首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置:
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Text 4 As childhood-obesity rates skyrocket, doctors are seeing an alarming rise in a costly di...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单项选择》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
在横线上填上运算符号或括号使等式成立.4444=144+44=24444=34444=4.
化简下列各式﹣﹣4=+﹣4=﹣|﹣4|=+|﹣4|=.
推理填空如图EF∥AD∠1=∠2∠BAC=80°.求∠AGD. 解∵EF∥AD ∴∠2= ∵
有一个VBA计算程序的功能如下该程序用户界面由4个文本框和3个按钮组成4个文本框的名称分别为Text
4.04从右边起第一个4在位上表示4个第二个4在位上表示4个它比4.004.
上面计数器上的数位最高位是位左边的4表示4个中间的4表示4个右边的4表示4个.
0.424中最左边的4表示4个0.1最右边的4表示4个0.01..判断对错
例4在下面添上运算符号和小括号组成3个不同的等式使得数都是2.4444=24444=24444=2
下列等式成立的是
-|-4|-|4|=0
-4-4=0
|-4|-|4|=0
-4-|-4|=0
24.04是位小数左边的4在位上表示4个右边的4在位上表示4个.
5.00分在4.04中左边的4在位它表示右边的4在位它表示左边的4是右边的4的倍.
下列式子可以用=连接的是
5+4
12-5
7+(-4)
7-(+4)
2+4(-2)
-12
2(3-4)
23-4
有一组数据44346410这组数据的平均数是中位数是众数是.
有一个VBA计算程序的功能如下该程序用户界面由4个文本框和3个按钮组成4个文本框的名称分别为Text
4是5的%4比5少%5比4多%.
在4.04中左边的4在位它表示右边的4在位它表示左边的4是右边的4的倍.
巧填+﹣×÷使等式成立.4444=14444=54444=24444=9.
找规律在横线上填入适当的数.145494134.
一个比的后项是4比值是4前项是假如这个比的前项是4比值是4后项是.
巧填+﹣×÷使等式成立.4444=14444=54444=24444=94444=34444=15.
热门试题
更多
[A]Humanpopulationgrowthad&morepressuresonland. [B]Differentfactorsplayroleinlanddegradation. [C]Whatislandconversion [D]Theprotectedareascannotescapefromthedestruction. [E]Thelandconversionprocessesinstages. [F]Thelandconversionhasagreatimpactonnature. Theprojectionsofspecieslossbydeforestationlurkanumberofcrucialbuthard-to-plotvariablesamongwhichtwoareespeciallyweightycontinuinglandscapeconversionandthegrowthcurveofhumanpopulation. 41._______. Landscapeconversioncanmeanmanyrings:drainingwetlandstobraidroadsandairportsturningtallgrassprairiesundertheplowfencingsavannaandovergrazingitwithdomesticstockcuttingsecond-growthforestinVermontandconsigningthelandtoskiresortsorvacationsuburbsslash-and-burnclearingofMadagasar’srainforesttogrowriceonwethillsidesindustrialloggingonBorenotomeetJapaneseplywooddemands. 42.______. TheecologistJonTerborghandacolleagueCarelP.vanSchaikhavedescribedafour-stageprocessoflandscapeconversionthattheycalltheland-usecascade.Thesuccessivestagesare.1wildlandsencompassingnationalfloralandfaunalcommunitiesalteredlittleornotatallbyhumanimpact;2extensivelyusedareassuchasnaturalgrasslandslightlygrazedsavannakeptopenforpreyanimalsbyinfrequenthuman-setfiresorforestssparselyworkedbyslash-and-bumfarmersatlowdensity;3intensivelyusedareasmeaningcropriel&plantationsvillagecommonstravelcorridorsurbanandindustrialzones;4degradedlandformerlyusefulbutnowabusedbeyondvaluetoanybody. 43._______. Amongallformsoflandscapeconversionpushingtropicalforestsfromthewildlandscategorytotheintensivelyusedcategoryhasthegreatestimpactonbiologicaldiversity.YoucanseeitinthecentralAmazonwherebigtractsofrainforesthavebeenfelledandburnedinalargelyfutileattempttopasturecattleonsun-hardenedclay.Bythemiddleofthenextcenturyifthetrendcontinuestropical’forestwillexistvirtuallynowhereoutsideofprotectedareas--thatisnationalpark’wildliferefugesandotherofficialreserves. 44.______. Humanpopulationgrowthwillmakeabadsituationworsebyputtingevermorepressureonallavailableland.Theannualincreaseisnow80millionpeoplewithmostofthatincrementcominginlessdevelopedcountries.AccordingtoU.N.’smiddleestimatehumanpopulationwillrisefromthepresent5.9billionto9.4billionbytheyear2050.Anyoneinterestedinthefutureofbiologicaldiversityneedstothinkaboutthepressuresthesepeoplewillfaceandthepressurestheywillexertinreturn. 45._______. Thatdirectionnecessarilywillbetowardevermoredesperateexploitationoflandscape.EvenNoah’sarkonlymanagestorescuepairedanimalsnotlargeparcelsofhabitats.Thejeopardyoftheecologicalfragmentsthatwepresentlycherishasparksrefugesandreservesisalreadysevereduetointernalandexternalforcesinternalbecauseinsularityitselfleadstoecologicalunraveling;andexternalbecausethoseareasarestillundersiegebyneedyandcovetouspeople.Projectedforwardintoafutureof10.8billionhumansthatjeopardyincreasestothepointofimpossibility. Weshouldn’ttakecomfortinassumingthatat.leasttheparksandreserveslikeYellowstoneNationalParkwillstillharborgrizzlybearsintheyear2150.Thosepredatorpopulationsandotherspeciesdownthecascadearelikelytodisappear."Wildness"willbeawordapplicableonlytourbanturmoil.Lionstigersandbearswillexistinzoos.Naturewon’tcometoanendbutitwilllookverydifferent. 42
Humanshavealteredtheworld’sclimateby1heat-trappinggasessincealmostthebeginningofcivilizationandevenpreventedthestartofaniceageseveralthousandyearsagoascientistsaid. Mostscientists2arise3globaltemperaturesoverthepastcentury4toemissionsofcarbondioxide5humanactivitieslikedrivingcarsandoperatingfactories. Dr.WilliamRuddimanaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiasaidatameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion6humans’effect7climatewentbacknearly10000years8peoplegaveuphuntingandgatheringandbeganfarming. InacommentaryaccompanyingthearticleDr.ThomasJ.CrowleyofDukeUniversitysaidhe9Dr.Ruddiman’spremiseatfirst."ButwhenIstartedreadingDr.Crowleywrote"Icouldnothelpbut10whetherhejustmightbe11something." Theclimateofthelast10000yearshasbeenunusuallystable12civilizationtoflourish.ButthatisonlybecausepeoplechoppeddownswathsofforestinEuropeChinaandIndiaforcroplandsandpastures.Carbondioxide13bythedestructionoftheforestsplusmethaneanotherheat-trappinggas14byirrigatedricefieldsinSoutheastAsiatrappedenoughheatto15anexpectednaturalcooling. Levelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneriseandfallinnaturalcycles16thousandsofyearsandbothreachedapeakattheendofthelasticeage11;000yearsago.Boththendeclined17expected. Both18decliningthroughthepresentdayleadingtolowertemperaturesandanewiceageshouldhavebegun4000to5000yearsagoDr.Ruddimansaid.Insteadlevelsofcarbondioxidereversed8000wearsago.Thedecline19methanelevelsreversed5000yearsago20withtheadventofirrigationricefarming. 2
Humanshavealteredtheworld’sclimateby1heat-trappinggasessincealmostthebeginningofcivilizationandevenpreventedthestartofaniceageseveralthousandyearsagoascientistsaid. Mostscientists2arise3globaltemperaturesoverthepastcentury4toemissionsofcarbondioxide5humanactivitieslikedrivingcarsandoperatingfactories. Dr.WilliamRuddimanaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiasaidatameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion6humans’effect7climatewentbacknearly10000years8peoplegaveuphuntingandgatheringandbeganfarming. InacommentaryaccompanyingthearticleDr.ThomasJ.CrowleyofDukeUniversitysaidhe9Dr.Ruddiman’spremiseatfirst."ButwhenIstartedreadingDr.Crowleywrote"Icouldnothelpbut10whetherhejustmightbe11something." Theclimateofthelast10000yearshasbeenunusuallystable12civilizationtoflourish.ButthatisonlybecausepeoplechoppeddownswathsofforestinEuropeChinaandIndiaforcroplandsandpastures.Carbondioxide13bythedestructionoftheforestsplusmethaneanotherheat-trappinggas14byirrigatedricefieldsinSoutheastAsiatrappedenoughheatto15anexpectednaturalcooling. Levelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneriseandfallinnaturalcycles16thousandsofyearsandbothreachedapeakattheendofthelasticeage11;000yearsago.Boththendeclined17expected. Both18decliningthroughthepresentdayleadingtolowertemperaturesandanewiceageshouldhavebegun4000to5000yearsagoDr.Ruddimansaid.Insteadlevelsofcarbondioxidereversed8000wearsago.Thedecline19methanelevelsreversed5000yearsago20withtheadventofirrigationricefarming. 10
Humanshavealteredtheworld’sclimateby1heat-trappinggasessincealmostthebeginningofcivilizationandevenpreventedthestartofaniceageseveralthousandyearsagoascientistsaid. Mostscientists2arise3globaltemperaturesoverthepastcentury4toemissionsofcarbondioxide5humanactivitieslikedrivingcarsandoperatingfactories. Dr.WilliamRuddimanaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiasaidatameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion6humans’effect7climatewentbacknearly10000years8peoplegaveuphuntingandgatheringandbeganfarming. InacommentaryaccompanyingthearticleDr.ThomasJ.CrowleyofDukeUniversitysaidhe9Dr.Ruddiman’spremiseatfirst."ButwhenIstartedreadingDr.Crowleywrote"Icouldnothelpbut10whetherhejustmightbe11something." Theclimateofthelast10000yearshasbeenunusuallystable12civilizationtoflourish.ButthatisonlybecausepeoplechoppeddownswathsofforestinEuropeChinaandIndiaforcroplandsandpastures.Carbondioxide13bythedestructionoftheforestsplusmethaneanotherheat-trappinggas14byirrigatedricefieldsinSoutheastAsiatrappedenoughheatto15anexpectednaturalcooling. Levelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneriseandfallinnaturalcycles16thousandsofyearsandbothreachedapeakattheendofthelasticeage11;000yearsago.Boththendeclined17expected. Both18decliningthroughthepresentdayleadingtolowertemperaturesandanewiceageshouldhavebegun4000to5000yearsagoDr.Ruddimansaid.Insteadlevelsofcarbondioxidereversed8000wearsago.Thedecline19methanelevelsreversed5000yearsago20withtheadventofirrigationricefarming. 6
Text2 Virtuallyeverycompanywithacomputerisvulnerabletocomputerabusecrimeandaccident.Securityofthecomputerandoftheinformationandassetscontainedwithinitarethereforeofparamountimportancetomanagement.Skilledcomputercriminalscanbreakintoacomputersystemfarmoreeasilythananarmedrobbercangainaccesstoabankvaultandusuallywithfarlessriskofapprehensionandpunishment.Aslightchangeinacomplexprogramcanbringaboutthemisappropriationofthousandsofpounds.Accidentalerasureofcrucialdatacanparalysecompany’soperations.Anyonefamiliarwiththenecessaryprocedurecangainaccesstoinformationstoredinthecomputernomatterhowconfidentialandutilizeitforhisownpurposes. Althoughtheactualextentofcomputercrimeisdifficulttomeasuremostexpertsagreethatitisoneofthefastestgrowingareasofillegalactivity.Theprincipalreasonforboththegrowthandthelackofaccuratemeasurementisthedifficultyindetectingawell-executedtheft.Lossesperincidentthustendtobehigherthaninothertypesoftheft.OncetheComputercriminalhascompromisedthesystemitisjustaseasytostealagreatsumasitistostealalittleandtocontinuestealinglongaftertheinitialtheft.Indeedthecomputercriminalmayfinditmoredifficulttostophisillicitactivitythantostartit. Computercriminalsareforthemostpartwell-educatedandhighlyintelligent.Thefactthatcomputercriminalsdonotfitcriminalstereotypeshelpsthemtoobtainthepositionstheyrequiretocarryoutcrimes.Beingintelligenttheyhavefertileimaginationsandthevarietyofwaysinwhichtheyuseequipmenttotheiradvantagesisconstantlybeingextended.Inadditiontodirecttheftoffundsthetheftofdataforcorporateespionageorextortionisbecomingwidespreadandcanobviouslyhaveasubstantialeffectonacompany’sfinances.Anotherlucrativeschemeoftendifficulttodetectinvolvesaccumulatingfractionsofpencefromindividualpayrollaccountswithelectronictransferoftheaccumulatedamounttothecriminal’spayroll.Employersarehardlyconcernedwithpencemuchlessfractionsofpence.Inadditionundoubtedlythecompany’spayrollisunaffected.Butthecumulativevalueoffractionsofpenceperemployeeinacompanywithasubstantialpayrollcanadduptoausefulgain. Guardingagainstcomputerabuse--whetherdeliberateoraccidental--involvesattentiontotheprotectionofhardwarefromphysicaldamageaswellasprotectionofsoftwareanddata.Computermustbeisolatedfromothercompanyfacilitiesandunauthorizedpersonshouldneverbeadmittedtothecomputerarea.Eventthoughsomerisksarereducedthroughthismeasuremostdamagetosoftwareaccidentalandintentionaliscausedbythosewhosejobsrequireatleastsomeaccesstothecomputer.Thewriteroftheprogramisoftentheoneresponsibleforitsmisuse.Programsdevisedexclusivelyforaparticularcompanyarethereforefarmorevaluabletoabuseandaccidentthanstandardsoftwarepackagesproducedbyexternalsuppliers. AccordingtothesecondparagraphwhichstatementisTRUE
Text1 Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson:Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage"Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebrain-tissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.Thestudyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenages66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal."Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peoplelose2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood."Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordraguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobrain-tissuelossthroughoutadulthood.IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss.Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77millilitersmorecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.ForexampleCoffey’steamreportedamongsubjectsofthesamesexandsimilarageandskullsizethosewith16yearsofeducationhad8to10percentmorecerebrospinalfluidcomparedwiththosewhohadfouryearsofschooling.Ofcourseachievingaparticulareducationlevelisnotthedefinitivemeasureofsomeone’smentalcapacity.AndsaidCoffeyeducationcanbe"aproxyformanythings"More-educatedpeoplehenotedareoftenlesslikelytohavehabitssuchassmokingthatharmoverallhealth. ButCoffeysaidthatpeopleshouldstrivethroughoutlifetokeeptheirbrainsalertbyexposingthemselvestonewexperiences.Travelingisonewaytostimulatethebrainandalessadventuresomewayistodocrosswordpuzzles. Accordingtothesecondparagraphitcanbefoundbyresearchersthat
Humanshavealteredtheworld’sclimateby1heat-trappinggasessincealmostthebeginningofcivilizationandevenpreventedthestartofaniceageseveralthousandyearsagoascientistsaid. Mostscientists2arise3globaltemperaturesoverthepastcentury4toemissionsofcarbondioxide5humanactivitieslikedrivingcarsandoperatingfactories. Dr.WilliamRuddimanaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiasaidatameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion6humans’effect7climatewentbacknearly10000years8peoplegaveuphuntingandgatheringandbeganfarming. InacommentaryaccompanyingthearticleDr.ThomasJ.CrowleyofDukeUniversitysaidhe9Dr.Ruddiman’spremiseatfirst."ButwhenIstartedreadingDr.Crowleywrote"Icouldnothelpbut10whetherhejustmightbe11something." Theclimateofthelast10000yearshasbeenunusuallystable12civilizationtoflourish.ButthatisonlybecausepeoplechoppeddownswathsofforestinEuropeChinaandIndiaforcroplandsandpastures.Carbondioxide13bythedestructionoftheforestsplusmethaneanotherheat-trappinggas14byirrigatedricefieldsinSoutheastAsiatrappedenoughheatto15anexpectednaturalcooling. Levelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneriseandfallinnaturalcycles16thousandsofyearsandbothreachedapeakattheendofthelasticeage11;000yearsago.Boththendeclined17expected. Both18decliningthroughthepresentdayleadingtolowertemperaturesandanewiceageshouldhavebegun4000to5000yearsagoDr.Ruddimansaid.Insteadlevelsofcarbondioxidereversed8000wearsago.Thedecline19methanelevelsreversed5000yearsago20withtheadventofirrigationricefarming. 14
Humanshavealteredtheworld’sclimateby1heat-trappinggasessincealmostthebeginningofcivilizationandevenpreventedthestartofaniceageseveralthousandyearsagoascientistsaid. Mostscientists2arise3globaltemperaturesoverthepastcentury4toemissionsofcarbondioxide5humanactivitieslikedrivingcarsandoperatingfactories. Dr.WilliamRuddimanaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiasaidatameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion6humans’effect7climatewentbacknearly10000years8peoplegaveuphuntingandgatheringandbeganfarming. InacommentaryaccompanyingthearticleDr.ThomasJ.CrowleyofDukeUniversitysaidhe9Dr.Ruddiman’spremiseatfirst."ButwhenIstartedreadingDr.Crowleywrote"Icouldnothelpbut10whetherhejustmightbe11something." Theclimateofthelast10000yearshasbeenunusuallystable12civilizationtoflourish.ButthatisonlybecausepeoplechoppeddownswathsofforestinEuropeChinaandIndiaforcroplandsandpastures.Carbondioxide13bythedestructionoftheforestsplusmethaneanotherheat-trappinggas14byirrigatedricefieldsinSoutheastAsiatrappedenoughheatto15anexpectednaturalcooling. Levelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneriseandfallinnaturalcycles16thousandsofyearsandbothreachedapeakattheendofthelasticeage11;000yearsago.Boththendeclined17expected. Both18decliningthroughthepresentdayleadingtolowertemperaturesandanewiceageshouldhavebegun4000to5000yearsagoDr.Ruddimansaid.Insteadlevelsofcarbondioxidereversed8000wearsago.Thedecline19methanelevelsreversed5000yearsago20withtheadventofirrigationricefarming. 12
Text2 Virtuallyeverycompanywithacomputerisvulnerabletocomputerabusecrimeandaccident.Securityofthecomputerandoftheinformationandassetscontainedwithinitarethereforeofparamountimportancetomanagement.Skilledcomputercriminalscanbreakintoacomputersystemfarmoreeasilythananarmedrobbercangainaccesstoabankvaultandusuallywithfarlessriskofapprehensionandpunishment.Aslightchangeinacomplexprogramcanbringaboutthemisappropriationofthousandsofpounds.Accidentalerasureofcrucialdatacanparalysecompany’soperations.Anyonefamiliarwiththenecessaryprocedurecangainaccesstoinformationstoredinthecomputernomatterhowconfidentialandutilizeitforhisownpurposes. Althoughtheactualextentofcomputercrimeisdifficulttomeasuremostexpertsagreethatitisoneofthefastestgrowingareasofillegalactivity.Theprincipalreasonforboththegrowthandthelackofaccuratemeasurementisthedifficultyindetectingawell-executedtheft.Lossesperincidentthustendtobehigherthaninothertypesoftheft.OncetheComputercriminalhascompromisedthesystemitisjustaseasytostealagreatsumasitistostealalittleandtocontinuestealinglongaftertheinitialtheft.Indeedthecomputercriminalmayfinditmoredifficulttostophisillicitactivitythantostartit. Computercriminalsareforthemostpartwell-educatedandhighlyintelligent.Thefactthatcomputercriminalsdonotfitcriminalstereotypeshelpsthemtoobtainthepositionstheyrequiretocarryoutcrimes.Beingintelligenttheyhavefertileimaginationsandthevarietyofwaysinwhichtheyuseequipmenttotheiradvantagesisconstantlybeingextended.Inadditiontodirecttheftoffundsthetheftofdataforcorporateespionageorextortionisbecomingwidespreadandcanobviouslyhaveasubstantialeffectonacompany’sfinances.Anotherlucrativeschemeoftendifficulttodetectinvolvesaccumulatingfractionsofpencefromindividualpayrollaccountswithelectronictransferoftheaccumulatedamounttothecriminal’spayroll.Employersarehardlyconcernedwithpencemuchlessfractionsofpence.Inadditionundoubtedlythecompany’spayrollisunaffected.Butthecumulativevalueoffractionsofpenceperemployeeinacompanywithasubstantialpayrollcanadduptoausefulgain. Guardingagainstcomputerabuse--whetherdeliberateoraccidental--involvesattentiontotheprotectionofhardwarefromphysicaldamageaswellasprotectionofsoftwareanddata.Computermustbeisolatedfromothercompanyfacilitiesandunauthorizedpersonshouldneverbeadmittedtothecomputerarea.Eventthoughsomerisksarereducedthroughthismeasuremostdamagetosoftwareaccidentalandintentionaliscausedbythosewhosejobsrequireatleastsomeaccesstothecomputer.Thewriteroftheprogramisoftentheoneresponsibleforitsmisuse.Programsdevisedexclusivelyforaparticularcompanyarethereforefarmorevaluabletoabuseandaccidentthanstandardsoftwarepackagesproducedbyexternalsuppliers. Whatdosethelastparagraphimply
46Technologyhasmadeiteasytocrossnationalfrontiersphysicallybuttherehasbeennoinventionofnewmentalhabitstoenablepeopletocopewithforeignersinanewway.Forthattohappenthehabitsoftouristswillhavetoalter.ThehiddengodoftravelisstillKarlBaedekereventhoughhediedin1859.Hisguidebookshaveapermanentpatternmakingtravelessentiallyamatterofsightseeinglookingatplacesratherthanatpeople.47Hisachievementwastofindsightsthatcouldbeguaranteedtobethereallthetimetobeclearlyidentifiabledatedandclassifiedaccordingtotheamountofadmirationtheydeserved.Hemadevisitstooldmonumentsandtoartmuseums--thestapledietofthetravelerdrawingattentionawayfromthelivinginhabitants.Tothisdaytourismisacourseinhistoryarchitectureaestheticsandtheappreciationofhotelsandfood.48Thecultof"sights"hasgrownsomuchthatmostforeignorganizedtravelinvolvesvirtuallynocontactwiththenativesbeyondthosewhospecializeincateringfortourists.Thebusinesstravelertendstomeetmainlypeopleinhisownprofession.HowdifferentfromtheitineraryofamodernpackageholidayisthisprogramdrawnupbyanEnglishmanSirFrancisHeadin1852beforetheguidebookstoldtouristswhattodo.InParishevisitedthemunicipalpawnshoptheasylumforblindyouthswhereBraillestillunknowninEnglandwasbeingusedaprisonanorphanageforabandonedchildrentheSalpetriereoldpeople’shomethemorguethenationalprintingworksthemilitaryacademythenationalassemblythepubliclaundryandfinallyheattended/helecturesattheConservatoryforArtsandCrafts.Theriseofbureaucraticofficialdomsoonstoppedthatkindofcuriosity;butperhapstodayanewopennesswillallowittoexpressitselfagain.Informertimestheattractionofforeigntravelwasoftenthatpeopledidabroadwhattheydarednotdoathomewhichisshyforeigncountrieswonreputationsforsexualdebauchery.TheFrenchconsideredEnglandasdebauchedastheEnglishvisitorstotheFoliesBergeresimaginedtheFrenchtobe.49ButnowthatavisittoFranceisnolongeradangerousadventureandthataninternationaluniformityexistsinsomanyofthegoodsandfacilitiesthetouristencounterswhereistheexcitementandwherearethenewdiscoveries Itistobefoundinthepeople.50Theforeignnessinforeigntraveltodaymustcomemainlyfrommeetingindividualswhomonewouldnotnormallymeetathome. 46Technologyhasmadeiteasytocrossnationalfrontiersphysicallybuttherehasbeennoinventionofnewmentalhabitstoenablepeopletocopewithforeignersinanewway.
Text2 Virtuallyeverycompanywithacomputerisvulnerabletocomputerabusecrimeandaccident.Securityofthecomputerandoftheinformationandassetscontainedwithinitarethereforeofparamountimportancetomanagement.Skilledcomputercriminalscanbreakintoacomputersystemfarmoreeasilythananarmedrobbercangainaccesstoabankvaultandusuallywithfarlessriskofapprehensionandpunishment.Aslightchangeinacomplexprogramcanbringaboutthemisappropriationofthousandsofpounds.Accidentalerasureofcrucialdatacanparalysecompany’soperations.Anyonefamiliarwiththenecessaryprocedurecangainaccesstoinformationstoredinthecomputernomatterhowconfidentialandutilizeitforhisownpurposes. Althoughtheactualextentofcomputercrimeisdifficulttomeasuremostexpertsagreethatitisoneofthefastestgrowingareasofillegalactivity.Theprincipalreasonforboththegrowthandthelackofaccuratemeasurementisthedifficultyindetectingawell-executedtheft.Lossesperincidentthustendtobehigherthaninothertypesoftheft.OncetheComputercriminalhascompromisedthesystemitisjustaseasytostealagreatsumasitistostealalittleandtocontinuestealinglongaftertheinitialtheft.Indeedthecomputercriminalmayfinditmoredifficulttostophisillicitactivitythantostartit. Computercriminalsareforthemostpartwell-educatedandhighlyintelligent.Thefactthatcomputercriminalsdonotfitcriminalstereotypeshelpsthemtoobtainthepositionstheyrequiretocarryoutcrimes.Beingintelligenttheyhavefertileimaginationsandthevarietyofwaysinwhichtheyuseequipmenttotheiradvantagesisconstantlybeingextended.Inadditiontodirecttheftoffundsthetheftofdataforcorporateespionageorextortionisbecomingwidespreadandcanobviouslyhaveasubstantialeffectonacompany’sfinances.Anotherlucrativeschemeoftendifficulttodetectinvolvesaccumulatingfractionsofpencefromindividualpayrollaccountswithelectronictransferoftheaccumulatedamounttothecriminal’spayroll.Employersarehardlyconcernedwithpencemuchlessfractionsofpence.Inadditionundoubtedlythecompany’spayrollisunaffected.Butthecumulativevalueoffractionsofpenceperemployeeinacompanywithasubstantialpayrollcanadduptoausefulgain. Guardingagainstcomputerabuse--whetherdeliberateoraccidental--involvesattentiontotheprotectionofhardwarefromphysicaldamageaswellasprotectionofsoftwareanddata.Computermustbeisolatedfromothercompanyfacilitiesandunauthorizedpersonshouldneverbeadmittedtothecomputerarea.Eventthoughsomerisksarereducedthroughthismeasuremostdamagetosoftwareaccidentalandintentionaliscausedbythosewhosejobsrequireatleastsomeaccesstothecomputer.Thewriteroftheprogramisoftentheoneresponsibleforitsmisuse.Programsdevisedexclusivelyforaparticularcompanyarethereforefarmorevaluabletoabuseandaccidentthanstandardsoftwarepackagesproducedbyexternalsuppliers. Computertheftincludes
Humanshavealteredtheworld’sclimateby1heat-trappinggasessincealmostthebeginningofcivilizationandevenpreventedthestartofaniceageseveralthousandyearsagoascientistsaid. Mostscientists2arise3globaltemperaturesoverthepastcentury4toemissionsofcarbondioxide5humanactivitieslikedrivingcarsandoperatingfactories. Dr.WilliamRuddimanaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiasaidatameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion6humans’effect7climatewentbacknearly10000years8peoplegaveuphuntingandgatheringandbeganfarming. InacommentaryaccompanyingthearticleDr.ThomasJ.CrowleyofDukeUniversitysaidhe9Dr.Ruddiman’spremiseatfirst."ButwhenIstartedreadingDr.Crowleywrote"Icouldnothelpbut10whetherhejustmightbe11something." Theclimateofthelast10000yearshasbeenunusuallystable12civilizationtoflourish.ButthatisonlybecausepeoplechoppeddownswathsofforestinEuropeChinaandIndiaforcroplandsandpastures.Carbondioxide13bythedestructionoftheforestsplusmethaneanotherheat-trappinggas14byirrigatedricefieldsinSoutheastAsiatrappedenoughheatto15anexpectednaturalcooling. Levelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneriseandfallinnaturalcycles16thousandsofyearsandbothreachedapeakattheendofthelasticeage11;000yearsago.Boththendeclined17expected. Both18decliningthroughthepresentdayleadingtolowertemperaturesandanewiceageshouldhavebegun4000to5000yearsagoDr.Ruddimansaid.Insteadlevelsofcarbondioxidereversed8000wearsago.Thedecline19methanelevelsreversed5000yearsago20withtheadventofirrigationricefarming. 20
Text3 Towalkamongmestarshasbeenadreamofhumankindsincethebeginningoftimewanderingamongtheheavensthatinspirelegendsandfantasiesacrosstheages.Todaythatdreamhasbecomearealityamemoryofsomeofthegreatesthumanachievementsinhistory:walkingonthemoonsendingprobestodistantplanetsanddiscoveringthesecretsbehindthemysteriesofthecosmos.Inthemiddleofthetwentiethcenturyhoweverhumanswereatthehalfwaypointbetweenviewingspacetravelasadreamandasareality.Tothemitwasagoalratherthanamemoryandthetwomainforcesworkingtowardthatgoalweretheworld’stwosuperpowerstheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates. Bothofthegreatnationsontheadventofincrediblyefficientrocketthrusterscapableofpropellingmanmadeobjectsintospacestrovetoachievethevictoryoffindingaplaceamongthestarsandsecuringtheconsiderableinternationalprestigeassociatedwiththatmonumentalachievement.TheSovietUniongainedtheinitialupperhandinthe"SpaceRace"asitiscommonlycalledsendingthefirstanimalintospacewith.itsSputnikprogram.Itssuccessandmomentumcarrieditforwardachievingthesecondremarkablegoalofputtingahumancosmonautintoorbitaroundtheearthandmoreimportantlybringinghimsafelybacktoearth. TheUnitedStatessensingitslosingpositionintheSpaceRacesetouttoachievethemostambitiousgoalyetitoputamanonthemoon.TheresourcesoftheentirenationweremobilizedtoworktowardthatgoalundertheordersofPresidentJohnF.KennedyinanattempttoassertitselfasacontenderintheSpaceRacedespitetheSovietUnion’searlyvictories.AfterseveralyearsalltheeffortsborefruitwhenNeilArmstronganAmericanbecamethefirstmantowalkonfilemoon. Withtheutteranceofhisfamouswords"That’sonesmallstepformanonegiantleapformankind"Armstrongstatedwhateveryonewasthinking.Theimpossiblehasbeenachievedforsuchafeatwasconsideredimpossibleascanthundredyearsprior.Withthespaceprogramcontinuingforwardthefuturedoesindeedseemtoholdunlimitedpossibilitiesforhumankind.Aninternationalspacestationisnoworbitingtheearthandthereareevenplansforcolonizingplanetsbringingthedreamsandfantasiesofyesterdayinlinewiththerealityoftoday. Theauthorbringsupthetopicoftheinternationalspacestationinorderto
Humanshavealteredtheworld’sclimateby1heat-trappinggasessincealmostthebeginningofcivilizationandevenpreventedthestartofaniceageseveralthousandyearsagoascientistsaid. Mostscientists2arise3globaltemperaturesoverthepastcentury4toemissionsofcarbondioxide5humanactivitieslikedrivingcarsandoperatingfactories. Dr.WilliamRuddimanaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiasaidatameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion6humans’effect7climatewentbacknearly10000years8peoplegaveuphuntingandgatheringandbeganfarming. InacommentaryaccompanyingthearticleDr.ThomasJ.CrowleyofDukeUniversitysaidhe9Dr.Ruddiman’spremiseatfirst."ButwhenIstartedreadingDr.Crowleywrote"Icouldnothelpbut10whetherhejustmightbe11something." Theclimateofthelast10000yearshasbeenunusuallystable12civilizationtoflourish.ButthatisonlybecausepeoplechoppeddownswathsofforestinEuropeChinaandIndiaforcroplandsandpastures.Carbondioxide13bythedestructionoftheforestsplusmethaneanotherheat-trappinggas14byirrigatedricefieldsinSoutheastAsiatrappedenoughheatto15anexpectednaturalcooling. Levelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneriseandfallinnaturalcycles16thousandsofyearsandbothreachedapeakattheendofthelasticeage11;000yearsago.Boththendeclined17expected. Both18decliningthroughthepresentdayleadingtolowertemperaturesandanewiceageshouldhavebegun4000to5000yearsagoDr.Ruddimansaid.Insteadlevelsofcarbondioxidereversed8000wearsago.Thedecline19methanelevelsreversed5000yearsago20withtheadventofirrigationricefarming. 18
Humanshavealteredtheworld’sclimateby1heat-trappinggasessincealmostthebeginningofcivilizationandevenpreventedthestartofaniceageseveralthousandyearsagoascientistsaid. Mostscientists2arise3globaltemperaturesoverthepastcentury4toemissionsofcarbondioxide5humanactivitieslikedrivingcarsandoperatingfactories. Dr.WilliamRuddimanaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiasaidatameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion6humans’effect7climatewentbacknearly10000years8peoplegaveuphuntingandgatheringandbeganfarming. InacommentaryaccompanyingthearticleDr.ThomasJ.CrowleyofDukeUniversitysaidhe9Dr.Ruddiman’spremiseatfirst."ButwhenIstartedreadingDr.Crowleywrote"Icouldnothelpbut10whetherhejustmightbe11something." Theclimateofthelast10000yearshasbeenunusuallystable12civilizationtoflourish.ButthatisonlybecausepeoplechoppeddownswathsofforestinEuropeChinaandIndiaforcroplandsandpastures.Carbondioxide13bythedestructionoftheforestsplusmethaneanotherheat-trappinggas14byirrigatedricefieldsinSoutheastAsiatrappedenoughheatto15anexpectednaturalcooling. Levelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneriseandfallinnaturalcycles16thousandsofyearsandbothreachedapeakattheendofthelasticeage11;000yearsago.Boththendeclined17expected. Both18decliningthroughthepresentdayleadingtolowertemperaturesandanewiceageshouldhavebegun4000to5000yearsagoDr.Ruddimansaid.Insteadlevelsofcarbondioxidereversed8000wearsago.Thedecline19methanelevelsreversed5000yearsago20withtheadventofirrigationricefarming. 16
Text3 ForyearsI.O.C.CzarJuanAntonioSamaranchhasexhibitedapronouncedambivalenceaboutdruguseandcertainlyhisstancehasallowedanumberofgoldenboysandgirlstokeeptheirimagesshinywhiledoping.Carefulathletescaneasilybeatthesystemthatisinplacetocatchdrugabusers.Unscrupuloussportsfederationscantailortestingschedulesandtipofftheirconstituents.Steroidcreamscanbeflushedfromthesystemin24to48hours.AndforsomeofthemostcommonlyusedenhancerssuchaserythropoietinEPOtherearestillnoinstitutionalizedteats.ItissaidthatEPOwhichincreasesstaminabyboostinganathlete’sredbloodcellcountcanimproveanathlete’sperformanceina20-minmnby30sec.butitisotherwiseanightmareofadrug.OverdoseonEPOandthebloodbecomestoothickforthehearttopump.EPOisbelievedtobetheculpritinnofewerthan25mysteriousdeathsamongworld-classcyclistssince1987. ButathleteswilltakeEPOinSydneybecausetheycanandsomeofthemwilltaketoomuchofit.In1995Olympic--caliberU.S.athleteswereaskedinapoll"Wouldyoutakeadrugthatmadeyouachampionknowingthatitwouldkillyouinfiveyears"morethanhalfsaidyes.SoevenifweforgetaboutfairplayandcredibilityandOlympicidealsweareleftwiththis:theathletesmustbeprotectedfromthemselvesarmthepressuretowin.How TheI.O’.C.needstodotwothingsimmediately:developaspineandfederalize.Theonlywaytocatchacheatiswithunannouncedout-of-competitiontesting.HistoricallytheI.O.C.hasdelegateddecisionmakingtoindividualsportsfederationsbutthatpolicyisnotworkingwhenitcomestodrags.Athirdofthe28federationshaveyettoagreetoout-of-competitiontestsinadvanceoftheSydneyGames.TheI.O.C.shouldcallanemergencysessionandmakeanewruleapplyingtoallsportsthensendoutitsnewlyempoweredtesters. AsforthatimperfecttestforEPO-useitanyway.AsgoldmedalmarathonerFrankShorternowchairmanoftheU.S.Anti-Doping’Agencysaysknowingatestisloomingthatwillknockcheatersoffstride.ShortersaysthatifthereisnoEPOtestatSydneytheneveryenduranceorstrengthperformanceissuspect.He’sright.Andwhensportbecomessuspect--whennoonebelievesinit--it’snolongerworthwatching. WhichofthefollowingactionsisnotwhattheI.O.C.willtaketodealwiththedrugs
Humanshavealteredtheworld’sclimateby1heat-trappinggasessincealmostthebeginningofcivilizationandevenpreventedthestartofaniceageseveralthousandyearsagoascientistsaid. Mostscientists2arise3globaltemperaturesoverthepastcentury4toemissionsofcarbondioxide5humanactivitieslikedrivingcarsandoperatingfactories. Dr.WilliamRuddimanaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiasaidatameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion6humans’effect7climatewentbacknearly10000years8peoplegaveuphuntingandgatheringandbeganfarming. InacommentaryaccompanyingthearticleDr.ThomasJ.CrowleyofDukeUniversitysaidhe9Dr.Ruddiman’spremiseatfirst."ButwhenIstartedreadingDr.Crowleywrote"Icouldnothelpbut10whetherhejustmightbe11something." Theclimateofthelast10000yearshasbeenunusuallystable12civilizationtoflourish.ButthatisonlybecausepeoplechoppeddownswathsofforestinEuropeChinaandIndiaforcroplandsandpastures.Carbondioxide13bythedestructionoftheforestsplusmethaneanotherheat-trappinggas14byirrigatedricefieldsinSoutheastAsiatrappedenoughheatto15anexpectednaturalcooling. Levelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneriseandfallinnaturalcycles16thousandsofyearsandbothreachedapeakattheendofthelasticeage11;000yearsago.Boththendeclined17expected. Both18decliningthroughthepresentdayleadingtolowertemperaturesandanewiceageshouldhavebegun4000to5000yearsagoDr.Ruddimansaid.Insteadlevelsofcarbondioxidereversed8000wearsago.Thedecline19methanelevelsreversed5000yearsago20withtheadventofirrigationricefarming. 8
46Technologyhasmadeiteasytocrossnationalfrontiersphysicallybuttherehasbeennoinventionofnewmentalhabitstoenablepeopletocopewithforeignersinanewway.Forthattohappenthehabitsoftouristswillhavetoalter.ThehiddengodoftravelisstillKarlBaedekereventhoughhediedin1859.Hisguidebookshaveapermanentpatternmakingtravelessentiallyamatterofsightseeinglookingatplacesratherthanatpeople.47Hisachievementwastofindsightsthatcouldbeguaranteedtobethereallthetimetobeclearlyidentifiabledatedandclassifiedaccordingtotheamountofadmirationtheydeserved.Hemadevisitstooldmonumentsandtoartmuseums--thestapledietofthetravelerdrawingattentionawayfromthelivinginhabitants.Tothisdaytourismisacourseinhistoryarchitectureaestheticsandtheappreciationofhotelsandfood.48Thecultof"sights"hasgrownsomuchthatmostforeignorganizedtravelinvolvesvirtuallynocontactwiththenativesbeyondthosewhospecializeincateringfortourists.Thebusinesstravelertendstomeetmainlypeopleinhisownprofession.HowdifferentfromtheitineraryofamodernpackageholidayisthisprogramdrawnupbyanEnglishmanSirFrancisHeadin1852beforetheguidebookstoldtouristswhattodo.InParishevisitedthemunicipalpawnshoptheasylumforblindyouthswhereBraillestillunknowninEnglandwasbeingusedaprisonanorphanageforabandonedchildrentheSalpetriereoldpeople’shomethemorguethenationalprintingworksthemilitaryacademythenationalassemblythepubliclaundryandfinallyheattended/helecturesattheConservatoryforArtsandCrafts.Theriseofbureaucraticofficialdomsoonstoppedthatkindofcuriosity;butperhapstodayanewopennesswillallowittoexpressitselfagain.Informertimestheattractionofforeigntravelwasoftenthatpeopledidabroadwhattheydarednotdoathomewhichisshyforeigncountrieswonreputationsforsexualdebauchery.TheFrenchconsideredEnglandasdebauchedastheEnglishvisitorstotheFoliesBergeresimaginedtheFrenchtobe.49ButnowthatavisittoFranceisnolongeradangerousadventureandthataninternationaluniformityexistsinsomanyofthegoodsandfacilitiesthetouristencounterswhereistheexcitementandwherearethenewdiscoveries Itistobefoundinthepeople.50Theforeignnessinforeigntraveltodaymustcomemainlyfrommeetingindividualswhomonewouldnotnormallymeetathome. 50Theforeignnessinforeigntraveltodaymustcomemainlyfrommeetingindividualswhomonewouldnotnormallymeetathome.
[A]Humanpopulationgrowthad&morepressuresonland. [B]Differentfactorsplayroleinlanddegradation. [C]Whatislandconversion [D]Theprotectedareascannotescapefromthedestruction. [E]Thelandconversionprocessesinstages. [F]Thelandconversionhasagreatimpactonnature. Theprojectionsofspecieslossbydeforestationlurkanumberofcrucialbuthard-to-plotvariablesamongwhichtwoareespeciallyweightycontinuinglandscapeconversionandthegrowthcurveofhumanpopulation. 41._______. Landscapeconversioncanmeanmanyrings:drainingwetlandstobraidroadsandairportsturningtallgrassprairiesundertheplowfencingsavannaandovergrazingitwithdomesticstockcuttingsecond-growthforestinVermontandconsigningthelandtoskiresortsorvacationsuburbsslash-and-burnclearingofMadagasar’srainforesttogrowriceonwethillsidesindustrialloggingonBorenotomeetJapaneseplywooddemands. 42.______. TheecologistJonTerborghandacolleagueCarelP.vanSchaikhavedescribedafour-stageprocessoflandscapeconversionthattheycalltheland-usecascade.Thesuccessivestagesare.1wildlandsencompassingnationalfloralandfaunalcommunitiesalteredlittleornotatallbyhumanimpact;2extensivelyusedareassuchasnaturalgrasslandslightlygrazedsavannakeptopenforpreyanimalsbyinfrequenthuman-setfiresorforestssparselyworkedbyslash-and-bumfarmersatlowdensity;3intensivelyusedareasmeaningcropriel&plantationsvillagecommonstravelcorridorsurbanandindustrialzones;4degradedlandformerlyusefulbutnowabusedbeyondvaluetoanybody. 43._______. Amongallformsoflandscapeconversionpushingtropicalforestsfromthewildlandscategorytotheintensivelyusedcategoryhasthegreatestimpactonbiologicaldiversity.YoucanseeitinthecentralAmazonwherebigtractsofrainforesthavebeenfelledandburnedinalargelyfutileattempttopasturecattleonsun-hardenedclay.Bythemiddleofthenextcenturyifthetrendcontinuestropical’forestwillexistvirtuallynowhereoutsideofprotectedareas--thatisnationalpark’wildliferefugesandotherofficialreserves. 44.______. Humanpopulationgrowthwillmakeabadsituationworsebyputtingevermorepressureonallavailableland.Theannualincreaseisnow80millionpeoplewithmostofthatincrementcominginlessdevelopedcountries.AccordingtoU.N.’smiddleestimatehumanpopulationwillrisefromthepresent5.9billionto9.4billionbytheyear2050.Anyoneinterestedinthefutureofbiologicaldiversityneedstothinkaboutthepressuresthesepeoplewillfaceandthepressurestheywillexertinreturn. 45._______. Thatdirectionnecessarilywillbetowardevermoredesperateexploitationoflandscape.EvenNoah’sarkonlymanagestorescuepairedanimalsnotlargeparcelsofhabitats.Thejeopardyoftheecologicalfragmentsthatwepresentlycherishasparksrefugesandreservesisalreadysevereduetointernalandexternalforcesinternalbecauseinsularityitselfleadstoecologicalunraveling;andexternalbecausethoseareasarestillundersiegebyneedyandcovetouspeople.Projectedforwardintoafutureof10.8billionhumansthatjeopardyincreasestothepointofimpossibility. Weshouldn’ttakecomfortinassumingthatat.leasttheparksandreserveslikeYellowstoneNationalParkwillstillharborgrizzlybearsintheyear2150.Thosepredatorpopulationsandotherspeciesdownthecascadearelikelytodisappear."Wildness"willbeawordapplicableonlytourbanturmoil.Lionstigersandbearswillexistinzoos.Naturewon’tcometoanendbutitwilllookverydifferent. 44
Text4 NowthatthedamageinflictedbytheAsianfinancialcrisislookslikeitwascausedbyaneconomicneutronbomb.Thecrisishashurtgreatnumbersofpeoplebuthasleft.themainstructuresoftheworldeconomystanding.Theworstofthedirectimpactmaybeover.Manyofthehardest-hitcountriesareontheroadtorecoveryfinancial"contagion"hasbeencontainedandworldeconomicgrowthseemssettopickupsoon. Themostimportantdevelopmenthoweverisanon-event:thecollapseofglobalcapitalismhasnotoccurred.Insteadthepost-crisisworldislikelytobeevenmoremarket-orientedthantheonethatprecededitwithaproliferationofnewrulesandpracticesthatwillhelpmarketstooperatemoresmoothly.ThecountriesrecoveringbestsuchasThailandandSouthKoreaaredoingsobymovingfurtherinafree-marketdirection.Noneoftheaffectednationshastriedtoisolateitselffromtheglobaleconomyandthewidelyfearedworldwidewaveofprotectionismhasnotyetmaterialized. Norhastherebeenthegreatrethinkingofeconomicglobalizationthatsomefearedandothersadvocated.Thecriticsofglobalcapitalismpouncedonthecrisisasproofofglobalization’sfatalflaws.Theiranalysesoftenconcludedthat"theremustbeSomethingbetter."Onthecontraryeconomistshavetakenfree-marketprinciplesasthestartingpointfornewideasnotcalledthemintoquestion. Therehasbeenmuchcriticismoftheso-calledWashingtonconsensus--thetraditionalfree-marketorthodoxythatuniformlyprescribesfiscaldisciplinederegulationandfinancialliberalization.Partlyasaresultofthecrisisanewconsensussimplyaddsextraprescriptions--suchasbetterfinancialsupervisionlabormarketetc.--tothelist.Itisanelaborationoftheoriginalconsensusnotanewdeparture. Numerousstudiesalsoshowthatengagementintheglobaleconomyleadstohighergrowthandhelpstoreducepovertyindevelopingcountries.Today’seconomicargumentsarenotoverfundamentalfree-marketpoliciesbutwhatmustbedonetosupplementthem.Likewise.theeffortstodeviseanew"internationalfinancialarchitecture"inthewakeofthecrisisduetocontinueduringthespringmeetingsoftheWorldBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFundinWashingtonwillnotinvolverebuildingthesystemfromscratch.Theaimistomakeincrementalimprovementsinfinancialrulesandpracticesthatwilloilthewheelsofthemarketsystemnottotradeitinforanon-existentnewmodel. Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardscurrentfinancialrulesandfree-marketpolicies
Text1 Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson:Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage"Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit.Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebrain-tissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.Thestudyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenages66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal."Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peoplelose2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood."Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordraguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobrain-tissuelossthroughoutadulthood.IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss.Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77millilitersmorecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.ForexampleCoffey’steamreportedamongsubjectsofthesamesexandsimilarageandskullsizethosewith16yearsofeducationhad8to10percentmorecerebrospinalfluidcomparedwiththosewhohadfouryearsofschooling.Ofcourseachievingaparticulareducationlevelisnotthedefinitivemeasureofsomeone’smentalcapacity.AndsaidCoffeyeducationcanbe"aproxyformanythings"More-educatedpeoplehenotedareoftenlesslikelytohavehabitssuchassmokingthatharmoverallhealth. ButCoffeysaidthatpeopleshouldstrivethroughoutlifetokeeptheirbrainsalertbyexposingthemselvestonewexperiences.Travelingisonewaytostimulatethebrainandalessadventuresomewayistodocrosswordpuzzles. Wecanknowfromthefirstparagraphthat
Text4 "Whatadifferenceawordmakes."Theissueofsemanticshasbeenanongoingcomplaintagainstthemediawhichhasbeencharacterizedbyanincreasinglevelofsensationalismandirresponsiblereportingovertheyearsfosteredbyincreasinglyfiercecompetitionandstruggleforwiderdistributionsandreaderships. Afocalpointforthecriticismisthecoverageofhigh-profilecriminalcases.Withsuchheadlinesas"Mr.XArrestforFirst-DegreeMurder"prominentlydisplayedacrossthefrontpageithasbeenarguedthatsuchprovocativelanguageinfluencespublicopinioncausingprematureassumptionsofguiltbeforethemattercanbeproperlyandlegallydecidedinacourtoflaw.Thepowerofthemediatoinfluencepublicopinionandbyextensionlegalandpoliticalperceptionshaslongbeenestablishedandrecognizedspurringoutcrieswheninaccurateoroverlyembellishedstoriesresultinunwarranteddestructionofpublicimageorintrusionsintoprivacyofunwillingindividuals. Reportersandeditorstaketheutmostcareintheirchoiceofwordsforuseintheirarticlesbutwithconstantpressuretocreateprovocativeheadlinesinordertoselltheirpapersthedistinctionbetweenrespectableperiodicalsandtrashytabloidsisbecomingthinnereveryday.Thepredicamentisexacerbatedbythepublic’sseemingshortattentionspanputtingthepapersunderpressuretomaketheirstoriesasattention-grabbingastheyareaccurate.Furtherobfuscatingthesituationisthefactthatthesamephrasecanbeinterpretedinamyriadofdifferentwaysdependingonwhoreadsitmakingithardforonetojudgewhetheralineisexcessiveornot. WhateverthecausesandeffectshoweverthefreedomofpresslawsintheUnitedStatesmeanthatanychangetothestyleemployedbythemediamustbeself-imposed.Inthatrespectitappearsthatnothingwillbechanginginthenearfuturesincethepublic’sinsatiablehungerforcontroversyandscandalcontinuestodominateandsetthepaceformarketablereporting.Asthesensationalismanditsrelatedeffectscontinueintothelongertermhowever’therewillnodoubtbemoreoutcryasthetrendcontinues.Thiswillpossiblyresultinanupheavalofthesystemfavoringmoreaccurateunembellishedreportingconsistingofhardfactswithaminimumofsuppositionorcommentaryanddevoidofminorsandotherquestionablesourcesofinformation.Ifandwhenthatoccurswecantrulystatewithpridethatourmediaindustryisnotonlyafreeonebutaresponsibleandreliableone. Theopinionoftheauthoronmediareportingisthat
Text4 NowthatthedamageinflictedbytheAsianfinancialcrisislookslikeitwascausedbyaneconomicneutronbomb.Thecrisishashurtgreatnumbersofpeoplebuthasleft.themainstructuresoftheworldeconomystanding.Theworstofthedirectimpactmaybeover.Manyofthehardest-hitcountriesareontheroadtorecoveryfinancial"contagion"hasbeencontainedandworldeconomicgrowthseemssettopickupsoon. Themostimportantdevelopmenthoweverisanon-event:thecollapseofglobalcapitalismhasnotoccurred.Insteadthepost-crisisworldislikelytobeevenmoremarket-orientedthantheonethatprecededitwithaproliferationofnewrulesandpracticesthatwillhelpmarketstooperatemoresmoothly.ThecountriesrecoveringbestsuchasThailandandSouthKoreaaredoingsobymovingfurtherinafree-marketdirection.Noneoftheaffectednationshastriedtoisolateitselffromtheglobaleconomyandthewidelyfearedworldwidewaveofprotectionismhasnotyetmaterialized. Norhastherebeenthegreatrethinkingofeconomicglobalizationthatsomefearedandothersadvocated.Thecriticsofglobalcapitalismpouncedonthecrisisasproofofglobalization’sfatalflaws.Theiranalysesoftenconcludedthat"theremustbeSomethingbetter."Onthecontraryeconomistshavetakenfree-marketprinciplesasthestartingpointfornewideasnotcalledthemintoquestion. Therehasbeenmuchcriticismoftheso-calledWashingtonconsensus--thetraditionalfree-marketorthodoxythatuniformlyprescribesfiscaldisciplinederegulationandfinancialliberalization.Partlyasaresultofthecrisisanewconsensussimplyaddsextraprescriptions--suchasbetterfinancialsupervisionlabormarketetc.--tothelist.Itisanelaborationoftheoriginalconsensusnotanewdeparture. Numerousstudiesalsoshowthatengagementintheglobaleconomyleadstohighergrowthandhelpstoreducepovertyindevelopingcountries.Today’seconomicargumentsarenotoverfundamentalfree-marketpoliciesbutwhatmustbedonetosupplementthem.Likewise.theeffortstodeviseanew"internationalfinancialarchitecture"inthewakeofthecrisisduetocontinueduringthespringmeetingsoftheWorldBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFundinWashingtonwillnotinvolverebuildingthesystemfromscratch.Theaimistomakeincrementalimprovementsinfinancialrulesandpracticesthatwilloilthewheelsofthemarketsystemnottotradeitinforanon-existentnewmodel. Itcanbelearnedfromtheparagraph2thatafterthecrisis
46Technologyhasmadeiteasytocrossnationalfrontiersphysicallybuttherehasbeennoinventionofnewmentalhabitstoenablepeopletocopewithforeignersinanewway.Forthattohappenthehabitsoftouristswillhavetoalter.ThehiddengodoftravelisstillKarlBaedekereventhoughhediedin1859.Hisguidebookshaveapermanentpatternmakingtravelessentiallyamatterofsightseeinglookingatplacesratherthanatpeople.47Hisachievementwastofindsightsthatcouldbeguaranteedtobethereallthetimetobeclearlyidentifiabledatedandclassifiedaccordingtotheamountofadmirationtheydeserved.Hemadevisitstooldmonumentsandtoartmuseums--thestapledietofthetravelerdrawingattentionawayfromthelivinginhabitants.Tothisdaytourismisacourseinhistoryarchitectureaestheticsandtheappreciationofhotelsandfood.48Thecultof"sights"hasgrownsomuchthatmostforeignorganizedtravelinvolvesvirtuallynocontactwiththenativesbeyondthosewhospecializeincateringfortourists.Thebusinesstravelertendstomeetmainlypeopleinhisownprofession.HowdifferentfromtheitineraryofamodernpackageholidayisthisprogramdrawnupbyanEnglishmanSirFrancisHeadin1852beforetheguidebookstoldtouristswhattodo.InParishevisitedthemunicipalpawnshoptheasylumforblindyouthswhereBraillestillunknowninEnglandwasbeingusedaprisonanorphanageforabandonedchildrentheSalpetriereoldpeople’shomethemorguethenationalprintingworksthemilitaryacademythenationalassemblythepubliclaundryandfinallyheattended/helecturesattheConservatoryforArtsandCrafts.Theriseofbureaucraticofficialdomsoonstoppedthatkindofcuriosity;butperhapstodayanewopennesswillallowittoexpressitselfagain.Informertimestheattractionofforeigntravelwasoftenthatpeopledidabroadwhattheydarednotdoathomewhichisshyforeigncountrieswonreputationsforsexualdebauchery.TheFrenchconsideredEnglandasdebauchedastheEnglishvisitorstotheFoliesBergeresimaginedtheFrenchtobe.49ButnowthatavisittoFranceisnolongeradangerousadventureandthataninternationaluniformityexistsinsomanyofthegoodsandfacilitiesthetouristencounterswhereistheexcitementandwherearethenewdiscoveries Itistobefoundinthepeople.50Theforeignnessinforeigntraveltodaymustcomemainlyfrommeetingindividualswhomonewouldnotnormallymeetathome. 48Thecultofsightshasgrownsomuchthatmostforeignorganizedtravelinvolvesvirtuallynocontactwiththenativesbeyondthosewhospecializeincateringfortourists.
Text3 ForyearsI.O.C.CzarJuanAntonioSamaranchhasexhibitedapronouncedambivalenceaboutdruguseandcertainlyhisstancehasallowedanumberofgoldenboysandgirlstokeeptheirimagesshinywhiledoping.Carefulathletescaneasilybeatthesystemthatisinplacetocatchdrugabusers.Unscrupuloussportsfederationscantailortestingschedulesandtipofftheirconstituents.Steroidcreamscanbeflushedfromthesystemin24to48hours.AndforsomeofthemostcommonlyusedenhancerssuchaserythropoietinEPOtherearestillnoinstitutionalizedteats.ItissaidthatEPOwhichincreasesstaminabyboostinganathlete’sredbloodcellcountcanimproveanathlete’sperformanceina20-minmnby30sec.butitisotherwiseanightmareofadrug.OverdoseonEPOandthebloodbecomestoothickforthehearttopump.EPOisbelievedtobetheculpritinnofewerthan25mysteriousdeathsamongworld-classcyclistssince1987. ButathleteswilltakeEPOinSydneybecausetheycanandsomeofthemwilltaketoomuchofit.In1995Olympic--caliberU.S.athleteswereaskedinapoll"Wouldyoutakeadrugthatmadeyouachampionknowingthatitwouldkillyouinfiveyears"morethanhalfsaidyes.SoevenifweforgetaboutfairplayandcredibilityandOlympicidealsweareleftwiththis:theathletesmustbeprotectedfromthemselvesarmthepressuretowin.How TheI.O’.C.needstodotwothingsimmediately:developaspineandfederalize.Theonlywaytocatchacheatiswithunannouncedout-of-competitiontesting.HistoricallytheI.O.C.hasdelegateddecisionmakingtoindividualsportsfederationsbutthatpolicyisnotworkingwhenitcomestodrags.Athirdofthe28federationshaveyettoagreetoout-of-competitiontestsinadvanceoftheSydneyGames.TheI.O.C.shouldcallanemergencysessionandmakeanewruleapplyingtoallsportsthensendoutitsnewlyempoweredtesters. AsforthatimperfecttestforEPO-useitanyway.AsgoldmedalmarathonerFrankShorternowchairmanoftheU.S.Anti-Doping’Agencysaysknowingatestisloomingthatwillknockcheatersoffstride.ShortersaysthatifthereisnoEPOtestatSydneytheneveryenduranceorstrengthperformanceissuspect.He’sright.Andwhensportbecomessuspect--whennoonebelievesinit--it’snolongerworthwatching. WhatisfollowingisthecausethatwillmaketheOlympicGamessuspectandnolongerworthwatching
Text4 "Whatadifferenceawordmakes."Theissueofsemanticshasbeenanongoingcomplaintagainstthemediawhichhasbeencharacterizedbyanincreasinglevelofsensationalismandirresponsiblereportingovertheyearsfosteredbyincreasinglyfiercecompetitionandstruggleforwiderdistributionsandreaderships. Afocalpointforthecriticismisthecoverageofhigh-profilecriminalcases.Withsuchheadlinesas"Mr.XArrestforFirst-DegreeMurder"prominentlydisplayedacrossthefrontpageithasbeenarguedthatsuchprovocativelanguageinfluencespublicopinioncausingprematureassumptionsofguiltbeforethemattercanbeproperlyandlegallydecidedinacourtoflaw.Thepowerofthemediatoinfluencepublicopinionandbyextensionlegalandpoliticalperceptionshaslongbeenestablishedandrecognizedspurringoutcrieswheninaccurateoroverlyembellishedstoriesresultinunwarranteddestructionofpublicimageorintrusionsintoprivacyofunwillingindividuals. Reportersandeditorstaketheutmostcareintheirchoiceofwordsforuseintheirarticlesbutwithconstantpressuretocreateprovocativeheadlinesinordertoselltheirpapersthedistinctionbetweenrespectableperiodicalsandtrashytabloidsisbecomingthinnereveryday.Thepredicamentisexacerbatedbythepublic’sseemingshortattentionspanputtingthepapersunderpressuretomaketheirstoriesasattention-grabbingastheyareaccurate.Furtherobfuscatingthesituationisthefactthatthesamephrasecanbeinterpretedinamyriadofdifferentwaysdependingonwhoreadsitmakingithardforonetojudgewhetheralineisexcessiveornot. WhateverthecausesandeffectshoweverthefreedomofpresslawsintheUnitedStatesmeanthatanychangetothestyleemployedbythemediamustbeself-imposed.Inthatrespectitappearsthatnothingwillbechanginginthenearfuturesincethepublic’sinsatiablehungerforcontroversyandscandalcontinuestodominateandsetthepaceformarketablereporting.Asthesensationalismanditsrelatedeffectscontinueintothelongertermhowever’therewillnodoubtbemoreoutcryasthetrendcontinues.Thiswillpossiblyresultinanupheavalofthesystemfavoringmoreaccurateunembellishedreportingconsistingofhardfactswithaminimumofsuppositionorcommentaryanddevoidofminorsandotherquestionablesourcesofinformation.Ifandwhenthatoccurswecantrulystatewithpridethatourmediaindustryisnotonlyafreeonebutaresponsibleandreliableone. Somemediasourcesutilizecatchybutmisleadingheadlinesinorderto
Text4 "Whatadifferenceawordmakes."Theissueofsemanticshasbeenanongoingcomplaintagainstthemediawhichhasbeencharacterizedbyanincreasinglevelofsensationalismandirresponsiblereportingovertheyearsfosteredbyincreasinglyfiercecompetitionandstruggleforwiderdistributionsandreaderships. Afocalpointforthecriticismisthecoverageofhigh-profilecriminalcases.Withsuchheadlinesas"Mr.XArrestforFirst-DegreeMurder"prominentlydisplayedacrossthefrontpageithasbeenarguedthatsuchprovocativelanguageinfluencespublicopinioncausingprematureassumptionsofguiltbeforethemattercanbeproperlyandlegallydecidedinacourtoflaw.Thepowerofthemediatoinfluencepublicopinionandbyextensionlegalandpoliticalperceptionshaslongbeenestablishedandrecognizedspurringoutcrieswheninaccurateoroverlyembellishedstoriesresultinunwarranteddestructionofpublicimageorintrusionsintoprivacyofunwillingindividuals. Reportersandeditorstaketheutmostcareintheirchoiceofwordsforuseintheirarticlesbutwithconstantpressuretocreateprovocativeheadlinesinordertoselltheirpapersthedistinctionbetweenrespectableperiodicalsandtrashytabloidsisbecomingthinnereveryday.Thepredicamentisexacerbatedbythepublic’sseemingshortattentionspanputtingthepapersunderpressuretomaketheirstoriesasattention-grabbingastheyareaccurate.Furtherobfuscatingthesituationisthefactthatthesamephrasecanbeinterpretedinamyriadofdifferentwaysdependingonwhoreadsitmakingithardforonetojudgewhetheralineisexcessiveornot. WhateverthecausesandeffectshoweverthefreedomofpresslawsintheUnitedStatesmeanthatanychangetothestyleemployedbythemediamustbeself-imposed.Inthatrespectitappearsthatnothingwillbechanginginthenearfuturesincethepublic’sinsatiablehungerforcontroversyandscandalcontinuestodominateandsetthepaceformarketablereporting.Asthesensationalismanditsrelatedeffectscontinueintothelongertermhowever’therewillnodoubtbemoreoutcryasthetrendcontinues.Thiswillpossiblyresultinanupheavalofthesystemfavoringmoreaccurateunembellishedreportingconsistingofhardfactswithaminimumofsuppositionorcommentaryanddevoidofminorsandotherquestionablesourcesofinformation.Ifandwhenthatoccurswecantrulystatewithpridethatourmediaindustryisnotonlyafreeonebutaresponsibleandreliableone. Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat
Directions: Thefollowingarethreepicturesofdifferentwaystospendthesummerholiday.Writeanessayof160~200wordsbasedonthesepictures.Inthecompositionyoushould: 1describethepictures 2discusstheadvantageanddisadvantageofthemand 3givesuggestions.
Text4 NowthatthedamageinflictedbytheAsianfinancialcrisislookslikeitwascausedbyaneconomicneutronbomb.Thecrisishashurtgreatnumbersofpeoplebuthasleft.themainstructuresoftheworldeconomystanding.Theworstofthedirectimpactmaybeover.Manyofthehardest-hitcountriesareontheroadtorecoveryfinancial"contagion"hasbeencontainedandworldeconomicgrowthseemssettopickupsoon. Themostimportantdevelopmenthoweverisanon-event:thecollapseofglobalcapitalismhasnotoccurred.Insteadthepost-crisisworldislikelytobeevenmoremarket-orientedthantheonethatprecededitwithaproliferationofnewrulesandpracticesthatwillhelpmarketstooperatemoresmoothly.ThecountriesrecoveringbestsuchasThailandandSouthKoreaaredoingsobymovingfurtherinafree-marketdirection.Noneoftheaffectednationshastriedtoisolateitselffromtheglobaleconomyandthewidelyfearedworldwidewaveofprotectionismhasnotyetmaterialized. Norhastherebeenthegreatrethinkingofeconomicglobalizationthatsomefearedandothersadvocated.Thecriticsofglobalcapitalismpouncedonthecrisisasproofofglobalization’sfatalflaws.Theiranalysesoftenconcludedthat"theremustbeSomethingbetter."Onthecontraryeconomistshavetakenfree-marketprinciplesasthestartingpointfornewideasnotcalledthemintoquestion. Therehasbeenmuchcriticismoftheso-calledWashingtonconsensus--thetraditionalfree-marketorthodoxythatuniformlyprescribesfiscaldisciplinederegulationandfinancialliberalization.Partlyasaresultofthecrisisanewconsensussimplyaddsextraprescriptions--suchasbetterfinancialsupervisionlabormarketetc.--tothelist.Itisanelaborationoftheoriginalconsensusnotanewdeparture. Numerousstudiesalsoshowthatengagementintheglobaleconomyleadstohighergrowthandhelpstoreducepovertyindevelopingcountries.Today’seconomicargumentsarenotoverfundamentalfree-marketpoliciesbutwhatmustbedonetosupplementthem.Likewise.theeffortstodeviseanew"internationalfinancialarchitecture"inthewakeofthecrisisduetocontinueduringthespringmeetingsoftheWorldBankandtheInternationalMonetaryFundinWashingtonwillnotinvolverebuildingthesystemfromscratch.Theaimistomakeincrementalimprovementsinfinancialrulesandpracticesthatwilloilthewheelsofthemarketsystemnottotradeitinforanon-existentnewmodel. AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisTRUE
Humanshavealteredtheworld’sclimateby1heat-trappinggasessincealmostthebeginningofcivilizationandevenpreventedthestartofaniceageseveralthousandyearsagoascientistsaid. Mostscientists2arise3globaltemperaturesoverthepastcentury4toemissionsofcarbondioxide5humanactivitieslikedrivingcarsandoperatingfactories. Dr.WilliamRuddimanaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiasaidatameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion6humans’effect7climatewentbacknearly10000years8peoplegaveuphuntingandgatheringandbeganfarming. InacommentaryaccompanyingthearticleDr.ThomasJ.CrowleyofDukeUniversitysaidhe9Dr.Ruddiman’spremiseatfirst."ButwhenIstartedreadingDr.Crowleywrote"Icouldnothelpbut10whetherhejustmightbe11something." Theclimateofthelast10000yearshasbeenunusuallystable12civilizationtoflourish.ButthatisonlybecausepeoplechoppeddownswathsofforestinEuropeChinaandIndiaforcroplandsandpastures.Carbondioxide13bythedestructionoftheforestsplusmethaneanotherheat-trappinggas14byirrigatedricefieldsinSoutheastAsiatrappedenoughheatto15anexpectednaturalcooling. Levelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneriseandfallinnaturalcycles16thousandsofyearsandbothreachedapeakattheendofthelasticeage11;000yearsago.Boththendeclined17expected. Both18decliningthroughthepresentdayleadingtolowertemperaturesandanewiceageshouldhavebegun4000to5000yearsagoDr.Ruddimansaid.Insteadlevelsofcarbondioxidereversed8000wearsago.Thedecline19methanelevelsreversed5000yearsago20withtheadventofirrigationricefarming. 4
热门题库
更多
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规