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贯众的功效、主治病证各是什么
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PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlessomesentence havebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthe listA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWTRSHEET 1. Asignificantportionofindustryandtransportationburns fossilfuelssuchasgasoline.Whenthesefuelsburnchemicalsandparticulate matterarereleasedintotheatmosphere.Althoughavastnumberofsubstances contributetoairpollutionthemostcommonairpollutantscontaincarbon sulfurandnitrogen.41__________.Acidrain formswhensulfurdioxideandnitrousoxidetransformintosulfuricacidand nitricacidintheatmosphereandcomebacktoEarthinprecipitation.Acidrain hasmadenumerouslakessoacidicthattheynolongersupportfish populations.42__________.Estimatessuggest thatnearly1.5billionpeopleworldwidelacksafedrinkingwaterandthatat least5milliondeathsperyearcanbeattributedtowaterbornediseases.Water pollutionmaycomefrompointsourcesornonpointsources.Pointsources dischargepollutantsfromspecificlocationssuchasfactoriessewage treatmentplantsandoiltankers.Thetechnologyexiststomonitorandregulate pointsourcesofpollutionalthoughinsomeareasthisoccursonly sporadically.Pollutionfromnonpointsourcesoccurswhenrainfallorsnowmelt movesoverandthroughtheground.43__________. Withalmost80percentoftheplanetcoveredbyoceanspeoplehavelong actedasifthosebodiesofwatercouldserveasalimitlessdumpinggroundfor wastes.Howeverrawsewagegarbageandoilspillshavebeguntooverwhelmthe dilutingcapabilitiesoftileoceansandmostcoastalwatersarenowpolluted threateningmarinewildlife.44__________. Waterthatcollectsbeneaththegroundiscalledgroundwater.Worldwide groundwateris40timesmoreabundantthanfreshwaterinstreamsandlakes.In theUnitedStatesapproximatelyhalfthedrinkingwatercomesfromgroundwater. Althoughgroundwaterisarenewableresourcereservesreplenishrelatively slowly.PresentlygroundwaterintheUnitedStatesiswithdrawnapproximately4 timesfasterthanitisnaturallyreplaced.45__________.A. Beachesaroundtheworldcloseregularlyoftenbecausethesurroundingwaters containhighlevelsofbacteriafromsewagedisposal.B.These chemicalsinteractwithoneanotherandwithultravioletradiationinsunlight indangerousways.Smogusuallyfoundinurbanareaswithlargenumbersof automobilesformswhennitrogenoxidesreactwithhydrocarbonsintheairto producealdehydesandketones.Smogcancauseserioushealthproblems. C.Acidrainisalsoresponsibleforthedeclineofmanyforest ecosystemsworldwideincludingGermany’sBlackForestandforeststhroughout theeasternUnitedStates.D.Inadditiontogroundwater depletionscientistsworryaboutgroundwatercontaminationwhicharisesfrom leakingundergroundstoragetankspoorlydesignedindustrialwastepondsand seepagefromthedeep-wellinjectionofhazardouswastesintounderground geologicformations.E.TheOgallalaAquiferahugeunderground reservoirstretchingundereightstatesoftheGreatPlainsisdrawndownat ratesexceeding100timesthereplacementrate.Agriculturalpracticesdepending onthissourceofwaterneedtochangewithinagenerationinordertosavethis groundwatersource.F.Astherunoffmovesitpicksupand carriesawaypollutantssuchaspesticidesandfertilizersdepositingthe pollutantsintolakesriverswetlandscoastalwatersandevenunderground sourcesofdrinkingwater.Pollutionarisingfromnonpointsourcesaccountsfor amajorityofthecontaminantsinstreamsandlakes.G.By someestimatesonaverage25percentofusablegroundwateriscontaminated andinsomeareasasmuchas75percentiscontaminated.
Text3 Eatingbetterandmoreadventurouslyis becominganobsessionespeciallyamongpeoplewithmoneytospend.Healthier eating-andnot-so-healthyeating-aswellasthenumberandvarietyoffood choicesandvenuescontinuetoincreaseataneverquickeningpace. Globalizationisthemastertrendthatwilldrivetheworldoffoodinthe yearsahead.Consumerstravelingtheglobebothvirtuallyandinrealitywill beabletosweepupingredientspackagedfoodsrecipesandcookingtechniques fromeverycomeroftheearthatanever-intensifyingandacceleratingpace. Formerlyremoteingredientsandcookingstylesarecreatingawholenewculinary mosaicastheyaretransplantedandreinterpretedallovertheworld. Manyfactorsarebehindthisbutnonemoresothantheinfluenceofthe greatinternationalhotelchains.Virtuallyeverychefwhohasworkedfor HiltonWestinPeninsulaoranyothermajorchaingathersglobalexperiencein localesasdiverseasSingaporeNewOrleansTorontoandDubai.Ateachstop theycarryawaycookingideasandtechniquestheycananddouse elsewhere.Thistrendwillgainevengreatermomentumas ambitiousyoungadultsstaketheirownfuturesoninternationalizationtreating broaderfoodawayasanimportantaspectoftheirownadvancement.Youngpeople willneedknowledgeoffoodandingredientsfromdifferentcontinentsand culturesasoneaspectofsocializationenculturationculturalexchangeand success.Incountryaftercountrythereseemslittledoubtthatglobalcuisine willmakeitsbiggestinroadsamongtheyoungerset.Manyinthegenerationsnow comingofagewilltreatworld-rangingfoodknowledgeandexperienceaskey elementsinfurtheringtheirpersonalplansbusinessacumenandindividual growth.TheInternethasmadeglobalcontactsamatterof routine.Computernetworkingwillpermitchefsandothersinthefoodindustry includingconsumerstolinkdirectlywiththebestavailableauthoritiesin farawaynationssupplementingorbypassingsecondhandsourcesofinformation altogether.Timewithallitsimplicationswillalsobea factorinemergingworldfoodtrends.Moreandmoreofusaredestinedto operateonglobaltime-thatisatfulltilt24hoursaday.Thiswillbecome thenormforcompanieswithresourcesscatteredallovertheplanet.Beyondthe 24-hoursupermarketsmanyofusalreadytakeforgrantedtherewillalsobe three-shiftshoppingcentersopenatanyhour.Restaurantsinthegreatbusiness capitalsintentoncultivatinganinternationalclientelewillservemidnight breakfastsorbreak-of-dawndinnerswiththeappropriatewineswithoutraising asingleeyebrow.Accordingtothetextthetrendofnewculinarymosaicismostacceleratedby______.
Text4 Thetelecityisacitywhoselife directionandfunctioningarelargelyshapedbytelecommunications.Inthe twenty-firstcentury;citieswillbebasedmoreandmoreonaneconomythatis dependentonservicesandintellectualproperty.Telecommunicationsand informationnetworkswilldefineacity’sarchitectureshapeandcharacter. Proximityinthetelecitywillbedefinedbythespeedandbandwidthofnetworks asmuchasbygeographicalpropinquity.IntheageofthetelecityNewYork andSingaporemaybecloserthansayNewYorkandArkadelphia Arkansas.Telecitieswillsupersedemegacitiesforseveral reasonsincludingthedrivetowardcleanairreducingpollutionenergy conservationmorejobsbasedonservicesandcopingwiththehighcostof urbanproperty.Nowwemustaddtheneedtocopewithterroristthreatsina high-technologyworld.Westernmind-setswereclearlyjoltedin thewakeoftheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityand attacksinIndonesiaSaudiArabiaandelsewhere.Buttherisksposedby twentieth-centurypatternsofurbanizationandarchitecturehaveyettoregister fullywithpoliticalfiguresandleadersofindustry.ThePentagonforexample hasbeenrebuiltinsituationratherthandistributedtomultiplelocationsand connectedbysecurelandlinesandbroadbandwirelesssystems.Likewisethe reconstructionoftheWorldTradeCentercomplexstillrepresentsamassive concentrationofhumanityandinfrastructure.Thisisaremarkablyshortsighted anddangerousvisionofthefuture.Thesecurityriskseconomic expensesandenvironmentalhazardsofovercentralizationareeverywhereand theydonotstopwithskyscrapersandlargegovernmentalstructures.Thereare risksalsoatseaportsandairportsinfoodandwatersuppliesatnuclear powerplantsandhydroelectricturbinesatmajordamsintransportation systemsandininformationandcommunicationssystems.This vulnerabilityappliesnotonlytoterroristthreatsbutalsotohumanerror suchassystem-wideblackoutsinNorthAmericainAugust2003andinItalyin September2003andnaturaldisasterssuchastyphoonshurricanesfloodsand earthquakes.Leadersandplannersareonlyslowlybecomingawarethatover centralizedfacilitiesarethemostvulnerabletoattackorcatastrophic destruction.Thereisalsogrowingawarenessthatnewbroadband electronicsystemsnowallowgovernmentsandcorporationstosafeguardtheirkey assetsandpeopleinnewandinnovativeways.Sofarcorporationshavebeen quickesttoadjusttothesenewrealitiesandsomegovernmentshavebegunto adjustaswell.Accordingtotheauthorthemostactiveadvocatesoftelecitiesare______.
Text4 Thetelecityisacitywhoselife directionandfunctioningarelargelyshapedbytelecommunications.Inthe twenty-firstcentury;citieswillbebasedmoreandmoreonaneconomythatis dependentonservicesandintellectualproperty.Telecommunicationsand informationnetworkswilldefineacity’sarchitectureshapeandcharacter. Proximityinthetelecitywillbedefinedbythespeedandbandwidthofnetworks asmuchasbygeographicalpropinquity.IntheageofthetelecityNewYork andSingaporemaybecloserthansayNewYorkandArkadelphia Arkansas.Telecitieswillsupersedemegacitiesforseveral reasonsincludingthedrivetowardcleanairreducingpollutionenergy conservationmorejobsbasedonservicesandcopingwiththehighcostof urbanproperty.Nowwemustaddtheneedtocopewithterroristthreatsina high-technologyworld.Westernmind-setswereclearlyjoltedin thewakeoftheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityand attacksinIndonesiaSaudiArabiaandelsewhere.Buttherisksposedby twentieth-centurypatternsofurbanizationandarchitecturehaveyettoregister fullywithpoliticalfiguresandleadersofindustry.ThePentagonforexample hasbeenrebuiltinsituationratherthandistributedtomultiplelocationsand connectedbysecurelandlinesandbroadbandwirelesssystems.Likewisethe reconstructionoftheWorldTradeCentercomplexstillrepresentsamassive concentrationofhumanityandinfrastructure.Thisisaremarkablyshortsighted anddangerousvisionofthefuture.Thesecurityriskseconomic expensesandenvironmentalhazardsofovercentralizationareeverywhereand theydonotstopwithskyscrapersandlargegovernmentalstructures.Thereare risksalsoatseaportsandairportsinfoodandwatersuppliesatnuclear powerplantsandhydroelectricturbinesatmajordamsintransportation systemsandininformationandcommunicationssystems.This vulnerabilityappliesnotonlytoterroristthreatsbutalsotohumanerror suchassystem-wideblackoutsinNorthAmericainAugust2003andinItalyin September2003andnaturaldisasterssuchastyphoonshurricanesfloodsand earthquakes.Leadersandplannersareonlyslowlybecomingawarethatover centralizedfacilitiesarethemostvulnerabletoattackorcatastrophic destruction.Thereisalsogrowingawarenessthatnewbroadband electronicsystemsnowallowgovernmentsandcorporationstosafeguardtheirkey assetsandpeopleinnewandinnovativeways.Sofarcorporationshavebeen quickesttoadjusttothesenewrealitiesandsomegovernmentshavebegunto adjustaswell.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthereconstructionofThePentagonandtheWorldTradeCenter
Text4 Thetelecityisacitywhoselife directionandfunctioningarelargelyshapedbytelecommunications.Inthe twenty-firstcentury;citieswillbebasedmoreandmoreonaneconomythatis dependentonservicesandintellectualproperty.Telecommunicationsand informationnetworkswilldefineacity’sarchitectureshapeandcharacter. Proximityinthetelecitywillbedefinedbythespeedandbandwidthofnetworks asmuchasbygeographicalpropinquity.IntheageofthetelecityNewYork andSingaporemaybecloserthansayNewYorkandArkadelphia Arkansas.Telecitieswillsupersedemegacitiesforseveral reasonsincludingthedrivetowardcleanairreducingpollutionenergy conservationmorejobsbasedonservicesandcopingwiththehighcostof urbanproperty.Nowwemustaddtheneedtocopewithterroristthreatsina high-technologyworld.Westernmind-setswereclearlyjoltedin thewakeoftheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityand attacksinIndonesiaSaudiArabiaandelsewhere.Buttherisksposedby twentieth-centurypatternsofurbanizationandarchitecturehaveyettoregister fullywithpoliticalfiguresandleadersofindustry.ThePentagonforexample hasbeenrebuiltinsituationratherthandistributedtomultiplelocationsand connectedbysecurelandlinesandbroadbandwirelesssystems.Likewisethe reconstructionoftheWorldTradeCentercomplexstillrepresentsamassive concentrationofhumanityandinfrastructure.Thisisaremarkablyshortsighted anddangerousvisionofthefuture.Thesecurityriskseconomic expensesandenvironmentalhazardsofovercentralizationareeverywhereand theydonotstopwithskyscrapersandlargegovernmentalstructures.Thereare risksalsoatseaportsandairportsinfoodandwatersuppliesatnuclear powerplantsandhydroelectricturbinesatmajordamsintransportation systemsandininformationandcommunicationssystems.This vulnerabilityappliesnotonlytoterroristthreatsbutalsotohumanerror suchassystem-wideblackoutsinNorthAmericainAugust2003andinItalyin September2003andnaturaldisasterssuchastyphoonshurricanesfloodsand earthquakes.Leadersandplannersareonlyslowlybecomingawarethatover centralizedfacilitiesarethemostvulnerabletoattackorcatastrophic destruction.Thereisalsogrowingawarenessthatnewbroadband electronicsystemsnowallowgovernmentsandcorporationstosafeguardtheirkey assetsandpeopleinnewandinnovativeways.Sofarcorporationshavebeen quickesttoadjusttothesenewrealitiesandsomegovernmentshavebegunto adjustaswell.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
Text2 Avarietyofsignificantattractive short-termbenefitswilldrivethedevelopmentofmodernself-sufficienthomes. Theseincludesecurityfromsevereweatherclimatechangesandnatural disasters;securityfrominfectiousdiseasesandrelatedhealthproblems;a freshandnutritiousdiet;adependablefoodsupply;andsecurityfromglobal unrest.ButtherealbenefitofEarthHomeswillbethe long-termsustainabilityofourplanet.Itshouldbenosecretthattheplanet isexperiencingunusualweatherandclimateabnormalities.The10hottestyears inrecordedhistoryhaveallbeeninthelast15years;the1990swerethe hottestdecadeonrecord.TheMidwesternheatwaveof1995killed669peoplein Chicago.In1996wehadaseasonofrecordheatspellsand1997wasthesingle wannestyearonrecord--until1998shatteredglobaltemperaturerecords. Record-hightemperaturesthroughoutthesouthernUnitedStatesduringthesummer of1998forcedtheshutdownofWaltDisneyWorld’swaterparksbecauseofthe threatofaviralencephalitisoutbreak.TheUnitedNationsandinsurersblame unusualweatherforthousandsofdeathsandbillionsofdollarsin damage.Manyscientistsagreethattheemissionsresultingfrom humanactivitiesaresubstantiallyincreasingtheatmosphericconcentrationof thegreenhousegases.Theseincreaseswillenhancethegreenhouseeffect resultinginwarmingoftheearth’ssurface.In1990scientistspredictedthat ifgreenhousegasemissionsarenotsharplydecreasedwemightexperiencea1C to3Criseinglobaltemperatures.Theysuggestedthatwewouldhavetocutin halfouruseofcoaloilandgasinordertolowerouremissionsenoughto maintainconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesatthecurrentlevels. Proofofwarningincludesadecreaseintheamountofsnowthatcoversthe NorthernHemisphereasimultaneousdecreaseinArcticseaicecontinued meltingofalpineglaciersandariseinsealevel.Rainhasevenbeenreported forthefirsttimeinAntarcticaandanice-freepatchofoceanaboutamile widehasrecentlyopenedneartheNorthPole.Meanwhilestudies haveshownthatthecarbondioxideconcentrationinouratmospherehasbeen steadilyincreasingsince1958.Eventhoughtherateofemissionsfromfossil fuelshasbeenreducedconcentrationhasrisenconsistently.In 1995thesizeoftheozoneholeoverAntarcticadoubledtoaboutthesizeof Europe.Forthefirsttimeinrecordedhistorytheholestretchedover populatedareasexposingresidentsinsouthernChileandArgentinatoveryhigh levelsofultravioletUVradiation.Studieshaveshownthata1%decreasein ozoneinthestratosphereproducesa2%increaseinUVradiationreachingthe groundposingmoreriskstohumans.ItisimpliedthattheozoneholeoverAntarcticais______.
Text2 Avarietyofsignificantattractive short-termbenefitswilldrivethedevelopmentofmodernself-sufficienthomes. Theseincludesecurityfromsevereweatherclimatechangesandnatural disasters;securityfrominfectiousdiseasesandrelatedhealthproblems;a freshandnutritiousdiet;adependablefoodsupply;andsecurityfromglobal unrest.ButtherealbenefitofEarthHomeswillbethe long-termsustainabilityofourplanet.Itshouldbenosecretthattheplanet isexperiencingunusualweatherandclimateabnormalities.The10hottestyears inrecordedhistoryhaveallbeeninthelast15years;the1990swerethe hottestdecadeonrecord.TheMidwesternheatwaveof1995killed669peoplein Chicago.In1996wehadaseasonofrecordheatspellsand1997wasthesingle wannestyearonrecord--until1998shatteredglobaltemperaturerecords. Record-hightemperaturesthroughoutthesouthernUnitedStatesduringthesummer of1998forcedtheshutdownofWaltDisneyWorld’swaterparksbecauseofthe threatofaviralencephalitisoutbreak.TheUnitedNationsandinsurersblame unusualweatherforthousandsofdeathsandbillionsofdollarsin damage.Manyscientistsagreethattheemissionsresultingfrom humanactivitiesaresubstantiallyincreasingtheatmosphericconcentrationof thegreenhousegases.Theseincreaseswillenhancethegreenhouseeffect resultinginwarmingoftheearth’ssurface.In1990scientistspredictedthat ifgreenhousegasemissionsarenotsharplydecreasedwemightexperiencea1C to3Criseinglobaltemperatures.Theysuggestedthatwewouldhavetocutin halfouruseofcoaloilandgasinordertolowerouremissionsenoughto maintainconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesatthecurrentlevels. Proofofwarningincludesadecreaseintheamountofsnowthatcoversthe NorthernHemisphereasimultaneousdecreaseinArcticseaicecontinued meltingofalpineglaciersandariseinsealevel.Rainhasevenbeenreported forthefirsttimeinAntarcticaandanice-freepatchofoceanaboutamile widehasrecentlyopenedneartheNorthPole.Meanwhilestudies haveshownthatthecarbondioxideconcentrationinouratmospherehasbeen steadilyincreasingsince1958.Eventhoughtherateofemissionsfromfossil fuelshasbeenreducedconcentrationhasrisenconsistently.In 1995thesizeoftheozoneholeoverAntarcticadoubledtoaboutthesizeof Europe.Forthefirsttimeinrecordedhistorytheholestretchedover populatedareasexposingresidentsinsouthernChileandArgentinatoveryhigh levelsofultravioletUVradiation.Studieshaveshownthata1%decreasein ozoneinthestratosphereproducesa2%increaseinUVradiationreachingthe groundposingmoreriskstohumans.Incomparisonwithtraditionalhomestheadvantagesofmodemself-sufficienthomesare______.
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby choosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text 1 Peopleinbusinesscanuseforesightto identifynewproductsandservicesaswellasmarketsforthoseproductsand services.Anincreaseinminoritypopulationsinaneighborhoodwouldprompta grocerwithforesighttostockmorefoodslinkedtoethnictastes.Anartmuseum directorwithforesightmightfollowtrendsincomputergraphicstomake exhibitsmoreappealingtoyoungervisitors.Foresightmay revealpotentialthreatsthatwecanpreparetodealwithbeforetheybecome crises.Forinstanceacorporatemanagerwithforesightmightseeanalarming riseinlocalhousingpricesthatcouldaffecttheavailabilityofskilled workersintheregion.Thepublic’schangingvaluesandprioritiesaswellas emergingtechnologiesdemographicshiftseconomicconstraintsor opportunitiesandenvironmentalandresourceconcernsareallpartsofthe increasinglycomplexworldsysteminwhichleadersmustlead. Peopleingovernmentalsoneedforesighttokeepsystemsrunningsmoothly toplanbudgetsandtopreventwars.Governmentleaderstodaymustdealwitha hostofnewproblemsemergingfromrapidadvancesintechnology. Evenatthecommunitylevelforesightiscritical:Schoolofficialsfor exampleneedforesighttoassessnumbersofstudentstoaccommodatenumbersof teacherstohireneweducationaltechnologiestodeployandnewskillsfor studentsandtheirteacherstodevelop.Manyofthebest-known techniquesforforesightweredevelopedbygovernmentplannersespeciallyin themilitarywhenthepost-WorldWarIIatomicagemadeitcriticaltothink abouttheunthinkableandprepareforit.PioneeringfuturistsattheRAND Corporationthefirstthinktankbeganseriouslyconsideringwhatnew technologiesmightemergeinthefutureandhowthesemightaffectU.S. security.ThesepioneeringfuturistsatRANDalongwithotherselsewhere refinedavarietyofnewwaysforthinkingaboutthefuture.The futuristsrecognizedthatthefutureworldiscontinuouswiththepresentworld sowecanlearnagreatdealaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuturebylooking systematicallyatwhatishappeningnow.Thekeythingtowatchisnotevents suddendevelopmentsorone-dayoccurrencesbuttrendslong-termongoingshifts insuchthingsaspopulationlandusetechnologyandgovernmentalsystems .Usingthesetechniquesandmanyothersfuturistsnowcantell usmanythingsthatmayhappeninthefuture.Somearenearlycertaintohappen suchasthecontinuingexpansionintheworld’spopulation.Othereventsare viewedasfarlesslikelybutcouldbeextremelyimportantiftheydooccur suchasanasteroidcollidingwiththeplanet.Whichofthefollowingmayberegardedaspotentialcrises
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby choosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text 1 Peopleinbusinesscanuseforesightto identifynewproductsandservicesaswellasmarketsforthoseproductsand services.Anincreaseinminoritypopulationsinaneighborhoodwouldprompta grocerwithforesighttostockmorefoodslinkedtoethnictastes.Anartmuseum directorwithforesightmightfollowtrendsincomputergraphicstomake exhibitsmoreappealingtoyoungervisitors.Foresightmay revealpotentialthreatsthatwecanpreparetodealwithbeforetheybecome crises.Forinstanceacorporatemanagerwithforesightmightseeanalarming riseinlocalhousingpricesthatcouldaffecttheavailabilityofskilled workersintheregion.Thepublic’schangingvaluesandprioritiesaswellas emergingtechnologiesdemographicshiftseconomicconstraintsor opportunitiesandenvironmentalandresourceconcernsareallpartsofthe increasinglycomplexworldsysteminwhichleadersmustlead. Peopleingovernmentalsoneedforesighttokeepsystemsrunningsmoothly toplanbudgetsandtopreventwars.Governmentleaderstodaymustdealwitha hostofnewproblemsemergingfromrapidadvancesintechnology. Evenatthecommunitylevelforesightiscritical:Schoolofficialsfor exampleneedforesighttoassessnumbersofstudentstoaccommodatenumbersof teacherstohireneweducationaltechnologiestodeployandnewskillsfor studentsandtheirteacherstodevelop.Manyofthebest-known techniquesforforesightweredevelopedbygovernmentplannersespeciallyin themilitarywhenthepost-WorldWarIIatomicagemadeitcriticaltothink abouttheunthinkableandprepareforit.PioneeringfuturistsattheRAND Corporationthefirstthinktankbeganseriouslyconsideringwhatnew technologiesmightemergeinthefutureandhowthesemightaffectU.S. security.ThesepioneeringfuturistsatRANDalongwithotherselsewhere refinedavarietyofnewwaysforthinkingaboutthefuture.The futuristsrecognizedthatthefutureworldiscontinuouswiththepresentworld sowecanlearnagreatdealaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuturebylooking systematicallyatwhatishappeningnow.Thekeythingtowatchisnotevents suddendevelopmentsorone-dayoccurrencesbuttrendslong-termongoingshifts insuchthingsaspopulationlandusetechnologyandgovernmentalsystems .Usingthesetechniquesandmanyothersfuturistsnowcantell usmanythingsthatmayhappeninthefuture.Somearenearlycertaintohappen suchasthecontinuingexpansionintheworld’spopulation.Othereventsare viewedasfarlesslikelybutcouldbeextremelyimportantiftheydooccur suchasanasteroidcollidingwiththeplanet.Accordingtothetextthemostimportantforthefuturiststograspis______.
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlessomesentence havebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthe listA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWTRSHEET 1. Asignificantportionofindustryandtransportationburns fossilfuelssuchasgasoline.Whenthesefuelsburnchemicalsandparticulate matterarereleasedintotheatmosphere.Althoughavastnumberofsubstances contributetoairpollutionthemostcommonairpollutantscontaincarbon sulfurandnitrogen.41__________.Acidrain formswhensulfurdioxideandnitrousoxidetransformintosulfuricacidand nitricacidintheatmosphereandcomebacktoEarthinprecipitation.Acidrain hasmadenumerouslakessoacidicthattheynolongersupportfish populations.42__________.Estimatessuggest thatnearly1.5billionpeopleworldwidelacksafedrinkingwaterandthatat least5milliondeathsperyearcanbeattributedtowaterbornediseases.Water pollutionmaycomefrompointsourcesornonpointsources.Pointsources dischargepollutantsfromspecificlocationssuchasfactoriessewage treatmentplantsandoiltankers.Thetechnologyexiststomonitorandregulate pointsourcesofpollutionalthoughinsomeareasthisoccursonly sporadically.Pollutionfromnonpointsourcesoccurswhenrainfallorsnowmelt movesoverandthroughtheground.43__________. Withalmost80percentoftheplanetcoveredbyoceanspeoplehavelong actedasifthosebodiesofwatercouldserveasalimitlessdumpinggroundfor wastes.Howeverrawsewagegarbageandoilspillshavebeguntooverwhelmthe dilutingcapabilitiesoftileoceansandmostcoastalwatersarenowpolluted threateningmarinewildlife.44__________. Waterthatcollectsbeneaththegroundiscalledgroundwater.Worldwide groundwateris40timesmoreabundantthanfreshwaterinstreamsandlakes.In theUnitedStatesapproximatelyhalfthedrinkingwatercomesfromgroundwater. Althoughgroundwaterisarenewableresourcereservesreplenishrelatively slowly.PresentlygroundwaterintheUnitedStatesiswithdrawnapproximately4 timesfasterthanitisnaturallyreplaced.45__________.A. Beachesaroundtheworldcloseregularlyoftenbecausethesurroundingwaters containhighlevelsofbacteriafromsewagedisposal.B.These chemicalsinteractwithoneanotherandwithultravioletradiationinsunlight indangerousways.Smogusuallyfoundinurbanareaswithlargenumbersof automobilesformswhennitrogenoxidesreactwithhydrocarbonsintheairto producealdehydesandketones.Smogcancauseserioushealthproblems. C.Acidrainisalsoresponsibleforthedeclineofmanyforest ecosystemsworldwideincludingGermany’sBlackForestandforeststhroughout theeasternUnitedStates.D.Inadditiontogroundwater depletionscientistsworryaboutgroundwatercontaminationwhicharisesfrom leakingundergroundstoragetankspoorlydesignedindustrialwastepondsand seepagefromthedeep-wellinjectionofhazardouswastesintounderground geologicformations.E.TheOgallalaAquiferahugeunderground reservoirstretchingundereightstatesoftheGreatPlainsisdrawndownat ratesexceeding100timesthereplacementrate.Agriculturalpracticesdepending onthissourceofwaterneedtochangewithinagenerationinordertosavethis groundwatersource.F.Astherunoffmovesitpicksupand carriesawaypollutantssuchaspesticidesandfertilizersdepositingthe pollutantsintolakesriverswetlandscoastalwatersandevenunderground sourcesofdrinkingwater.Pollutionarisingfromnonpointsourcesaccountsfor amajorityofthecontaminantsinstreamsandlakes.G.By someestimatesonaverage25percentofusablegroundwateriscontaminated andinsomeareasasmuchas75percentiscontaminated.
Text3 Eatingbetterandmoreadventurouslyis becominganobsessionespeciallyamongpeoplewithmoneytospend.Healthier eating-andnot-so-healthyeating-aswellasthenumberandvarietyoffood choicesandvenuescontinuetoincreaseataneverquickeningpace. Globalizationisthemastertrendthatwilldrivetheworldoffoodinthe yearsahead.Consumerstravelingtheglobebothvirtuallyandinrealitywill beabletosweepupingredientspackagedfoodsrecipesandcookingtechniques fromeverycomeroftheearthatanever-intensifyingandacceleratingpace. Formerlyremoteingredientsandcookingstylesarecreatingawholenewculinary mosaicastheyaretransplantedandreinterpretedallovertheworld. Manyfactorsarebehindthisbutnonemoresothantheinfluenceofthe greatinternationalhotelchains.Virtuallyeverychefwhohasworkedfor HiltonWestinPeninsulaoranyothermajorchaingathersglobalexperiencein localesasdiverseasSingaporeNewOrleansTorontoandDubai.Ateachstop theycarryawaycookingideasandtechniquestheycananddouse elsewhere.Thistrendwillgainevengreatermomentumas ambitiousyoungadultsstaketheirownfuturesoninternationalizationtreating broaderfoodawayasanimportantaspectoftheirownadvancement.Youngpeople willneedknowledgeoffoodandingredientsfromdifferentcontinentsand culturesasoneaspectofsocializationenculturationculturalexchangeand success.Incountryaftercountrythereseemslittledoubtthatglobalcuisine willmakeitsbiggestinroadsamongtheyoungerset.Manyinthegenerationsnow comingofagewilltreatworld-rangingfoodknowledgeandexperienceaskey elementsinfurtheringtheirpersonalplansbusinessacumenandindividual growth.TheInternethasmadeglobalcontactsamatterof routine.Computernetworkingwillpermitchefsandothersinthefoodindustry includingconsumerstolinkdirectlywiththebestavailableauthoritiesin farawaynationssupplementingorbypassingsecondhandsourcesofinformation altogether.Timewithallitsimplicationswillalsobea factorinemergingworldfoodtrends.Moreandmoreofusaredestinedto operateonglobaltime-thatisatfulltilt24hoursaday.Thiswillbecome thenormforcompanieswithresourcesscatteredallovertheplanet.Beyondthe 24-hoursupermarketsmanyofusalreadytakeforgrantedtherewillalsobe three-shiftshoppingcentersopenatanyhour.Restaurantsinthegreatbusiness capitalsintentoncultivatinganinternationalclientelewillservemidnight breakfastsorbreak-of-dawndinnerswiththeappropriatewineswithoutraising asingleeyebrow.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat______.
Text2 Avarietyofsignificantattractive short-termbenefitswilldrivethedevelopmentofmodernself-sufficienthomes. Theseincludesecurityfromsevereweatherclimatechangesandnatural disasters;securityfrominfectiousdiseasesandrelatedhealthproblems;a freshandnutritiousdiet;adependablefoodsupply;andsecurityfromglobal unrest.ButtherealbenefitofEarthHomeswillbethe long-termsustainabilityofourplanet.Itshouldbenosecretthattheplanet isexperiencingunusualweatherandclimateabnormalities.The10hottestyears inrecordedhistoryhaveallbeeninthelast15years;the1990swerethe hottestdecadeonrecord.TheMidwesternheatwaveof1995killed669peoplein Chicago.In1996wehadaseasonofrecordheatspellsand1997wasthesingle wannestyearonrecord--until1998shatteredglobaltemperaturerecords. Record-hightemperaturesthroughoutthesouthernUnitedStatesduringthesummer of1998forcedtheshutdownofWaltDisneyWorld’swaterparksbecauseofthe threatofaviralencephalitisoutbreak.TheUnitedNationsandinsurersblame unusualweatherforthousandsofdeathsandbillionsofdollarsin damage.Manyscientistsagreethattheemissionsresultingfrom humanactivitiesaresubstantiallyincreasingtheatmosphericconcentrationof thegreenhousegases.Theseincreaseswillenhancethegreenhouseeffect resultinginwarmingoftheearth’ssurface.In1990scientistspredictedthat ifgreenhousegasemissionsarenotsharplydecreasedwemightexperiencea1C to3Criseinglobaltemperatures.Theysuggestedthatwewouldhavetocutin halfouruseofcoaloilandgasinordertolowerouremissionsenoughto maintainconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesatthecurrentlevels. Proofofwarningincludesadecreaseintheamountofsnowthatcoversthe NorthernHemisphereasimultaneousdecreaseinArcticseaicecontinued meltingofalpineglaciersandariseinsealevel.Rainhasevenbeenreported forthefirsttimeinAntarcticaandanice-freepatchofoceanaboutamile widehasrecentlyopenedneartheNorthPole.Meanwhilestudies haveshownthatthecarbondioxideconcentrationinouratmospherehasbeen steadilyincreasingsince1958.Eventhoughtherateofemissionsfromfossil fuelshasbeenreducedconcentrationhasrisenconsistently.In 1995thesizeoftheozoneholeoverAntarcticadoubledtoaboutthesizeof Europe.Forthefirsttimeinrecordedhistorytheholestretchedover populatedareasexposingresidentsinsouthernChileandArgentinatoveryhigh levelsofultravioletUVradiation.Studieshaveshownthata1%decreasein ozoneinthestratosphereproducesa2%increaseinUVradiationreachingthe groundposingmoreriskstohumans.Accordingtoscientiststokeepdownconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesweshould______.
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