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以下不属于凯兴斯坦纳的教育主张的一项是( )
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提出公民教育和劳作学校理论是
凯洛夫
凯兴斯坦纳
马卡连柯
赞科夫
下列教育家中属于人本位教育目的价值取向的代表人物有
凯兴斯坦纳
卢梭
康德
小原国芳
裴斯泰洛齐
提出建立劳动学校以进行公民教育主张的德国教育家是
赫尔巴特
福禄贝尔
费希特
凯兴斯坦纳
以下不属于社会本位论代表人物的是
卢梭
徐尔干
凯兴期泰纳
孔德
提出公民教育和劳作学校主张具有社会本质倾向的教育家是______
柏拉图
涂尔干
凯兴斯坦纳
赫钦斯
下列教育家中属于人本位教育目的价值取向的代表人物有
凯兴斯坦纳
卢梭
康德
小原国芳
裴斯泰洛齐
凯兴斯坦纳的教育主张没有提到下列的
首次提出成绩测验的方法
提倡公民教育
重视劳动的精神陶冶价价
要求把传统学校变成劳动学校
提出公民教育和劳作学校主张具有社会本质倾向的教育家是
柏拉图
涂尔干
凯兴斯坦纳
赫钦斯
德国教育家凯兴斯坦纳曾提出过造就合格公民的教育目的这种教育目的属于
个人本位论
社会本位论
集体本位论
个别差异性
简评凯兴斯坦纳的公民教育思想
认为教育万能的教育家是
凯兴斯坦纳
爱尔维修
狄德罗
涂尔干
德国教育家凯兴斯坦纳教育管理思想的基本主张有哪些
下面持社会本位论的教育家或思想家是
卢梭
裴斯泰洛齐
凯兴斯坦纳
萨特
以下不属于进步主义运动中的教育实验的是
约翰逊的有机学校
帕克的昆西教学法
凯兴斯泰纳的劳作学校
克伯屈的设计教学法
以下不属于前苏联的教育家是
凯洛夫
赞可夫
第斯多惠
克鲁普斯卡娅
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ToJournaliststhreeofanythingmakesatrend.SoafterthreeschoolshootingsinsixdaysspeculationaboutanepidemicofviolenceinAmericanclassroomswasinevitableandwrong.Violenceinschoolshasfallenbyhalfsincethemid-1990s;childrenaremorethan100timesmorelikelytobemurderedoutsidetheschoolwallsthanwithinthem. OnSeptember27tha53-year-oldpettycriminalDuaneMorrisonwalkedintoaschoolinBaileyColoradowithtwoguns.Hetooksixgirlshostagemolestedsomeofthemandkilledonebeforecommittingsuicideaspolicestormedtheroom. AndonSeptember29thaboybroughttwogunsintohisschoolinCazenoviaWisconsin.Prosecutorssaythat15-year-oldEricHainstockmayhaveplannedtokillseveralpeople.Butstaffactedquicklywhentheysawhimwithashotguncallingthepoliceandputtingtheschoolinto"lock-down".Theheadteacherwhoconfrontedhiminacorridorwastheonlyonekilled. October2nda32-year-oldmilk-truckdriverCharlesRobertsenteredaone-roomAmishschoolinNickelMinesPennsylvania.Helinedthegirlsuptiedtheirfeetandafteranhourshotthemkillingatleastfive.Hekilledhimselfaspolicebrokeintotheclassroom. WhattomakeofsuchhorrorsSomeexpertsseetheColoradoandPennsylvaniacasesasanextrememanifestationofacultureofviolenceagainstwomen.Bothkillersappearedtohaveasexualmotiveandbothletalltheboysintheclassroomgofree.Butitishardtoinferfromsuchunusualexamplesandonemustnotethatviolenceagainstwomenislessthanhalfwhatitwasin1995. Otherexpertsseeallthreecasesassymptomaticofachangeinthewaymencommitsuicide.HelenSmithaforensicpsychologisttoldaradioaudience"menaredecidingtotaketheirlives"andthey’renotgoingaloneanymore.They’retakingpeopledownwiththem."Truebutnotveryoften. Gun-controlenthusiaststhinkschoolmassacresshowtheneedfortighterrestrictions.ItistooeasytheysayforcriminalssuchasMr.MorrisonandjuvenilessuchasMr.Hainstocktoobtainguns.Gunenthusiastsdrawtheoppositeconclusion:thatifmoreteacherscarriedconcealedhandgunstheycouldshootpotentialchild-killersbeforetheykill. GeorgeBushhasnowcalledforaconferenceonschoolviolence.WillitunearthanythingneworvaluableAftertheColumbinemassacrein1999theFBIproducedareportonschoolshooters.Itconcludedthatitwasimpossibletodrawupausefulprofileofapotentialshooterbecause"agreatmanyadolescentswhowillnevercommitviolentactswillshowsomeofthebehavioursonanychecklistofwarningsigns." Gunenthusiastsbelievethat
"What’sthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllison"asksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero. NarcissusinGreekmythmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample. Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.Forthefirsttimeanewstudy"It’sAllAboutMe"tobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambriekofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperechelonsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries. Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhis"Who’sWho"entry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive. Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmorevolatilethanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad TheauthorusestheexampleofLarryEllisontoshowthat
以下几项中在颁布时间上不属于20世纪80～90年代的是
TheenlightenmentneedsrescuingorsothinksJonathanIsraelthepre-eminenthistorianof17th-centuryHolland.In2001hepublishedRadicalEnlightenment.HenowoffersasecondVolumewithathirdtocome.46ThethreevolumeswillbethefirstcomprehensivehistoryoftheEnlightenmentfordecades--andMr.Israel’sgroundbreakinginterpretationlookssettoestablishitselfastheonetobeat. Theperiodwasoncethoughtofasagloriouschapterinthehistoryofmankindatimewhentheforcesoflightscienceprogressandtolerancetriumphedovertheforcesofdarknesssuperstitionandprejudice.TodaytheEnlightenmenttendstobedismissed.47Post-modernistsattackitforbeingbiasedself-deceivedandultimatelyresponsiblefortheworstinWesterncivilization.Post-colonialistsaccuseitofbeingEurocentricanapologyforimperialism.NationalisthistoriansrejecttheideaofacoherentuniversalmovementpreferringtotalkabouttheEnglishFrenchevenIcelandicEnlightenments. Mr.Israelhassethimselfthetaskoilrepellingthesecriticsandre-establishingtheperiodasthedefiningepisodeintheliberationofman.Hisargumentsareconvincing.HecontendsthatthereweretwoEnlightenmentsoneRadicalandtheotherModerate.TheRadicalsinspiredbySpinozawerematerialistsatheistsandequalities.48TheModerateswhofollowedLockeandNewtonwereconservativeandmoreathomethantheRadicalsinthehierarchicalanddeeplyreligiousworldof18th-centuryEurope.TheyadvocatedonlyapartialEnlightenment. InMr.Israel’sopiniontheRadicalsofferedtheonlytrueEnlightenmentgivingusdemocracyequalityindividuallibertyandsecularmorality.TheModeratesontheotherhandhaveleftanambiguousandintheendharmfullegacy.Whilepromotingtolerancetheyremaineduncomfortablewiththeideaofuniversalequality.Whileadvancingreasontheyfailedtodivorcemoralityfromreligionandtriedtorationalizefaith.49Mr.IsraelarguesthatforaslongashistorianstreatthetwowingsoftheEnlightenmentasasinglemovementtheyhavemisunderstoodthephenomenon.Worststilltheysupplytoday’scriticswiththeevidencetheyneedtoblackenthemovement. Thisre-evaluationmakesforanunfamiliarpictureoftheEnlightenmentanditstorchbearers.AccordingtoMr.Israel"enlightenedvalues"werebornnotinEnglandbutinHollandandhere-castsmensuchasLockeVoltaireandevenHumeoncethoughtofaschampionsofthepartyoflightasapologistsforcolonialismandenemiesofequality.InadditionMr.Israelwouldlikehisbooktobestudiedbeyondacademia.Inanidealworldeveryonewouldbereadingit.50HisstupendousresearchandgraspofthesourcesaresuchthatfewwillcontesthiscoreargumentthattheEnlightenmentwasacoherentEurope-widephenomenonintellectualinoriginwhichrepresentedaprofoundshiftinthewaythatmenthoughtaboutthemselvesandtheworldaroundthem. Post-modernistsattackitforbeingbiasedself-deceivedandultimatelyresponsiblefortheworstinWesterncivilization.
1937年法国教育部长提出学制改革实现初级中学教育的统一有力冲击了双轨制
在进步主义教育运动当中杜威创办了
ToJournaliststhreeofanythingmakesatrend.SoafterthreeschoolshootingsinsixdaysspeculationaboutanepidemicofviolenceinAmericanclassroomswasinevitableandwrong.Violenceinschoolshasfallenbyhalfsincethemid-1990s;childrenaremorethan100timesmorelikelytobemurderedoutsidetheschoolwallsthanwithinthem. OnSeptember27tha53-year-oldpettycriminalDuaneMorrisonwalkedintoaschoolinBaileyColoradowithtwoguns.Hetooksixgirlshostagemolestedsomeofthemandkilledonebeforecommittingsuicideaspolicestormedtheroom. AndonSeptember29thaboybroughttwogunsintohisschoolinCazenoviaWisconsin.Prosecutorssaythat15-year-oldEricHainstockmayhaveplannedtokillseveralpeople.Butstaffactedquicklywhentheysawhimwithashotguncallingthepoliceandputtingtheschoolinto"lock-down".Theheadteacherwhoconfrontedhiminacorridorwastheonlyonekilled. October2nda32-year-oldmilk-truckdriverCharlesRobertsenteredaone-roomAmishschoolinNickelMinesPennsylvania.Helinedthegirlsuptiedtheirfeetandafteranhourshotthemkillingatleastfive.Hekilledhimselfaspolicebrokeintotheclassroom. WhattomakeofsuchhorrorsSomeexpertsseetheColoradoandPennsylvaniacasesasanextrememanifestationofacultureofviolenceagainstwomen.Bothkillersappearedtohaveasexualmotiveandbothletalltheboysintheclassroomgofree.Butitishardtoinferfromsuchunusualexamplesandonemustnotethatviolenceagainstwomenislessthanhalfwhatitwasin1995. Otherexpertsseeallthreecasesassymptomaticofachangeinthewaymencommitsuicide.HelenSmithaforensicpsychologisttoldaradioaudience"menaredecidingtotaketheirlives"andthey’renotgoingaloneanymore.They’retakingpeopledownwiththem."Truebutnotveryoften. Gun-controlenthusiaststhinkschoolmassacresshowtheneedfortighterrestrictions.ItistooeasytheysayforcriminalssuchasMr.MorrisonandjuvenilessuchasMr.Hainstocktoobtainguns.Gunenthusiastsdrawtheoppositeconclusion:thatifmoreteacherscarriedconcealedhandgunstheycouldshootpotentialchild-killersbeforetheykill. GeorgeBushhasnowcalledforaconferenceonschoolviolence.WillitunearthanythingneworvaluableAftertheColumbinemassacrein1999theFBIproducedareportonschoolshooters.Itconcludedthatitwasimpossibletodrawupausefulprofileofapotentialshooterbecause"agreatmanyadolescentswhowillnevercommitviolentactswillshowsomeofthebehavioursonanychecklistofwarningsigns." WhichOfthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraphs2-4
杜威全部教学理论的基本原则是
[A]Energisingmoney[B]Thedilemmaofsmart-cardsystems [C]Thefutureofmoney[D]Sendingmoneyhome [E]Flashingtheplastic[F]Acashcall [G]HowtopayinTokyo Smartcardsandmobilephonesarequicklyemergingaswaystopaywithelectroniccash. 41.______. NowadayssomeofthehottestnightclubshaveanewtrickforcheckingtheidentityoftheirVIPguests:theysendanentrypassintheformofasuperbarcodetotheirmobilephones.Mobilephonesarebecominganincreasinglypopularwaytomakeallsortsofpayments.InAmericafansoftheAtlantaHawkshavebeentestingspeciallyadaptedNokiahandsetslinkedtotheirVisacardstoentertheirlocalstadiumandtobuyrefreshments.Itreckonsworldwidepaymentsusingmobilephoneswillclimbfromjust$3.2billionin2003tomorethan$37billionby2008. 42.______. Morebankingservicesarealsobeingofferedonmobiles.OnFebruary12th19telephoneoperatorswithnetworksinover100countriessaidthatpeoplewouldbeabletousetheirhandsetstosendmoneyabroad.MasterCardwilloperatethesysteminwhichremittanceswillbesentastextmessages.SirJohnBondformerlychairmanoftheHSBCbankinggroupandnowchairmanofVodafonehas10rigbeenconvincedthatpaymentsandmobileswouldsomehowconverge."MobilephoneshavetheabilitytomakeadramaticchangetovillagelifeinAfrica"hesays. 43.______. Thevarious"contactless"paymentsystemsrelyonatechnologycalled"near-fieldcommunication"NFC.Butmobilephonescanbemuchsmarter.Theycanbede-activatedremotely;theyhaveascreenwhichcanshowinformationlikeacreditbalanceandproductinformation;theyhaveakeyboardtoenterinformationandtheycancommunicate.Thismeanstheycanalsobeusedtoauth0riselargerpaymentsbyenteringPINcodesdirectlyonthehandsetortoppedupwithstoredcreditfromanonlinebankaccountwithouthavingtogotoanATM. 44.______. Toseethepotentialofmobile-phonemoneystartinJapan.MostJapanesehaveatleastonecreditcardbuttheytendtostayintheirowners’pockets.HousewivesroutinelypeeloffcrispYI0000$82notestopayfortheirshopping.Utilitybillsandotherinvoicesaredutifullytakentothebankandpaidincashormorelikelythesedaysatthelocalconveniencestore.YetdespitethepopularityofcashthemobilephoneisstartingtochangeevenJapan’straditionalhabits." Howevermanysmart-cardsystemsdonotworkwitheachotherbutthatwillchangeonMarch18thwhen26railwaysand75buscompaniesinthegreaterTokyoareawillbeginsharinganewstored-valuesystemcalledPasmo.Thistoowillbeavailablebothasaplasticsmart-cardorbuiltintomobilephones. 45.______. UnliketheJapaneseAmericansprefertouseplasticfortheirpurchases.Cardsaccountformorethanhalfofalltransactionsupfrom29%adecadeagoaccordingtoNilsonReportatradepublication.Morethan1.5billioncreditcardsarestuffedintoAmericans’wallets.Theaveragehouseholdhasmorethanten.Banksandcredit-cardfirmshopetoconvertmorecashandchequepaymentstoplasticwithnewsmartcards.Someversionsarealreadyverysuccessful.ManyAmericansuseEasyPassinwhichdriverspayforhighwaytollswirelessly. Adecadeagosomeobserverspredictedthatinternetbankingwouldrenderretailbankingfromhigh-streetbranchesobsolete.ButJPMorganBankofAmericaandothersareadamantthatpeoplearenowadaysusingbankbranchesmorethanever.Evenifthephoneandthesmartcardreplacecashwhogetstocollectthefeesremainsopentocontention. 45
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleap"Ifigureditwastheeasiestway."Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout. Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateis"tosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners". ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million. SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised $2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’Thisisnonsensehesays"Mostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable."AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatheris"likeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward." WhatwilltheauthormentionafterParagraph4
[A]Energisingmoney[B]Thedilemmaofsmart-cardsystems [C]Thefutureofmoney[D]Sendingmoneyhome [E]Flashingtheplastic[F]Acashcall [G]HowtopayinTokyo Smartcardsandmobilephonesarequicklyemergingaswaystopaywithelectroniccash. 41.______. NowadayssomeofthehottestnightclubshaveanewtrickforcheckingtheidentityoftheirVIPguests:theysendanentrypassintheformofasuperbarcodetotheirmobilephones.Mobilephonesarebecominganincreasinglypopularwaytomakeallsortsofpayments.InAmericafansoftheAtlantaHawkshavebeentestingspeciallyadaptedNokiahandsetslinkedtotheirVisacardstoentertheirlocalstadiumandtobuyrefreshments.Itreckonsworldwidepaymentsusingmobilephoneswillclimbfromjust$3.2billionin2003tomorethan$37billionby2008. 42.______. Morebankingservicesarealsobeingofferedonmobiles.OnFebruary12th19telephoneoperatorswithnetworksinover100countriessaidthatpeoplewouldbeabletousetheirhandsetstosendmoneyabroad.MasterCardwilloperatethesysteminwhichremittanceswillbesentastextmessages.SirJohnBondformerlychairmanoftheHSBCbankinggroupandnowchairmanofVodafonehas10rigbeenconvincedthatpaymentsandmobileswouldsomehowconverge."MobilephoneshavetheabilitytomakeadramaticchangetovillagelifeinAfrica"hesays. 43.______. Thevarious"contactless"paymentsystemsrelyonatechnologycalled"near-fieldcommunication"NFC.Butmobilephonescanbemuchsmarter.Theycanbede-activatedremotely;theyhaveascreenwhichcanshowinformationlikeacreditbalanceandproductinformation;theyhaveakeyboardtoenterinformationandtheycancommunicate.Thismeanstheycanalsobeusedtoauth0riselargerpaymentsbyenteringPINcodesdirectlyonthehandsetortoppedupwithstoredcreditfromanonlinebankaccountwithouthavingtogotoanATM. 44.______. Toseethepotentialofmobile-phonemoneystartinJapan.MostJapanesehaveatleastonecreditcardbuttheytendtostayintheirowners’pockets.HousewivesroutinelypeeloffcrispYI0000$82notestopayfortheirshopping.Utilitybillsandotherinvoicesaredutifullytakentothebankandpaidincashormorelikelythesedaysatthelocalconveniencestore.YetdespitethepopularityofcashthemobilephoneisstartingtochangeevenJapan’straditionalhabits." Howevermanysmart-cardsystemsdonotworkwitheachotherbutthatwillchangeonMarch18thwhen26railwaysand75buscompaniesinthegreaterTokyoareawillbeginsharinganewstored-valuesystemcalledPasmo.Thistoowillbeavailablebothasaplasticsmart-cardorbuiltintomobilephones. 45.______. UnliketheJapaneseAmericansprefertouseplasticfortheirpurchases.Cardsaccountformorethanhalfofalltransactionsupfrom29%adecadeagoaccordingtoNilsonReportatradepublication.Morethan1.5billioncreditcardsarestuffedintoAmericans’wallets.Theaveragehouseholdhasmorethanten.Banksandcredit-cardfirmshopetoconvertmorecashandchequepaymentstoplasticwithnewsmartcards.Someversionsarealreadyverysuccessful.ManyAmericansuseEasyPassinwhichdriverspayforhighwaytollswirelessly. Adecadeagosomeobserverspredictedthatinternetbankingwouldrenderretailbankingfromhigh-streetbranchesobsolete.ButJPMorganBankofAmericaandothersareadamantthatpeoplearenowadaysusingbankbranchesmorethanever.Evenifthephoneandthesmartcardreplacecashwhogetstocollectthefeesremainsopentocontention. 43
马卡连柯的集体主义教育原则不包括
蒙台梭利方法的最基本原则是
[A]Energisingmoney[B]Thedilemmaofsmart-cardsystems [C]Thefutureofmoney[D]Sendingmoneyhome [E]Flashingtheplastic[F]Acashcall [G]HowtopayinTokyo Smartcardsandmobilephonesarequicklyemergingaswaystopaywithelectroniccash. 41.______. NowadayssomeofthehottestnightclubshaveanewtrickforcheckingtheidentityoftheirVIPguests:theysendanentrypassintheformofasuperbarcodetotheirmobilephones.Mobilephonesarebecominganincreasinglypopularwaytomakeallsortsofpayments.InAmericafansoftheAtlantaHawkshavebeentestingspeciallyadaptedNokiahandsetslinkedtotheirVisacardstoentertheirlocalstadiumandtobuyrefreshments.Itreckonsworldwidepaymentsusingmobilephoneswillclimbfromjust$3.2billionin2003tomorethan$37billionby2008. 42.______. Morebankingservicesarealsobeingofferedonmobiles.OnFebruary12th19telephoneoperatorswithnetworksinover100countriessaidthatpeoplewouldbeabletousetheirhandsetstosendmoneyabroad.MasterCardwilloperatethesysteminwhichremittanceswillbesentastextmessages.SirJohnBondformerlychairmanoftheHSBCbankinggroupandnowchairmanofVodafonehas10rigbeenconvincedthatpaymentsandmobileswouldsomehowconverge."MobilephoneshavetheabilitytomakeadramaticchangetovillagelifeinAfrica"hesays. 43.______. Thevarious"contactless"paymentsystemsrelyonatechnologycalled"near-fieldcommunication"NFC.Butmobilephonescanbemuchsmarter.Theycanbede-activatedremotely;theyhaveascreenwhichcanshowinformationlikeacreditbalanceandproductinformation;theyhaveakeyboardtoenterinformationandtheycancommunicate.Thismeanstheycanalsobeusedtoauth0riselargerpaymentsbyenteringPINcodesdirectlyonthehandsetortoppedupwithstoredcreditfromanonlinebankaccountwithouthavingtogotoanATM. 44.______. Toseethepotentialofmobile-phonemoneystartinJapan.MostJapanesehaveatleastonecreditcardbuttheytendtostayintheirowners’pockets.HousewivesroutinelypeeloffcrispYI0000$82notestopayfortheirshopping.Utilitybillsandotherinvoicesaredutifullytakentothebankandpaidincashormorelikelythesedaysatthelocalconveniencestore.YetdespitethepopularityofcashthemobilephoneisstartingtochangeevenJapan’straditionalhabits." Howevermanysmart-cardsystemsdonotworkwitheachotherbutthatwillchangeonMarch18thwhen26railwaysand75buscompaniesinthegreaterTokyoareawillbeginsharinganewstored-valuesystemcalledPasmo.Thistoowillbeavailablebothasaplasticsmart-cardorbuiltintomobilephones. 45.______. UnliketheJapaneseAmericansprefertouseplasticfortheirpurchases.Cardsaccountformorethanhalfofalltransactionsupfrom29%adecadeagoaccordingtoNilsonReportatradepublication.Morethan1.5billioncreditcardsarestuffedintoAmericans’wallets.Theaveragehouseholdhasmorethanten.Banksandcredit-cardfirmshopetoconvertmorecashandchequepaymentstoplasticwithnewsmartcards.Someversionsarealreadyverysuccessful.ManyAmericansuseEasyPassinwhichdriverspayforhighwaytollswirelessly. Adecadeagosomeobserverspredictedthatinternetbankingwouldrenderretailbankingfromhigh-streetbranchesobsolete.ButJPMorganBankofAmericaandothersareadamantthatpeoplearenowadaysusingbankbranchesmorethanever.Evenifthephoneandthesmartcardreplacecashwhogetstocollectthefeesremainsopentocontention. 41
要素主义的主要代表人物是
苏联20世纪30年代的教育改革的突破口是
以下不属于永恒主义教育的观点的是
Internetadvertisingisbooming.Theindustryhasgonefrom$9.6billioninrevenuein2001to$27billionthisyearaccordingtoPiperJaffrayaninvestmentbank.Anditisstillearlydays.Theinternetaccountsforonly5%oftotalspendingonadvertisingbutthatfigureisexpectedtoreachatleast20%inthenextfewyears.Thesinglelargestcategorywithinthisflourishingindustryaccountingfornearlyhalfofallspendingis"pay-per-click"advertisingwhichisusedbyfirmsbothlargeandsmalltopromotetheirwares. Thebenefitsofthepay-per-clickapproachovertraditionaladvertisingtelevisionradioprintandbillboardsareobvious.Sinceadvertiserspayonlytoreachthesmallsubsetwhoactuallyrespondtoanadvertisementthequalityoftheleadsgeneratedisveryhighandadvertisersarepreparedtopayaccordingly.Theprice:perclickvariesfrom$0.10toasmuchas$30dependingonthekeywordthoughtheaverageisaround$0.50.Googlemademostofits$6.1billioninrevenuelastyearfrompay-per-clickadvertising. Butaspay-per-clickadvertisinghasgrownintoahugeindustryconcernhasmountedoverso-called"clickfraud"--bogusclicksthatdonotcomefromgenuinelyinterestedcustomers.Ittakestwomainforms.Ifyouclickrepeatedlyontheadvertisementsonyourownwebsiteorgetotherpeopleormachinestodosoonyourbehalfyoucangenerateastreamofboguscommissions.Clickfraudcanalsobeusedbyonecompanyagainstanother:clickingonarivalfirm’sadvertisementscansaddleitwithahugebill.Bogusclicksarethoughttoaccountforaround10%ofallclicktrafficthoughnobodyknowsforsure. AfewmonthsagoMr.Grosspioneeredanalternativetothepay-per-clickmodel.InFebruarySnapasearchenginebackedbyMr.Grosslaunched"pay-per-action"PPAanewmodelinwhichadvertiserspayonlyifaclickonanadisfollowedbyanactionsuchasapurchaseoradownload. MightthisputanendtoclickfraudDon’tbetonitsaysMikeZemanatStarcomanadvertisingagency.Payper-actionwillbeanichehepredictssinceconvertingaclickintoanactiondependsonavarietyoffactorssuchastheeaseofuseoftheadvertiser’swebsite.Googleanditspeerswillbereluctanttobesodependentonfactorsoutsidetheircontrol.ButMr.Tobaccowalathinkspay-per-actioncouldbecomearealalternativetopay-per-click.Asbiggercompaniesspendmoreoninternetadvertising;theywilldemandmoreaccountabilityandawiderrangeofoptionshesays.Attheveryleastthatmeansclampingdownonclickfraud;butitalsopresentsanopportunityforentrepreneurstoinventnewmodelsthatarelessvulnerabletoabuse Theadvertisersandthewebsiteoperatorshavetheconflictcausedby
杜威教学哲学的核心概念是
"What’sthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllison"asksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero. NarcissusinGreekmythmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample. Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.Forthefirsttimeanewstudy"It’sAllAboutMe"tobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambriekofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperechelonsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries. Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhis"Who’sWho"entry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive. Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmorevolatilethanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe
"What’sthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllison"asksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero. NarcissusinGreekmythmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample. Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.Forthefirsttimeanewstudy"It’sAllAboutMe"tobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambriekofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperechelonsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries. Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhis"Who’sWho"entry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive. Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmorevolatilethanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad WhichofthefollowingisNOTthefeatureoftheboss’snarcissism
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleap"Ifigureditwastheeasiestway."Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout. Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateis"tosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners". ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million. SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised $2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’Thisisnonsensehesays"Mostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable."AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatheris"likeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward." WhydoestheauthormentionNiagaraFallsandhoneymooners
Internetadvertisingisbooming.Theindustryhasgonefrom$9.6billioninrevenuein2001to$27billionthisyearaccordingtoPiperJaffrayaninvestmentbank.Anditisstillearlydays.Theinternetaccountsforonly5%oftotalspendingonadvertisingbutthatfigureisexpectedtoreachatleast20%inthenextfewyears.Thesinglelargestcategorywithinthisflourishingindustryaccountingfornearlyhalfofallspendingis"pay-per-click"advertisingwhichisusedbyfirmsbothlargeandsmalltopromotetheirwares. Thebenefitsofthepay-per-clickapproachovertraditionaladvertisingtelevisionradioprintandbillboardsareobvious.Sinceadvertiserspayonlytoreachthesmallsubsetwhoactuallyrespondtoanadvertisementthequalityoftheleadsgeneratedisveryhighandadvertisersarepreparedtopayaccordingly.Theprice:perclickvariesfrom$0.10toasmuchas$30dependingonthekeywordthoughtheaverageisaround$0.50.Googlemademostofits$6.1billioninrevenuelastyearfrompay-per-clickadvertising. Butaspay-per-clickadvertisinghasgrownintoahugeindustryconcernhasmountedoverso-called"clickfraud"--bogusclicksthatdonotcomefromgenuinelyinterestedcustomers.Ittakestwomainforms.Ifyouclickrepeatedlyontheadvertisementsonyourownwebsiteorgetotherpeopleormachinestodosoonyourbehalfyoucangenerateastreamofboguscommissions.Clickfraudcanalsobeusedbyonecompanyagainstanother:clickingonarivalfirm’sadvertisementscansaddleitwithahugebill.Bogusclicksarethoughttoaccountforaround10%ofallclicktrafficthoughnobodyknowsforsure. AfewmonthsagoMr.Grosspioneeredanalternativetothepay-per-clickmodel.InFebruarySnapasearchenginebackedbyMr.Grosslaunched"pay-per-action"PPAanewmodelinwhichadvertiserspayonlyifaclickonanadisfollowedbyanactionsuchasapurchaseoradownload. MightthisputanendtoclickfraudDon’tbetonitsaysMikeZemanatStarcomanadvertisingagency.Payper-actionwillbeanichehepredictssinceconvertingaclickintoanactiondependsonavarietyoffactorssuchastheeaseofuseoftheadvertiser’swebsite.Googleanditspeerswillbereluctanttobesodependentonfactorsoutsidetheircontrol.ButMr.Tobaccowalathinkspay-per-actioncouldbecomearealalternativetopay-per-click.Asbiggercompaniesspendmoreoninternetadvertising;theywilldemandmoreaccountabilityandawiderrangeofoptionshesays.Attheveryleastthatmeansclampingdownonclickfraud;butitalsopresentsanopportunityforentrepreneurstoinventnewmodelsthatarelessvulnerabletoabuse Thesituationofpay-per-clickadvertisingcanbedescribedas
TheenlightenmentneedsrescuingorsothinksJonathanIsraelthepre-eminenthistorianof17th-centuryHolland.In2001hepublishedRadicalEnlightenment.HenowoffersasecondVolumewithathirdtocome.46ThethreevolumeswillbethefirstcomprehensivehistoryoftheEnlightenmentfordecades--andMr.Israel’sgroundbreakinginterpretationlookssettoestablishitselfastheonetobeat. Theperiodwasoncethoughtofasagloriouschapterinthehistoryofmankindatimewhentheforcesoflightscienceprogressandtolerancetriumphedovertheforcesofdarknesssuperstitionandprejudice.TodaytheEnlightenmenttendstobedismissed.47Post-modernistsattackitforbeingbiasedself-deceivedandultimatelyresponsiblefortheworstinWesterncivilization.Post-colonialistsaccuseitofbeingEurocentricanapologyforimperialism.NationalisthistoriansrejecttheideaofacoherentuniversalmovementpreferringtotalkabouttheEnglishFrenchevenIcelandicEnlightenments. Mr.Israelhassethimselfthetaskoilrepellingthesecriticsandre-establishingtheperiodasthedefiningepisodeintheliberationofman.Hisargumentsareconvincing.HecontendsthatthereweretwoEnlightenmentsoneRadicalandtheotherModerate.TheRadicalsinspiredbySpinozawerematerialistsatheistsandequalities.48TheModerateswhofollowedLockeandNewtonwereconservativeandmoreathomethantheRadicalsinthehierarchicalanddeeplyreligiousworldof18th-centuryEurope.TheyadvocatedonlyapartialEnlightenment. InMr.Israel’sopiniontheRadicalsofferedtheonlytrueEnlightenmentgivingusdemocracyequalityindividuallibertyandsecularmorality.TheModeratesontheotherhandhaveleftanambiguousandintheendharmfullegacy.Whilepromotingtolerancetheyremaineduncomfortablewiththeideaofuniversalequality.Whileadvancingreasontheyfailedtodivorcemoralityfromreligionandtriedtorationalizefaith.49Mr.IsraelarguesthatforaslongashistorianstreatthetwowingsoftheEnlightenmentasasinglemovementtheyhavemisunderstoodthephenomenon.Worststilltheysupplytoday’scriticswiththeevidencetheyneedtoblackenthemovement. Thisre-evaluationmakesforanunfamiliarpictureoftheEnlightenmentanditstorchbearers.AccordingtoMr.Israel"enlightenedvalues"werebornnotinEnglandbutinHollandandhere-castsmensuchasLockeVoltaireandevenHumeoncethoughtofaschampionsofthepartyoflightasapologistsforcolonialismandenemiesofequality.InadditionMr.Israelwouldlikehisbooktobestudiedbeyondacademia.Inanidealworldeveryonewouldbereadingit.50HisstupendousresearchandgraspofthesourcesaresuchthatfewwillcontesthiscoreargumentthattheEnlightenmentwasacoherentEurope-widephenomenonintellectualinoriginwhichrepresentedaprofoundshiftinthewaythatmenthoughtaboutthemselvesandtheworldaroundthem. Mr.IsraelarguesthatforaslongashistorianstreatthetwowingsoftheEnlightenmentasasinglemovementtheyhavemisunderstoodthephenomenon
70～80年代法国教育改革的重点是
60年代末法国颁行的高等教育方向指导法案也称
Internetadvertisingisbooming.Theindustryhasgonefrom$9.6billioninrevenuein2001to$27billionthisyearaccordingtoPiperJaffrayaninvestmentbank.Anditisstillearlydays.Theinternetaccountsforonly5%oftotalspendingonadvertisingbutthatfigureisexpectedtoreachatleast20%inthenextfewyears.Thesinglelargestcategorywithinthisflourishingindustryaccountingfornearlyhalfofallspendingis"pay-per-click"advertisingwhichisusedbyfirmsbothlargeandsmalltopromotetheirwares. Thebenefitsofthepay-per-clickapproachovertraditionaladvertisingtelevisionradioprintandbillboardsareobvious.Sinceadvertiserspayonlytoreachthesmallsubsetwhoactuallyrespondtoanadvertisementthequalityoftheleadsgeneratedisveryhighandadvertisersarepreparedtopayaccordingly.Theprice:perclickvariesfrom$0.10toasmuchas$30dependingonthekeywordthoughtheaverageisaround$0.50.Googlemademostofits$6.1billioninrevenuelastyearfrompay-per-clickadvertising. Butaspay-per-clickadvertisinghasgrownintoahugeindustryconcernhasmountedoverso-called"clickfraud"--bogusclicksthatdonotcomefromgenuinelyinterestedcustomers.Ittakestwomainforms.Ifyouclickrepeatedlyontheadvertisementsonyourownwebsiteorgetotherpeopleormachinestodosoonyourbehalfyoucangenerateastreamofboguscommissions.Clickfraudcanalsobeusedbyonecompanyagainstanother:clickingonarivalfirm’sadvertisementscansaddleitwithahugebill.Bogusclicksarethoughttoaccountforaround10%ofallclicktrafficthoughnobodyknowsforsure. AfewmonthsagoMr.Grosspioneeredanalternativetothepay-per-clickmodel.InFebruarySnapasearchenginebackedbyMr.Grosslaunched"pay-per-action"PPAanewmodelinwhichadvertiserspayonlyifaclickonanadisfollowedbyanactionsuchasapurchaseoradownload. MightthisputanendtoclickfraudDon’tbetonitsaysMikeZemanatStarcomanadvertisingagency.Payper-actionwillbeanichehepredictssinceconvertingaclickintoanactiondependsonavarietyoffactorssuchastheeaseofuseoftheadvertiser’swebsite.Googleanditspeerswillbereluctanttobesodependentonfactorsoutsidetheircontrol.ButMr.Tobaccowalathinkspay-per-actioncouldbecomearealalternativetopay-per-click.Asbiggercompaniesspendmoreoninternetadvertising;theywilldemandmoreaccountabilityandawiderrangeofoptionshesays.Attheveryleastthatmeansclampingdownonclickfraud;butitalsopresentsanopportunityforentrepreneurstoinventnewmodelsthatarelessvulnerabletoabuse Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext
实验教育学的理论基础是
20年代苏联设计的打破了学校教学科目的界限使教学与生活实际紧密联系起来的是
Directions:ChengLinwantstoapplyforanewjob.Sheasksherpre-supervisorwhoisadepartmentmanagerinYoudaTradeCompanytowritealetterofcommendation. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
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