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开辟“瓦希之路”的是( )。
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丝绸之路的开辟与张骞出使西域有直接关系历史意义巨大
汉武帝派出使西域开辟了之路
1是什么原因使得15世纪的欧洲人舍近求远开辟新航路9分2有人认为新航路的开辟是人类文明交流之路是世界
瓦希之路
简述丝绸之路开辟的背景与条件
公元166年一批大秦人从海路来到中国这是中国与欧洲第一次直接交往由此可推断当时已开辟了
陆上丝绸之路
海上丝绸之路
南方丝绸之路
西方丝绸之路
简述丝绸之路的开辟及其意义
丝绸之路的开辟首先应归功于汉武帝时期谁的两次西域之行
秦始皇统一了文字度量衡和货币开辟了重要的丝绸之路
请你写出丝绸之路的大体路线并说出丝绸之路的开辟对汉代有什么影响这条中西通道在我们今天的现实生活中有什
古代陆上丝绸之路是由开辟出来的
汉武帝时期张骞出使西域开辟了丝绸之路
新航路开辟阅读材料回答问题12分人民版教材中对于新航路的开辟表述为人类文明交往之路世界体系发展之路殖
丝绸之路的开辟可追溯到西汉
丝绸之路的开辟首先应归功于汉武帝时期的两次西域之行
166年一批大秦人从海路来到中国这是中国与欧洲第一次直接交往由此可推断当时已开辟了
陆上丝绸之路
海上丝绸之路
南方丝绸之路
西方丝绸之路
东西方文明交往有轨迹可录的是汉代开辟的
农业之路
工业之路
丝绸之路
经济之路
关于古典文明中古文明时期的叙述正确的是①开辟瓦希之路的是瓦里亚格人②辉煌一时的拜占庭帝国最后灭亡于十
①③⑤
②③④
①②③
①④⑤
法国东方史学家格鲁塞赞成成吉思汗开辟了之路
丝绸之路的开辟可追溯到
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Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering＄40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags—theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups—droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesign-edproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheconsumptionofluxurygoodsinthepresentsituation
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasreliesfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasreliesfromthedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs.
OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem. SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms. Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons. ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid. Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues. Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket. ThewordlopsidedParagraph4mostprobablymeans
下列关于第一次国共合作的说法正确的有
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Inascience-fictionmoviecalled"Species"amysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory. GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion—inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall—theproducersof"Species"didnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell. MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears. Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possible"motifs"orfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthe"genewriter".DrEvanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout. AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood. Theexpressionhewverycloselytocanbebestreplacedby
早在抗日战争时期__就指出我们同国民党的根本区别是
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration. Thetheoryofkinselection—theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives—isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool.Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate. Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofselfinterest. Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus—maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers. Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. Aspointedoutinthetextreciprocalaltruismtheoryandstrongreciprocitytheoryare
Inascience-fictionmoviecalled"Species"amysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory. GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion—inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall—theproducersof"Species"didnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell. MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears. Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possible"motifs"orfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthe"genewriter".DrEvanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout. AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood. ElenEvans’technologyofnewproteindesignmayproveuseful
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem. SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms. Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons. ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid. Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues. Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket. Thewildbehaviorofyoungpeopledepictedinthefirstparagraphisintendedto
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasreliesfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan.
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering＄40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags—theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups—droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesign-edproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Whenmentioningdouble-digitgrowthParagraph4theauthoristalkingabout
OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem. SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms. Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons. ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid. Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues. Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket. Whatisthesectionfollowingthistextmostlikelytodealwith
__提出人民军队的十大军事原则的文献是
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration. Thetheoryofkinselection—theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives—isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool.Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate. Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofselfinterest. Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus—maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers. Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph4that
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]ThestrainofHIVthatwasdiscoveredinSydneyintriguesscientistsbecauseitcontainsstrikingabnormalitiesinagenethatisbelievedtostimulateviralduplication.Infactthevirusismissingsomuchofthisparticulargene-knownasneffornegativefactor—thatitishardtoimaginehowthegenecouldperformanyusefulfunction.AndsureenoughwhiletheSydneyvirusretainstheabilitytoinfectTcells—whitebloodcellsthatarecriticaltotheimmunesystem’sabilitytowardoffinfection—itmakessofewcopiesofitselfthatthemostpowerfulmoleculartoolscanbarelydetectitspresence. [B]Ifthisspeculationprovesrightitwillmarkamilestoneinthebattletocontainthelate-20thcentury’smostterribleepidemic.ForinadditiontoexplainingwhythissmallgroupofpeopleinfectedwithHIVhasnotbecomesickthediscoveryofaviralstrainthatworkslikeavaccinewouldhavefarreachingimplications."Whattheseresultssuggest"saysDr.BarneyGrahamofTennessee’sVanderbiltUniversity"isthatHIVisvulnerableandthatitispossibletostimulateeffectiveimmunityagainstit." [C]Butassixyearsstretchedto10thento14theanxietyofhealthofficialsgavewaytoastonishment.Althoughtwooftherecipientshavediedfromothercausesnotoneoftheman’scontaminatedbloodhascomedownwithAIDS.Moretellingstillthedonorisalsohealthy.InfacthisimmunesystemremainsasrobustasifhehadnevertangledwithHIVatall.Whatcouldexplainsuchunexpectedgoodfortune [D]Attheveryleastthenefgeneoffersanattractivetargetfordrugdevelopers.IfitsactivitycanbeblockedsuggestsDeaconresearchersmightbeabletobringtheprogressionofdiseaseundercontroleveninpeoplewhohavedevelopedfullblownAIDS.TheneedforbetterAIDS-fightingdrugswasunderscoredlastweekbytheactionsofaU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationadvisorypanelwhichrecommendedspeedyapprovaloftwonewAIDSdrugs.AlthoughFDAcommissionerDavidKesslerwasquicktopraisethenewdrugsneithermedicationcanpreventorcureAIDSonceithastakenhold.Whatscientistsreallywantisavaccinethatcanpreventinfectionaltogether.Andthat’swhatmakestheSydneyvirussopromisingandsocontroversial. [E]AteamofAustralianscientistshasfinallysolvedthemystery.ThevirusthatthedonorcontractedandthenpassedontheteamreportedlastweekinthejournalSciencecontainsflawsinitsgeneticscriptthatappeartohaverendereditharmless."Notonlyhavetherecipientsandthedonornotprogressedtodiseasefor15years"marvelsmolecularbiologistNicholasDeaconofAustralia’sMacfarlaneBurnetCentreforMedicalResearch"butthepredictionisthattheyneverwill."Deaconspeculatesthatthis"impotent"HIVmayevenbeanaturalinoculantthatprotectsitscarriersagainstmorevirulentstrainsofthevirus. [F]ButfewscientistsareenthusiasticabouttestingthepropositionbyinjectingHIVhoweverweakened—intomillionsofpeoplewhohaveneverbeeninfected.AfteralltheynoteHIVisaretrovirusaclassofinfectiousagentsknownfortheiralarmingabilitytointegratetheirowngenesintotheDNAofthecellstheyinfect.Thusonceittakeseffectaretrovirusinfectionispermanent. [G]About15yearsagoawell-meaningmandonatedbloodtotheRedCrossinSydneyAustralianotknowinghehasbeenexposedtoHIV-1thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Muchlaterpublichealthofficialslearnedthatsomeofthepeoplewhogottransfusionscontaininghisbloodhadbecomeinfectedwiththesamevirus;presumablytheywerealmostsuretodie. Order: 41
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]ThestrainofHIVthatwasdiscoveredinSydneyintriguesscientistsbecauseitcontainsstrikingabnormalitiesinagenethatisbelievedtostimulateviralduplication.Infactthevirusismissingsomuchofthisparticulargene-knownasneffornegativefactor—thatitishardtoimaginehowthegenecouldperformanyusefulfunction.AndsureenoughwhiletheSydneyvirusretainstheabilitytoinfectTcells—whitebloodcellsthatarecriticaltotheimmunesystem’sabilitytowardoffinfection—itmakessofewcopiesofitselfthatthemostpowerfulmoleculartoolscanbarelydetectitspresence. [B]Ifthisspeculationprovesrightitwillmarkamilestoneinthebattletocontainthelate-20thcentury’smostterribleepidemic.ForinadditiontoexplainingwhythissmallgroupofpeopleinfectedwithHIVhasnotbecomesickthediscoveryofaviralstrainthatworkslikeavaccinewouldhavefarreachingimplications."Whattheseresultssuggest"saysDr.BarneyGrahamofTennessee’sVanderbiltUniversity"isthatHIVisvulnerableandthatitispossibletostimulateeffectiveimmunityagainstit." [C]Butassixyearsstretchedto10thento14theanxietyofhealthofficialsgavewaytoastonishment.Althoughtwooftherecipientshavediedfromothercausesnotoneoftheman’scontaminatedbloodhascomedownwithAIDS.Moretellingstillthedonorisalsohealthy.InfacthisimmunesystemremainsasrobustasifhehadnevertangledwithHIVatall.Whatcouldexplainsuchunexpectedgoodfortune [D]Attheveryleastthenefgeneoffersanattractivetargetfordrugdevelopers.IfitsactivitycanbeblockedsuggestsDeaconresearchersmightbeabletobringtheprogressionofdiseaseundercontroleveninpeoplewhohavedevelopedfullblownAIDS.TheneedforbetterAIDS-fightingdrugswasunderscoredlastweekbytheactionsofaU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationadvisorypanelwhichrecommendedspeedyapprovaloftwonewAIDSdrugs.AlthoughFDAcommissionerDavidKesslerwasquicktopraisethenewdrugsneithermedicationcanpreventorcureAIDSonceithastakenhold.Whatscientistsreallywantisavaccinethatcanpreventinfectionaltogether.Andthat’swhatmakestheSydneyvirussopromisingandsocontroversial. [E]AteamofAustralianscientistshasfinallysolvedthemystery.ThevirusthatthedonorcontractedandthenpassedontheteamreportedlastweekinthejournalSciencecontainsflawsinitsgeneticscriptthatappeartohaverendereditharmless."Notonlyhavetherecipientsandthedonornotprogressedtodiseasefor15years"marvelsmolecularbiologistNicholasDeaconofAustralia’sMacfarlaneBurnetCentreforMedicalResearch"butthepredictionisthattheyneverwill."Deaconspeculatesthatthis"impotent"HIVmayevenbeanaturalinoculantthatprotectsitscarriersagainstmorevirulentstrainsofthevirus. [F]ButfewscientistsareenthusiasticabouttestingthepropositionbyinjectingHIVhoweverweakened—intomillionsofpeoplewhohaveneverbeeninfected.AfteralltheynoteHIVisaretrovirusaclassofinfectiousagentsknownfortheiralarmingabilitytointegratetheirowngenesintotheDNAofthecellstheyinfect.Thusonceittakeseffectaretrovirusinfectionispermanent. [G]About15yearsagoawell-meaningmandonatedbloodtotheRedCrossinSydneyAustralianotknowinghehasbeenexposedtoHIV-1thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Muchlaterpublichealthofficialslearnedthatsomeofthepeoplewhogottransfusionscontaininghisbloodhadbecomeinfectedwiththesamevirus;presumablytheywerealmostsuretodie. Order: 43
Atsomepointduringtheireducationbiologystudentsaretoldaboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.J.B.S.HaldaneaBritishgeneticistwasaskedwhetherhewouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquickcalculationonthebackofanapkinhesaidhewoulddosofortwobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwordshewoulddietoprotecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenextgeneration. Thetheoryofkinselection—theideathatanimalscanpassontheirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives—isbiology’sexplanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividualcarryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodieyoungerthanonewith"selfish"genesandthustohaveareducedcontributiontothenextgeneration’sgeneticpool.Butifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectitsrelativesgenesforaltruisticbehaviormightneverthelesspropagate. Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobeexplainedawayinwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithinbiology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthatitisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefitsforitselflateronaphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism.Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybedoingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemalesandultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparentlyselflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofselfinterest. Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists’argumentsthatHomosapiensisalsoHomoeconomicus—maximizingsomethingthateconomistscallutilityandbiologistsfitness.Butthereisaresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomelessreturnlostwalletsdovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantstowhichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismandnaturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomactsofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spitefulbehaviorwhensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamagethatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers. Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscienceanamealwayshelps.InapaperinHumanNatureDrFehrandhiscolleaguesargueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall"strongreciprocity".Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfromreciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDrFehrapersonisastrongreciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekindtothosewhoarebeingkindandtopunishthosewhoarebeingunkind.Significantlystrongreciprocatorswillbehavethiswayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewardsinthefuture. ThestoryofJ.B.S.Haldaneismentionedinthetext
Directions: Supposeyouareacollegestudentonaschoolcampusoranemployeeinacompany.Recentlyyounoticedthatsomepeopleneverpaidattentiontothesignsonagarbagecanthatsayitisdesirabletodealwithwastesseparately.Nowyouaregoingtomakeaconservationcampaignspeechataparty.Andyourspeechshouldinclude: 1thepresentsituation 2andyoursuggestions. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
__在批评王明关于统一战线问题的错误观点时指出在抗日民族统一战线中影响胜利的中心环节是
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]ThestrainofHIVthatwasdiscoveredinSydneyintriguesscientistsbecauseitcontainsstrikingabnormalitiesinagenethatisbelievedtostimulateviralduplication.Infactthevirusismissingsomuchofthisparticulargene-knownasneffornegativefactor—thatitishardtoimaginehowthegenecouldperformanyusefulfunction.AndsureenoughwhiletheSydneyvirusretainstheabilitytoinfectTcells—whitebloodcellsthatarecriticaltotheimmunesystem’sabilitytowardoffinfection—itmakessofewcopiesofitselfthatthemostpowerfulmoleculartoolscanbarelydetectitspresence. [B]Ifthisspeculationprovesrightitwillmarkamilestoneinthebattletocontainthelate-20thcentury’smostterribleepidemic.ForinadditiontoexplainingwhythissmallgroupofpeopleinfectedwithHIVhasnotbecomesickthediscoveryofaviralstrainthatworkslikeavaccinewouldhavefarreachingimplications."Whattheseresultssuggest"saysDr.BarneyGrahamofTennessee’sVanderbiltUniversity"isthatHIVisvulnerableandthatitispossibletostimulateeffectiveimmunityagainstit." [C]Butassixyearsstretchedto10thento14theanxietyofhealthofficialsgavewaytoastonishment.Althoughtwooftherecipientshavediedfromothercausesnotoneoftheman’scontaminatedbloodhascomedownwithAIDS.Moretellingstillthedonorisalsohealthy.InfacthisimmunesystemremainsasrobustasifhehadnevertangledwithHIVatall.Whatcouldexplainsuchunexpectedgoodfortune [D]Attheveryleastthenefgeneoffersanattractivetargetfordrugdevelopers.IfitsactivitycanbeblockedsuggestsDeaconresearchersmightbeabletobringtheprogressionofdiseaseundercontroleveninpeoplewhohavedevelopedfullblownAIDS.TheneedforbetterAIDS-fightingdrugswasunderscoredlastweekbytheactionsofaU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationadvisorypanelwhichrecommendedspeedyapprovaloftwonewAIDSdrugs.AlthoughFDAcommissionerDavidKesslerwasquicktopraisethenewdrugsneithermedicationcanpreventorcureAIDSonceithastakenhold.Whatscientistsreallywantisavaccinethatcanpreventinfectionaltogether.Andthat’swhatmakestheSydneyvirussopromisingandsocontroversial. [E]AteamofAustralianscientistshasfinallysolvedthemystery.ThevirusthatthedonorcontractedandthenpassedontheteamreportedlastweekinthejournalSciencecontainsflawsinitsgeneticscriptthatappeartohaverendereditharmless."Notonlyhavetherecipientsandthedonornotprogressedtodiseasefor15years"marvelsmolecularbiologistNicholasDeaconofAustralia’sMacfarlaneBurnetCentreforMedicalResearch"butthepredictionisthattheyneverwill."Deaconspeculatesthatthis"impotent"HIVmayevenbeanaturalinoculantthatprotectsitscarriersagainstmorevirulentstrainsofthevirus. [F]ButfewscientistsareenthusiasticabouttestingthepropositionbyinjectingHIVhoweverweakened—intomillionsofpeoplewhohaveneverbeeninfected.AfteralltheynoteHIVisaretrovirusaclassofinfectiousagentsknownfortheiralarmingabilitytointegratetheirowngenesintotheDNAofthecellstheyinfect.Thusonceittakeseffectaretrovirusinfectionispermanent. [G]About15yearsagoawell-meaningmandonatedbloodtotheRedCrossinSydneyAustralianotknowinghehasbeenexposedtoHIV-1thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Muchlaterpublichealthofficialslearnedthatsomeofthepeoplewhogottransfusionscontaininghisbloodhadbecomeinfectedwiththesamevirus;presumablytheywerealmostsuretodie. Order: 45
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