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Part A Directions: Paul received the girl "The English-Chinese Dictionary" from his friend James, a...
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Directions: PaulreceivedthegirlTheEnglish-Chinese
PartA Directions: Jameswantstosendagifttohisfrien
—Paulinvitedustotakepartinapartytomorrowevening.—_
Why not?
What a good idea!
What for?
That’s all right.
Directions:Forthispartyouarerequiredtowriteacompos
It’ssaidthatPaul_______totakepartinthematchbyhissc
has chosen
is chosen
was chosen
is going to choose
A．receipt B．reception C．represent D．replace
A.receipt B.implication C.empty D.concept
A．receipt B．accept C．expect D．empty
Directions:Forthispartwriteapassageabout100~-120wo
acce
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t
recei
p
t
cam
p
em
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ty
--Paulinvitedustotakepartinapartytomorrowevening.-
Why not?
What a good idea!
What for?
That’s all right
Ofthefollowing______iscorrect．
the Sailing Directions Book is also known as Pilot Book
the Sailing Directions Book and the Pilot Book are different books
the Pilot Book is a part of the Sailing Directions
the Sailing Directions Book contains the Pilot Book"
Directions:Forthispartwriteapassageabout100～120wor
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Applicantswhohaveneverbeenissuedapassportintheirownnamemustexecuteanapplicationinpersonbefore1apassportagent;2aclerkofanyfederalcourtorstatecourtofrecordorajudgeorclerkofanyprobatecourtacceptingapplications;3apostalemployeedesignatedbythepostmasteratapostofficethathasbeenselectedtoacceptpassportapplications;or4aU.S.diplomaticorconsularofficerabroad. 41______.IftheapplicanthasnopriorpassportandwasbornintheU.S.acertifiedcopyofhis/herbirthcertificategenerallymustbepresentedtotheagentacceptingthepassportapplication.Tobeacceptablethecertificatemustshowthegivennameandsurnamethedateandplaceofbirthandthatthebirthrecordwasfiledshortlyafterbirth.Adelayedbirthcertificatearecordfiledmorethan1yearafterthedateofbirthisacceptableprovidedthatitshowsthatacceptablesecondaryevidencewasusedforcreatingthisrecord. 42______Thenoticemustbeaccompaniedbythebestobtainablesecondaryevidencesuchasabaptismalcertificateorahospitalbirthrecord. AnaturalizedcitizenwithnopreviouspassportmustpresentaCertificateofNaturalization.ApersonbornabroadclaimingU.S.citizenshipthrougheitheranative-bornornaturalizedcitizenparentmustnormallysubmitaCertificateofCitizenshipissuedbytheImmigrationandNaturalizationService;oraConsularReportofBirthorCertificationofBirthAbroadissuedbytheDept.ofState.43______ Additionallyifcitizenshipisderivedthroughbirthtocitizenparentsthefollowingdocumentswillberequired:parents’marriagecertificateshowingperiodsandplacesofresidenceorphysicalpresenceintheU.S.andabroadspecifyingperiodsspentabroadintheemploymentoftheU.S.governmentincludingthearmedforcesorwithcertaininternationalorganizations.44______ Itisimportanttoapplyforapassportasfarinadvanceaspossible.PassportofficesarebusiestbetweenMarchandSeptember.Itcantakeseveralweekstoreceiveyourpassport.45______ A.Ifabirthcertificateisnotobtainableanoticefromastateregistrarmustbesubmittedstatingthatnobirthrecordexists. B.AnyapplicantwithoutpriorpassportneedsabirthcertificateprovidedbyahospitalorclinicanywhereinAmerica. C.Ifoneoftheabovedocumentshasnotbeenobtainedevidenceofcitizenshipoftheparentsthroughwhomcitizenshipisclaimedandevidencethatwouldestablishtheparent/childrelationshipmustbesubmitted. D.Personsinothercircumstancesmaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportthroughinterviewappointedbyemailorphone. E.IfcitizenshipisderivedthroughnaturalizationofparentsevidenceofadmissiontotheU.S.forpermanentresidencealsowillberequired. F.AfullvaliditypassportpreviouslyissuedtotheapplicantoroneinwhichheorshewasincludedwillbeacceptedasproofofU.S.citizenship. G.Personswhopossessthemostrecentpassportissuedwithinthelast12yearsandaftertheir18thbirthdaymaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportbymail. 45
Text1 Acidrainwhichisaformof’airpollutioncurrentlybecomesasubjectofgreatdebatebecauseofwidespreadenvironmentaldamageforwhichithasbeenblamed.Itformswhenoxidesofsulfurandnitrogencombinewithatmosphericmoisturetoyieldsulfuricandnitricacidswhichmaythenbecarriedlongdistancesfromtheirsourcebeforetheydropintheformofrain.Thepollutionmayalsotaketheformofsnoworfogorfalldownindryforms.Infactalthoughtheterm"acidrain"hasbeeninuse.formorethanacentury--itisderivedfromatmosphericstudiesthatweremadeintheregionofManchesterEngland--themoreaccuratescientifictermwouldbe’aciddeposition.’Thedryformofsuchdepositionisjustasdamagingtotheenvironmentastheliquidform. TheproblemofacidrainoriginatedwiththeIndustrialRevolutionandithasbeengrowingeversince.Theseverityofitseffectshaslongbeenrecognizedinlocalsettingsasexemplifiedbythespellsofacidsmoginheavilyindustrializedareas.Thewidespreaddestructivenessofacidrainhoweverhas’becomeevidentonlyinrecentdecades.OnelargeareathathasbeenstudiedextensivelyisnorthernEuropewhereacidrainhaserodedstructuresinjuredcropsandforestsandthreatenedlifeinfreshwaterlakes.In1984forexampleenvironmentalreportsindicatedthatalmosthalfofthetreesinGermany’sBlackForesthadbeendamagedbyacidrain.ThenortheasternUnitedStatesandeasternCanadahavealsobeenparticularlyaffectedbythisformofpollution;damagehasalsobeendetectedinotherareasofthesecountriesandotherregionsoftheworld. Industrialemissionshavebeenblamedasthemajorcauseofacidrain.Becausethechemicalreactionsinvolvedintheproductionofacidrainintheatmospherearecomplexandasyetlittleunderstoodindustrieshavetendedtochallengesuchassessmentsandtostresstheneedforfurtherstudies;andbecauseofthecostofpollutionreductiongovernmentshavetendedtosupportthisattitude.StudiesreleasedbytheUSgovernmentintheearly1980showeverstronglyindicatedindustriesasthemainsourceofacidrainintheeasternUSandCanada. Acidfog
PartA Directions: YourfriendMaryisill.Writealettertohertoshowyoursympathy.Thefollowingguide-linesareforyourwriting: Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"Iris"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Directions: AfterreceivingtheflowerssentbyherintimatefriendIrisMarywritesalettertoshowherthankstoIris.Marywantstotellthefollowingthings: Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"Mary"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. 49
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 19
Text3 Healthingeneraltermsincludesmanynon-medicalareassuchashousingandemployment.Asfarasindividualisconcernedwelfarebenefitscomeintwomaincategories--fiatrateandsupplementary.FlatratebenefitsarethoseapersonhasanautomaticrighttoprovidedheorshehasmadeacertainnumberofcontributionstotheDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity.Unemploymentbenefitisoneofthese.Supplementarybenefitsarebasedonameanstest.Inotherwordstheyarebenefitsgivenregardlessofcontributionsmadewherethegovernmentdecidesthatanindividualhas.insufficientresourcesforaminimumstandardofliving.Thesebenefitscanbeintheformofallowancesforrentandratesspecialdietheatingandclothing.Suchbenefitshavetobeclaimedandtheindividualhastogivefulldetailsofallhisorhercapitalassetsandsourcesofincome.Unclaimedbenefitsamounttoapproximately$100millioneachyear. TheoriginatorsoftheWelfareStateideawereconcernedtoalleviateorremovewhattheysawastheevilsoftheirtime.TheireffortsresultedinagreatimprovementinthestandardoflivingandlifeexpectancyinBritain.ThisprogressinitselfhassimulatedtheincreasingcostofmaintainingtheWelfareState.Over45percentofthehealthauthorityexpenditureonhospitals andcommunityservicesisspentoncareoftheelderly.YetthereareindicationsthatBeveridge calculatedthatlesswouldneedtobespentonpeopleoncetheyretired.Advancesinmedicalknowledgehaveinvolvedtheuseofexpensivedrugsandhospitalprocedures.Drugandalcoholabusemakeincreasingdemandsonthemedicalservices. Thepresentgovernmentisplanninganewapproachtothesocialsecuritysystemwhichaccountsfornearlyone-thirdofpublicexpenditure.Changesinthemovement’spensionschemetoencourageprivateschemeswillstartfromAprilthisyear.Differentwaysofassessingneedareplanned.ToenableclosermonitoringandcontroltheDHSShasbegunthebiggestcomputerizationprograminEurope.Suggestionshavebeenmadebyoppositionpoliticiansthatthepresentmovementintendstosay"farewell"totheWelfareState.AlthoughallthemajorpartiesinBritainsaytheyarecommitted’toacaringsociety.There’saconsiderabledifferenceinthemeanseachwouldwishtousetoachieveit.Astheoldsayinggoes"Onlytimewilltell". WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue
Iamdelightedtoguestatthisfestiveoccasioncelebratingthe50thanniversaryofdiplomaticrelationsbetweenFinlandandthePeople’sRepublicofChina.IhavebeenaskedtogiveacommentontheoutlookforthecommonEuropeancurrencytheEuro.DuringthepastyearorsoalotofdifferentviewshavebeenpresentedabouttheEuro’sperformance.46ConsideringthefactthattheEuroisanewcurrencywithamajorinternationalroleintheforignexchangemarketsitisonlynaturalthatithasdrawnmuchattention. HoweverIwouldliketopointoutthatattemptstomeasurethesucoessoftheEconomicandMonetaryUnionbytheEuro’sexternalvaluearemisplaced.ThebenefitsoftheEurostemfromelsewhere.IndeedthebenefitsthattheEurocanandwillofferaredistinctlyofalong-termandstructuralnature.IntheendashorttermmisalignmentoftheEurohasverylittletodowiththesestructuraldevelopments. Onecancomeupwithanumberofexplanations’forthedepreciationoftheEuroorthestrengthoftheUSdollarwhichistheothersideofthecoin.47ThegrowthgapandassociatedinterestratedifferencebetweentheEuroareaandUnitedStateshavebeennodoubtamongthemostpopularexplanationsandthereissometruthtothis.MostimportantlythedynamicgrowthintheUShasbeenasourceofconstantsurprisetomostofus. 48HoweverinthemeantimetheeconomicoutlookfortheEuroareahasimprovedconsiderably.TheEuropeanCentralBankhassucceededverywellindeliveringpricestabilityfortheEuroarefiwhichisitsprimaryandthemostimportantobjective. MemberStatesoftheEuroareahaveagreedonandimplementedanumberofimportantinitiativesaimingatraisingthegrowthpotentialoftheEuroarea.IndeeddespiteofthesefactsitseemsthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeEuroareahavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseaffectingtheUSEconomy.ThisasymmetryhasaffectedtheEuronegatively.49AccordingitiswidelyrecognisedthattheEuroissignificantlyundervaluedandthepresentleveldoesnotreflectthestrongfundamentalsoftheEuroareaeconomy. MostofthesechallengesreflectthefactthattheEuroisstillayoungcurrency.50InfactforthecitizensoftheEuroareathesinglecurrencywillnotbecomemoretangibleuntil’2002whentheactualnotesandcoinswillbeintroduced.ThisisjusttosaythatatthispointonlytentativeconclusionsofthefunctioningoftheEurocanbemade. 47
Text1 Acidrainwhichisaformof’airpollutioncurrentlybecomesasubjectofgreatdebatebecauseofwidespreadenvironmentaldamageforwhichithasbeenblamed.Itformswhenoxidesofsulfurandnitrogencombinewithatmosphericmoisturetoyieldsulfuricandnitricacidswhichmaythenbecarriedlongdistancesfromtheirsourcebeforetheydropintheformofrain.Thepollutionmayalsotaketheformofsnoworfogorfalldownindryforms.Infactalthoughtheterm"acidrain"hasbeeninuse.formorethanacentury--itisderivedfromatmosphericstudiesthatweremadeintheregionofManchesterEngland--themoreaccuratescientifictermwouldbe’aciddeposition.’Thedryformofsuchdepositionisjustasdamagingtotheenvironmentastheliquidform. TheproblemofacidrainoriginatedwiththeIndustrialRevolutionandithasbeengrowingeversince.Theseverityofitseffectshaslongbeenrecognizedinlocalsettingsasexemplifiedbythespellsofacidsmoginheavilyindustrializedareas.Thewidespreaddestructivenessofacidrainhoweverhas’becomeevidentonlyinrecentdecades.OnelargeareathathasbeenstudiedextensivelyisnorthernEuropewhereacidrainhaserodedstructuresinjuredcropsandforestsandthreatenedlifeinfreshwaterlakes.In1984forexampleenvironmentalreportsindicatedthatalmosthalfofthetreesinGermany’sBlackForesthadbeendamagedbyacidrain.ThenortheasternUnitedStatesandeasternCanadahavealsobeenparticularlyaffectedbythisformofpollution;damagehasalsobeendetectedinotherareasofthesecountriesandotherregionsoftheworld. Industrialemissionshavebeenblamedasthemajorcauseofacidrain.Becausethechemicalreactionsinvolvedintheproductionofacidrainintheatmospherearecomplexandasyetlittleunderstoodindustrieshavetendedtochallengesuchassessmentsandtostresstheneedforfurtherstudies;andbecauseofthecostofpollutionreductiongovernmentshavetendedtosupportthisattitude.StudiesreleasedbytheUSgovernmentintheearly1980showeverstronglyindicatedindustriesasthemainsourceofacidrainintheeasternUSandCanada. Whyisacidrainlittleunderstood
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 1
Text2 Oneoftheoddthingsaboutsomebusinessorganizationsisthattheyspendsomuchmoneytolurenewcustomersandspendsolittletokeepthemafterthey’vebeenlanded.Itjustdoesn’tmakesense.Takingcustomersforgrantedisroutineinsomelargerorganizationswheremerebignessgeneratesanattitudeofindifference. Loyalcustomersareanorganization’sonlyprotectionagainstbankruptcyandlosingthembecauseofneglectorindifferenceisdownrightsinful.Notonlydosatisfiedcustomerscontinuetofattenthetilltheyoftenencourageotherstobuy.Thisisadvertisingthatdoesn’tcostapenny.Andalthoughtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomersmaintainingtheirpatronage光顾isn’tallthatdifficult.It’samatterofattitudeofbelievingthateveryonewhobuysfromyouisentitledtothebesttreatmentyoucandeliver.Plusgivingjustalittlemorethanyouhaveto. Wesaidtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomers.Thereasonofcourseisthatnoorganizationisperfectandthere’smanyaslip:unreasonabledelaysinfillingordersshippingthewrongmerchandisefailingtoanswerletterspromptlyandsoon. Sometimestheseerrorsorfailurescan’tbehelped.Forexampleifyoucan’tgetpartsbecauseofmaterialshortagesoratransportationstrikecustomersmaybedeniedthegoodsthey’veordered.Andnotinfrequentlythecustomeristoblame--forexamplefailingtoclearlyidentifythearticleorservjcerequired. Yetnomatterwhoisatfaultcustomerswhomyouvaluehighlyshouldgenerallybegiventhebenefitofthedoubt.Notethatwesaid"customerswhomyouvaluehighly."Theoldsaying格言goesthatallcustomersshouldbetreatedalikeisamyth.Customerswhorepeatedlyplacelargeordersandpayforthemwillnaturallygetmoreattentionthanthosewhobuyinfrequentlyandhavetobebadgeredtopaywhattheyowe.Howeveryouhavetomaketheassumptionthatallcustomersaregoodunlessprovedotherwise. Theauthormightprobablydisagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements
Applicantswhohaveneverbeenissuedapassportintheirownnamemustexecuteanapplicationinpersonbefore1apassportagent;2aclerkofanyfederalcourtorstatecourtofrecordorajudgeorclerkofanyprobatecourtacceptingapplications;3apostalemployeedesignatedbythepostmasteratapostofficethathasbeenselectedtoacceptpassportapplications;or4aU.S.diplomaticorconsularofficerabroad. 41______.IftheapplicanthasnopriorpassportandwasbornintheU.S.acertifiedcopyofhis/herbirthcertificategenerallymustbepresentedtotheagentacceptingthepassportapplication.Tobeacceptablethecertificatemustshowthegivennameandsurnamethedateandplaceofbirthandthatthebirthrecordwasfiledshortlyafterbirth.Adelayedbirthcertificatearecordfiledmorethan1yearafterthedateofbirthisacceptableprovidedthatitshowsthatacceptablesecondaryevidencewasusedforcreatingthisrecord. 42______Thenoticemustbeaccompaniedbythebestobtainablesecondaryevidencesuchasabaptismalcertificateorahospitalbirthrecord. AnaturalizedcitizenwithnopreviouspassportmustpresentaCertificateofNaturalization.ApersonbornabroadclaimingU.S.citizenshipthrougheitheranative-bornornaturalizedcitizenparentmustnormallysubmitaCertificateofCitizenshipissuedbytheImmigrationandNaturalizationService;oraConsularReportofBirthorCertificationofBirthAbroadissuedbytheDept.ofState.43______ Additionallyifcitizenshipisderivedthroughbirthtocitizenparentsthefollowingdocumentswillberequired:parents’marriagecertificateshowingperiodsandplacesofresidenceorphysicalpresenceintheU.S.andabroadspecifyingperiodsspentabroadintheemploymentoftheU.S.governmentincludingthearmedforcesorwithcertaininternationalorganizations.44______ Itisimportanttoapplyforapassportasfarinadvanceaspossible.PassportofficesarebusiestbetweenMarchandSeptember.Itcantakeseveralweekstoreceiveyourpassport.45______ A.Ifabirthcertificateisnotobtainableanoticefromastateregistrarmustbesubmittedstatingthatnobirthrecordexists. B.AnyapplicantwithoutpriorpassportneedsabirthcertificateprovidedbyahospitalorclinicanywhereinAmerica. C.Ifoneoftheabovedocumentshasnotbeenobtainedevidenceofcitizenshipoftheparentsthroughwhomcitizenshipisclaimedandevidencethatwouldestablishtheparent/childrelationshipmustbesubmitted. D.Personsinothercircumstancesmaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportthroughinterviewappointedbyemailorphone. E.IfcitizenshipisderivedthroughnaturalizationofparentsevidenceofadmissiontotheU.S.forpermanentresidencealsowillberequired. F.AfullvaliditypassportpreviouslyissuedtotheapplicantoroneinwhichheorshewasincludedwillbeacceptedasproofofU.S.citizenship. G.Personswhopossessthemostrecentpassportissuedwithinthelast12yearsandaftertheir18thbirthdaymaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportbymail. 43
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 17
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 5
Text2 Oneoftheoddthingsaboutsomebusinessorganizationsisthattheyspendsomuchmoneytolurenewcustomersandspendsolittletokeepthemafterthey’vebeenlanded.Itjustdoesn’tmakesense.Takingcustomersforgrantedisroutineinsomelargerorganizationswheremerebignessgeneratesanattitudeofindifference. Loyalcustomersareanorganization’sonlyprotectionagainstbankruptcyandlosingthembecauseofneglectorindifferenceisdownrightsinful.Notonlydosatisfiedcustomerscontinuetofattenthetilltheyoftenencourageotherstobuy.Thisisadvertisingthatdoesn’tcostapenny.Andalthoughtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomersmaintainingtheirpatronage光顾isn’tallthatdifficult.It’samatterofattitudeofbelievingthateveryonewhobuysfromyouisentitledtothebesttreatmentyoucandeliver.Plusgivingjustalittlemorethanyouhaveto. Wesaidtherearealwaysproblemsingivinggoodservicetocustomers.Thereasonofcourseisthatnoorganizationisperfectandthere’smanyaslip:unreasonabledelaysinfillingordersshippingthewrongmerchandisefailingtoanswerletterspromptlyandsoon. Sometimestheseerrorsorfailurescan’tbehelped.Forexampleifyoucan’tgetpartsbecauseofmaterialshortagesoratransportationstrikecustomersmaybedeniedthegoodsthey’veordered.Andnotinfrequentlythecustomeristoblame--forexamplefailingtoclearlyidentifythearticleorservjcerequired. Yetnomatterwhoisatfaultcustomerswhomyouvaluehighlyshouldgenerallybegiventhebenefitofthedoubt.Notethatwesaid"customerswhomyouvaluehighly."Theoldsaying格言goesthatallcustomersshouldbetreatedalikeisamyth.Customerswhorepeatedlyplacelargeordersandpayforthemwillnaturallygetmoreattentionthanthosewhobuyinfrequentlyandhavetobebadgeredtopaywhattheyowe.Howeveryouhavetomaketheassumptionthatallcustomersaregoodunlessprovedotherwise. Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawnfromthesecondparagraph
46MaybetheyaretooyoungtoknowbetterormoreprobablytheyareyoungenoughtoknowbetterthanmostbuttwoIntemetmarketingwhizzesfromSanFranciscosaybothdotcomcpmpaniesandtheInternetarmofconventionalcompanieswillcontinuetobewhereclientgrowthandprofitaremostprolific. Butamarketingstrategyincludingabove-lineadvertisingtodrivepeople’toyoursite-willstillbeimportantsay23-year-oldChristopherGeorgeand26-year-oldJulioCabanillasinteractivemediaspecialistsfromtheglobaladvertisingagencyFooteConeBeldingFCB. ThetwotraveltheworldtoinstructtheircounterpartsontherightsandwrongsofIntemetasmarketingstrategiesandthecorrectbrandingofdotcomcompanies.Theyshouldknow.47Sixtypercentofbillingsissuedbythe’SanFranciscoofficeofFCBarenowtodotcomcompaniesihcludingthemassiveon-linebookstoreAmazon.comwhichboastsaccesstomorethanamilliontitles. 48Onasmallerscalebutequallyeffectivehasbeenthelistencomadvertisingbannerplacedonahostofcarefullyselectedmusicrelatedsitesandsearchengines.Thebannerhasarequestfunctionwheretheusercanselectanartistandbetakendirectlytothatartist’swebpageanddownloadMP3audiotracks. “Thefactthatyoucansearchwithinthebannerandconditiontheusertoknowwhatyouareofferingiskey.Thecreativeapproachissimplebuteffectiveandconveysexactlywhatthesiteisabout.” 49AlthoughtheInternetstrategiesfollowthestandard1:3ratioofconventionaladvertisingcampaignsroughlythreetimesmoreshouldbespentonplacingadvertisinginthevariousmediasuchastelevisionornewspapersthanontheproductionoftheadvertisingcampaignthecosttoclientscomesbeforeandaftertheonlinecampaign. ForexampleofwhatnottodoSeniorGeorgeandCabanillaspointtothegiantsupermarketchainWal-MartintheUSasanInternetsitethathasnottakenadvantageoftheuniquepropertiesofinteractivity.“Whatthey’vedoneistakethebricksandmortarlayoutstoreaislesforexampleandsimplyputitonline”Cabanillassays. 50“Buttheonlineexperienceismuchmorefluidthanthatandshouldprovide’smarter’serviceslikerecommendationsdiscountsandotherfunthingstoenhancetheuserexperience.Notintrusivejustsmarter.” 47Sixtypercentofbillingsissuedbythe’SanFranciscoofficeofFCBarenowtodotcomcompaniesihcludingthemassiveon-linebookstoreAmazon.comwhichboastsaccesstomorethanamilliontitles.
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 3
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 9
Applicantswhohaveneverbeenissuedapassportintheirownnamemustexecuteanapplicationinpersonbefore1apassportagent;2aclerkofanyfederalcourtorstatecourtofrecordorajudgeorclerkofanyprobatecourtacceptingapplications;3apostalemployeedesignatedbythepostmasteratapostofficethathasbeenselectedtoacceptpassportapplications;or4aU.S.diplomaticorconsularofficerabroad. 41______.IftheapplicanthasnopriorpassportandwasbornintheU.S.acertifiedcopyofhis/herbirthcertificategenerallymustbepresentedtotheagentacceptingthepassportapplication.Tobeacceptablethecertificatemustshowthegivennameandsurnamethedateandplaceofbirthandthatthebirthrecordwasfiledshortlyafterbirth.Adelayedbirthcertificatearecordfiledmorethan1yearafterthedateofbirthisacceptableprovidedthatitshowsthatacceptablesecondaryevidencewasusedforcreatingthisrecord. 42______Thenoticemustbeaccompaniedbythebestobtainablesecondaryevidencesuchasabaptismalcertificateorahospitalbirthrecord. AnaturalizedcitizenwithnopreviouspassportmustpresentaCertificateofNaturalization.ApersonbornabroadclaimingU.S.citizenshipthrougheitheranative-bornornaturalizedcitizenparentmustnormallysubmitaCertificateofCitizenshipissuedbytheImmigrationandNaturalizationService;oraConsularReportofBirthorCertificationofBirthAbroadissuedbytheDept.ofState.43______ Additionallyifcitizenshipisderivedthroughbirthtocitizenparentsthefollowingdocumentswillberequired:parents’marriagecertificateshowingperiodsandplacesofresidenceorphysicalpresenceintheU.S.andabroadspecifyingperiodsspentabroadintheemploymentoftheU.S.governmentincludingthearmedforcesorwithcertaininternationalorganizations.44______ Itisimportanttoapplyforapassportasfarinadvanceaspossible.PassportofficesarebusiestbetweenMarchandSeptember.Itcantakeseveralweekstoreceiveyourpassport.45______ A.Ifabirthcertificateisnotobtainableanoticefromastateregistrarmustbesubmittedstatingthatnobirthrecordexists. B.AnyapplicantwithoutpriorpassportneedsabirthcertificateprovidedbyahospitalorclinicanywhereinAmerica. C.Ifoneoftheabovedocumentshasnotbeenobtainedevidenceofcitizenshipoftheparentsthroughwhomcitizenshipisclaimedandevidencethatwouldestablishtheparent/childrelationshipmustbesubmitted. D.Personsinothercircumstancesmaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportthroughinterviewappointedbyemailorphone. E.IfcitizenshipisderivedthroughnaturalizationofparentsevidenceofadmissiontotheU.S.forpermanentresidencealsowillberequired. F.AfullvaliditypassportpreviouslyissuedtotheapplicantoroneinwhichheorshewasincludedwillbeacceptedasproofofU.S.citizenship. G.Personswhopossessthemostrecentpassportissuedwithinthelast12yearsandaftertheir18thbirthdaymaybeeligibletoapplyforanewpassportbymail. 41
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 11
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 13
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 15
In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled"TheLimitsofGrowth"based1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible--arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear2100. Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsilble:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup. Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew plantsandmachinerytothe.rate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsoutUnfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport. 7
Text3 Healthingeneraltermsincludesmanynon-medicalareassuchashousingandemployment.Asfarasindividualisconcernedwelfarebenefitscomeintwomaincategories--fiatrateandsupplementary.FlatratebenefitsarethoseapersonhasanautomaticrighttoprovidedheorshehasmadeacertainnumberofcontributionstotheDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity.Unemploymentbenefitisoneofthese.Supplementarybenefitsarebasedonameanstest.Inotherwordstheyarebenefitsgivenregardlessofcontributionsmadewherethegovernmentdecidesthatanindividualhas.insufficientresourcesforaminimumstandardofliving.Thesebenefitscanbeintheformofallowancesforrentandratesspecialdietheatingandclothing.Suchbenefitshavetobeclaimedandtheindividualhastogivefulldetailsofallhisorhercapitalassetsandsourcesofincome.Unclaimedbenefitsamounttoapproximately$100millioneachyear. TheoriginatorsoftheWelfareStateideawereconcernedtoalleviateorremovewhattheysawastheevilsoftheirtime.TheireffortsresultedinagreatimprovementinthestandardoflivingandlifeexpectancyinBritain.ThisprogressinitselfhassimulatedtheincreasingcostofmaintainingtheWelfareState.Over45percentofthehealthauthorityexpenditureonhospitals andcommunityservicesisspentoncareoftheelderly.YetthereareindicationsthatBeveridge calculatedthatlesswouldneedtobespentonpeopleoncetheyretired.Advancesinmedicalknowledgehaveinvolvedtheuseofexpensivedrugsandhospitalprocedures.Drugandalcoholabusemakeincreasingdemandsonthemedicalservices. Thepresentgovernmentisplanninganewapproachtothesocialsecuritysystemwhichaccountsfornearlyone-thirdofpublicexpenditure.Changesinthemovement’spensionschemetoencourageprivateschemeswillstartfromAprilthisyear.Differentwaysofassessingneedareplanned.ToenableclosermonitoringandcontroltheDHSShasbegunthebiggestcomputerizationprograminEurope.Suggestionshavebeenmadebyoppositionpoliticiansthatthepresentmovementintendstosay"farewell"totheWelfareState.AlthoughallthemajorpartiesinBritainsaytheyarecommitted’toacaringsociety.There’saconsiderabledifferenceinthemeanseachwouldwishtousetoachieveit.Astheoldsayinggoes"Onlytimewilltell". Togetflatratebenefitsoneneeds
Text4 LetusaskwhatwerethepreparationandtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalorforensic. Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadanyeducationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Notevenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.Noschoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers.Whenhe.becamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourabletocontinuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreadingwereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknewthosefewthoroughly.HetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldreadnolanguagesavehisownandhadonlythefaintestacquaintancewithEuropeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy. Thewantofregulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwascast.Untilhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecouldlearnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratorwastobestored.Evenafterhehadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomixwithexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknewlittlemorethanhedidhimself. Schoolsgavehimnothingandsocietygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill.Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionandindeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartofhimself.Hisconvictionswerehisown--clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveoropinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedandhesitatedlongbeforehedecided’onhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepapolicyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepausedandreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreortowastetimeinvainregretssothatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.Hetookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotleanonhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependentself-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhisacts. WemaysayingeneralthatLincolnwas
Text1 Acidrainwhichisaformof’airpollutioncurrentlybecomesasubjectofgreatdebatebecauseofwidespreadenvironmentaldamageforwhichithasbeenblamed.Itformswhenoxidesofsulfurandnitrogencombinewithatmosphericmoisturetoyieldsulfuricandnitricacidswhichmaythenbecarriedlongdistancesfromtheirsourcebeforetheydropintheformofrain.Thepollutionmayalsotaketheformofsnoworfogorfalldownindryforms.Infactalthoughtheterm"acidrain"hasbeeninuse.formorethanacentury--itisderivedfromatmosphericstudiesthatweremadeintheregionofManchesterEngland--themoreaccuratescientifictermwouldbe’aciddeposition.’Thedryformofsuchdepositionisjustasdamagingtotheenvironmentastheliquidform. TheproblemofacidrainoriginatedwiththeIndustrialRevolutionandithasbeengrowingeversince.Theseverityofitseffectshaslongbeenrecognizedinlocalsettingsasexemplifiedbythespellsofacidsmoginheavilyindustrializedareas.Thewidespreaddestructivenessofacidrainhoweverhas’becomeevidentonlyinrecentdecades.OnelargeareathathasbeenstudiedextensivelyisnorthernEuropewhereacidrainhaserodedstructuresinjuredcropsandforestsandthreatenedlifeinfreshwaterlakes.In1984forexampleenvironmentalreportsindicatedthatalmosthalfofthetreesinGermany’sBlackForesthadbeendamagedbyacidrain.ThenortheasternUnitedStatesandeasternCanadahavealsobeenparticularlyaffectedbythisformofpollution;damagehasalsobeendetectedinotherareasofthesecountriesandotherregionsoftheworld. Industrialemissionshavebeenblamedasthemajorcauseofacidrain.Becausethechemicalreactionsinvolvedintheproductionofacidrainintheatmospherearecomplexandasyetlittleunderstoodindustrieshavetendedtochallengesuchassessmentsandtostresstheneedforfurtherstudies;andbecauseofthecostofpollutionreductiongovernmentshavetendedtosupportthisattitude.StudiesreleasedbytheUSgovernmentintheearly1980showeverstronglyindicatedindustriesasthemainsourceofacidrainintheeasternUSandCanada. Fromthefirstsentenceofthepassagewelearnthat
Text4 LetusaskwhatwerethepreparationandtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalorforensic. Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadanyeducationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Notevenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.Noschoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers.Whenhe.becamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourabletocontinuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreadingwereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknewthosefewthoroughly.HetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldreadnolanguagesavehisownandhadonlythefaintestacquaintancewithEuropeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy. Thewantofregulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwascast.Untilhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecouldlearnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratorwastobestored.Evenafterhehadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomixwithexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknewlittlemorethanhedidhimself. Schoolsgavehimnothingandsocietygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill.Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionandindeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartofhimself.Hisconvictionswerehisown--clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveoropinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedandhesitatedlongbeforehedecided’onhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepapolicyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepausedandreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreortowastetimeinvainregretssothatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.Hetookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotleanonhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependentself-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhisacts. TheimplicationofthesecondparagraphisthatAbrahamLincoln
Text3 Healthingeneraltermsincludesmanynon-medicalareassuchashousingandemployment.Asfarasindividualisconcernedwelfarebenefitscomeintwomaincategories--fiatrateandsupplementary.FlatratebenefitsarethoseapersonhasanautomaticrighttoprovidedheorshehasmadeacertainnumberofcontributionstotheDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity.Unemploymentbenefitisoneofthese.Supplementarybenefitsarebasedonameanstest.Inotherwordstheyarebenefitsgivenregardlessofcontributionsmadewherethegovernmentdecidesthatanindividualhas.insufficientresourcesforaminimumstandardofliving.Thesebenefitscanbeintheformofallowancesforrentandratesspecialdietheatingandclothing.Suchbenefitshavetobeclaimedandtheindividualhastogivefulldetailsofallhisorhercapitalassetsandsourcesofincome.Unclaimedbenefitsamounttoapproximately$100millioneachyear. TheoriginatorsoftheWelfareStateideawereconcernedtoalleviateorremovewhattheysawastheevilsoftheirtime.TheireffortsresultedinagreatimprovementinthestandardoflivingandlifeexpectancyinBritain.ThisprogressinitselfhassimulatedtheincreasingcostofmaintainingtheWelfareState.Over45percentofthehealthauthorityexpenditureonhospitals andcommunityservicesisspentoncareoftheelderly.YetthereareindicationsthatBeveridge calculatedthatlesswouldneedtobespentonpeopleoncetheyretired.Advancesinmedicalknowledgehaveinvolvedtheuseofexpensivedrugsandhospitalprocedures.Drugandalcoholabusemakeincreasingdemandsonthemedicalservices. Thepresentgovernmentisplanninganewapproachtothesocialsecuritysystemwhichaccountsfornearlyone-thirdofpublicexpenditure.Changesinthemovement’spensionschemetoencourageprivateschemeswillstartfromAprilthisyear.Differentwaysofassessingneedareplanned.ToenableclosermonitoringandcontroltheDHSShasbegunthebiggestcomputerizationprograminEurope.Suggestionshavebeenmadebyoppositionpoliticiansthatthepresentmovementintendstosay"farewell"totheWelfareState.AlthoughallthemajorpartiesinBritainsaytheyarecommitted’toacaringsociety.There’saconsiderabledifferenceinthemeanseachwouldwishtousetoachieveit.Astheoldsayinggoes"Onlytimewilltell". OwingtotheeffortsoftheoriginatorsoftheWelfareState
46MaybetheyaretooyoungtoknowbetterormoreprobablytheyareyoungenoughtoknowbetterthanmostbuttwoIntemetmarketingwhizzesfromSanFranciscosaybothdotcomcpmpaniesandtheInternetarmofconventionalcompanieswillcontinuetobewhereclientgrowthandprofitaremostprolific. Butamarketingstrategyincludingabove-lineadvertisingtodrivepeople’toyoursite-willstillbeimportantsay23-year-oldChristopherGeorgeand26-year-oldJulioCabanillasinteractivemediaspecialistsfromtheglobaladvertisingagencyFooteConeBeldingFCB. ThetwotraveltheworldtoinstructtheircounterpartsontherightsandwrongsofIntemetasmarketingstrategiesandthecorrectbrandingofdotcomcompanies.Theyshouldknow.47Sixtypercentofbillingsissuedbythe’SanFranciscoofficeofFCBarenowtodotcomcompaniesihcludingthemassiveon-linebookstoreAmazon.comwhichboastsaccesstomorethanamilliontitles. 48Onasmallerscalebutequallyeffectivehasbeenthelistencomadvertisingbannerplacedonahostofcarefullyselectedmusicrelatedsitesandsearchengines.Thebannerhasarequestfunctionwheretheusercanselectanartistandbetakendirectlytothatartist’swebpageanddownloadMP3audiotracks. “Thefactthatyoucansearchwithinthebannerandconditiontheusertoknowwhatyouareofferingiskey.Thecreativeapproachissimplebuteffectiveandconveysexactlywhatthesiteisabout.” 49AlthoughtheInternetstrategiesfollowthestandard1:3ratioofconventionaladvertisingcampaignsroughlythreetimesmoreshouldbespentonplacingadvertisinginthevariousmediasuchastelevisionornewspapersthanontheproductionoftheadvertisingcampaignthecosttoclientscomesbeforeandaftertheonlinecampaign. ForexampleofwhatnottodoSeniorGeorgeandCabanillaspointtothegiantsupermarketchainWal-MartintheUSasanInternetsitethathasnottakenadvantageoftheuniquepropertiesofinteractivity.“Whatthey’vedoneistakethebricksandmortarlayoutstoreaislesforexampleandsimplyputitonline”Cabanillassays. 50“Buttheonlineexperienceismuchmorefluidthanthatandshouldprovide’smarter’serviceslikerecommendationsdiscountsandotherfunthingstoenhancetheuserexperience.Notintrusivejustsmarter.” 49AlthoughtheInternetstrategiesfollowthestandard1:3ratioofconventionaladvertisingcampaignsroughlythreetimesmoreshouldbespentonplacingadvertisinginthevariousmediasuchastelevisionornewspapersthanontheproductionoftheadvertisingcampaignthecosttoclientscomesbeforeandaftertheonlinecampaign.
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