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“先行组织者”教学技术的提出者是美国著名心理学家( )。
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先行组织者教学技术的提出者是美国著名心理学家
斯金纳
布鲁纳
奥苏伯尔
桑代克
先行组织者教学技术的提出者是美国著名心理学家
斯金
布鲁纳
奥苏伯尔
桑代克
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Sincewearesocialbeingsthequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles.Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithoutsuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnessesfromdepressiontoheartdiseaserevealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefendoffillnessandtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.Firstfriendsrelativesandco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Secondotherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Thirdwetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistractingusfromourworriesandtroubles.Finallyotherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport—financialaidmaterialresourcesandneededservices—thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveandcopewithourproblems.WhichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothewordcushionsLine1Para.2
Honestycomesinmanyforms.Firstthere’sselfhonesty.IswhatpeopleseetherealarticleordoyouappearthroughsmokeandmirrorsIfindthatifItrytobesomethingI’mnotIfeelunsureofmyselfandtakeoutapartfrommyPBApersonalbankaccount.IlovehowsingerJudyGarlandputitAlwaysbeafirstclassversionofyourselfinsteadofasecondclassversionofsomebodyelse.Thenthere’shonestyinouractions.AreyouhonestatschoolwithyourparentsandwithyourbossIfyou’veeverbeendishonestIthinkweallhavetrybeinghonestandnoticehowwholeitmakesyoufeel.Rememberyoucan’tdowrongandfeelright.ThisstorybyJeffisagoodexampleofthat:Inmysecondyearofstudytherewerethreekidsinmymathclasswhodidn’tdowell.Iwasreallygoodatit.IwouldchargethemthreedollarsforeachtestthatIhelpedthempass.I’dwriteonalittlepieceofpaperalltherightanswersandhandthemoff.AtfirstIfeltlikeIwasmakingmoneykindofanicejob.Iwasn’tthinkingabouthowitcouldhurtallofus.AfterawhileIrealizedIshouldn’tdothatanymorebecauseIwasn’treallyhelpingthem!Theyweren’tlearninganythinganditwouldonlygetharderdowntheroad.Cheatingcertainlywasn’thelpingme.Ittakescouragetobehonestwhenpeopleallaroundyouwhoaregettingawaywithcheatingontestslyingtotheirparentsandstealingatwork.ButremembereveryactofhonestyisadepositintoyourPBAandwillbuildstrength.Theunderlinedpartappearthroughsmokeandmirrorsinthefirstparagraphmeans______.
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss.What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbezeroimpact.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.Specializationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin______.
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 16
______sherealizeditwastoolatetogohome.
当男孩正走在街上时飞碟着陆了
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 22
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 24
Sincewearesocialbeingsthequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles.Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithoutsuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnessesfromdepressiontoheartdiseaserevealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefendoffillnessandtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.Firstfriendsrelativesandco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Secondotherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Thirdwetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistractingusfromourworriesandtroubles.Finallyotherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport—financialaidmaterialresourcesandneededservices—thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveandcopewithourproblems.Interpersonalrelationshipsareimportantbecause______.
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Honestycomesinmanyforms.Firstthere’sselfhonesty.IswhatpeopleseetherealarticleordoyouappearthroughsmokeandmirrorsIfindthatifItrytobesomethingI’mnotIfeelunsureofmyselfandtakeoutapartfrommyPBApersonalbankaccount.IlovehowsingerJudyGarlandputitAlwaysbeafirstclassversionofyourselfinsteadofasecondclassversionofsomebodyelse.Thenthere’shonestyinouractions.AreyouhonestatschoolwithyourparentsandwithyourbossIfyou’veeverbeendishonestIthinkweallhavetrybeinghonestandnoticehowwholeitmakesyoufeel.Rememberyoucan’tdowrongandfeelright.ThisstorybyJeffisagoodexampleofthat:Inmysecondyearofstudytherewerethreekidsinmymathclasswhodidn’tdowell.Iwasreallygoodatit.IwouldchargethemthreedollarsforeachtestthatIhelpedthempass.I’dwriteonalittlepieceofpaperalltherightanswersandhandthemoff.AtfirstIfeltlikeIwasmakingmoneykindofanicejob.Iwasn’tthinkingabouthowitcouldhurtallofus.AfterawhileIrealizedIshouldn’tdothatanymorebecauseIwasn’treallyhelpingthem!Theyweren’tlearninganythinganditwouldonlygetharderdowntheroad.Cheatingcertainlywasn’thelpingme.Ittakescouragetobehonestwhenpeopleallaroundyouwhoaregettingawaywithcheatingontestslyingtotheirparentsandstealingatwork.ButremembereveryactofhonestyisadepositintoyourPBAandwillbuildstrength.WhatdoestheauthorexpecttoshowbyJeff’sstory
请设计一个活动达到以下目的1．学习使用形容词描述天气2．练习willbe句式
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Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 20
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Sincewearesocialbeingsthequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles.Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithoutsuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnessesfromdepressiontoheartdiseaserevealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefendoffillnessandtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.Firstfriendsrelativesandco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Secondotherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Thirdwetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistractingusfromourworriesandtroubles.Finallyotherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport—financialaidmaterialresourcesandneededservices—thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveandcopewithourproblems.Socialcompanionshipisbeneficialinthat______.
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 18
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss.What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbezeroimpact.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury
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