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Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore.Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992--1993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusare.tobeheardinveighingagainsttheappeasingofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitistheirowncountryatall.Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthefamilyoforganizations.Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalistyouthwingoftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya.TowardstheissueofHindu-Muslimrelationsthewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 6
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 16
ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash.MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthatthesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques.Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque.Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy.Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices.Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection--willbeafailure.WhatdoestheauthormeanbyaclassicnegotiatingerrorParagraph2
Arecentbodyofeconomicliteraturesupportsthenotionthattheself-employedaremoresatisfiedwiththeirjobsthanareemployees.TheresearchfindsthistobetrueacrossmostOECDcountrieswithAustriaFinlandandGreecethemajorexceptions. HoweverinSelf-Employment:MoreMayNotBeBetterNBERWorkingPaperNo.10286NBERResearchAssociateDavidBlanchflowerdistinguishesanumberoflessdesirableaspectsofbeingself-employedwhichdonotappeartohavebeenquantifiedpreviously.46Hisstudyhelpstoexplainwhysomanyofthosewhoexpressadesiretobecomeself-employedarefrustratedinthatdesireformanyreasonincludingthedifficultyinobtainingcapital. Blanchflowerfindsthatself-employmentratesaregenerallydownacrosstheOECD.ThemainexceptionsaretheUnitedKingdomandNewZealand.Thestrongpatternsevidentinthedataacrosscountriesshowthattheprobabilityofbeingself-employedacrosstheOECDishigherformenandforolderworkersascomparedwithyoungerworkers.47InEuropetheprobabilitiesofbeingself-employedarelowerthemoreeducatedanindividualiswhiletheoppositeistrueintheUnitedStates.Somegroupsofimmigrantsalsohavehigherratesofself-employmentthantheindigenouspopulation. CapitalconstraintsappeartobindespeciallytightlyintheUnitedStatesforfirmsownedbyminoritiesandwomen.Thelowratesofself-employmentofblacksandHispanicsintheUnitedStatesappearinparttobedrivenbyliquidityconstraints.ThereisevidencethatliquidityconstraintsarefeltinothercountriesaswellincludingtheUnitedKingdomFinlandAustraliaCanadaandSweden. 48Healsosuggeststhatpeoplemayhaveanunrealisticallyrosyviewofwhatitisliketoruntheirownbusinessratherthanstayingwiththecomparativesecurityofbeinganemployee.Asurprisinglyhighproportionofemployeessaytheywouldprefertobeself-employed. 49Despitethefactthatveryhighproportionsofemployeessaytheywouldliketosetuptheirownbusinesstherealityisquitedifferent.Theevidenceinthispapersuggeststhatpeoplemaywellbeabletojudgewhatisintheirownbestinterestwhichispreciselywhytheyremainasemployees.50Theself-employedworkunderalotofpressure;theyreportthattheyfindtheirworkstressful;theycomehomefromworkexhaustedandareconstantlyunderstrain;theylosesleepduetoworry;andtheyplacemoreweightonworkthantheydoonleisure.Howevertheyarealsoespeciallylikelytosaythattheyhavecontrolovertheirlivesandtoreportahighlevelofsatisfactionwiththeirlives.Beingself-employedisdifficultandappearstorequireraretalents;Blanchflowerconcludesthatselfemploymentisnotforeveryone. 48
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 2
WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves.Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust.Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious.DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledipping--thatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer.ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-callednon-monetarydamages.Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns.Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem.Bymentioningdouble-dippingParagraph4theauthoristalkingabout
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 10
Text4 "Myveryeducatedmotherjustservedusninepizzas."ManyAmericanschoolchildrenaretaughtthissentencetohelpthemremembertheorderoftheplanetsofthesolarsystem.SoonthoughthismaychangebecauseonJuly29thateamofastronomersannouncedthediscoveryofaverydistantcelestialbodylargerthanPluto.Theresearchersclaimthatthenewbody--whichtheyareinformallycallingXena--shouldbeclassifiedasaplanet. Thenewbody--temporarilynamed2003UB313--orbitstheSunonceevery560years.Itiscurrentlyover14billionkilometresawayaboutthreetimesfartheroutthanPlutomakingitthemostdistantobjecteverdiscoveredinthesolarsystem.TheresearchersthinkitispartoftheKuiperbeltaringofrockyobjectsthatextendsbeyondNeptune. MikeBrownoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyChadTrujillooftheGeminiObservatoryandDavidRabinowitzofYaleUniversitydiscoveredtheobjectindatarecordedatthePalomarObservatoryinSanDiegoinOctober2003butitsmotiondidnotbecomeapparentuntiltheyreanalysedthedatainJanuary2005. Thequestionofwhetherornotthenewbodyshouldbeconsideredaplanethasrekindledthedebateoverwhatexactlycountsasaplanet.AhandfulofobjectsofsimilarsizetobutsmallerthanPlutohavebeendiscoveredintheKuiperbeltoverthepastfewyears.ThesehavenotbeenconsideredplanetsmainlybecausetheyweresmallerthanPluto.But2003UB313islargerthanPluto.IfPlutoisaplanetshouldn’titbeaswell Thecaseisnotsoclearcut.ManyastronomersarguethatPlutoshouldnotbeconsideredaplanet.Itismorelikealargeasteroidtheyhold.MeanwhileDrBrownassertsthatasPlutohashistoricallybeenconsideredaplanetanythinglargershouldalsobeconsideredone. UltimatelytheInternationalAstronomicalUnionagroupofprofessionalastronomerswillendthisexistentialanxiety.DrBrownexpectstheprocesstotakemonthsandtheteamisnotallowedtorevealitssuggestednameuntilthen.SincemostGreekandRomannameshavealreadybeenusedheandhiscolleagueshavepreviouslydrawnuponNativeAmericanandInuitmythologyfornames.Hewillonlyhintthatthenewnamecomesfromadifferenttraditionaltogether. Timewilltellwhethermotherwillbeserving"ninepolishedxylophones""ninepizzas"orjust"noodles". Accordingtothepassagewhenwasthenewplanetfirstdetected
Text2 Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight. EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice. CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately." Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters. Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." IfonetravelsontheMediterraneancruiseinthefuture
Text3 ScientistsJohanFeenstraandRobHayesthinkthey’vefiguredouthowaprocesscalledelectrowettingcanmakepaperthatcandoanythingavideoscreendoes.Sofarthoughallthey’vegottoshowfortheireffortsisatinypieceofe-paperonecentimetersquare--only225pixelsorpictureelements.Thatwon’tbenearlyenoughforheadlinesandnewsvideos.Theonlyhintofthetechnology’spotentialisalaptoppresentationtheinventorshavesetup.ItfeaturesProfessorShapeHarryPotter’steacherholdinganelectronicnewspaperwithanembeddedvideoclip."That’swhatwewant"saysHayes. They’relikelytogetit.LatelastmonthinTokyoSonytookanimportantleapinthisdirectionbyintroducingLibrieane-bookreader.Althoughit’savailableonlyinblackandwhiteLibriehasthemostimportantcharacteristicofpaper:itreflectsnaturallight.Thatmeansitcanbereadonsunnydaysorviewedfromanyangle.Youcanevenchooseyourownfontsize.Isthisfinallythebeginningoftheendofpaper Theansweriscloserto"yes"thanyoumaythink.Theholdupsofarhasbeenuser-unfriendlyscreensbutnowe-papernolongerreliesonback-litdisplays.Areflectivedisplayiseasyontheeyeswithtwicethecontrastofcomputerscreensanduptosixtimesthebrightness.Itusespoweronlywhenchangingthepagesoabatterycanlast300hours.Severalfirmsarecompetingforleadership.ThePhilip’sdisplayonLibrieusestechnologyfromMassachusetts-basedE-InkCorp.Anelectricchargemoveseitherblackorwhitecapsulestothesurfaceofthepageinpatternsthatformimages.GyriconMediausesrotatingballswithoneblacksideandonewhitesideforsignsandbillboards.Othercompaniesarefocusingonimprovementsinliquid-crystaldisplays. Thenextchallengeistoaddcolor.Oneoptionforbookswouldbeasimplecolorfilterbutthatwouldblocktwothirdsofthelight.GuofuZhouwhorunstheE-InkprojectforPhilipsthinksproductswithcoloredinkcanbereadyforthemarketwithinsevenyears.He’snowfocusingone-paperthatcandisplay16ormoregradationsofgraywhichwouldcomeinhandyinmedicalimagingortodisplayblack-and-whitephotographsathome. Labsaroundtheworldarealsoracingtodesignarobustyetflexiblebacking.PhilipsresearchersareworkingonatechnologyforlaminatingE-Inkonaplasticlayerinsteadofglasswhichwouldthenrollintoapen-sizedtube.Aflexibleproductformobilephonesanddigitalcamerascanbereadyinthreetofiveyears. WhatscientistsJohanFeenstraandRobHayesdidwasthat
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 4
ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash.MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthatthesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques.Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque.Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy.Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices.Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection--willbeafailure.ItcanbeinferredfromthattextthatTonyBlair
Text4 "Myveryeducatedmotherjustservedusninepizzas."ManyAmericanschoolchildrenaretaughtthissentencetohelpthemremembertheorderoftheplanetsofthesolarsystem.SoonthoughthismaychangebecauseonJuly29thateamofastronomersannouncedthediscoveryofaverydistantcelestialbodylargerthanPluto.Theresearchersclaimthatthenewbody--whichtheyareinformallycallingXena--shouldbeclassifiedasaplanet. Thenewbody--temporarilynamed2003UB313--orbitstheSunonceevery560years.Itiscurrentlyover14billionkilometresawayaboutthreetimesfartheroutthanPlutomakingitthemostdistantobjecteverdiscoveredinthesolarsystem.TheresearchersthinkitispartoftheKuiperbeltaringofrockyobjectsthatextendsbeyondNeptune. MikeBrownoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyChadTrujillooftheGeminiObservatoryandDavidRabinowitzofYaleUniversitydiscoveredtheobjectindatarecordedatthePalomarObservatoryinSanDiegoinOctober2003butitsmotiondidnotbecomeapparentuntiltheyreanalysedthedatainJanuary2005. Thequestionofwhetherornotthenewbodyshouldbeconsideredaplanethasrekindledthedebateoverwhatexactlycountsasaplanet.AhandfulofobjectsofsimilarsizetobutsmallerthanPlutohavebeendiscoveredintheKuiperbeltoverthepastfewyears.ThesehavenotbeenconsideredplanetsmainlybecausetheyweresmallerthanPluto.But2003UB313islargerthanPluto.IfPlutoisaplanetshouldn’titbeaswell Thecaseisnotsoclearcut.ManyastronomersarguethatPlutoshouldnotbeconsideredaplanet.Itismorelikealargeasteroidtheyhold.MeanwhileDrBrownassertsthatasPlutohashistoricallybeenconsideredaplanetanythinglargershouldalsobeconsideredone. UltimatelytheInternationalAstronomicalUnionagroupofprofessionalastronomerswillendthisexistentialanxiety.DrBrownexpectstheprocesstotakemonthsandtheteamisnotallowedtorevealitssuggestednameuntilthen.SincemostGreekandRomannameshavealreadybeenusedheandhiscolleagueshavepreviouslydrawnuponNativeAmericanandInuitmythologyfornames.Hewillonlyhintthatthenewnamecomesfromadifferenttraditionaltogether. Timewilltellwhethermotherwillbeserving"ninepolishedxylophones""ninepizzas"orjust"noodles". Inwhichcasewillmotherbeservingnoodles
Text4 "Myveryeducatedmotherjustservedusninepizzas."ManyAmericanschoolchildrenaretaughtthissentencetohelpthemremembertheorderoftheplanetsofthesolarsystem.SoonthoughthismaychangebecauseonJuly29thateamofastronomersannouncedthediscoveryofaverydistantcelestialbodylargerthanPluto.Theresearchersclaimthatthenewbody--whichtheyareinformallycallingXena--shouldbeclassifiedasaplanet. Thenewbody--temporarilynamed2003UB313--orbitstheSunonceevery560years.Itiscurrentlyover14billionkilometresawayaboutthreetimesfartheroutthanPlutomakingitthemostdistantobjecteverdiscoveredinthesolarsystem.TheresearchersthinkitispartoftheKuiperbeltaringofrockyobjectsthatextendsbeyondNeptune. MikeBrownoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyChadTrujillooftheGeminiObservatoryandDavidRabinowitzofYaleUniversitydiscoveredtheobjectindatarecordedatthePalomarObservatoryinSanDiegoinOctober2003butitsmotiondidnotbecomeapparentuntiltheyreanalysedthedatainJanuary2005. Thequestionofwhetherornotthenewbodyshouldbeconsideredaplanethasrekindledthedebateoverwhatexactlycountsasaplanet.AhandfulofobjectsofsimilarsizetobutsmallerthanPlutohavebeendiscoveredintheKuiperbeltoverthepastfewyears.ThesehavenotbeenconsideredplanetsmainlybecausetheyweresmallerthanPluto.But2003UB313islargerthanPluto.IfPlutoisaplanetshouldn’titbeaswell Thecaseisnotsoclearcut.ManyastronomersarguethatPlutoshouldnotbeconsideredaplanet.Itismorelikealargeasteroidtheyhold.MeanwhileDrBrownassertsthatasPlutohashistoricallybeenconsideredaplanetanythinglargershouldalsobeconsideredone. UltimatelytheInternationalAstronomicalUnionagroupofprofessionalastronomerswillendthisexistentialanxiety.DrBrownexpectstheprocesstotakemonthsandtheteamisnotallowedtorevealitssuggestednameuntilthen.SincemostGreekandRomannameshavealreadybeenusedheandhiscolleagueshavepreviouslydrawnuponNativeAmericanandInuitmythologyfornames.Hewillonlyhintthatthenewnamecomesfromadifferenttraditionaltogether. Timewilltellwhethermotherwillbeserving"ninepolishedxylophones""ninepizzas"orjust"noodles". ThefirstsentenceinParagraph1isusedbyAmericanschoolchildrenbecause
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore.Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992--1993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusare.tobeheardinveighingagainsttheappeasingofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitistheirowncountryatall.Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthefamilyoforganizations.Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalistyouthwingoftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya.AccordingtothetexttheSupremeCourtruledthat
Arecentbodyofeconomicliteraturesupportsthenotionthattheself-employedaremoresatisfiedwiththeirjobsthanareemployees.TheresearchfindsthistobetrueacrossmostOECDcountrieswithAustriaFinlandandGreecethemajorexceptions. HoweverinSelf-Employment:MoreMayNotBeBetterNBERWorkingPaperNo.10286NBERResearchAssociateDavidBlanchflowerdistinguishesanumberoflessdesirableaspectsofbeingself-employedwhichdonotappeartohavebeenquantifiedpreviously.46Hisstudyhelpstoexplainwhysomanyofthosewhoexpressadesiretobecomeself-employedarefrustratedinthatdesireformanyreasonincludingthedifficultyinobtainingcapital. Blanchflowerfindsthatself-employmentratesaregenerallydownacrosstheOECD.ThemainexceptionsaretheUnitedKingdomandNewZealand.Thestrongpatternsevidentinthedataacrosscountriesshowthattheprobabilityofbeingself-employedacrosstheOECDishigherformenandforolderworkersascomparedwithyoungerworkers.47InEuropetheprobabilitiesofbeingself-employedarelowerthemoreeducatedanindividualiswhiletheoppositeistrueintheUnitedStates.Somegroupsofimmigrantsalsohavehigherratesofself-employmentthantheindigenouspopulation. CapitalconstraintsappeartobindespeciallytightlyintheUnitedStatesforfirmsownedbyminoritiesandwomen.Thelowratesofself-employmentofblacksandHispanicsintheUnitedStatesappearinparttobedrivenbyliquidityconstraints.ThereisevidencethatliquidityconstraintsarefeltinothercountriesaswellincludingtheUnitedKingdomFinlandAustraliaCanadaandSweden. 48Healsosuggeststhatpeoplemayhaveanunrealisticallyrosyviewofwhatitisliketoruntheirownbusinessratherthanstayingwiththecomparativesecurityofbeinganemployee.Asurprisinglyhighproportionofemployeessaytheywouldprefertobeself-employed. 49Despitethefactthatveryhighproportionsofemployeessaytheywouldliketosetuptheirownbusinesstherealityisquitedifferent.Theevidenceinthispapersuggeststhatpeoplemaywellbeabletojudgewhatisintheirownbestinterestwhichispreciselywhytheyremainasemployees.50Theself-employedworkunderalotofpressure;theyreportthattheyfindtheirworkstressful;theycomehomefromworkexhaustedandareconstantlyunderstrain;theylosesleepduetoworry;andtheyplacemoreweightonworkthantheydoonleisure.Howevertheyarealsoespeciallylikelytosaythattheyhavecontrolovertheirlivesandtoreportahighlevelofsatisfactionwiththeirlives.Beingself-employedisdifficultandappearstorequireraretalents;Blanchflowerconcludesthatselfemploymentisnotforeveryone. 50
WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves.Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust.Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious.DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledipping--thatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer.ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-callednon-monetarydamages.Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns.Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthormostlikelytoagree
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 8
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 18
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 20
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore.Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992--1993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusare.tobeheardinveighingagainsttheappeasingofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitistheirowncountryatall.Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthefamilyoforganizations.Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalistyouthwingoftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya.ThewordrampagingPara2denotes
Text2 Miserseverywhere:thatMediterraneancruisecouldbewithinreachatlast.There’llbenofreeridetotheportandnofreefoodorentertainmentonboard.Thecabinwillmeasure30meterssquareandhousekeepingwillbeextra.Butthefiberglasssuiteiseasytocleanandcostsaslittleas￡29anight. EarlierthisyearserialentrepreneurSteliosHaji-IoannouthemanwhogaveEuropeitsfirstbudgetairlinecashedin￡14millionofhiseasyJetsharestofundwhathecallsa"littleshoppingspree."Boldlyexpandinghisno-frillsmodelintonewmarketsSteliosheinsistsonfirst-nameinformalityplanstoopenthefirsteasyHotelinLondonthisyearwithpricesfrom￡5anightaneasyBusfleetandeasyCruisereadytosailnextsummer.Alsoonthelist:easyPizzasandeasyTelecomamobile-phoneservice. CanhemakeitworkThesoaringsuccessofeasyJetanditsrivalswasEurope’sgreatbusinessstoryofthelate1990sandyetmorecarriersareemergingtoservethe10nationsthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionlastweek.Whilecopycattingtheideamaylooklikeano-brainerthoughsomeexpertsdoubtStelios’sexpansionplanshavemuchofafuture."Theno-frillsmodelisveryfragile."saysChrisVossofLondonBusinessSchool."Steliosisapplyingitratherindiscriminately." Theentrepreneur’srecordismixed.HelaunchedeasyJetin1995whenhewas28anditnowhas70planesandrevenuesof￡932millionlastyearupnearly70percentfrom2002.Buthisfirstattempttoclonetheno-frillsmodelaEurope-widechainofInternetcafeslaunchedattheheightofthebubblehassincestruggledtomakemoney.HisfirsteasyCinema-ticketsforjust50penceissufferingbecausebigdistributorsfearfulofundercuttingtheirotherbusinessrefusetoallowcheapscreeningsofnewblockbusters. Thelargerproblem:reducingpricesisnotenoughtomakeno-frillswork.Steliosforexamplelikestoselldirecttothecustomerpreferablyonlineandavoidscorporateaccountsonthetheorythatonlyindividualscareenoughaboutpricetobeloyalno-killscustomers.Hechoosesonlysectorsinwhichthevolumeofbusinesswillclearlyriseaspricesfall.There’snopointsayinofferingacut-rateburialservice.SaysStelios:"Thedemandforfuneralsisn’tgoingtogoup--regardlessoftheprice." Stelios'recordislistedinordertoshowthat
Arecentbodyofeconomicliteraturesupportsthenotionthattheself-employedaremoresatisfiedwiththeirjobsthanareemployees.TheresearchfindsthistobetrueacrossmostOECDcountrieswithAustriaFinlandandGreecethemajorexceptions. HoweverinSelf-Employment:MoreMayNotBeBetterNBERWorkingPaperNo.10286NBERResearchAssociateDavidBlanchflowerdistinguishesanumberoflessdesirableaspectsofbeingself-employedwhichdonotappeartohavebeenquantifiedpreviously.46Hisstudyhelpstoexplainwhysomanyofthosewhoexpressadesiretobecomeself-employedarefrustratedinthatdesireformanyreasonincludingthedifficultyinobtainingcapital. Blanchflowerfindsthatself-employmentratesaregenerallydownacrosstheOECD.ThemainexceptionsaretheUnitedKingdomandNewZealand.Thestrongpatternsevidentinthedataacrosscountriesshowthattheprobabilityofbeingself-employedacrosstheOECDishigherformenandforolderworkersascomparedwithyoungerworkers.47InEuropetheprobabilitiesofbeingself-employedarelowerthemoreeducatedanindividualiswhiletheoppositeistrueintheUnitedStates.Somegroupsofimmigrantsalsohavehigherratesofself-employmentthantheindigenouspopulation. CapitalconstraintsappeartobindespeciallytightlyintheUnitedStatesforfirmsownedbyminoritiesandwomen.Thelowratesofself-employmentofblacksandHispanicsintheUnitedStatesappearinparttobedrivenbyliquidityconstraints.ThereisevidencethatliquidityconstraintsarefeltinothercountriesaswellincludingtheUnitedKingdomFinlandAustraliaCanadaandSweden. 48Healsosuggeststhatpeoplemayhaveanunrealisticallyrosyviewofwhatitisliketoruntheirownbusinessratherthanstayingwiththecomparativesecurityofbeinganemployee.Asurprisinglyhighproportionofemployeessaytheywouldprefertobeself-employed. 49Despitethefactthatveryhighproportionsofemployeessaytheywouldliketosetuptheirownbusinesstherealityisquitedifferent.Theevidenceinthispapersuggeststhatpeoplemaywellbeabletojudgewhatisintheirownbestinterestwhichispreciselywhytheyremainasemployees.50Theself-employedworkunderalotofpressure;theyreportthattheyfindtheirworkstressful;theycomehomefromworkexhaustedandareconstantlyunderstrain;theylosesleepduetoworry;andtheyplacemoreweightonworkthantheydoonleisure.Howevertheyarealsoespeciallylikelytosaythattheyhavecontrolovertheirlivesandtoreportahighlevelofsatisfactionwiththeirlives.Beingself-employedisdifficultandappearstorequireraretalents;Blanchflowerconcludesthatselfemploymentisnotforeveryone. 46
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 14
It’shardtogetmorewhite-fencedthanNaperville.InthewesternChicagosuburbcrimeisanannoyancenotaproblem.Thestreetsarecleanandtheschoolsaresomeofthemostimpressiveinthestateproducingsomeofthebrighteststudentswhoattendthenation’sbestcolleges.41.________________. Therankingswillbephasedoutoverthenextyearwith2007’supperclassmendecidingwhethertoincludesucharankintheirofficialtranscripts.BynolongerrankingstudentstheNapervilleSchoolDistrict203issquarelyinlinewithatrendthatisfastsweepingthenationasmoreandmoreprivateandpublicschoolsaredroppingthepractice.Tilegoalproponentssayistocutdownonthehyper-competitionandlessenthestressatsuchacriticallearningpointandmaturationcurveinkids’lives. "It’sahighbarwesetanditshouldbe"saidNapervilleSuperintendentAlanLeis."Butthereneedstobemorethanwrestlingoverwho’sbetterthanwho."42.________________. Some80%ormorepublicschoolsstillreportrankingstoinquiringuniversitiesandcollegesbutagrowingnumberofhighschoolsintheChicagoareaandaroundthecountry--inmostlyaffluentdistrictsfromCaliforniatoMiamitoNewJersey--havealreadyadoptedthepractice.43.EveninNapervilleavaledictorianisstillexpectedtoaddresstheclassbutthathonorisnotchosenuntilthelastweeksofaschoolyearandisnotforwardedontoschoolsinofficialtranscripts. 44.________________.AccordingtoDr.ScottHunteraclinicalpsychologistandschoolconsultantattheUniversityofChicagoHospitalswhospecializesinpediatricneuropsychology."Therealityisthatwehavemadeinthelast10yearsmoreofrankthanitdeservesbecausesomekidsdon’treallyshineuntiltheyenterintoadulthoodandtheyriskbeingignoredbytheveryplacesandpeoplewheretheycouldgreatlysucceed"addsHunter"Thisisanartificialnumberintermsofwhereapersonreallyfalls." 45.________________. "Itmakesitalittlemoreopaqueforusontheadmissionssidebutwefullyunderstandit"saidJimMillerdirectorofadmissionsatBrownUniversity."It’sconceivableastudentcouldgetaBingymandgetknockeddown40placesinrank.Sowe’regettingmoreusedtoitandprobablyhalfourapplicantsnowcomefromschoolsthatdon’thaverank." [A]Classrankingsatraditionatmanyschoolshavelonghelpeduniversitiesandcolleges--especiallytheHarvardsandPrincetonsoftheworld--weedouttheweakstudentsfromthestrongtheoneswithnotonlypromisebuttheambitiontoexcelandmeetthedifficultiesofhighereducation. [B]Butit’sviciousatthetop--somuchsothatNaperville’sschoolofficialsrecentlyvotedtostopusingaclassrankingsystem. [C]AmuchhighernumberofprivateschoolsdonotsharetheirrankingsincludingsomeindependentschoolsinChicagothatforexamplehavesocietiesthatrecognizethetop10%ofaclassbutchoosetoallowthestudentsthemselvesdictatewhospeaksatgraduation. [D]Competitionsamongstudentsforthetitleofhonoredgraduatesareverytightandareontheriseinagreatnumberofprivateschools. [E]Schoolsjusthavetomakecertainthroughstudentprofilesandothermeansthestrengthofascheduleandstudentperformancerelativetootherstudents. [F]Notsurprisinglythereisstilllotsofdisagreementaboutthenewpolicy;someparentsareworriedthatithurtshigh-achievingstudents’chancesofgettingoverthebarwhileforcingcollegesanduniversitiestorelyonperhapslessreliableoreasiermeasuresoronstandardizedtestsliketheACTorSAT. [G]Studentsandtheirparentsincreasinglyfightoverwhogetstobenumberoneandthedamagethatcanbedone--bothacademicallyandpsychologically--tothosewholoseoutfarwinsthebenefitsofthegloryattachedtosuchtitles. 42
It’shardtogetmorewhite-fencedthanNaperville.InthewesternChicagosuburbcrimeisanannoyancenotaproblem.Thestreetsarecleanandtheschoolsaresomeofthemostimpressiveinthestateproducingsomeofthebrighteststudentswhoattendthenation’sbestcolleges.41.________________. Therankingswillbephasedoutoverthenextyearwith2007’supperclassmendecidingwhethertoincludesucharankintheirofficialtranscripts.BynolongerrankingstudentstheNapervilleSchoolDistrict203issquarelyinlinewithatrendthatisfastsweepingthenationasmoreandmoreprivateandpublicschoolsaredroppingthepractice.Tilegoalproponentssayistocutdownonthehyper-competitionandlessenthestressatsuchacriticallearningpointandmaturationcurveinkids’lives. "It’sahighbarwesetanditshouldbe"saidNapervilleSuperintendentAlanLeis."Butthereneedstobemorethanwrestlingoverwho’sbetterthanwho."42.________________. Some80%ormorepublicschoolsstillreportrankingstoinquiringuniversitiesandcollegesbutagrowingnumberofhighschoolsintheChicagoareaandaroundthecountry--inmostlyaffluentdistrictsfromCaliforniatoMiamitoNewJersey--havealreadyadoptedthepractice.43.EveninNapervilleavaledictorianisstillexpectedtoaddresstheclassbutthathonorisnotchosenuntilthelastweeksofaschoolyearandisnotforwardedontoschoolsinofficialtranscripts. 44.________________.AccordingtoDr.ScottHunteraclinicalpsychologistandschoolconsultantattheUniversityofChicagoHospitalswhospecializesinpediatricneuropsychology."Therealityisthatwehavemadeinthelast10yearsmoreofrankthanitdeservesbecausesomekidsdon’treallyshineuntiltheyenterintoadulthoodandtheyriskbeingignoredbytheveryplacesandpeoplewheretheycouldgreatlysucceed"addsHunter"Thisisanartificialnumberintermsofwhereapersonreallyfalls." 45.________________. "Itmakesitalittlemoreopaqueforusontheadmissionssidebutwefullyunderstandit"saidJimMillerdirectorofadmissionsatBrownUniversity."It’sconceivableastudentcouldgetaBingymandgetknockeddown40placesinrank.Sowe’regettingmoreusedtoitandprobablyhalfourapplicantsnowcomefromschoolsthatdon’thaverank." [A]Classrankingsatraditionatmanyschoolshavelonghelpeduniversitiesandcolleges--especiallytheHarvardsandPrincetonsoftheworld--weedouttheweakstudentsfromthestrongtheoneswithnotonlypromisebuttheambitiontoexcelandmeetthedifficultiesofhighereducation. [B]Butit’sviciousatthetop--somuchsothatNaperville’sschoolofficialsrecentlyvotedtostopusingaclassrankingsystem. [C]AmuchhighernumberofprivateschoolsdonotsharetheirrankingsincludingsomeindependentschoolsinChicagothatforexamplehavesocietiesthatrecognizethetop10%ofaclassbutchoosetoallowthestudentsthemselvesdictatewhospeaksatgraduation. [D]Competitionsamongstudentsforthetitleofhonoredgraduatesareverytightandareontheriseinagreatnumberofprivateschools. [E]Schoolsjusthavetomakecertainthroughstudentprofilesandothermeansthestrengthofascheduleandstudentperformancerelativetootherstudents. [F]Notsurprisinglythereisstilllotsofdisagreementaboutthenewpolicy;someparentsareworriedthatithurtshigh-achievingstudents’chancesofgettingoverthebarwhileforcingcollegesanduniversitiestorelyonperhapslessreliableoreasiermeasuresoronstandardizedtestsliketheACTorSAT. [G]Studentsandtheirparentsincreasinglyfightoverwhogetstobenumberoneandthedamagethatcanbedone--bothacademicallyandpsychologically--tothosewholoseoutfarwinsthebenefitsofthegloryattachedtosuchtitles. 44
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourpointofview. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanthatispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Most1historycoursesconcentrateonpoliticseconomicsandwar.2arthistory3onmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeoplebutalsoreligious4emotionsandpsychology.5informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourowncanbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressesthe6qualitiesofatimeandaplaceandastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooks. Inhistorybooksobjectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryis7;thatisfactsaboutpoliticalaregivenbut8arenotexpressed.Artontheotherhandis9:itreflectsemotionsandimpressions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyaseverelycriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforits10ofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslatersymbolic11wereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuemicatoexpressthe12ofwar.13onanothercontinentthepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRiveradepictedtheseMexicanartists’concealed14andsadnessaboutsocialproblems. Inthesamewayartcan15aculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEuropereligiousartwas16theonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.17mostpeoplecouldn’treadtheycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.18oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwasandstillisits19ofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthatstatuesare20. 12
Text3 ScientistsJohanFeenstraandRobHayesthinkthey’vefiguredouthowaprocesscalledelectrowettingcanmakepaperthatcandoanythingavideoscreendoes.Sofarthoughallthey’vegottoshowfortheireffortsisatinypieceofe-paperonecentimetersquare--only225pixelsorpictureelements.Thatwon’tbenearlyenoughforheadlinesandnewsvideos.Theonlyhintofthetechnology’spotentialisalaptoppresentationtheinventorshavesetup.ItfeaturesProfessorShapeHarryPotter’steacherholdinganelectronicnewspaperwithanembeddedvideoclip."That’swhatwewant"saysHayes. They’relikelytogetit.LatelastmonthinTokyoSonytookanimportantleapinthisdirectionbyintroducingLibrieane-bookreader.Althoughit’savailableonlyinblackandwhiteLibriehasthemostimportantcharacteristicofpaper:itreflectsnaturallight.Thatmeansitcanbereadonsunnydaysorviewedfromanyangle.Youcanevenchooseyourownfontsize.Isthisfinallythebeginningoftheendofpaper Theansweriscloserto"yes"thanyoumaythink.Theholdupsofarhasbeenuser-unfriendlyscreensbutnowe-papernolongerreliesonback-litdisplays.Areflectivedisplayiseasyontheeyeswithtwicethecontrastofcomputerscreensanduptosixtimesthebrightness.Itusespoweronlywhenchangingthepagesoabatterycanlast300hours.Severalfirmsarecompetingforleadership.ThePhilip’sdisplayonLibrieusestechnologyfromMassachusetts-basedE-InkCorp.Anelectricchargemoveseitherblackorwhitecapsulestothesurfaceofthepageinpatternsthatformimages.GyriconMediausesrotatingballswithoneblacksideandonewhitesideforsignsandbillboards.Othercompaniesarefocusingonimprovementsinliquid-crystaldisplays. Thenextchallengeistoaddcolor.Oneoptionforbookswouldbeasimplecolorfilterbutthatwouldblocktwothirdsofthelight.GuofuZhouwhorunstheE-InkprojectforPhilipsthinksproductswithcoloredinkcanbereadyforthemarketwithinsevenyears.He’snowfocusingone-paperthatcandisplay16ormoregradationsofgraywhichwouldcomeinhandyinmedicalimagingortodisplayblack-and-whitephotographsathome. Labsaroundtheworldarealsoracingtodesignarobustyetflexiblebacking.PhilipsresearchersareworkingonatechnologyforlaminatingE-Inkonaplasticlayerinsteadofglasswhichwouldthenrollintoapen-sizedtube.Aflexibleproductformobilephonesanddigitalcamerascanbereadyinthreetofiveyears. Theansweriscloserto'yes'Line1Paragraph3because
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