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Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a ...
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Ahblissfulsleepwhenweleaveourdailytoilsbehindandslipintomindlessrepose.Ordowe46TworeportsinScienceoneinvolvingratsandtheotherhumanssuggestthatduringsleepourbrainsremainquitebusyfuriouslyconsolidatingimportantmemoriesthathaveaccumulatedduringtheday. IntheratexperimentsMatthewA.WilsonoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandBruceL.McNaughtonoftheUniversityofArizonainsertedelectrodesintothehippocampusaregionofthebrainthoughttobeinvolvedinspatialmemory.Astheratslearnedtonavigateamazetheirneuronsfiredincertainpatternscorrespondingtospecificpartsofthemaze. 47Forseveralnightsaftertherats’mazeexercisestheirhippocampalneuronsdisplayedsimilarfiringpatterns;theratswereapparentlyplayingbacktheirmemoriesofrunningthemaze.Themajordifferencewasthatthefiringwasmorerapidasifthememorieswerebeingrunfast-forward.48Thefiringoccurredduringslow-wavesleepaphaseofdeepbutnotdreamlesssleepmarkedbylow-frequencypulsesofelectricalactivityincertainregionsofthebrain. ThestudiesofhumanswereundertakenattheWeizmannInstituteofScienceinIsrael.AteamledbyAviKarniandDovSagitrainedvolunteerstorecognizerapidlytheorientationofsymbolshiddeninimagesflashedattheperipheryoftheirvision.Theworkershadpreviouslynotedimprovementsinperformanceovera10-hourperiodfollowingatrainingsession. TodeterminewhethersleepplayedaroleinthisphenomenonKarniandSagidisruptedthesleepofvolunteersaftertheyhadhadtheirtrainingsession.Interferingwiththesubjects’slow-wavesleephadnosignificanteffect.49ButanequivalentdisruptionofREMsleepywhichismarkedbyrapideyemovementshenceitsnameandvividdreamingkeptthesubjectsfromimprovingovernight. "TheseresultsindicatethataprocessofhumanmemoryconsolidationactiveduringsleepisstronglydependentonREMsleep"thegroupstates.TheexperimentslendsupporttoatheoryadvancedbyJonathan"practicesessions"inwhichanimalshonesurvivalskills. WhydidKarniandSagidetectmemoryconsolidationduringREMsleepandWilsonandMcNanghtononlyduringslow-wavesleep50Theanswerseemstobethateachgroupstudiedadifferenttypeofmemoryoneinvolvingahighlyrepetitioustaskandtheothertherecollectionofaplace. Ofcoursehuckstershavelongassertedthatpeoplecanlearnnewlanguagesandotherskillsbylisteningtotapeswhileasleep.Wilsonsayshehasbeeninundatedwithqueriesfrompeoplewantingtoknowiftheseclaimsaretrue.Herespondsthathisresearchappliesonlytomemoriesoriginallylaiddownduringwakinghours. 48
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 20
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.41_____________________________________________________________. Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon. Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.42_____________________________________________________________.Butnationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages. Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.43_____________________________________________________________.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthe’wholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.44_____________________________________________________________. Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.45_____________________________________________________________.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandbutting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse. A.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets--whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife. B.Inmyopinionthegreatestcountriesshouldbehaveproperlytoothercountriesandobeytherulestheyconstitutedtogether. C.Nowwe’vegotlittletimetolearnhowtogetalongwellwithothersorothercountries. D.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter. E.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted. F.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch. G.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors. 42
Text3 Whenyouaresmallallambitionsfallintoonegrandcategory:whenI’mgrownup.WhenI’mgrownupyousayI’llgoupinspace.I’mgoingtobeanauthor.I’llkillthemallandthenthey’llbesorry.I’llbemarriedinacathedralwithsixteenbridesmaidsinpinklace.I’llhaveapuppyofmyownandnoonewillbeabletotakehimaway. Noneofiteverhappensofcourse--ordarnlittlebutthefantasiesgiveyoutheideathatthereissomethingtogrowupfor.Indeedoneofthesaddestthingsaboutgildedadolescenceisthefeelingthatfromeighteenonit’salldownhill;IreadwithhorrorofanAmericanhippieweddingwheresomeonesaidtothegroomagedtwenty"youseemsokindagrownupsomehow"andtheladhadtogoroundseekingassurancethathewasn’t.Noreallyhewasn’t.Adeterminationtobebetteradultsthanthepresentincumbentsisfinebuttorefusetogrowupatallisjustplainunrealism. WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’lllearntoflyanairplane.IwillcareerroundtheskyknowingthatifIdo"gopop"therewillbenolittleonestosuffershockandmaladjustment;thateveniftheworstdoescometotheworstIwillatleastdodgethegeriatricwardandallthatlookforyourglassesinordertoseewhereyou’veleftyourteeth.WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’llhavefragilelovelythingsonlowtables;I’llhaveawhitecarpet;I’llgotothepicturesintheafternoons.WhenthechildrenaregrownupI’llactuallybeabletodoaday’sworkinaflayinsteadofspreadingoverthreeandgoawayforaweekendwithoutplanningasifforatriptotheMoon.WhenI’mgrownup--Imeanwhenthey’regrownup--I’llbefree. OfcourseIknowit’sgottogetworsebeforeitgetsbetter.Twelve-year-oldI’mtolddon’tgotobedatsevensoyoudon’tevengetyourevening.Oncethey’repasttenyouhavetostartworryingabouttheirfriendsinsteadofsimplyshootingtheintrudersoffthedoorstepandtosettledowntoasteadytenyearsofcriticismofeverythingyou’veeverthoughtordoneorwon.Boysitseemsmaybelessofatrialthangirlssincetheycan’tgetpregnantandtheydon’tborrowyourclothes--iftheydoborrowyourclothesofcourseyou’yegotevenmoretoworryabout. Theyoungdon’trespecttheirparentsanymore.Goodnesshowsad.Stilllikeeatingsnailsitmightbeallrightonceyou’vegotovertheidea;itmightletusoffhavingtobotherquitesomuchwiththemwhenthetimecomes.Butoneissimplynotgoingtobeabletodroneawayone’sdaystoothlessbythefirebroodingonthepast. Youngpeopleoftenfeelsthattheageofeighteenisthe
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 14
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 6
Text2 IsaacNewtonwasnotapleasantman.Hisrelationswithotheracademicswerenotoriouswithmostofhislaterlifespentembroiledinheateddisputes.FollowingpublicationofPrincipiaMathematica--surelythemostinfluentialbookeverwritteninphysics--Newtonhadrisenrapidlyintopublicprominence.HewasappointedpresidentoftheRoyalSocietyandbecamethefirstscientistevertobeknighted. NewtonsoonclashedwiththeAstronomerRoyalJohnFlamsteedwhohadearlierprovidedNewtonwithmuchneededdataforPrincipiabutwasnowwithholdinginformationthatNewtonwanted.Newtonwouldnottakenoforananswer;hehadhimselfappointedtothegoverningbodyoftheRoyalObservatoryandthentriedtoforceimmediatepublicationofthedata.EventuallyhearrangedforFlamsteed’sworktoheseizedandpreparedforpublicationbyFlamsteed’smortalenemyEdmondHalley.ButFlamsteedtookthecasetocourtinthenickoftimeandwonacourtorderpreventingdistributiontothestolenwork.NewtonwasincensedandsoughthisrevengebysystematicallydeletingallreferencetoFlamsteedinlatereditions9fPrincipia. AmoreseriousdisputearosewiththeGermanphilosopherGottfriedLeibniz.BothLeibnizandNewtonhadindependentlydevelopedabranchofmathematicscalledcalculuswhichunderliesmostofmodernphysics.AlthoughwenowknowthatNewtondiscoveredcalculusyearsbeforeLeibnizhepublishedhisworkmuchlater.Amajorrowensuedoverwhohadbeenfirstwithscientistvigorouslydefendingbothcontenders.ItisremarkablehoweverthatmostofthearticlesappearingindefenseofNewtonwereoriginallywrittenbyhisownhand--andonlypublishedinthenameoffriends!AstherowgrewLeibnizmadethemistakeofappealingtotheRoyalSocietytoresolvethedispute.Newtonaspresidentappointedan"impartial"committeetoinvestigatecoincidentallyconsistingentirely’ofNewton’sfriends!Butthatwasnotall:Newtonthenwrotethecommittee’sreporthimselfandhadtheRoyalSocietypublishitofficiallyaccusingLeibnizofplagiarism.StillunsatisfiedhethenwroteananonymousreviewofthereportintheRoyalSociety’sownperiodical.FollowingthedeathofLeibnizNewtonisreportedtohavedeclaredthathehadtakengreatsatisfactionin"breakingLeibniz’sheart. DuringtheperiodofthesetwodisputesNewtonhadalreadyleftCambridgeandacademe.Hehadbeenactiveinanti-CatholicpoliticsatCambridgeandlaterinParliamentandwasrewardedeventuallywiththelucrativepestofWardenoftheRoyalMint.Hereheusedhistalentsfordeviousnessandvitriolinamoresociallyacceptablewaysuccessfullyconductingamajorcampaignagainstcounterfeitingevensendingseveralmentotheirdeathonthegallows. Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage
Text4 DoanimalshavefightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershavefights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdefilestightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerationsInadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Accordingtothepassagethediscussionontherightsofanimals
Ahblissfulsleepwhenweleaveourdailytoilsbehindandslipintomindlessrepose.Ordowe46TworeportsinScienceoneinvolvingratsandtheotherhumanssuggestthatduringsleepourbrainsremainquitebusyfuriouslyconsolidatingimportantmemoriesthathaveaccumulatedduringtheday. IntheratexperimentsMatthewA.WilsonoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandBruceL.McNaughtonoftheUniversityofArizonainsertedelectrodesintothehippocampusaregionofthebrainthoughttobeinvolvedinspatialmemory.Astheratslearnedtonavigateamazetheirneuronsfiredincertainpatternscorrespondingtospecificpartsofthemaze. 47Forseveralnightsaftertherats’mazeexercisestheirhippocampalneuronsdisplayedsimilarfiringpatterns;theratswereapparentlyplayingbacktheirmemoriesofrunningthemaze.Themajordifferencewasthatthefiringwasmorerapidasifthememorieswerebeingrunfast-forward.48Thefiringoccurredduringslow-wavesleepaphaseofdeepbutnotdreamlesssleepmarkedbylow-frequencypulsesofelectricalactivityincertainregionsofthebrain. ThestudiesofhumanswereundertakenattheWeizmannInstituteofScienceinIsrael.AteamledbyAviKarniandDovSagitrainedvolunteerstorecognizerapidlytheorientationofsymbolshiddeninimagesflashedattheperipheryoftheirvision.Theworkershadpreviouslynotedimprovementsinperformanceovera10-hourperiodfollowingatrainingsession. TodeterminewhethersleepplayedaroleinthisphenomenonKarniandSagidisruptedthesleepofvolunteersaftertheyhadhadtheirtrainingsession.Interferingwiththesubjects’slow-wavesleephadnosignificanteffect.49ButanequivalentdisruptionofREMsleepywhichismarkedbyrapideyemovementshenceitsnameandvividdreamingkeptthesubjectsfromimprovingovernight. "TheseresultsindicatethataprocessofhumanmemoryconsolidationactiveduringsleepisstronglydependentonREMsleep"thegroupstates.TheexperimentslendsupporttoatheoryadvancedbyJonathan"practicesessions"inwhichanimalshonesurvivalskills. WhydidKarniandSagidetectmemoryconsolidationduringREMsleepandWilsonandMcNanghtononlyduringslow-wavesleep50Theanswerseemstobethateachgroupstudiedadifferenttypeofmemoryoneinvolvingahighlyrepetitioustaskandtheothertherecollectionofaplace. Ofcoursehuckstershavelongassertedthatpeoplecanlearnnewlanguagesandotherskillsbylisteningtotapeswhileasleep.Wilsonsayshehasbeeninundatedwithqueriesfrompeoplewantingtoknowiftheseclaimsaretrue.Herespondsthathisresearchappliesonlytomemoriesoriginallylaiddownduringwakinghours. 46
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 18
Text2 IsaacNewtonwasnotapleasantman.Hisrelationswithotheracademicswerenotoriouswithmostofhislaterlifespentembroiledinheateddisputes.FollowingpublicationofPrincipiaMathematica--surelythemostinfluentialbookeverwritteninphysics--Newtonhadrisenrapidlyintopublicprominence.HewasappointedpresidentoftheRoyalSocietyandbecamethefirstscientistevertobeknighted. NewtonsoonclashedwiththeAstronomerRoyalJohnFlamsteedwhohadearlierprovidedNewtonwithmuchneededdataforPrincipiabutwasnowwithholdinginformationthatNewtonwanted.Newtonwouldnottakenoforananswer;hehadhimselfappointedtothegoverningbodyoftheRoyalObservatoryandthentriedtoforceimmediatepublicationofthedata.EventuallyhearrangedforFlamsteed’sworktoheseizedandpreparedforpublicationbyFlamsteed’smortalenemyEdmondHalley.ButFlamsteedtookthecasetocourtinthenickoftimeandwonacourtorderpreventingdistributiontothestolenwork.NewtonwasincensedandsoughthisrevengebysystematicallydeletingallreferencetoFlamsteedinlatereditions9fPrincipia. AmoreseriousdisputearosewiththeGermanphilosopherGottfriedLeibniz.BothLeibnizandNewtonhadindependentlydevelopedabranchofmathematicscalledcalculuswhichunderliesmostofmodernphysics.AlthoughwenowknowthatNewtondiscoveredcalculusyearsbeforeLeibnizhepublishedhisworkmuchlater.Amajorrowensuedoverwhohadbeenfirstwithscientistvigorouslydefendingbothcontenders.ItisremarkablehoweverthatmostofthearticlesappearingindefenseofNewtonwereoriginallywrittenbyhisownhand--andonlypublishedinthenameoffriends!AstherowgrewLeibnizmadethemistakeofappealingtotheRoyalSocietytoresolvethedispute.Newtonaspresidentappointedan"impartial"committeetoinvestigatecoincidentallyconsistingentirely’ofNewton’sfriends!Butthatwasnotall:Newtonthenwrotethecommittee’sreporthimselfandhadtheRoyalSocietypublishitofficiallyaccusingLeibnizofplagiarism.StillunsatisfiedhethenwroteananonymousreviewofthereportintheRoyalSociety’sownperiodical.FollowingthedeathofLeibnizNewtonisreportedtohavedeclaredthathehadtakengreatsatisfactionin"breakingLeibniz’sheart. DuringtheperiodofthesetwodisputesNewtonhadalreadyleftCambridgeandacademe.Hehadbeenactiveinanti-CatholicpoliticsatCambridgeandlaterinParliamentandwasrewardedeventuallywiththelucrativepestofWardenoftheRoyalMint.Hereheusedhistalentsfordeviousnessandvitriolinamoresociallyacceptablewaysuccessfullyconductingamajorcampaignagainstcounterfeitingevensendingseveralmentotheirdeathonthegallows. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutIsaacNewton
Text1 RuthLawrenceagedtenmadehistoryyesterdaywhenshecameaclearfirstoutofthe530candidateswhotooktheentranceexamforSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxford.Theallwoman’scollegeislikelytoofferherascholarship.Ruthsatthreeinthree-hourpapers--AlgebraandGeometry;CalculusProbabilityandStatistics;andMathsPureandApplied."Iwashappywiththefirsttwo"shesaidyesterday"butIwasn’tsure’aboutthethird." RuthwholivesinHuddersfieldhasneverbeentoschool.HerfatherHarryLawrenceacomputerconsultantgaveuphisjobwhenRuthwasfivetoeducateherathome.HermotherSylviawhoalsoworksincomputersisthefamilybreadwinner. Harrylawrenceexplainedthatbesides.mathematicsRuthalsoenjoyedEnglishHistoryGeographyandothersubjects.Shebegantoreadfourandstartedacademicsubjectsatfive."Wedidnotstartoffwiththethoughtthatshewouldnotgotoschool"hesaid"butweenjoyedatteachinghersomuchandweseemedtobemakingquiteagoodjobofitsowejustcarriedon." BecauseshedoesnotgotoschoolRuthhasnotmixedmuchwithotherchildren."Sheenjoysseriousconversationwithadults"herfathersaid"andIdon’tthinkshewillfeeloutofplaceatOxford."Hedoesnotthinksheworksharderthanotherchildrenofheragebutheconcentratesonwhatsheenjoysprincipallymathematics."Shewatchestelevisionalittlebutnotasahabit"heexplained"butsheplaysthepianoandhasquiteawiderangeofinterests." IfshedoeswellatSt.Hugh’sRuthexpectstotakeafurtherdegreeandeventuallyhopestobecomearesearchprofessorinmathematics-anambitionshemayachievewhilestillinherteens.TheLawrencefamilyplanstomovetoOxfordwhenRuthentersthecollegeinOctober1991.BeforethensheplanstotakefourAlevelstosatisfythecollegematriculationrequirements. MissRachelTricketttheprincipalofSt.Hugh’ssaidlastnight."WeareallveryexcitedaboutRuth.Sheisobviouslyquitebrilliantandhasshowngenuineoriginality."Ruth’sfuturetutorDr.GlenysLukeadmitsthattakingsoyoungastudentischallengingbutsaysitisonesheexpectstoenjoy."Ishalltailortheteachingtoherrequirements"shesaid.Ruthshouldn’thavetosufferthesametensionsanddisappointmentsthatolderstudentsfaced.IhopeIshallmakeitfunforher." LastnighttheLawrencefamilywerepleasedatRuth’sachievement."Wealljumpedupanddownabitwhenweheardthegoodhens"saidHarryLawrence.WhenRuthbecomesastudentHarryLawrencelooksforwardtoconcentratinghiseffortsonRuth’syoungersisterRebeccawhoisnowseven."Sheisdoingverywell"hesaid"butit’stooearlytotellwhethersheisamathematician." WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 16
Text4 DoanimalshavefightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershavefights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdefilestightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerationsInadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Thewriterseemstothinkthatiiistotortureamonkey.
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.41_____________________________________________________________. Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon. Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.42_____________________________________________________________.Butnationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages. Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.43_____________________________________________________________.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthe’wholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.44_____________________________________________________________. Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.45_____________________________________________________________.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandbutting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse. A.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets--whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife. B.Inmyopinionthegreatestcountriesshouldbehaveproperlytoothercountriesandobeytherulestheyconstitutedtogether. C.Nowwe’vegotlittletimetolearnhowtogetalongwellwithothersorothercountries. D.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter. E.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted. F.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch. G.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors. 44
Text3 Whenyouaresmallallambitionsfallintoonegrandcategory:whenI’mgrownup.WhenI’mgrownupyousayI’llgoupinspace.I’mgoingtobeanauthor.I’llkillthemallandthenthey’llbesorry.I’llbemarriedinacathedralwithsixteenbridesmaidsinpinklace.I’llhaveapuppyofmyownandnoonewillbeabletotakehimaway. Noneofiteverhappensofcourse--ordarnlittlebutthefantasiesgiveyoutheideathatthereissomethingtogrowupfor.Indeedoneofthesaddestthingsaboutgildedadolescenceisthefeelingthatfromeighteenonit’salldownhill;IreadwithhorrorofanAmericanhippieweddingwheresomeonesaidtothegroomagedtwenty"youseemsokindagrownupsomehow"andtheladhadtogoroundseekingassurancethathewasn’t.Noreallyhewasn’t.Adeterminationtobebetteradultsthanthepresentincumbentsisfinebuttorefusetogrowupatallisjustplainunrealism. WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’lllearntoflyanairplane.IwillcareerroundtheskyknowingthatifIdo"gopop"therewillbenolittleonestosuffershockandmaladjustment;thateveniftheworstdoescometotheworstIwillatleastdodgethegeriatricwardandallthatlookforyourglassesinordertoseewhereyou’veleftyourteeth.WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’llhavefragilelovelythingsonlowtables;I’llhaveawhitecarpet;I’llgotothepicturesintheafternoons.WhenthechildrenaregrownupI’llactuallybeabletodoaday’sworkinaflayinsteadofspreadingoverthreeandgoawayforaweekendwithoutplanningasifforatriptotheMoon.WhenI’mgrownup--Imeanwhenthey’regrownup--I’llbefree. OfcourseIknowit’sgottogetworsebeforeitgetsbetter.Twelve-year-oldI’mtolddon’tgotobedatsevensoyoudon’tevengetyourevening.Oncethey’repasttenyouhavetostartworryingabouttheirfriendsinsteadofsimplyshootingtheintrudersoffthedoorstepandtosettledowntoasteadytenyearsofcriticismofeverythingyou’veeverthoughtordoneorwon.Boysitseemsmaybelessofatrialthangirlssincetheycan’tgetpregnantandtheydon’tborrowyourclothes--iftheydoborrowyourclothesofcourseyou’yegotevenmoretoworryabout. Theyoungdon’trespecttheirparentsanymore.Goodnesshowsad.Stilllikeeatingsnailsitmightbeallrightonceyou’vegotovertheidea;itmightletusoffhavingtobotherquitesomuchwiththemwhenthetimecomes.Butoneissimplynotgoingtobeabletodroneawayone’sdaystoothlessbythefirebroodingonthepast. Thewriterseemstothinkthatasanadultonemust
Text1 RuthLawrenceagedtenmadehistoryyesterdaywhenshecameaclearfirstoutofthe530candidateswhotooktheentranceexamforSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxford.Theallwoman’scollegeislikelytoofferherascholarship.Ruthsatthreeinthree-hourpapers--AlgebraandGeometry;CalculusProbabilityandStatistics;andMathsPureandApplied."Iwashappywiththefirsttwo"shesaidyesterday"butIwasn’tsure’aboutthethird." RuthwholivesinHuddersfieldhasneverbeentoschool.HerfatherHarryLawrenceacomputerconsultantgaveuphisjobwhenRuthwasfivetoeducateherathome.HermotherSylviawhoalsoworksincomputersisthefamilybreadwinner. Harrylawrenceexplainedthatbesides.mathematicsRuthalsoenjoyedEnglishHistoryGeographyandothersubjects.Shebegantoreadfourandstartedacademicsubjectsatfive."Wedidnotstartoffwiththethoughtthatshewouldnotgotoschool"hesaid"butweenjoyedatteachinghersomuchandweseemedtobemakingquiteagoodjobofitsowejustcarriedon." BecauseshedoesnotgotoschoolRuthhasnotmixedmuchwithotherchildren."Sheenjoysseriousconversationwithadults"herfathersaid"andIdon’tthinkshewillfeeloutofplaceatOxford."Hedoesnotthinksheworksharderthanotherchildrenofheragebutheconcentratesonwhatsheenjoysprincipallymathematics."Shewatchestelevisionalittlebutnotasahabit"heexplained"butsheplaysthepianoandhasquiteawiderangeofinterests." IfshedoeswellatSt.Hugh’sRuthexpectstotakeafurtherdegreeandeventuallyhopestobecomearesearchprofessorinmathematics-anambitionshemayachievewhilestillinherteens.TheLawrencefamilyplanstomovetoOxfordwhenRuthentersthecollegeinOctober1991.BeforethensheplanstotakefourAlevelstosatisfythecollegematriculationrequirements. MissRachelTricketttheprincipalofSt.Hugh’ssaidlastnight."WeareallveryexcitedaboutRuth.Sheisobviouslyquitebrilliantandhasshowngenuineoriginality."Ruth’sfuturetutorDr.GlenysLukeadmitsthattakingsoyoungastudentischallengingbutsaysitisonesheexpectstoenjoy."Ishalltailortheteachingtoherrequirements"shesaid.Ruthshouldn’thavetosufferthesametensionsanddisappointmentsthatolderstudentsfaced.IhopeIshallmakeitfunforher." LastnighttheLawrencefamilywerepleasedatRuth’sachievement."Wealljumpedupanddownabitwhenweheardthegoodhens"saidHarryLawrence.WhenRuthbecomesastudentHarryLawrencelooksforwardtoconcentratinghiseffortsonRuth’syoungersisterRebeccawhoisnowseven."Sheisdoingverywell"hesaid"butit’stooearlytotellwhethersheisamathematician." FromwhatDr.GleysLukesayswemayguess
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 10
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 12
Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Text2 IsaacNewtonwasnotapleasantman.Hisrelationswithotheracademicswerenotoriouswithmostofhislaterlifespentembroiledinheateddisputes.FollowingpublicationofPrincipiaMathematica--surelythemostinfluentialbookeverwritteninphysics--Newtonhadrisenrapidlyintopublicprominence.HewasappointedpresidentoftheRoyalSocietyandbecamethefirstscientistevertobeknighted. NewtonsoonclashedwiththeAstronomerRoyalJohnFlamsteedwhohadearlierprovidedNewtonwithmuchneededdataforPrincipiabutwasnowwithholdinginformationthatNewtonwanted.Newtonwouldnottakenoforananswer;hehadhimselfappointedtothegoverningbodyoftheRoyalObservatoryandthentriedtoforceimmediatepublicationofthedata.EventuallyhearrangedforFlamsteed’sworktoheseizedandpreparedforpublicationbyFlamsteed’smortalenemyEdmondHalley.ButFlamsteedtookthecasetocourtinthenickoftimeandwonacourtorderpreventingdistributiontothestolenwork.NewtonwasincensedandsoughthisrevengebysystematicallydeletingallreferencetoFlamsteedinlatereditions9fPrincipia. AmoreseriousdisputearosewiththeGermanphilosopherGottfriedLeibniz.BothLeibnizandNewtonhadindependentlydevelopedabranchofmathematicscalledcalculuswhichunderliesmostofmodernphysics.AlthoughwenowknowthatNewtondiscoveredcalculusyearsbeforeLeibnizhepublishedhisworkmuchlater.Amajorrowensuedoverwhohadbeenfirstwithscientistvigorouslydefendingbothcontenders.ItisremarkablehoweverthatmostofthearticlesappearingindefenseofNewtonwereoriginallywrittenbyhisownhand--andonlypublishedinthenameoffriends!AstherowgrewLeibnizmadethemistakeofappealingtotheRoyalSocietytoresolvethedispute.Newtonaspresidentappointedan"impartial"committeetoinvestigatecoincidentallyconsistingentirely’ofNewton’sfriends!Butthatwasnotall:Newtonthenwrotethecommittee’sreporthimselfandhadtheRoyalSocietypublishitofficiallyaccusingLeibnizofplagiarism.StillunsatisfiedhethenwroteananonymousreviewofthereportintheRoyalSociety’sownperiodical.FollowingthedeathofLeibnizNewtonisreportedtohavedeclaredthathehadtakengreatsatisfactionin"breakingLeibniz’sheart. DuringtheperiodofthesetwodisputesNewtonhadalreadyleftCambridgeandacademe.Hehadbeenactiveinanti-CatholicpoliticsatCambridgeandlaterinParliamentandwasrewardedeventuallywiththelucrativepestofWardenoftheRoyalMint.Hereheusedhistalentsfordeviousnessandvitriolinamoresociallyacceptablewaysuccessfullyconductingamajorcampaignagainstcounterfeitingevensendingseveralmentotheirdeathonthegallows. ThesentenceNewtonwouldnottakenoforananswerprobablymeans
Text4 DoanimalshavefightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershavefights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdefilestightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerationsInadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Whydosomephilosophersholdtheviewthatanimalscannothaverights
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 8
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Smokingwhichmaybeapleasureforsomepeopleisaserioussourceofdiscomforttotheirfellows.1medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonly4thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodonot.Infactnonsmokerswhomust5inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay6morethanthe.smokersthemselves. Asyouayedoubtless7aconsiderablenumberofourstudentshave8ineffortto9theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassroom.Ibelievetheyare10rightintheiraim.11Iwouldhopethatitis12toachievethisby13onthesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern14othersratherthanregulation.Smokingis15bylawintheaterandinhallsusedfor16filmsaswellasinlaboratorieswherethere17beafirehazard.Elsewhereitisuptoyourgoodsense. Iam18askingyoutomaintain19intheauditoriumsclassroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenonsmokershealthandwell-beingin20whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Ahblissfulsleepwhenweleaveourdailytoilsbehindandslipintomindlessrepose.Ordowe46TworeportsinScienceoneinvolvingratsandtheotherhumanssuggestthatduringsleepourbrainsremainquitebusyfuriouslyconsolidatingimportantmemoriesthathaveaccumulatedduringtheday. IntheratexperimentsMatthewA.WilsonoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandBruceL.McNaughtonoftheUniversityofArizonainsertedelectrodesintothehippocampusaregionofthebrainthoughttobeinvolvedinspatialmemory.Astheratslearnedtonavigateamazetheirneuronsfiredincertainpatternscorrespondingtospecificpartsofthemaze. 47Forseveralnightsaftertherats’mazeexercisestheirhippocampalneuronsdisplayedsimilarfiringpatterns;theratswereapparentlyplayingbacktheirmemoriesofrunningthemaze.Themajordifferencewasthatthefiringwasmorerapidasifthememorieswerebeingrunfast-forward.48Thefiringoccurredduringslow-wavesleepaphaseofdeepbutnotdreamlesssleepmarkedbylow-frequencypulsesofelectricalactivityincertainregionsofthebrain. ThestudiesofhumanswereundertakenattheWeizmannInstituteofScienceinIsrael.AteamledbyAviKarniandDovSagitrainedvolunteerstorecognizerapidlytheorientationofsymbolshiddeninimagesflashedattheperipheryoftheirvision.Theworkershadpreviouslynotedimprovementsinperformanceovera10-hourperiodfollowingatrainingsession. TodeterminewhethersleepplayedaroleinthisphenomenonKarniandSagidisruptedthesleepofvolunteersaftertheyhadhadtheirtrainingsession.Interferingwiththesubjects’slow-wavesleephadnosignificanteffect.49ButanequivalentdisruptionofREMsleepywhichismarkedbyrapideyemovementshenceitsnameandvividdreamingkeptthesubjectsfromimprovingovernight. "TheseresultsindicatethataprocessofhumanmemoryconsolidationactiveduringsleepisstronglydependentonREMsleep"thegroupstates.TheexperimentslendsupporttoatheoryadvancedbyJonathan"practicesessions"inwhichanimalshonesurvivalskills. WhydidKarniandSagidetectmemoryconsolidationduringREMsleepandWilsonandMcNanghtononlyduringslow-wavesleep50Theanswerseemstobethateachgroupstudiedadifferenttypeofmemoryoneinvolvingahighlyrepetitioustaskandtheothertherecollectionofaplace. Ofcoursehuckstershavelongassertedthatpeoplecanlearnnewlanguagesandotherskillsbylisteningtotapeswhileasleep.Wilsonsayshehasbeeninundatedwithqueriesfrompeoplewantingtoknowiftheseclaimsaretrue.Herespondsthathisresearchappliesonlytomemoriesoriginallylaiddownduringwakinghours. 50
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