriminalshaddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystatestheywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutionsaninjusticewhichonceexposedwashoundtoshockthepublicandparticularlythejudicialconscience. Judicialinterventionshavehadsomedefinitepositiveeffectsbutthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.Thedetailsofprovidingday-to-daycaresimplycannotbemandatedbyacourtsoitistimetotakefromthecourtstheresponsibilityfordeliveryofmentalheathcareandassuranceofpatientfightsandreturnittothestatementalhealthadministratorstowhomthemandatewasoriginallygiven.Thoughitisadifficulttaskadministratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbutfortheCivilRightsMovement
Fortunatelytherearestillafewtastythingsforusgourmandstoenjoyinrelativesecurity.Theirnumbershoweveraredepletedalmostdaily.Itseemsbyruthlessproclamationsfromtheever-vigilantFoodandDrugAdministrationanditsalliesourdoctors.Thelatestfelontofaceprosecutionisthesaltoflifesodiumchloride. OstensiblyoveruseofsaltmuseshighbloodpressureandhypertensionthecauseofhalfthedeathsintheUnitedStateseveryyear.Afewyearsagotheanti-saltcampaignersraisedsucharumpusthatsaltwasbannedfrombabyfood.Currentlypressureisbeingappliedtofoodmanufacturerstoobligethemtolabeltheirproductstoshowsodiumcontent.Bemusedoingsowouldcostmercenarymanufacturersmoneytheyarguethattheyhavenoideahowmuchsaltremainsonsuchthingsaspotatochipsandhowmuchstickstothebag.Furthermoresaltisn’ttheonlyharmfulingredientinfood.IfthemanufacturerhastoprovidesodiumcontentwhynotrequirehimtolisteveryingredientandspecifywhicharedetrimentaltoourhealthCigaretteshaveawarningprintedonthem.Shouldn’tthesametypeofwarningappearoncannedfoodsthatarenotoriouslyover-salted Thereareendlessifsandbutsinthecontroversybutthemosttellingoftheseisthequestionableproofofsalt’sdiaboliceffectuponbloodpressure.Truepeoplewhocuttheirsaltintakeloweredtheirbloodpressurebutwhereisthescientificproofthatsomethingotherthansaltdidn’tdothetrickThemostcommonmeansofprovidingdubiousproofthatsaltcauseshypertensionistocomparesocietiesthatuselittlesaltwiththosethatusemountainsofsaltintheirdailydiets.WhichgrouphasthehigherrateofhypertensionWhosebloodpressureislowerWhathappenswhensaltisintroducedintoagroupwheresaltisanoveltyDoesthebloodpressurerisesignificantlyStudiesoftheJapaneseindicatethatastheworld’sgreatestsalterstheysufferthemostfromhypertension.Ontheotherhandthesimplesalt-freecuisineofseveraltribesintheSolomonIslandshaskeptoldertribesmenandwomenfromdevelopinghypertensionandhighbloodpressureailmentstraditionallykillingtheirpeersinAmerica.NoaccountistakenoftheeffectsofinflationrecessionpollutioncrimeandsundryotherillstowhichAmericansunlikepeopleonprimitiveislandsareexposed. TosaltornottosaltThatisthequestion.Nowthatthequestionhasarisenitmustnotbetreatedwithlevitybutratherwithsearchingscientificinvestigationsothatthoseofuswhoarepreoccupiedwithbothsavoryfoodandlongevitymaydecidewhichofthetwoisworthitssalt. Foodmanufacturersdonotwanttolabelpackageswithsodiumcontentbecause
Oursisasocietythattriestokeeptheworldsharplydividedintomasculineandfemininenotbecausethatisthewaytheworldisbutbecausethatisthewaywebelieveitshouldbe.Ittakesunwaveringbeliefandconsiderableefforttokeepthisdivision.Italsoleadsustomakesomefairlyfoolishjudgmentsparticularlyaboutlanguage. Becausewethinkthatlanguagealsoshouldbedividedintomasculineand.femininewehavebecomeveryskilledatignoringanythingthatwillnotfitourpreconceptions.Wewouldratherchangewhatwehearthanchangeourideasaboutthegenderdivisionoftheworld.Wewillcallassertivegirlsunfeminineandsupportiveboyseffeminateandtrytoehan4gethemwhilestillretainingourstereotypesofmasculineandfemininetalk. Thisiswhysomeresearchonsexdifferencesandlanguagehasbeensointeresting.Itisanillustrationofhowwrongwecanbe.Ofthemanyinvestigatorswhosetouttofindthestereotypedsexdifferencesinlanguagefewhavehadanypositiveresults.Itseemsthatourimagesofserioustaciturn沉黙的malespeakersandgossipygarrulous饶舌的femalespeakersarejustthat:images. Manymythsassociatedwithmasculineandfemininetalkhavehadtobediscardedasmoreresearchhasbeenundertaken.Iffemalesdousemoretrivialwordsthanmalesstoptalkinginmid-sentenceortalkaboutthesamethingsoverandoveragaintheydonotdoitwheninvestigatorsarearound. Noneofthesecharacteristicsoffemalespeechhavebeenfound.Andevenwhensexdifferenceshavebeenfoundthequestionarisesastowhetherthedifferencesisintheeyeorearofthebeholderratherthaninthelanguage. Ifmalesdonotspeakinhigh-pitchedvoicesitisnotusuallybecausetheyareunabletodoso.Thereasonismorelikelytobethattherearepenalties.Maleswithhigh-pitchedvoicesareoftentheobjectofridicule.Butpitchisnotanabsoluteforwhatisconsideredtherightpitchformalesvariesfromcountrytocountry. Malesdonorspeakloudlybecause
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondifyougeta3.Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachineinoperationyou6hearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessage7usuallysayssomething8this:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe9rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"10isabriefhigh-pitched11.Alterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto12youoryoucanleavea13.Sometelephoneansweringmachines14foronly20or30secondsafterthebeepsoyoumustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon15aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof16.Usingthesesystems17youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyourtopushacertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantin-formationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Aftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Fortunatelytherearestillafewtastythingsforusgourmandstoenjoyinrelativesecurity.Theirnumbershoweveraredepletedalmostdaily.Itseemsbyruthlessproclamationsfromtheever-vigilantFoodandDrugAdministrationanditsalliesourdoctors.Thelatestfelontofaceprosecutionisthesaltoflifesodiumchloride. OstensiblyoveruseofsaltmuseshighbloodpressureandhypertensionthecauseofhalfthedeathsintheUnitedStateseveryyear.Afewyearsagotheanti-saltcampaignersraisedsucharumpusthatsaltwasbannedfrombabyfood.Currentlypressureisbeingappliedtofoodmanufacturerstoobligethemtolabeltheirproductstoshowsodiumcontent.Bemusedoingsowouldcostmercenarymanufacturersmoneytheyarguethattheyhavenoideahowmuchsaltremainsonsuchthingsaspotatochipsandhowmuchstickstothebag.Furthermoresaltisn’ttheonlyharmfulingredientinfood.IfthemanufacturerhastoprovidesodiumcontentwhynotrequirehimtolisteveryingredientandspecifywhicharedetrimentaltoourhealthCigaretteshaveawarningprintedonthem.Shouldn’tthesametypeofwarningappearoncannedfoodsthatarenotoriouslyover-salted Thereareendlessifsandbutsinthecontroversybutthemosttellingoftheseisthequestionableproofofsalt’sdiaboliceffectuponbloodpressure.Truepeoplewhocuttheirsaltintakeloweredtheirbloodpressurebutwhereisthescientificproofthatsomethingotherthansaltdidn’tdothetrickThemostcommonmeansofprovidingdubiousproofthatsaltcauseshypertensionistocomparesocietiesthatuselittlesaltwiththosethatusemountainsofsaltintheirdailydiets.WhichgrouphasthehigherrateofhypertensionWhosebloodpressureislowerWhathappenswhensaltisintroducedintoagroupwheresaltisanoveltyDoesthebloodpressurerisesignificantlyStudiesoftheJapaneseindicatethatastheworld’sgreatestsalterstheysufferthemostfromhypertension.Ontheotherhandthesimplesalt-freecuisineofseveraltribesintheSolomonIslandshaskeptoldertribesmenandwomenfromdevelopinghypertensionandhighbloodpressureailmentstraditionallykillingtheirpeersinAmerica.NoaccountistakenoftheeffectsofinflationrecessionpollutioncrimeandsundryotherillstowhichAmericansunlikepeopleonprimitiveislandsareexposed. TosaltornottosaltThatisthequestion.Nowthatthequestionhasarisenitmustnotbetreatedwithlevitybutratherwithsearchingscientificinvestigationsothatthoseofuswhoarepreoccupiedwithbothsavoryfoodandlongevitymaydecidewhichofthetwoisworthitssalt. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothetopic
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondifyougeta3.Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachineinoperationyou6hearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessage7usuallysayssomething8this:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe9rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"10isabriefhigh-pitched11.Alterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto12youoryoucanleavea13.Sometelephoneansweringmachines14foronly20or30secondsafterthebeepsoyoumustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon15aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof16.Usingthesesystems17youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyourtopushacertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantin-formationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Aftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Oursisasocietythattriestokeeptheworldsharplydividedintomasculineandfemininenotbecausethatisthewaytheworldisbutbecausethatisthewaywebelieveitshouldbe.Ittakesunwaveringbeliefandconsiderableefforttokeepthisdivision.Italsoleadsustomakesomefairlyfoolishjudgmentsparticularlyaboutlanguage. Becausewethinkthatlanguagealsoshouldbedividedintomasculineand.femininewehavebecomeveryskilledatignoringanythingthatwillnotfitourpreconceptions.Wewouldratherchangewhatwehearthanchangeourideasaboutthegenderdivisionoftheworld.Wewillcallassertivegirlsunfeminineandsupportiveboyseffeminateandtrytoehan4gethemwhilestillretainingourstereotypesofmasculineandfemininetalk. Thisiswhysomeresearchonsexdifferencesandlanguagehasbeensointeresting.Itisanillustrationofhowwrongwecanbe.Ofthemanyinvestigatorswhosetouttofindthestereotypedsexdifferencesinlanguagefewhavehadanypositiveresults.Itseemsthatourimagesofserioustaciturn沉黙的malespeakersandgossipygarrulous饶舌的femalespeakersarejustthat:images. Manymythsassociatedwithmasculineandfemininetalkhavehadtobediscardedasmoreresearchhasbeenundertaken.Iffemalesdousemoretrivialwordsthanmalesstoptalkinginmid-sentenceortalkaboutthesamethingsoverandoveragaintheydonotdoitwheninvestigatorsarearound. Noneofthesecharacteristicsoffemalespeechhavebeenfound.Andevenwhensexdifferenceshavebeenfoundthequestionarisesastowhetherthedifferencesisintheeyeorearofthebeholderratherthaninthelanguage. Ifmalesdonotspeakinhigh-pitchedvoicesitisnotusuallybecausetheyareunabletodoso.Thereasonismorelikelytobethattherearepenalties.Maleswithhigh-pitchedvoicesareoftentheobjectofridicule.Butpitchisnotanabsoluteforwhatisconsideredtherightpitchformalesvariesfromcountrytocountry. Thepassageimpliesthattheauthor’sattitudetowardsthedivisionoffemininetalkandmasculinetalkis
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondifyougeta3.Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachineinoperationyou6hearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessage7usuallysayssomething8this:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe9rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"10isabriefhigh-pitched11.Alterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto12youoryoucanleavea13.Sometelephoneansweringmachines14foronly20or30secondsafterthebeepsoyoumustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon15aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof16.Usingthesesystems17youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyourtopushacertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantin-formationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Aftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondifyougeta3.Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachineinoperationyou6hearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessage7usuallysayssomething8this:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe9rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"10isabriefhigh-pitched11.Alterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto12youoryoucanleavea13.Sometelephoneansweringmachines14foronly20or30secondsafterthebeepsoyoumustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon15aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof16.Usingthesesystems17youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyourtopushacertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantin-formationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Aftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondifyougeta3.Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachineinoperationyou6hearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessage7usuallysayssomething8this:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe9rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"10isabriefhigh-pitched11.Alterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto12youoryoucanleavea13.Sometelephoneansweringmachines14foronly20or30secondsafterthebeepsoyoumustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon15aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof16.Usingthesesystems17youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyourtopushacertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantin-formationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Aftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless.Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail.Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Thinkingaboutnuclearterrorism.Therealisticthreatssettleintotwobroadcategories.46ThelesslikelybutfarmoreruinousisanactualnuclearexplosionagreatholeblownintheheartofNewYorkorWashingtonfollowedbyatoxicfogofradiation.Thiscouldbeproducedbyablack-marketnuclearwarheadprocuredfromanexistingarsenal军工厂whichmightbeinRussiaPakistanorothercountriesorareas.Ortheexplosivecouldbeahomemadedevicelowerinyieldthanafactorynuke核武器butstillcreatinggreatsuffering. 47Thesecondcategoryisaradiologicalattackcontaminatingapublicplacewithradioactivematerialbypackingitwithconventionalexplosivesina"dirtybomb"bydispersingitintotheairorwaterorbydestroyinganuclearfacility.Bycomparisonwiththetaskofcreatingnuclearfissionsomeoftheseschemeswouldbealmostchildishlysimplealthoughtheconsequenceswouldbelesshorrifying. Nothingisreallynewabouttheseperils.ThemeanstoinflictnuclearharmonAmericahavebeenavailabletorascalsforalongtime.Seriousstudiesofthethreatofnuclearterrordatedbacktothe1970’s.48AmericanprogramstokeepRussiannuclearingredientsfromfallingintomurderoushandswerehatchedsoonaftertheSovietUniondisintegratedadecadeago.WhenterroristsgetaroundtotryingtheirfirstnuclearassaultasyoucanbesuretheywilltherewillbeplentyofpeopleentitledtosayItoldyouso. 49AllSept.11didwastoturnatheoreticalpossibilityintoafeltdangerAllitdidwastosupplyacredibleeastofcharacterswhohateussomuchthattheywouldthrilltotheprospectofactuallydoingit-andmostimportantinrethinkingtheprobabilitieswouldbehappytodieintheeffort.Allitdidwastogiveournightmareslegs. Andofthemanynightmaresanimatedbytheattacksthisistheonewithprideofplaceinourexperienceandliterature—andweknowfromhisownlipsinOsamabinLaden’s奥萨马·本·拉登aspirations.InFebruaryTomRidgetheBushadministration’shomelandsecuritychiefvisitedTheTimesforaconversationandattheendsomeoneaskedgivenallthethingshehadtoworryabout--hijackedairlinersanthrax炭疽热inthemailsmallpoxgermsincrop-dusters--whatdidheworryaboutmostHecuppedhishandsprayerfullyandpressedhisfingertipstohislips."Nuclear"hesaidsimply. Myassignmentherewastostareatthatfearandtheinventoryofthepossibilities.HowafraidshouldwebeandwhatofexactlyI’lltellyouattheoutsetthiswasnotoneofthoseexercisesinwhichweighingthefearsandassigningthemprobabilitieslaidthemtorest.I’mnotevacuatingManhattanbutneitheramIsleepingquiteassoundly.50AsIwaswritingthisoneSaturdayinAprilthefloorbegantorumbleandmydesklampshookprecariously不稳定的充满危险的.AlthoughIgrewupontheSanAndreasFaultthefactthatNewYorkwasexperiencinganearthquakewasonlymysecondthought. ThelesslikelybutfarmoreruinousisanactualnuclearexplosionagreatholeblownintheheartofNewYorkorWashingtonfollowedbyatoxicfogofradiation.
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondifyougeta3.Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachineinoperationyou6hearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessage7usuallysayssomething8this:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe9rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"10isabriefhigh-pitched11.Alterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto12youoryoucanleavea13.Sometelephoneansweringmachines14foronly20or30secondsafterthebeepsoyoumustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon15aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof16.Usingthesesystems17youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyourtopushacertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantin-formationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Aftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless.Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail.Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwheremostoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswith.thelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatthemajorityofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwofactors:thecollapseofthecottonindustrywhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills. ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeenthoroughlyinvestigated.Althoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentanexodus大批出走fromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin"manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits"thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyencompassingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbeenticedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth. Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery—blacksmithsmasonscarpenters—whichhadhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandout-date.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.DuringthatperiodurbanblackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuingarrivalofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsub-sequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundcomesintoquestion. Whichofthefollowingrecordshasbeenasourceofinformationinherinvestigation
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould: 1describethecartoonpointoutthemessageconveyed; 2giveyourcomment. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
调解书逮捕证是规范性法律文件
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondifyougeta3.Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachineinoperationyou6hearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessage7usuallysayssomething8this:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe9rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"10isabriefhigh-pitched11.Alterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto12youoryoucanleavea13.Sometelephoneansweringmachines14foronly20or30secondsafterthebeepsoyoumustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon15aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof16.Usingthesesystems17youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyourtopushacertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantin-formationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Aftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondifyougeta3.Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachineinoperationyou6hearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessage7usuallysayssomething8this:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe9rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"10isabriefhigh-pitched11.Alterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto12youoryoucanleavea13.Sometelephoneansweringmachines14foronly20or30secondsafterthebeepsoyoumustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon15aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof16.Usingthesesystems17youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyourtopushacertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantin-formationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Aftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondifyougeta3.Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachineinoperationyou6hearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessage7usuallysayssomething8this:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe9rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"10isabriefhigh-pitched11.Alterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto12youoryoucanleavea13.Sometelephoneansweringmachines14foronly20or30secondsafterthebeepsoyoumustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon15aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof16.Usingthesesystems17youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyourtopushacertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantin-formationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Aftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwheremostoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswith.thelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatthemajorityofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwofactors:thecollapseofthecottonindustrywhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills. ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeenthoroughlyinvestigated.Althoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentanexodus大批出走fromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigrationnoonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin"manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits"thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyencompassingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbeenticedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth. Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery—blacksmithsmasonscarpenters—whichhadhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandout-date.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.DuringthatperiodurbanblackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuingarrivalofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsub-sequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundcomesintoquestion. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
ArecessionmarkedtheearlyyearsofReagan’spresidencybutconditionsstartedtoimprovein1983andtheUnitedStatesenteredoneofthelongestperiodsofsustainedeconomicgrowthsinceWorldWarⅡ.Howeveranalarmingpercentageofthisgrowthwasbasedondeficitspending.In1988formervicepresidentGeorgeBushbecamePresident.HecontinuedmanyofReagan’spolicies.Bush’seffortstogaincontroloverthefederalbudgetdeficithoweverwereproblematic.The1990sbroughtanewpresidentBillClintonacautiousmoderateDemocratwhoseliberalinitiativescreatedamythfortheAmericaneconomy. 41__________.StillalthoughClintonreducedthesizeofthefederalworkforcethegovernmentcontinuedtoplayacrucialroleinthenation’seconomy.MastofthemajorinnovationsoftheNewDealandagoodmanyoftheGreatSocietyremainedinplace.AndtheFederalReservesystemcontinuedtoregulatetheoverallpaceofeconomicactivitywithawatchfuleyeforanysignsofrenewedinflation. 42__________.Technologicaldevelopmentsbroughtawiderangeofsophisticatednewelectronicproducts.Innovationsintelecommunicationsandcomputernetworkingspawnedavastcomputerhardwareandsoftwareindustryandrevolutionizedthewaymanyindustriesoperate. 43__________.NolongerareAmericansafraidthattheJapanesewilloverwhelmthemwithsuperiortechnologyorthattheywillsaddletheirchildrenwithgovernmentdebt. America’slaborforcechangedmarkedlyduringthe1990s.Continuingalongtermtrendthenumberoffarmersdeclined.Asmallportionofworkershadjobsinindustrywhileamuchgreatershareworkedintheservicesectorinjobsrangingfromstoreclerkstofinancialplanners.IfsteelandshoeswerenolongerAmericanmanufacturingmainstayscomputersandthesoftwarethatmakethemrunwere. 44__________.EconomistssurprisedatthecombinationofrapidgrowthandcontinuedlowinflationdebatedwhethertheUnitedStateshada"neweconomy"capableofsustainingafastergrowthratethanseemedpossiblebasedontheexperiencesoftheprevious40years. 45__________.Asiawhichhadgrownespeciallyrapidlyduringthe1980sjoinedEuropeasamajorsupplieroffinishedgoodsandamarketforAmericanexports.Sophisticatedworldwidetelecommunicationssystemslinkedtheworld’sfinancialmarketsinawayunimaginableevenafewyearsearlier. A.Theeconomymeanwhileturnedinanincreasinglyhealthyperformanceasthe1990sprogressed.WiththefalloftheSovietUnionandEasternEuropeancommunisminthelate1980stradeopportunitiesexpandedgreatly. B.StillAmericansendedthe1990switharestoredsenseofconfidence.Bytheendof1999theeconomyhadgrowncontinuouslysinceMarch1991thelongestpeacetimeeconomicexpansioninhistory. C.Clintonsoundedsomeofthesamethemesashispredecessors.AfterunsuccessfullyurgingCongresstoenactanambitiousproposaltoexpandhealth-insurancecoverageClintondeclaredthattheeraof"biggovernment"wasoverinAmerica.HepushedtostrengthenmarketforcesinsomesectorsworkingwithCongresstoopenlocaltelephoneservicetocompetition.HealsojoinedRepublicanstoreducewelfarebenefits. D.FinallytheAmericaneconomywasmorecloselyintertwinedwiththeglobaleconomythaniteverhadbeen.Clintonlikehispredecessorshadcontinuedtopushforeliminationoftradebarriers.ANorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementNAFTA.hadfurtherincreasedeconomictiesbetweentheUnitedStatesanditslargesttradingpartnersCanadaandMexico. E.WhilemanyAmericansremainedconvincedthatglobaleconomicintegrationbenefitedallnationsthegrowinginterdependencecreatedsomedislocationsaswell.Workersinhigh-technologyindustriesatwhichtheUnitedStatesexcelledfaredratherwellbutcompetitionfrommanyforeigncountriesthatgenerallyhadlowerlaborcoststendedtodampenwagesintraditionalmanufacturingindustries. F.TheexpansionthatbeganinMarch1991hasraisedrealgrossdomesticproductbymorethanathirdminted100000morepeopleearningamilliondollarsayear.Afterpeakingat$290000millionin1992thefederalbudgetdeficitsteadilyshrankaseconomicgrowthincreasedtaxrevenues.In1998thegovernmentposteditsfirstsurplusin30yearsalthoughahugedebtmainlyintheformofpromisedfutureSocialSecuritypaymentstothebabyboomersremained. G.BestofallthehealthyeconomyhastransformedthepsycheofmillionsofAmericans.Thepervasivegloomatthebeginningofthe1990sisgone. 44
Thinkingaboutnuclearterrorism.Therealisticthreatssettleintotwobroadcategories.46ThelesslikelybutfarmoreruinousisanactualnuclearexplosionagreatholeblownintheheartofNewYorkorWashingtonfollowedbyatoxicfogofradiation.Thiscouldbeproducedbyablack-marketnuclearwarheadprocuredfromanexistingarsenal军工厂whichmightbeinRussiaPakistanorothercountriesorareas.Ortheexplosivecouldbeahomemadedevicelowerinyieldthanafactorynuke核武器butstillcreatinggreatsuffering. 47Thesecondcategoryisaradiologicalattackcontaminatingapublicplacewithradioactivematerialbypackingitwithconventionalexplosivesina"dirtybomb"bydispersingitintotheairorwaterorbydestroyinganuclearfacility.Bycomparisonwiththetaskofcreatingnuclearfissionsomeoftheseschemeswouldbealmostchildishlysimplealthoughtheconsequenceswouldbelesshorrifying. Nothingisreallynewabouttheseperils.ThemeanstoinflictnuclearharmonAmericahavebeenavailabletorascalsforalongtime.Seriousstudiesofthethreatofnuclearterrordatedbacktothe1970’s.48AmericanprogramstokeepRussiannuclearingredientsfromfallingintomurderoushandswerehatchedsoonaftertheSovietUniondisintegratedadecadeago.WhenterroristsgetaroundtotryingtheirfirstnuclearassaultasyoucanbesuretheywilltherewillbeplentyofpeopleentitledtosayItoldyouso. 49AllSept.11didwastoturnatheoreticalpossibilityintoafeltdangerAllitdidwastosupplyacredibleeastofcharacterswhohateussomuchthattheywouldthrilltotheprospectofactuallydoingit-andmostimportantinrethinkingtheprobabilitieswouldbehappytodieintheeffort.Allitdidwastogiveournightmareslegs. Andofthemanynightmaresanimatedbytheattacksthisistheonewithprideofplaceinourexperienceandliterature—andweknowfromhisownlipsinOsamabinLaden’s奥萨马·本·拉登aspirations.InFebruaryTomRidgetheBushadministration’shomelandsecuritychiefvisitedTheTimesforaconversationandattheendsomeoneaskedgivenallthethingshehadtoworryabout--hijackedairlinersanthrax炭疽热inthemailsmallpoxgermsincrop-dusters--whatdidheworryaboutmostHecuppedhishandsprayerfullyandpressedhisfingertipstohislips."Nuclear"hesaidsimply. Myassignmentherewastostareatthatfearandtheinventoryofthepossibilities.HowafraidshouldwebeandwhatofexactlyI’lltellyouattheoutsetthiswasnotoneofthoseexercisesinwhichweighingthefearsandassigningthemprobabilitieslaidthemtorest.I’mnotevacuatingManhattanbutneitheramIsleepingquiteassoundly.50AsIwaswritingthisoneSaturdayinAprilthefloorbegantorumbleandmydesklampshookprecariously不稳定的充满危险的.AlthoughIgrewupontheSanAndreasFaultthefactthatNewYorkwasexperiencinganearthquakewasonlymysecondthought. AsIwaswritingthisoneSaturdayinAprilthefloorbegantorumbleandmydesklampshookprecariously
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless.Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail.Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Thinkingaboutnuclearterrorism.Therealisticthreatssettleintotwobroadcategories.46ThelesslikelybutfarmoreruinousisanactualnuclearexplosionagreatholeblownintheheartofNewYorkorWashingtonfollowedbyatoxicfogofradiation.Thiscouldbeproducedbyablack-marketnuclearwarheadprocuredfromanexistingarsenal军工厂whichmightbeinRussiaPakistanorothercountriesorareas.Ortheexplosivecouldbeahomemadedevicelowerinyieldthanafactorynuke核武器butstillcreatinggreatsuffering. 47Thesecondcategoryisaradiologicalattackcontaminatingapublicplacewithradioactivematerialbypackingitwithconventionalexplosivesina"dirtybomb"bydispersingitintotheairorwaterorbydestroyinganuclearfacility.Bycomparisonwiththetaskofcreatingnuclearfissionsomeoftheseschemeswouldbealmostchildishlysimplealthoughtheconsequenceswouldbelesshorrifying. Nothingisreallynewabouttheseperils.ThemeanstoinflictnuclearharmonAmericahavebeenavailabletorascalsforalongtime.Seriousstudiesofthethreatofnuclearterrordatedbacktothe1970’s.48AmericanprogramstokeepRussiannuclearingredientsfromfallingintomurderoushandswerehatchedsoonaftertheSovietUniondisintegratedadecadeago.WhenterroristsgetaroundtotryingtheirfirstnuclearassaultasyoucanbesuretheywilltherewillbeplentyofpeopleentitledtosayItoldyouso. 49AllSept.11didwastoturnatheoreticalpossibilityintoafeltdangerAllitdidwastosupplyacredibleeastofcharacterswhohateussomuchthattheywouldthrilltotheprospectofactuallydoingit-andmostimportantinrethinkingtheprobabilitieswouldbehappytodieintheeffort.Allitdidwastogiveournightmareslegs. Andofthemanynightmaresanimatedbytheattacksthisistheonewithprideofplaceinourexperienceandliterature—andweknowfromhisownlipsinOsamabinLaden’s奥萨马·本·拉登aspirations.InFebruaryTomRidgetheBushadministration’shomelandsecuritychiefvisitedTheTimesforaconversationandattheendsomeoneaskedgivenallthethingshehadtoworryabout--hijackedairlinersanthrax炭疽热inthemailsmallpoxgermsincrop-dusters--whatdidheworryaboutmostHecuppedhishandsprayerfullyandpressedhisfingertipstohislips."Nuclear"hesaidsimply. Myassignmentherewastostareatthatfearandtheinventoryofthepossibilities.HowafraidshouldwebeandwhatofexactlyI’lltellyouattheoutsetthiswasnotoneofthoseexercisesinwhichweighingthefearsandassigningthemprobabilitieslaidthemtorest.I’mnotevacuatingManhattanbutneitheramIsleepingquiteassoundly.50AsIwaswritingthisoneSaturdayinAprilthefloorbegantorumbleandmydesklampshookprecariously不稳定的充满危险的.AlthoughIgrewupontheSanAndreasFaultthefactthatNewYorkwasexperiencinganearthquakewasonlymysecondthought. AmericanprogramstokeepRussiannuclearingredientsfromfallingintomurderoushandswerehatchedsoonaftertheSovietUniondisintegratedadecadeago.
ArecessionmarkedtheearlyyearsofReagan’spresidencybutconditionsstartedtoimprovein1983andtheUnitedStatesenteredoneofthelongestperiodsofsustainedeconomicgrowthsinceWorldWarⅡ.Howeveranalarmingpercentageofthisgrowthwasbasedondeficitspending.In1988formervicepresidentGeorgeBushbecamePresident.HecontinuedmanyofReagan’spolicies.Bush’seffortstogaincontroloverthefederalbudgetdeficithoweverwereproblematic.The1990sbroughtanewpresidentBillClintonacautiousmoderateDemocratwhoseliberalinitiativescreatedamythfortheAmericaneconomy. 41__________.StillalthoughClintonreducedthesizeofthefederalworkforcethegovernmentcontinuedtoplayacrucialroleinthenation’seconomy.MastofthemajorinnovationsoftheNewDealandagoodmanyoftheGreatSocietyremainedinplace.AndtheFederalReservesystemcontinuedtoregulatetheoverallpaceofeconomicactivitywithawatchfuleyeforanysignsofrenewedinflation. 42__________.Technologicaldevelopmentsbroughtawiderangeofsophisticatednewelectronicproducts.Innovationsintelecommunicationsandcomputernetworkingspawnedavastcomputerhardwareandsoftwareindustryandrevolutionizedthewaymanyindustriesoperate. 43__________.NolongerareAmericansafraidthattheJapanesewilloverwhelmthemwithsuperiortechnologyorthattheywillsaddletheirchildrenwithgovernmentdebt. America’slaborforcechangedmarkedlyduringthe1990s.Continuingalongtermtrendthenumberoffarmersdeclined.Asmallportionofworkershadjobsinindustrywhileamuchgreatershareworkedintheservicesectorinjobsrangingfromstoreclerkstofinancialplanners.IfsteelandshoeswerenolongerAmericanmanufacturingmainstayscomputersandthesoftwarethatmakethemrunwere. 44__________.EconomistssurprisedatthecombinationofrapidgrowthandcontinuedlowinflationdebatedwhethertheUnitedStateshada"neweconomy"capableofsustainingafastergrowthratethanseemedpossiblebasedontheexperiencesoftheprevious40years. 45__________.Asiawhichhadgrownespeciallyrapidlyduringthe1980sjoinedEuropeasamajorsupplieroffinishedgoodsandamarketforAmericanexports.Sophisticatedworldwidetelecommunicationssystemslinkedtheworld’sfinancialmarketsinawayunimaginableevenafewyearsearlier. A.Theeconomymeanwhileturnedinanincreasinglyhealthyperformanceasthe1990sprogressed.WiththefalloftheSovietUnionandEasternEuropeancommunisminthelate1980stradeopportunitiesexpandedgreatly. B.StillAmericansendedthe1990switharestoredsenseofconfidence.Bytheendof1999theeconomyhadgrowncontinuouslysinceMarch1991thelongestpeacetimeeconomicexpansioninhistory. C.Clintonsoundedsomeofthesamethemesashispredecessors.AfterunsuccessfullyurgingCongresstoenactanambitiousproposaltoexpandhealth-insurancecoverageClintondeclaredthattheeraof"biggovernment"wasoverinAmerica.HepushedtostrengthenmarketforcesinsomesectorsworkingwithCongresstoopenlocaltelephoneservicetocompetition.HealsojoinedRepublicanstoreducewelfarebenefits. D.FinallytheAmericaneconomywasmorecloselyintertwinedwiththeglobaleconomythaniteverhadbeen.Clintonlikehispredecessorshadcontinuedtopushforeliminationoftradebarriers.ANorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementNAFTA.hadfurtherincreasedeconomictiesbetweentheUnitedStatesanditslargesttradingpartnersCanadaandMexico. E.WhilemanyAmericansremainedconvincedthatglobaleconomicintegrationbenefitedallnationsthegrowinginterdependencecreatedsomedislocationsaswell.Workersinhigh-technologyindustriesatwhichtheUnitedStatesexcelledfaredratherwellbutcompetitionfrommanyforeigncountriesthatgenerallyhadlowerlaborcoststendedtodampenwagesintraditionalmanufacturingindustries. F.TheexpansionthatbeganinMarch1991hasraisedrealgrossdomesticproductbymorethanathirdminted100000morepeopleearningamilliondollarsayear.Afterpeakingat$290000millionin1992thefederalbudgetdeficitsteadilyshrankaseconomicgrowthincreasedtaxrevenues.In1998thegovernmentposteditsfirstsurplusin30yearsalthoughahugedebtmainlyintheformofpromisedfutureSocialSecuritypaymentstothebabyboomersremained. G.BestofallthehealthyeconomyhastransformedthepsycheofmillionsofAmericans.Thepervasivegloomatthebeginningofthe1990sisgone. 42
Oursisasocietythattriestokeeptheworldsharplydividedintomasculineandfemininenotbecausethatisthewaytheworldisbutbecausethatisthewaywebelieveitshouldbe.Ittakesunwaveringbeliefandconsiderableefforttokeepthisdivision.Italsoleadsustomakesomefairlyfoolishjudgmentsparticularlyaboutlanguage. Becausewethinkthatlanguagealsoshouldbedividedintomasculineand.femininewehavebecomeveryskilledatignoringanythingthatwillnotfitourpreconceptions.Wewouldratherchangewhatwehearthanchangeourideasaboutthegenderdivisionoftheworld.Wewillcallassertivegirlsunfeminineandsupportiveboyseffeminateandtrytoehan4gethemwhilestillretainingourstereotypesofmasculineandfemininetalk. Thisiswhysomeresearchonsexdifferencesandlanguagehasbeensointeresting.Itisanillustrationofhowwrongwecanbe.Ofthemanyinvestigatorswhosetouttofindthestereotypedsexdifferencesinlanguagefewhavehadanypositiveresults.Itseemsthatourimagesofserioustaciturn沉黙的malespeakersandgossipygarrulous饶舌的femalespeakersarejustthat:images. Manymythsassociatedwithmasculineandfemininetalkhavehadtobediscardedasmoreresearchhasbeenundertaken.Iffemalesdousemoretrivialwordsthanmalesstoptalkinginmid-sentenceortalkaboutthesamethingsoverandoveragaintheydonotdoitwheninvestigatorsarearound. Noneofthesecharacteristicsoffemalespeechhavebeenfound.Andevenwhensexdifferenceshavebeenfoundthequestionarisesastowhetherthedifferencesisintheeyeorearofthebeholderratherthaninthelanguage. Ifmalesdonotspeakinhigh-pitchedvoicesitisnotusuallybecausetheyareunabletodoso.Thereasonismorelikelytobethattherearepenalties.Maleswithhigh-pitchedvoicesareoftentheobjectofridicule.Butpitchisnotanabsoluteforwhatisconsideredtherightpitchformalesvariesfromcountrytocountry. Theauthorusespitchasanexampleinordertoindicate
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