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公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其已经依法取得的土地、矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂、海域等自然资源的所有权或者使用权的，可以申请行政复议或者向法院提起行政诉讼。( )
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公民法人或者其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯了其已经依法取得的土地使用权可以直接向人民法院提起
公民法人或其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其已经依法取得的土地矿藏等自然资源的所有权或使用权的
行政复议是公民法人或者其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其 合法权益按照法定程序和条件向作出该具
公民法人或者其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益 提出行政复议申请的行政复议机关必须受理
公民法人或者其他组织认为侵犯其合法权益可以向行政机关提出行政 复议申请
抽象行政行为
民事调解行为
司法行为
具体行政行为
公民法人或者其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益提出行政复议 申请符合申请条件的行政复议
公民法人或者其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其已经依法取得 的海域使用权的应当先申请行政复议对
行政诉讼的原告是认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益的公民法人或其他组织
公民法人或者其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其已经取得的自然资源的使用权或者所有权而申请行政复
公民法人或者其他组织认为行政机关和行政机关工作人员的侵犯其合法权益 有权依照本法向人民法院提起诉讼
具体行政行为
行政行为
抽象行政行为
所有行政行为
公民法人或者其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其财产权不可以 申请行政复议
公民法人或者其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益可以依法申请行政复议机关依照行政复议程序
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FTodaytherearepolicemeneverywherebutin1700Londonhadnopolicemenatall.Afewoldmenusedtoprotectthecitystreetsatnightandtheywerenotpaid.About300yearsagoLondonwasstartingtogetbiggerandmoreandmorepeoplebegantolivethere.Thecitywasverydirtyandmanypeoplewerepoor.Thereweresomanythieveswhostolemoneyinthestreetsthatpeoplestayedintheirhomesasmuchaspossible.In1750HenryFieldingstartedtopayagroupofpeopletostopthieves.TheywerelikepolicemenandwerecalledBowStreetRunnersbecausetheyworkednearBowStreet.Fiftyyearslatertherewere120BowStreetRunnersbutLondonhadbecomeverybigandneededmorepolicemen.Soin1829thefirstMetropolitanorLondonPoliceForcewasstartedwith3000officers.Mostofthemenworkedonfootbutafewrodehorses.Until1920allthepoliceinLondonweremen.TodaytheLondonpolicearequitewellpaidandforthefewpoliceofficerswhostillridehorsesthepayisevenbetterthanfortheothers.In1700themenwhoprotectedthestreetswerepaid______.
BItseemsthatpoliticiansaroundtheworldarethinkingaboutthehealthoftheircountries.WhileinChinaChenZhuhasannouncedhisplansforauniversalhealthserviceandreformacrosshealthservices.GordonBrowntheUKPrimeMinisterhasalsoannouncedheisplanningtomakesomechangesinourhealthservice.ThecruxofMr.Brown’sproposalsisrelatedtogivingtheNHSNationalHealthServiceagreaterfocusonpreventionratherthanjustcuringpatients.Heisplanningtointroduceincreasedscreeningforcommondiseasessuchasheartdiseasestrokesandcancerforexamplebreastcancer.InBritainthereare200000deathsayearfromheartattacksandstrokesmanyofwhichmighthavebeenavoidediftheconditionhadbeenknownabout.Initiallythediagnostic诊断的testswillbeavailableforthosewhoarevulnerableormostlikelytohavethedisease.Oneexampleisaplantoofferallmenover65anultrasoundtesttocheckforproblemswiththemainartery动脉aconditionwhichkills3000menayear.TheoppositionhavecriticizedMr.Brown’sproposalssayingthattheyarejustatrickandclaimingthatthereisnopropertimetableforthechanges.TheyalsosaythatMr.Brownisreducingthemoneyavailableforthetreatmentofcertainconditionswhileputtingmoremoneytowardstestingforthem.TheNHSwasfoundedin1948andispaidforbytaxation.Theideaisthattherichpaymoretowardsthehealthservicethanthepoor.Howeverinrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatincreaseintheuseofprivatehealthcareandit’smuchquicker.TheNHSwaitinglistsforoperationscanbeverylongsomanypeoplewhocanafforditchoosetopayformedicalcarethemselves.Whichofthefollowingisthereasonfortheincreasingprivatehealthcare
GThepolicefiredteargasandarrestedmorethan5000passivelyresistingprotestorsFridayinanattempttobreakupthelargestantinucleardemonstrationeverstagedintheUnitedStates.Morethan135000demonstratorsconfrontedthepoliceontheconstructionsiteofa1000-megawattnuclearpowerplantscheduledtoprovidepowertomostofSouthernNewHampshire.Organizersofthehugedemonstrationsaidthattheprotestwascontinuingdespitethepoliceactions.Moredemonstratorswerearrivingtokeepupthepressureonstateauthoritiestocanceltheproject.Thedemonstratorhadchargedthattheprojectwasunsafeinthedenselypopulatedareawouldcreatethermalpollutioninthebayandhadnoacceptablemeansfordisposingofitsradioactivewasters.Thedemonstrationswouldgoonuntilthejailsandthecourtsweresooverloadedthatthestatejudicialsystemwouldcollapse.GovernorStanforthThumperinsistedthattherewouldbenoreconsiderationofthepowerprojectandnodelayinitsconstructionsetforcompletioninthreeyears.Thisprojectwillbeginontimeandthepeopleofthisstatewillbegintoreceiveitsbenefitsonschedule.Thosewhobreakthelawinmisguidedattemptstosabotagetheprojectwillbedealtwithaccordingtothelawhesaid.Andthepolicecalledinreinforcementsfromalloverthestatetohandlethedisturbances.TheprotestsbeganbeforedawnFridaywhenseveralthousanddemonstratorsbrokethroughthepolicelinesaroundthecordoned-offconstructionsite.TheycarriedplacardsthatreadNoNukesisGoodNukesSunpowerNotNuclearPowerandStopPrivateProfitsfromPublicPeril.Theydefiedpoliceordertomovefromthearea.Teargascanistersfiredbythepolicefailedtodislodgetheprotestorswhohadbeenpreparedwiththeirowngasmasksorfacecloths.Finallythegas-maskedandhelmetedpolicechargedintothecrowdtodragoffthedemonstratorsonebyone.Theprotestorsdidnotresistthepolicebutrefusedtowalkawayundertheirownpower.Thosearrestedwouldbechargedwithunlawfulassemblytrespassinganddisturbingthepeace.Withwhomwerethejailsandcourtsoverloaded
第3篇ShamingPunishmentsLastmonthJamesConnollyajuniorattheUniversityofMassachusettsstoodinfrontofalocalpolicestationwearingatoga长袍aspunishment.HiscrimeHewaschargedwithunderagedrinkingillegalpossessionofalcoholandexcessivenoisewhileholdingaparty.ThisshamingpunishmenthasincreasedintheUSinrecentyearsmostlyimposedbylocaljudgesforlessseriouscrimessuchasdrunkdrivingandtheft.Theybelieveshameisthebestpettycrimedeterrent威慑.ForexampleinTennesseeJudgeJamesMcKenziehasmadeshoplifters商店货物扒手standoutsideWal-MartwithsignsthatreadIamathiefputherebyorderofJudgeMcKenzieAlternativepunishmentslikecommunityserviceandfinesdon’tconveymoralcondemnation谴责ofthecriminal.saidDanKahanaUniversityofChicagoLawSchoolprofessorinanarticlepublishedontheuniversity’swebsite.Theyaren’tshamefulenough.ShamingpunishmentsaresometimescalledScarlet红色的Letterpunishments.ThenamecomesfromUSauthorNathanielHawthorne’s1850novelTheScarletLetter.InthisnovelawomanisforcedtowearascarletAonherclothesaspunishmentforheradultery通奸.HoweverUniversityofIowalawprofessorAndrewHosmaneksaidthereisanimportantdifferencebetweentheshamingpunishmentsofcolonialAmericaandthoseassignedinstateslikeTennessee.Earlysocietiesoftenhadareacceptanceceremonytowelcometheoffenderbackintomainsociety.saysHosmanek.ContemporarypunishmentsinAmericalackthis.Supportersofshamingpunishmentarguethatpublicshamingisagoodwayofexpressingcommunityvalues.Somejudgessayshamedoffendersseldomrepeattheircrimes.Othersaren’tsosure.Thereislittleevidencetosuggestthatshamingpunishmentsaresuccessfulinpreventingpeoplefromcommittingspecificcrimes.Andashamedcriminalmayfaceahardbattletoregaincredibilityinsociety.saidHosmanek.Soashamingpunishmentmayforcetheoffenderintomorecrimestosupporthimself.Expertsalsodebateshamingpunishment’sdamagetohumandignity.Sincethepointistoshameit’sofcoursedegrading侮辱人格的.saidLindaMalonedirectoroftheHumanRightsandNationalSecurityLawProgrammeatWilliamandMaryLawSchool.USlawonlyprohibitspunishmentthatis’cruelandunusual’-not’inhumananddegrading’.It’sverydifficultforathieftoprovethatholdingasigninfrontofWal-Martis’cruelandunusual’./Thewordsuggest’inParagraph9couldbebestreplacedby______.
第2篇DoubtfulWaystoReduceandIncreaseYourWeightYouhearthis:Nowonderyouarefat.Allyoueverdoiseat.Youfeelsad:Iskipmybreakfastandsupper.Iruneverymorningandevening.WhatelsecanIdoBasicallyyoucandonothing.Yourgenesnotyourlifehabitsdetermineyourweightandyourbodyconstantlytriestomaintainit.AlbertStunkardoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniafoundfromexperimentsthat80percentofthechildrenoftwoobese肥胖的parentsbecomeobeseascomparedwithnomorethan14percentoftheoffspringoftwoparentsofnormalweight.HowcanobesepeoplebecomenormaloreventhinthroughdietingWelldietingcanbeeffectivebutthehealthcostsaretremendous.JulesHirscharesearchphysicianatRockefellerUniversitydidastudyofeightfatpeople.Theyweregivenaliquidformulaproviding600caloriesaday.Aftermorethan10weeksthesubjectslost45kaonaverage.Butafterleavingthehospitaltheyallregainedweight.Theresultsweresurprising:bymetabolic新陈代谢measurementfatpeoplewholostlargeamountsofweightseemedliketheywerestarving.Theyhadpsychiatricproblems.Theydreamedoffoodorbreakingtheirdiet.Theywereanxiousanddepressed;someweresuicidal.Theyhidfoodintheirrooms.Researcherswarnthatitispossiblethatweightreductiondoesn’tresultinnormalweightbutinanabnormalstateresemblingthatofstarvednon-obesepeople.Thinpeoplehoweversufferfromtheopposite.Theyhavetomakeagreatefforttogainweight.EthanSimsoftheUniversityofVermontgotprisonerstovolunteertogainweight.Infourtosixmonthstheyateasmuchastheycould.Theysucceededinincreasingtheirweightby20to25percent.Butmonthsafterthestudyendedtheywerebacktonormalweightandstayedthere.Thisdoesnotmeanthatpeoplearecompletelywithouthopeincontrollingtheirweight.Itmeansthatthosewhotendtobefatwillhavetoconstantlybaffletheirgeneticinheritanceiftheywanttosignificantlylowertheirweight.Thefindingsalsoprovideevidenceforsomethingscientiststhoughtwastrue--eachpersonhasacomfortableweightrange.Therangemightbeasmuchas9kg.Someonemightweigh60-69kgwithouttoomucheffort.Butgoingaboveorbelowthenaturalweightrangeisdifficult.Thebodyresistsbyfeelinghungryorfullandchangingthemetabolismtopushtheweightbacktotherangeitseeks.Whatdidscientiststhinkwastrue
Thenumberofstudentsareplayingfootballontheplayground.
CWithonlyabout1000pandasleftintheworldChinaisdesperatelytryingtoclonetheanimalandsavetheendangeredspecies.That’samovesimilartowhataTexasA&MUniversityresearcherhasbeenundertakingforthepastfiveyearsinaprojectcalledNoah’sArk.Dr.DuaneKraemeraprofessorinTexasA&M’sCollegeofVeterinaryMedicineandapioneerinembryo胚胎transferworkandrelatedproceduressayshesalutestheChineseeffortandIwishthemallthebestsuccesspossible.It’saworthwhileprojectcertainlynotaneasyoneandit’sverymuchlikewhatwe’reattemptinghereatTexasA&M--tosaveanimalsfromextinction.Noah’sArkisaimedatcollectingeggsembryossemen精子andDNAofendangeredanimalsandstoringtheminliquidnitrogen.IfcertainspeciesshouldbecomeextinctKraemersaystherewouldbeenoughofthebasicbuildingblockstoreintroducethespeciesinthefuture.Itisestimatedthatasmanyas2000speciesofmammalsbirdsandreptileswillbecomeextinctoverthenext100years.ThepandanativeonlytoChinaisindangerofbecomingextinctinthenext25years.ThisweekChinesescientistssaidtheygrewanembryobyintroducingcellsfromadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbit.Theyarenowtryingtoimplanttheembryointoahostanimal.Theentireprocedurecouldtakefromthreetofiveyearstocomplete.ThenucleartransferofonespeciestoanotherisnoteasyandthelackofavailablepandaeggscouldbeamajorproblemKraemerbelieves.Theywillprobablyhavetodoseveralhundredtransferstoresultinonepregnancy.Ittakesalongtimeandit’sdifficultbutthiscouldbegroundbreakingscienceifitworks.TheyarecertainlynotputtinganylivepandasatrisksoitisworththeeffortaddsKraemerwhoisoneoftheleadersoftheMissyplicityProjectatTexasA&Mthefirsteverattemptatcloningadog.Theyaretryingtodosomethingthat’sneverbeendoneandthisisverysimilartoourworkinNoah’sArk.We’rebothtryingtosaveanimalsthatfaceextinction.Icertainlyapplaudtheireffortandthere’salotwecanlearnfromwhattheyareattemptingtodo.It’saresearchthatisverymuchneeded./WhatcouldbethemajorproblemincloningpandasaccordingtoProfessorKraemer
GThepolicefiredteargasandarrestedmorethan5000passivelyresistingprotestorsFridayinanattempttobreakupthelargestantinucleardemonstrationeverstagedintheUnitedStates.Morethan135000demonstratorsconfrontedthepoliceontheconstructionsiteofa1000-megawattnuclearpowerplantscheduledtoprovidepowertomostofSouthernNewHampshire.Organizersofthehugedemonstrationsaidthattheprotestwascontinuingdespitethepoliceactions.Moredemonstratorswerearrivingtokeepupthepressureonstateauthoritiestocanceltheproject.Thedemonstratorhadchargedthattheprojectwasunsafeinthedenselypopulatedareawouldcreatethermalpollutioninthebayandhadnoacceptablemeansfordisposingofitsradioactivewasters.Thedemonstrationswouldgoonuntilthejailsandthecourtsweresooverloadedthatthestatejudicialsystemwouldcollapse.GovernorStanforthThumperinsistedthattherewouldbenoreconsiderationofthepowerprojectandnodelayinitsconstructionsetforcompletioninthreeyears.Thisprojectwillbeginontimeandthepeopleofthisstatewillbegintoreceiveitsbenefitsonschedule.Thosewhobreakthelawinmisguidedattemptstosabotagetheprojectwillbedealtwithaccordingtothelawhesaid.Andthepolicecalledinreinforcementsfromalloverthestatetohandlethedisturbances.TheprotestsbeganbeforedawnFridaywhenseveralthousanddemonstratorsbrokethroughthepolicelinesaroundthecordoned-offconstructionsite.TheycarriedplacardsthatreadNoNukesisGoodNukesSunpowerNotNuclearPowerandStopPrivateProfitsfromPublicPeril.Theydefiedpoliceordertomovefromthearea.Teargascanistersfiredbythepolicefailedtodislodgetheprotestorswhohadbeenpreparedwiththeirowngasmasksorfacecloths.Finallythegas-maskedandhelmetedpolicechargedintothecrowdtodragoffthedemonstratorsonebyone.Theprotestorsdidnotresistthepolicebutrefusedtowalkawayundertheirownpower.Thosearrestedwouldbechargedwithunlawfulassemblytrespassinganddisturbingthepeace.Whohadgasmasks
HTreesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways.Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair.Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwoundisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetodryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly.Whyisaspecialmaterialpaintedonthetree
BItseemsthatpoliticiansaroundtheworldarethinkingaboutthehealthoftheircountries.WhileinChinaChenZhuhasannouncedhisplansforauniversalhealthserviceandreformacrosshealthservices.GordonBrowntheUKPrimeMinisterhasalsoannouncedheisplanningtomakesomechangesinourhealthservice.ThecruxofMr.Brown’sproposalsisrelatedtogivingtheNHSNationalHealthServiceagreaterfocusonpreventionratherthanjustcuringpatients.Heisplanningtointroduceincreasedscreeningforcommondiseasessuchasheartdiseasestrokesandcancerforexamplebreastcancer.InBritainthereare200000deathsayearfromheartattacksandstrokesmanyofwhichmighthavebeenavoidediftheconditionhadbeenknownabout.Initiallythediagnostic诊断的testswillbeavailableforthosewhoarevulnerableormostlikelytohavethedisease.Oneexampleisaplantoofferallmenover65anultrasoundtesttocheckforproblemswiththemainartery动脉aconditionwhichkills3000menayear.TheoppositionhavecriticizedMr.Brown’sproposalssayingthattheyarejustatrickandclaimingthatthereisnopropertimetableforthechanges.TheyalsosaythatMr.Brownisreducingthemoneyavailableforthetreatmentofcertainconditionswhileputtingmoremoneytowardstestingforthem.TheNHSwasfoundedin1948andispaidforbytaxation.Theideaisthattherichpaymoretowardsthehealthservicethanthepoor.Howeverinrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatincreaseintheuseofprivatehealthcareandit’smuchquicker.TheNHSwaitinglistsforoperationscanbeverylongsomanypeoplewhocanafforditchoosetopayformedicalcarethemselves.Theunderlinedwordvulnerableinthefourthparagraphprobablymeans______.
EAtacertaintimeinourlivesweconsidereveryplaceasthepossiblesite地点forahouse.IhavethussearchedthecountrywithinadozenmilesofwhereIlive.InimaginationIhaveboughtallthefarmsoneafteranotherandIknewtheirprices.ThenearestthingthatIcametoactualownershipwaswhenIboughttheHollowellplace.Butbeforetheownercompletedthesalewithmehiswifechangedhermindandwishedtokeepitandheofferedmeadditionaldollarstoreturnthefarmtohim.HoweverIlethimkeeptheadditionaldollarsandsoldhimthefarmforjustwhatIhadgivenforit.TherealattractionsoftheHollowellfarmtomewereitspositionbeingabouttwomilesfromthevillagehalfamilefromthenearestneighborbounded相邻ononesidebytheriverandseparatedfromthehighwaybyawidefield.Thepoorconditionofthehouseandfencesshowedthatithadn’tbeenusedforsometime.IrememberedfrommyearliesttripuptheriverthatthehouseusedtobehiddenbehindaforestareaandIwasinahurrytobuyitbeforetheownerfinishedgettingoutsomerockscuttingdowntheappletreesandclearingawaysomeyoungtreeswhichhadgrownupinthefields.Iwantedtobuyitbeforehemadeanymoreofhisimprovements.ButitturnedoutasIhavesaid.Iwasnotreallytroubledbytheloss.IhadalwayshadagardenbutIdon’tthinkIwasreadyforalargefarm.Ibelievethataslongaspossibleitisbettertolivefreeanduncommitted不受约束的.Itmakesbutlittledifferencewhetheryouownafarmornot.Theunderlinedwordsthelossinthelastparagraphreferto______.
DThedaysofelderlywomendoingnothingbutcookinghugemealsonholidaysaregone.EntertheRedHatSociety--agroupholdingthebeliefthatoldladiesshouldhavefun.Mygrandmothersdidn’tdoanythingbutkeephouseandserveeverybody.TheywereprogrammedtodothatsaidEmilyCornetteheadofachapterofthe7-year-oldRedHatSociety.Whilemenhavelongspenttheirtimefishingandplayinggolfwomenhavesometimesseemedtobecomeunnoticedastheyage.Butthegenerationnowturning50isthebabyboomers生育高峰期出生的人andthesamepeoplewhorefusedtheirparents’wayofbeingyoungarenowtryinganewwayofgrowingold.Ifyoutakeintoconsiderationfeminism女权主义abitofsparemoneyandbetterhealthformostelderlytheRedHatSocietylooksalmostinevitable必然的.Inthissocietywomenover50wearredhatsandpurple紫色的clotheswhilethewomenunder50wearpinkhatsandlightpurpleclothing.TheorganizationtooktheideafromapoembyJennyJosephthatbegins:WhenIamanoldwomanIshallwearpurple.Witharedhatwhichdoesn’tgosaidEllenCooperwhofoundedtheRedHatSocietyin1998.Whentheladiesstartedtoweartheredhatstheyattractedlotsofattention.ThepointofthisisthatweneedarestfromalwaysdoingsomethingforsomeoneelseCoopersaidWomenfeelsoashamedandsorrywhentheydosomethingforthemselves.Thisiswhychaptersarediscouragedfromraisingmoneyordoinganythinguseful.We’realadies’playgroup.Itcouldn’tbemoresimpleaddedCooper’sassistantJoeHeywood.TheunderlinedwordchapterinParagraph2means______.
第4篇TryingtoFindaPartnerOneofthemoststrikingfindingsofarecentpollintheUKisthatofthepeopleinterviewedoneintwobelievesthatitisbecomingmoredifficulttomeetsomeonetostartafamilywith.WhyaremanyfindingitincreasinglydifficulttostartandsustainintimaterelationshipsDoesmodernlifereallymakeithardertofallinloveOrarewemakingitharderforourselvesItiscertainlythecasetodaythatcontemporarycouplesbenefitindifferentwaysfromrelationships.Womennolongerrelyuponpartnersforeconomicsecurityorstatus.Amandoesn’texpecthisspousetobeinsolechargeofrunninghishouseholdandraisinghischildren.Butperhapstheknowledgethatwecanliveperfectlywellwithoutapartnershipmeansthatittakesmuchmoretopersuadepeopletoabandontheirindependence.Intheoryfindingapartnershouldbemuchsimplerthesedays.Onlyafewgenerationsagoyourchoiceofsoulmate心上人wasconstrainedbygeographysocialconventionandfamilytradition.Althoughitwasneverexplicitmanymarriageswereessentiallyarranged.Nowthosebarriershavebeenbrokendown.Youcanapproachabuilderorabrainsurgeoninanybarinanycityonanygivenevening.Whentheworldisyouroyster牡蛎yousurelyhaveabetterchanceoffindingapearl.Butitseemsthattheoldconventionshavebeenreplacedbyaneventighterconstraint:thetyrannyofchoice.Theexpectationsofpartnersareinflatedtoanunmanageabledegree:goodlooksimpressivesalarykindtograndmotherandrightsocks.Thereisnoroomforerrorinthefirstimpression.Wethinkthatarelationshipcanbeperfect.Ifitisn’titisdisposable.Weworktoprotectourselvesagainstfutureheartacheanddon’tputinthehardemotionallaborneededtobuildastrongrelationship.Ofcoursethisiscomplicatedbyrealities.Thecostofhousingandchild-rearingcreatespressuretohaveastableincomeandcareerbeforealifepartnership.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTaconstraintonone’schoiceofsoulmateintheolddays
FTodaytherearepolicemeneverywherebutin1700Londonhadnopolicemenatall.Afewoldmenusedtoprotectthecitystreetsatnightandtheywerenotpaid.About300yearsagoLondonwasstartingtogetbiggerandmoreandmorepeoplebegantolivethere.Thecitywasverydirtyandmanypeoplewerepoor.Thereweresomanythieveswhostolemoneyinthestreetsthatpeoplestayedintheirhomesasmuchaspossible.In1750HenryFieldingstartedtopayagroupofpeopletostopthieves.TheywerelikepolicemenandwerecalledBowStreetRunnersbecausetheyworkednearBowStreet.Fiftyyearslatertherewere120BowStreetRunnersbutLondonhadbecomeverybigandneededmorepolicemen.Soin1829thefirstMetropolitanorLondonPoliceForcewasstartedwith3000officers.Mostofthemenworkedonfootbutafewrodehorses.Until1920allthepoliceinLondonweremen.TodaytheLondonpolicearequitewellpaidandforthefewpoliceofficerswhostillridehorsesthepayisevenbetterthanfortheothers.TodayLondonpoliceofficerswhoridehorsesarepaid______.
HTreesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways.Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair.Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwoundisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetodryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly.Whatwastheauthor’spurposewhenwritingthispassage
EAtacertaintimeinourlivesweconsidereveryplaceasthepossiblesite地点forahouse.IhavethussearchedthecountrywithinadozenmilesofwhereIlive.InimaginationIhaveboughtallthefarmsoneafteranotherandIknewtheirprices.ThenearestthingthatIcametoactualownershipwaswhenIboughttheHollowellplace.Butbeforetheownercompletedthesalewithmehiswifechangedhermindandwishedtokeepitandheofferedmeadditionaldollarstoreturnthefarmtohim.HoweverIlethimkeeptheadditionaldollarsandsoldhimthefarmforjustwhatIhadgivenforit.TherealattractionsoftheHollowellfarmtomewereitspositionbeingabouttwomilesfromthevillagehalfamilefromthenearestneighborbounded相邻ononesidebytheriverandseparatedfromthehighwaybyawidefield.Thepoorconditionofthehouseandfencesshowedthatithadn’tbeenusedforsometime.IrememberedfrommyearliesttripuptheriverthatthehouseusedtobehiddenbehindaforestareaandIwasinahurrytobuyitbeforetheownerfinishedgettingoutsomerockscuttingdowntheappletreesandclearingawaysomeyoungtreeswhichhadgrownupinthefields.Iwantedtobuyitbeforehemadeanymoreofhisimprovements.ButitturnedoutasIhavesaid.Iwasnotreallytroubledbytheloss.IhadalwayshadagardenbutIdon’tthinkIwasreadyforalargefarm.Ibelievethataslongaspossibleitisbettertolivefreeanduncommitted不受约束的.Itmakesbutlittledifferencewhetheryouownafarmornot.WhydidtheauthordecidetobuytheHollowellplace
FTodaytherearepolicemeneverywherebutin1700Londonhadnopolicemenatall.Afewoldmenusedtoprotectthecitystreetsatnightandtheywerenotpaid.About300yearsagoLondonwasstartingtogetbiggerandmoreandmorepeoplebegantolivethere.Thecitywasverydirtyandmanypeoplewerepoor.Thereweresomanythieveswhostolemoneyinthestreetsthatpeoplestayedintheirhomesasmuchaspossible.In1750HenryFieldingstartedtopayagroupofpeopletostopthieves.TheywerelikepolicemenandwerecalledBowStreetRunnersbecausetheyworkednearBowStreet.Fiftyyearslatertherewere120BowStreetRunnersbutLondonhadbecomeverybigandneededmorepolicemen.Soin1829thefirstMetropolitanorLondonPoliceForcewasstartedwith3000officers.Mostofthemenworkedonfootbutafewrodehorses.Until1920allthepoliceinLondonweremen.TodaytheLondonpolicearequitewellpaidandforthefewpoliceofficerswhostillridehorsesthepayisevenbetterthanfortheothers.Peopledidn’tleavetheirhousesbecause______.
BItseemsthatpoliticiansaroundtheworldarethinkingaboutthehealthoftheircountries.WhileinChinaChenZhuhasannouncedhisplansforauniversalhealthserviceandreformacrosshealthservices.GordonBrowntheUKPrimeMinisterhasalsoannouncedheisplanningtomakesomechangesinourhealthservice.ThecruxofMr.Brown’sproposalsisrelatedtogivingtheNHSNationalHealthServiceagreaterfocusonpreventionratherthanjustcuringpatients.Heisplanningtointroduceincreasedscreeningforcommondiseasessuchasheartdiseasestrokesandcancerforexamplebreastcancer.InBritainthereare200000deathsayearfromheartattacksandstrokesmanyofwhichmighthavebeenavoidediftheconditionhadbeenknownabout.Initiallythediagnostic诊断的testswillbeavailableforthosewhoarevulnerableormostlikelytohavethedisease.Oneexampleisaplantoofferallmenover65anultrasoundtesttocheckforproblemswiththemainartery动脉aconditionwhichkills3000menayear.TheoppositionhavecriticizedMr.Brown’sproposalssayingthattheyarejustatrickandclaimingthatthereisnopropertimetableforthechanges.TheyalsosaythatMr.Brownisreducingthemoneyavailableforthetreatmentofcertainconditionswhileputtingmoremoneytowardstestingforthem.TheNHSwasfoundedin1948andispaidforbytaxation.Theideaisthattherichpaymoretowardsthehealthservicethanthepoor.Howeverinrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatincreaseintheuseofprivatehealthcareandit’smuchquicker.TheNHSwaitinglistsforoperationscanbeverylongsomanypeoplewhocanafforditchoosetopayformedicalcarethemselves.Theauthorofthispassageintendstotellus______.
第4篇TryingtoFindaPartnerOneofthemoststrikingfindingsofarecentpollintheUKisthatofthepeopleinterviewedoneintwobelievesthatitisbecomingmoredifficulttomeetsomeonetostartafamilywith.WhyaremanyfindingitincreasinglydifficulttostartandsustainintimaterelationshipsDoesmodernlifereallymakeithardertofallinloveOrarewemakingitharderforourselvesItiscertainlythecasetodaythatcontemporarycouplesbenefitindifferentwaysfromrelationships.Womennolongerrelyuponpartnersforeconomicsecurityorstatus.Amandoesn’texpecthisspousetobeinsolechargeofrunninghishouseholdandraisinghischildren.Butperhapstheknowledgethatwecanliveperfectlywellwithoutapartnershipmeansthatittakesmuchmoretopersuadepeopletoabandontheirindependence.Intheoryfindingapartnershouldbemuchsimplerthesedays.Onlyafewgenerationsagoyourchoiceofsoulmate心上人wasconstrainedbygeographysocialconventionandfamilytradition.Althoughitwasneverexplicitmanymarriageswereessentiallyarranged.Nowthosebarriershavebeenbrokendown.Youcanapproachabuilderorabrainsurgeoninanybarinanycityonanygivenevening.Whentheworldisyouroyster牡蛎yousurelyhaveabetterchanceoffindingapearl.Butitseemsthattheoldconventionshavebeenreplacedbyaneventighterconstraint:thetyrannyofchoice.Theexpectationsofpartnersareinflatedtoanunmanageabledegree:goodlooksimpressivesalarykindtograndmotherandrightsocks.Thereisnoroomforerrorinthefirstimpression.Wethinkthatarelationshipcanbeperfect.Ifitisn’titisdisposable.Weworktoprotectourselvesagainstfutureheartacheanddon’tputinthehardemotionallaborneededtobuildastrongrelationship.Ofcoursethisiscomplicatedbyrealities.Thecostofhousingandchild-rearingcreatespressuretohaveastableincomeandcareerbeforealifepartnership.Whatdoestherecentpollshow
DThedaysofelderlywomendoingnothingbutcookinghugemealsonholidaysaregone.EntertheRedHatSociety--agroupholdingthebeliefthatoldladiesshouldhavefun.Mygrandmothersdidn’tdoanythingbutkeephouseandserveeverybody.TheywereprogrammedtodothatsaidEmilyCornetteheadofachapterofthe7-year-oldRedHatSociety.Whilemenhavelongspenttheirtimefishingandplayinggolfwomenhavesometimesseemedtobecomeunnoticedastheyage.Butthegenerationnowturning50isthebabyboomers生育高峰期出生的人andthesamepeoplewhorefusedtheirparents’wayofbeingyoungarenowtryinganewwayofgrowingold.Ifyoutakeintoconsiderationfeminism女权主义abitofsparemoneyandbetterhealthformostelderlytheRedHatSocietylooksalmostinevitable必然的.Inthissocietywomenover50wearredhatsandpurple紫色的clotheswhilethewomenunder50wearpinkhatsandlightpurpleclothing.TheorganizationtooktheideafromapoembyJennyJosephthatbegins:WhenIamanoldwomanIshallwearpurple.Witharedhatwhichdoesn’tgosaidEllenCooperwhofoundedtheRedHatSocietyin1998.Whentheladiesstartedtoweartheredhatstheyattractedlotsofattention.ThepointofthisisthatweneedarestfromalwaysdoingsomethingforsomeoneelseCoopersaidWomenfeelsoashamedandsorrywhentheydosomethingforthemselves.Thisiswhychaptersarediscouragedfromraisingmoneyordoinganythinguseful.We’realadies’playgroup.Itcouldn’tbemoresimpleaddedCooper’sassistantJoeHeywood.ItcouldbeinferredfromthetextthatmembersoftheRedHatSocietyare______.
第2篇DoubtfulWaystoReduceandIncreaseYourWeightYouhearthis:Nowonderyouarefat.Allyoueverdoiseat.Youfeelsad:Iskipmybreakfastandsupper.Iruneverymorningandevening.WhatelsecanIdoBasicallyyoucandonothing.Yourgenesnotyourlifehabitsdetermineyourweightandyourbodyconstantlytriestomaintainit.AlbertStunkardoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniafoundfromexperimentsthat80percentofthechildrenoftwoobese肥胖的parentsbecomeobeseascomparedwithnomorethan14percentoftheoffspringoftwoparentsofnormalweight.HowcanobesepeoplebecomenormaloreventhinthroughdietingWelldietingcanbeeffectivebutthehealthcostsaretremendous.JulesHirscharesearchphysicianatRockefellerUniversitydidastudyofeightfatpeople.Theyweregivenaliquidformulaproviding600caloriesaday.Aftermorethan10weeksthesubjectslost45kaonaverage.Butafterleavingthehospitaltheyallregainedweight.Theresultsweresurprising:bymetabolic新陈代谢measurementfatpeoplewholostlargeamountsofweightseemedliketheywerestarving.Theyhadpsychiatricproblems.Theydreamedoffoodorbreakingtheirdiet.Theywereanxiousanddepressed;someweresuicidal.Theyhidfoodintheirrooms.Researcherswarnthatitispossiblethatweightreductiondoesn’tresultinnormalweightbutinanabnormalstateresemblingthatofstarvednon-obesepeople.Thinpeoplehoweversufferfromtheopposite.Theyhavetomakeagreatefforttogainweight.EthanSimsoftheUniversityofVermontgotprisonerstovolunteertogainweight.Infourtosixmonthstheyateasmuchastheycould.Theysucceededinincreasingtheirweightby20to25percent.Butmonthsafterthestudyendedtheywerebacktonormalweightandstayedthere.Thisdoesnotmeanthatpeoplearecompletelywithouthopeincontrollingtheirweight.Itmeansthatthosewhotendtobefatwillhavetoconstantlybaffletheirgeneticinheritanceiftheywanttosignificantlylowertheirweight.Thefindingsalsoprovideevidenceforsomethingscientiststhoughtwastrue--eachpersonhasacomfortableweightrange.Therangemightbeasmuchas9kg.Someonemightweigh60-69kgwithouttoomucheffort.Butgoingaboveorbelowthenaturalweightrangeisdifficult.Thebodyresistsbyfeelinghungryorfullandchangingthemetabolismtopushtheweightbacktotherangeitseeks.Whatdeterminesyourweight
第1篇CentersoftheGreatEuropeanCitiesThecentersofthegreatcitiesofEuropearemeetingplacesbytradition.Peoplegathertheretodrinkcoffeeandchatlateintothenight.Amixtureoflocalsandtouristsmakeforanexcitingmetropolitanatmosphere.Squaresplazas广场andarcades拱廊formtheheartofEurope’scities.VeniceinItalyhasthePiazzaSanMarcoabeautifulsquaresurroundedbyshopschurchesrestaurantsandcafes.InBarcelonaSpainLaBosqueriaisalivelymarketwithhundredsofstallssellingallkindsofgoods.London’sCoventGardenisfilledwithfruitandvegetablestallsbydayandmusiciansacrobats杂技演员andartistsbynight.Thegovernmentbuildingsatthecenterofmanycitiesoftenarearchitecturallyimpressive.InLondontheyserveasabeautifulbackdrop背景tothecoffeetablesthatlinethestreetsandthebanksoftheThames.Thesevibrant有活力的heartsaretheproductofcenturiesofevolutionsocialhistorianJoelGarreautoldUSNewsandWorldReportrecently.ThereasonpeoplethinkVeniceissogreattodayisyoudon’tseeallthemistakessaidGarreauThosehaveallbeenremoved.MostEuropeancitieswerelaidoutbeforetheinventionofthecarsobarsrestaurantsandcafeswereneartopeople’shomes.TodaythefocusofmanyEuropeans’lifehasmovedawayfromthecenters.Theyliveinthesuburbsandoutskirtsdrivingtosupermarketstogettheirsupplies.Butonacontinentwherepeopletreasureconventiontherearestillthosewhoholdontotraditionalwayslivingandshoppinglocally.Thesepeopletogetherwithtouristsprovidethecitycenterswiththereasonforexistence.Coffeecultureplaysapartinkeepingthesecitycentersflourishing.ThisisparticularlytrueofPariswhosecitizensarefamousenthusiasticconversationalists.Thisskillisdevelopedovermanyhoursspentchattingoverespressos浓咖啡andcigarettes.Religionalsoplaysaroleindevelopingsociableatmosphere.PeopleinRomanCatholiccountriesusedtovisitthechurchonanalmostdailybasis.Entirecommunitieswouldgatherinthesamebuildingandthenmoveouttothemarketscafesandbarsinthesurroundingstreets.AnenormousexampleofthisrelationshipbetweenchurchandsocietyistheDuomo.ThehugemarblecathedralinFlorenceItalyissurroundedbybakeriesandcoffeeshopsandcatersnotonlytothetouristcrowdsbutalsothelocalcommunity.WhatareParisiansfamousfor
第2篇DoubtfulWaystoReduceandIncreaseYourWeightYouhearthis:Nowonderyouarefat.Allyoueverdoiseat.Youfeelsad:Iskipmybreakfastandsupper.Iruneverymorningandevening.WhatelsecanIdoBasicallyyoucandonothing.Yourgenesnotyourlifehabitsdetermineyourweightandyourbodyconstantlytriestomaintainit.AlbertStunkardoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniafoundfromexperimentsthat80percentofthechildrenoftwoobese肥胖的parentsbecomeobeseascomparedwithnomorethan14percentoftheoffspringoftwoparentsofnormalweight.HowcanobesepeoplebecomenormaloreventhinthroughdietingWelldietingcanbeeffectivebutthehealthcostsaretremendous.JulesHirscharesearchphysicianatRockefellerUniversitydidastudyofeightfatpeople.Theyweregivenaliquidformulaproviding600caloriesaday.Aftermorethan10weeksthesubjectslost45kaonaverage.Butafterleavingthehospitaltheyallregainedweight.Theresultsweresurprising:bymetabolic新陈代谢measurementfatpeoplewholostlargeamountsofweightseemedliketheywerestarving.Theyhadpsychiatricproblems.Theydreamedoffoodorbreakingtheirdiet.Theywereanxiousanddepressed;someweresuicidal.Theyhidfoodintheirrooms.Researcherswarnthatitispossiblethatweightreductiondoesn’tresultinnormalweightbutinanabnormalstateresemblingthatofstarvednon-obesepeople.Thinpeoplehoweversufferfromtheopposite.Theyhavetomakeagreatefforttogainweight.EthanSimsoftheUniversityofVermontgotprisonerstovolunteertogainweight.Infourtosixmonthstheyateasmuchastheycould.Theysucceededinincreasingtheirweightby20to25percent.Butmonthsafterthestudyendedtheywerebacktonormalweightandstayedthere.Thisdoesnotmeanthatpeoplearecompletelywithouthopeincontrollingtheirweight.Itmeansthatthosewhotendtobefatwillhavetoconstantlybaffletheirgeneticinheritanceiftheywanttosignificantlylowertheirweight.Thefindingsalsoprovideevidenceforsomethingscientiststhoughtwastrue--eachpersonhasacomfortableweightrange.Therangemightbeasmuchas9kg.Someonemightweigh60-69kgwithouttoomucheffort.Butgoingaboveorbelowthenaturalweightrangeisdifficult.Thebodyresistsbyfeelinghungryorfullandchangingthemetabolismtopushtheweightbacktotherangeitseeks.Whathappenedtotheeightfatpeopleaftertheyleftthehospital
AHowshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflationLeftinabankitwillhardlykeepitsvaluehoweverhightheinterestrateis.OnlyabravemanoraveryrichonedarestobuyandsellontheStockMarket.Todayitseemsthatoneofthebestwaystoprotectyoursavingsandevenincreaseyourwealthistobuybeautifulobjectsfromthepast.HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclockswhichIpersonallyconsiderareamongthemostinterestingofantiques.Isometimeswonderwhatabeingfromanotherplanetmightreportbackaboutourwayoflife.TheplanetEarthisruledbyamysteriouscreaturethatsitsorstandsinaroomandmakesastrangetickingsound.Ithasafacewithtwelveblackmarksandtwohands.Mencandonothingwithoutitspermissionanditfastensitsyoungroundpeople’swristssothateverywheremengotheyarestillunderitscontrol.ThiscreatureistherealmasterofEarthandmenareitsslaves.Whetherornotweareslavesoftimetodaydependsonourcultureandpersonalitybutitisbelievedthatmanyyearsagokingskeptspecialslavestotellthetime.Certainmenwereverycleveratmeasuringthetimeofdayaccordingtothebeatingoftheirownhearts.Theyweremadetostandinafixedplaceandeveryhourorsowouldshoutthetime.Soitseemsthatthefirstclockswerehumanbeings.Howevermenquicklyfoundmoreconvenientandreliablewaysoftellingthetime.Theylearnedtousetheshadowscastbythesun.Theymarkedthehoursoncandiesusedsandinhour-glassesandinventedwater-clocks.Indeedanyseriousstudentofantiquesshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblevisitingpalacesstatelyhomesandmuseumstoseesomeofthefinestexamplesofclocksfromthepast.Antiqueclockscouldbeveryexpensivebutoneofthejoysofcollectingclocksisthatitisstillpossibletofindquitecheaponesforyourownhome.AfterallifyouaregoingtoberuledbythetimewhynotinvestinairantiqueclockandperhapsmakeafutureprofitTheunderlinedphrasestatelyhomesinParagraph4means______.
CWithonlyabout1000pandasleftintheworldChinaisdesperatelytryingtoclonetheanimalandsavetheendangeredspecies.That’samovesimilartowhataTexasA&MUniversityresearcherhasbeenundertakingforthepastfiveyearsinaprojectcalledNoah’sArk.Dr.DuaneKraemeraprofessorinTexasA&M’sCollegeofVeterinaryMedicineandapioneerinembryo胚胎transferworkandrelatedproceduressayshesalutestheChineseeffortandIwishthemallthebestsuccesspossible.It’saworthwhileprojectcertainlynotaneasyoneandit’sverymuchlikewhatwe’reattemptinghereatTexasA&M--tosaveanimalsfromextinction.Noah’sArkisaimedatcollectingeggsembryossemen精子andDNAofendangeredanimalsandstoringtheminliquidnitrogen.IfcertainspeciesshouldbecomeextinctKraemersaystherewouldbeenoughofthebasicbuildingblockstoreintroducethespeciesinthefuture.Itisestimatedthatasmanyas2000speciesofmammalsbirdsandreptileswillbecomeextinctoverthenext100years.ThepandanativeonlytoChinaisindangerofbecomingextinctinthenext25years.ThisweekChinesescientistssaidtheygrewanembryobyintroducingcellsfromadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbit.Theyarenowtryingtoimplanttheembryointoahostanimal.Theentireprocedurecouldtakefromthreetofiveyearstocomplete.ThenucleartransferofonespeciestoanotherisnoteasyandthelackofavailablepandaeggscouldbeamajorproblemKraemerbelieves.Theywillprobablyhavetodoseveralhundredtransferstoresultinonepregnancy.Ittakesalongtimeandit’sdifficultbutthiscouldbegroundbreakingscienceifitworks.TheyarecertainlynotputtinganylivepandasatrisksoitisworththeeffortaddsKraemerwhoisoneoftheleadersoftheMissyplicityProjectatTexasA&Mthefirsteverattemptatcloningadog.Theyaretryingtodosomethingthat’sneverbeendoneandthisisverysimilartoourworkinNoah’sArk.We’rebothtryingtosaveanimalsthatfaceextinction.Icertainlyapplaudtheireffortandthere’salotwecanlearnfromwhattheyareattemptingtodo.It’saresearchthatisverymuchneeded./HowlongwilltheChinesepandacloningprojecttakeaccordingtothepassage
第1篇CentersoftheGreatEuropeanCitiesThecentersofthegreatcitiesofEuropearemeetingplacesbytradition.Peoplegathertheretodrinkcoffeeandchatlateintothenight.Amixtureoflocalsandtouristsmakeforanexcitingmetropolitanatmosphere.Squaresplazas广场andarcades拱廊formtheheartofEurope’scities.VeniceinItalyhasthePiazzaSanMarcoabeautifulsquaresurroundedbyshopschurchesrestaurantsandcafes.InBarcelonaSpainLaBosqueriaisalivelymarketwithhundredsofstallssellingallkindsofgoods.London’sCoventGardenisfilledwithfruitandvegetablestallsbydayandmusiciansacrobats杂技演员andartistsbynight.Thegovernmentbuildingsatthecenterofmanycitiesoftenarearchitecturallyimpressive.InLondontheyserveasabeautifulbackdrop背景tothecoffeetablesthatlinethestreetsandthebanksoftheThames.Thesevibrant有活力的heartsaretheproductofcenturiesofevolutionsocialhistorianJoelGarreautoldUSNewsandWorldReportrecently.ThereasonpeoplethinkVeniceissogreattodayisyoudon’tseeallthemistakessaidGarreauThosehaveallbeenremoved.MostEuropeancitieswerelaidoutbeforetheinventionofthecarsobarsrestaurantsandcafeswereneartopeople’shomes.TodaythefocusofmanyEuropeans’lifehasmovedawayfromthecenters.Theyliveinthesuburbsandoutskirtsdrivingtosupermarketstogettheirsupplies.Butonacontinentwherepeopletreasureconventiontherearestillthosewhoholdontotraditionalwayslivingandshoppinglocally.Thesepeopletogetherwithtouristsprovidethecitycenterswiththereasonforexistence.Coffeecultureplaysapartinkeepingthesecitycentersflourishing.ThisisparticularlytrueofPariswhosecitizensarefamousenthusiasticconversationalists.Thisskillisdevelopedovermanyhoursspentchattingoverespressos浓咖啡andcigarettes.Religionalsoplaysaroleindevelopingsociableatmosphere.PeopleinRomanCatholiccountriesusedtovisitthechurchonanalmostdailybasis.Entirecommunitieswouldgatherinthesamebuildingandthenmoveouttothemarketscafesandbarsinthesurroundingstreets.AnenormousexampleofthisrelationshipbetweenchurchandsocietyistheDuomo.ThehugemarblecathedralinFlorenceItalyissurroundedbybakeriesandcoffeeshopsandcatersnotonlytothetouristcrowdsbutalsothelocalcommunity.WhichstatementisNOTtrueofCoventGarden
AHowshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflationLeftinabankitwillhardlykeepitsvaluehoweverhightheinterestrateis.OnlyabravemanoraveryrichonedarestobuyandsellontheStockMarket.Todayitseemsthatoneofthebestwaystoprotectyoursavingsandevenincreaseyourwealthistobuybeautifulobjectsfromthepast.HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclockswhichIpersonallyconsiderareamongthemostinterestingofantiques.Isometimeswonderwhatabeingfromanotherplanetmightreportbackaboutourwayoflife.TheplanetEarthisruledbyamysteriouscreaturethatsitsorstandsinaroomandmakesastrangetickingsound.Ithasafacewithtwelveblackmarksandtwohands.Mencandonothingwithoutitspermissionanditfastensitsyoungroundpeople’swristssothateverywheremengotheyarestillunderitscontrol.ThiscreatureistherealmasterofEarthandmenareitsslaves.Whetherornotweareslavesoftimetodaydependsonourcultureandpersonalitybutitisbelievedthatmanyyearsagokingskeptspecialslavestotellthetime.Certainmenwereverycleveratmeasuringthetimeofdayaccordingtothebeatingoftheirownhearts.Theyweremadetostandinafixedplaceandeveryhourorsowouldshoutthetime.Soitseemsthatthefirstclockswerehumanbeings.Howevermenquicklyfoundmoreconvenientandreliablewaysoftellingthetime.Theylearnedtousetheshadowscastbythesun.Theymarkedthehoursoncandiesusedsandinhour-glassesandinventedwater-clocks.Indeedanyseriousstudentofantiquesshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblevisitingpalacesstatelyhomesandmuseumstoseesomeofthefinestexamplesofclocksfromthepast.Antiqueclockscouldbeveryexpensivebutoneofthejoysofcollectingclocksisthatitisstillpossibletofindquitecheaponesforyourownhome.AfterallifyouaregoingtoberuledbythetimewhynotinvestinairantiqueclockandperhapsmakeafutureprofitByquoting引用theremarkofabeingfromanotherplanettheauthorintendsto______.
HTreesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways.Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair.Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwoundisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetodryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly.Whyshouldpruningbedone
第3篇ShamingPunishmentsLastmonthJamesConnollyajuniorattheUniversityofMassachusettsstoodinfrontofalocalpolicestationwearingatoga长袍aspunishment.HiscrimeHewaschargedwithunderagedrinkingillegalpossessionofalcoholandexcessivenoisewhileholdingaparty.ThisshamingpunishmenthasincreasedintheUSinrecentyearsmostlyimposedbylocaljudgesforlessseriouscrimessuchasdrunkdrivingandtheft.Theybelieveshameisthebestpettycrimedeterrent威慑.ForexampleinTennesseeJudgeJamesMcKenziehasmadeshoplifters商店货物扒手standoutsideWal-MartwithsignsthatreadIamathiefputherebyorderofJudgeMcKenzieAlternativepunishmentslikecommunityserviceandfinesdon’tconveymoralcondemnation谴责ofthecriminal.saidDanKahanaUniversityofChicagoLawSchoolprofessorinanarticlepublishedontheuniversity’swebsite.Theyaren’tshamefulenough.ShamingpunishmentsaresometimescalledScarlet红色的Letterpunishments.ThenamecomesfromUSauthorNathanielHawthorne’s1850novelTheScarletLetter.InthisnovelawomanisforcedtowearascarletAonherclothesaspunishmentforheradultery通奸.HoweverUniversityofIowalawprofessorAndrewHosmaneksaidthereisanimportantdifferencebetweentheshamingpunishmentsofcolonialAmericaandthoseassignedinstateslikeTennessee.Earlysocietiesoftenhadareacceptanceceremonytowelcometheoffenderbackintomainsociety.saysHosmanek.ContemporarypunishmentsinAmericalackthis.Supportersofshamingpunishmentarguethatpublicshamingisagoodwayofexpressingcommunityvalues.Somejudgessayshamedoffendersseldomrepeattheircrimes.Othersaren’tsosure.Thereislittleevidencetosuggestthatshamingpunishmentsaresuccessfulinpreventingpeoplefromcommittingspecificcrimes.Andashamedcriminalmayfaceahardbattletoregaincredibilityinsociety.saidHosmanek.Soashamingpunishmentmayforcetheoffenderintomorecrimestosupporthimself.Expertsalsodebateshamingpunishment’sdamagetohumandignity.Sincethepointistoshameit’sofcoursedegrading侮辱人格的.saidLindaMalonedirectoroftheHumanRightsandNationalSecurityLawProgrammeatWilliamandMaryLawSchool.USlawonlyprohibitspunishmentthatis’cruelandunusual’-not’inhumananddegrading’.It’sverydifficultforathieftoprovethatholdingasigninfrontofWal-Martis’cruelandunusual’./WhichofthefollowingpunishmentsdoesNOTmorallycondemnacriminal
DThedaysofelderlywomendoingnothingbutcookinghugemealsonholidaysaregone.EntertheRedHatSociety--agroupholdingthebeliefthatoldladiesshouldhavefun.Mygrandmothersdidn’tdoanythingbutkeephouseandserveeverybody.TheywereprogrammedtodothatsaidEmilyCornetteheadofachapterofthe7-year-oldRedHatSociety.Whilemenhavelongspenttheirtimefishingandplayinggolfwomenhavesometimesseemedtobecomeunnoticedastheyage.Butthegenerationnowturning50isthebabyboomers生育高峰期出生的人andthesamepeoplewhorefusedtheirparents’wayofbeingyoungarenowtryinganewwayofgrowingold.Ifyoutakeintoconsiderationfeminism女权主义abitofsparemoneyandbetterhealthformostelderlytheRedHatSocietylooksalmostinevitable必然的.Inthissocietywomenover50wearredhatsandpurple紫色的clotheswhilethewomenunder50wearpinkhatsandlightpurpleclothing.TheorganizationtooktheideafromapoembyJennyJosephthatbegins:WhenIamanoldwomanIshallwearpurple.Witharedhatwhichdoesn’tgosaidEllenCooperwhofoundedtheRedHatSocietyin1998.Whentheladiesstartedtoweartheredhatstheyattractedlotsofattention.ThepointofthisisthatweneedarestfromalwaysdoingsomethingforsomeoneelseCoopersaidWomenfeelsoashamedandsorrywhentheydosomethingforthemselves.Thisiswhychaptersarediscouragedfromraisingmoneyordoinganythinguseful.We’realadies’playgroup.Itcouldn’tbemoresimpleaddedCooper’sassistantJoeHeywood.WomenjointheRedHatSocietybecause______.
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