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传统的数据库基本上是由 (6) 组成的。 (7) 在技术和理论上已经成熟，成为当前商用数据库的主流。 (8) 技术是20世纪80年代中期引入的。目前，多媒体数据库基本上靠与关系模式相结合的 (9) 来...
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传统的数据库基本上是由6组成的7在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流8技术是20世纪80年
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文件
元组
文件系统
对象
过程
数据库的建立基本上独立于具体应用数据的设计和存储独立于它们的应用功能有关______间的联系由共享数
传统的数据库基本上是由38组成的39在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流40技术是2
关系数据库
网状数据库
层次数据库
面向对象数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由38组成的39在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流40技术是2
关系数据库
网状数据库
层次数据库
空间数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由38组成的39在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流40技术是2
网状数据库
层次数据库
DBASE
演绎数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由71组成的72在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流73技术是2
图形
文件
元组
文件系统
传统的数据库基本上是由71组成的72在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流73技术是2
网状数据库
层次数据库
DBASE
演绎数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由38组成的39在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流40技术是2
图形
文件
元组
文件系统
传统的数据库基本上是由61组成的62在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流63技术是2
关系数据库
网状数据库
层次数据库
空间数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由61组成的62在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流63技术是2
图形
文件
元组
文件系统
对象
过程
传统的数据库基本上是由6组成的7在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流8技术是20世纪80年
网状数据库
层次数据库
DBASE
演绎数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由61组成的62在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流63技术是2
关系数据库
网状数据库
层次数据库
面向对象数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由71组成的72在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流73技术是2
关系数据库
网状数据库
层次数据库
面向对象数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由38组成的39在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流40技术是2
关系数据库
网状数据库
层次数据库
面向对象数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由71组成的72在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流73技术是2
关系数据库
网状数据库
层次数据库
面向对象数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由71组成的72在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流73技术是2
关系数据库
网状数据库
层次数据库
空间数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由61组成的62在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流63技术是2
网状数据库
层次数据库
DBASE
演绎数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由6组成的7在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流8技术是20世纪80年
关系数据库
网状数据库
层次数据库
面向对象数据库
传统的数据库基本上是由61组成的62在技术和理论上已经成熟成为当前商用数据库的主流63技术是2
图形
文件
元组
文件系统
对象
过程
传统的数据库基本上是由组成的
图形
对象
记录
文件
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Withthewidespreaduseofthepersonalcomputermanyauthoritiesinthefieldof56havepointedouttheneedforcomputerliteracy.Unfortunatelythereisno57agreementastowhatthetermcomputerliteracymeans.Somefeelthatcomputerliteracymeansknowinghowtomakethecomputercompute;thatisknowinghowtoprogramcomputersinoneormoreprogramminglanguages.Othersfeelthatknowinghowtoprogramismerelyasmallsegmentofcomputerliteracy.Thesepeople58themajoremphasisinschoolsshouldbeonteachinghowtoeffectivelyusethemanysoftwarepackagesthatareavailable.Stillotherssuggestthatcomputerliteracyeducationisnotrequired.Theysuggestthatcomputersarebeingsorapidlyintegratedintooursocietythatusingacomputerwillbeas59asusingatelephoneoravideotaperecorderandthatspecialeducationwillnotbenecessary.60ofone’sdefinitionofcomputerliteracyitisrecognizedbymostthatlearningtouseacomputerisindeedanimportantskillinmodernsociety.
Anexpertsystemisasoftwarethat41specialistknowledge-aboutaparticulardomainof42andiscapableofmaking43decisionswithinthatdomain.Althoughexpertsystemstypicallyfocusonaverynarrowdomaintheyhaveachieveddramaticsuccesswith44problemsThishasexcitedwidespreadinterestoutsidetheresearchlaboratoriesfromwhichtheyemerged.Expertsystemshavegivenrisetoasetofknowledgeengineeringmethodsconstitutinganewapproachtodesignofhighperformancesoftwaresystem.Thisnewapproachrepresentsan45changewithrevolutionaryconsequences.
31analysisemphasizesthedrawingofpictorialsystemmodelstodocumentandvalidatebothexistingand/orproposedsystems.Ultimatelythesystemmodelsbecomethe32fordesigningandconstructinganimprovedsystem.33issuchatechnique.Theemphasisinthistechniqueisprocess-centered.Systemsanalystsdrawaseriesofprocessmodelscalled34.35isanothersuchtechniquethatintegratesdataandprocessconcernsintoconstructscalledobjects.
Withthewidespreaduseofthepersonalcomputermanyauthoritiesinthefieldof56havepointedouttheneedforcomputerliteracy.Unfortunatelythereisno57agreementastowhatthetermcomputerliteracymeans.Somefeelthatcomputerliteracymeansknowinghowtomakethecomputercompute;thatisknowinghowtoprogramcomputersinoneormoreprogramminglanguages.Othersfeelthatknowinghowtoprogramismerelyasmallsegmentofcomputerliteracy.Thesepeople58themajoremphasisinschoolsshouldbeonteachinghowtoeffectivelyusethemanysoftwarepackagesthatareavailable.Stillotherssuggestthatcomputerliteracyeducationisnotrequired.Theysuggestthatcomputersarebeingsorapidlyintegratedintooursocietythatusingacomputerwillbeas59asusingatelephoneoravideotaperecorderandthatspecialeducationwillnotbenecessary.60ofone’sdefinitionofcomputerliteracyitisrecognizedbymostthatlearningtouseacomputerisindeedanimportantskillinmodernsociety.
Mobilecomputers-which71laptopsnotebookssubnotebooksandhandhelds-72soubiquitousinsuchashorttimenosurprisetohearwhosay:Itwilldefinetheleadingedge73thenextfiveyearsorso.Themostremarkable74mobilecomputersistheamountofdatastorageandmemorypacked75theirtinyboxes.Thesedevicesnotonlyhandlewindowseasilybutalsorunstorage-hungryprograms.
WhilemostrecentattentionintheAIfieldhasbeenfocusedonexpertsystemsoftwareAI66hasalsoseendramaticadvances.Activityinthepastyearswascharacterizedbynewlow-costpowerfulLispmachinestheintroductionofAIworkstationsLispcompilersbecomingavailableforallmajorprofessionalandengineeringworkstationsandthepersonalcomputeremergingasa67.toolforexpertsystemdevelopment.Thenextfewyearswillseethistechnologyevolvesfurther.Becausethe68ofanAIcomputerrepresentsasizableinvestmentcompaniesshouldcarefully69alloptionsthatareavailableaswellashaveagoodideaofwhatthenextgenerationofsystemswillofferinorderto70theoptimumsystem.Thispublicationprovidestheinformationnecessarytogainthisunderstanding.
Inrecentyearsoneofthemorepopulartopicsforpaneldiscussionsatcomputerconferencesandtrade61hasbeentheRISCversusCISCdebate.RISCprocessorsfeatureasmallnumberofinstructionsthateachexecutesin62machinecycle.CISCprocessorsusecomplexinstructionsthatcantakeseveralcyclestoexecute.TheRISCversusCISCdebatewon’tbedecidedbypaneldiscussion;itwillbewoninthemarketplace.Andthedecidingfactormayhavelittletodowith63ofinstructionsandregistersandmoretodowithparallelism.SincetheirconceptionRISCprocessorshavebeenevolvingtowardmicroparallelismincorporatingparallel-processingfeatures64theprocessorRISCprocessorsfeaturepipeliningwherebymanyinstructionscanbedecodedwhileoneinstructionexecutes.RISCprocessorshoweveraremovingtowardpipelinesforeachunitoftheprocessor.CISCprocessorsalsoemploypipelining.TheyhavemanyintegerinstructionsthatexecuteinonecyclebutthevaryingexecutiontimesofCISCinstructions65theeffectivenessofparallelism.
WebSQLisaSQL-like26languageforextractinginformationfromtheweb.Itscapabilitiesforperformingnavigationofweb27makeitausefultoolforautomatingseveralweb-relatedtasksthatrequirethesystematicprocessingofeitherailthelinksina28allthepagesthatcanbereachedfromagivenURLthrough29thatmatcha’patternoracombinationofboth.WebSQLalsoprovidestransparentaccesstoindexserversthatcanbequeriedviatheCommon30Interface.
Programmingisa46thathasvariousengineeringand47aspects.Althoughmostoftheseaspectsareinterrelatedeachofthemcoversanumberof48andgoalswinchareveryspecific.Theprogressbeingmadeinteaching49isreflectedbythefactthatmost50sciencecurriculacontainabroadspectrumofprogrammingcourseseachemphasizingadifferentaspectofprogramming.
TheRationalUnifiedProcessRUPisasoftwareengineeringprocesswhichcapturesmanyofbestpracticesinmodemsoftwaredevelopment.Thenotionsof36andscenarioshavebeenproventobeanexcellentwaytocapturefunctionrequirements.RUPcanbedescribedintwodimensions-timeandcontent.Inthetimedimensionthesoftwarelifecycleisbrokenintocycles.Eachcycleisdividedintofourconsecutive37whichisconcludedwithawell-defined38andcanbefurtherbrokendowninto39-acompletedevelopmentloopresultinginareleaseofanexecutableproductasubsetofthefinalproductunderdevelopmentwhichgrowsincrementallytobecomethefinalsystem.Thecontentstructurereferstothedisciplineswhichgroup40logicallybynature.
WhilemostrecentattentionintheAIfieldhasbeenfocusedonexpertsystemsoftwareAI66hasalsoseendramaticadvances.Activityinthepastyearswascharacterizedbynewlow-costpowerfulLispmachinestheintroductionofAIworkstationsLispcompilersbecomingavailableforallmajorprofessionalandengineeringworkstationsandthepersonalcomputeremergingasa67.toolforexpertsystemdevelopment.Thenextfewyearswillseethistechnologyevolvesfurther.Becausethe68ofanAIcomputerrepresentsasizableinvestmentcompaniesshouldcarefully69alloptionsthatareavailableaswellashaveagoodideaofwhatthenextgenerationofsystemswillofferinorderto70theoptimumsystem.Thispublicationprovidestheinformationnecessarytogainthisunderstanding.
MelissaandLoveLettermadeuseofthetrustthatexistsbetweenfriendsorcolleagues.Imaginereceivingan16fromafriendwhoasksyoutoopenit.ThisiswhathappenswithMelissaandseveralothersimilaremail17.Uponrunningsuchwormsusuallyproceedtosendthemselvesouttoemailaddressesfromthevictim’saddressbookpreviousemailswebpages18.Asadministratorsseektoblockdangerousemailattachmentsthroughtherecognitionofwell-known19viruswritersuseotherextensionstocircumventsuchprotection.Executable.exefilesarerenamedto.batand.cmdplusawholelistofotherextensionsandwillstillrunandsuccessfullyinfecttargetusers.Frequentlyhackerstrytopenetratenetworksbysendinganattachmentthatlookslikeaflashmoviewhichwhiledisplayingsomecuteanimationsimultaneouslyrunscommandsinthebackgroundtostealyourpasswordsandgivethe20accesstoyournetwork.
Inobject-oriented51objectscanbeviewedasreusablecomponentsandoncetheprogrammerhasdevelopeda52ofthesecomponentshecan53theamountofnewcodingrequired.But52a54isnosimpletaskbecausetheintegrityoftheOriginalsoftwaredesigniscritical.Reusabilitycanbeamixedblessingforusertooasaprogrammerhastobeabletofindtheobjectheneeds.Butif55isyouraimreusabilityisworththerisk.
MelissaandLoveLettermadeuseofthetrustthatexistsbetweenfriendsorcolleagues.Imaginereceivingan16fromafriendwhoasksyoutoopenit.ThisiswhathappenswithMelissaandseveralothersimilaremail17.Uponrunningsuchwormsusuallyproceedtosendthemselvesouttoemailaddressesfromthevictim’saddressbookpreviousemailswebpages18.Asadministratorsseektoblockdangerousemailattachmentsthroughtherecognitionofwell-known19viruswritersuseotherextensionstocircumventsuchprotection.Executable.exefilesarerenamedto.batand.cmdplusawholelistofotherextensionsandwillstillrunandsuccessfullyinfecttargetusers.Frequentlyhackerstrytopenetratenetworksbysendinganattachmentthatlookslikeaflashmoviewhichwhiledisplayingsomecuteanimationsimultaneouslyrunscommandsinthebackgroundtostealyourpasswordsandgivethe20accesstoyournetwork.
WhilemostrecentattentionintheAIfieldhasbeenfocusedonexpertsystemsoftwareAI66hasalsoseendramaticadvances.Activityinthepastyearswascharacterizedbynewlow-costpowerfulLispmachinestheintroductionofAIworkstationsLispcompilersbecomingavailableforallmajorprofessionalandengineeringworkstationsandthepersonalcomputeremergingasa67.toolforexpertsystemdevelopment.Thenextfewyearswillseethistechnologyevolvesfurther.Becausethe68ofanAIcomputerrepresentsasizableinvestmentcompaniesshouldcarefully69alloptionsthatareavailableaswellashaveagoodideaofwhatthenextgenerationofsystemswillofferinorderto70theoptimumsystem.Thispublicationprovidestheinformationnecessarytogainthisunderstanding.
Inobject-oriented51objectscanbeviewedasreusablecomponentsandoncetheprogrammerhasdevelopeda52ofthesecomponentshecan53theamountofnewcodingrequired.But52a54isnosimpletaskbecausetheintegrityoftheOriginalsoftwaredesigniscritical.Reusabilitycanbeamixedblessingforusertooasaprogrammerhastobeabletofindtheobjectheneeds.Butif55isyouraimreusabilityisworththerisk.
TheRationalUnifiedProcessRUPisasoftwareengineeringprocesswhichcapturesmanyofbestpracticesinmodemsoftwaredevelopment.Thenotionsof36andscenarioshavebeenproventobeanexcellentwaytocapturefunctionrequirements.RUPcanbedescribedintwodimensions-timeandcontent.Inthetimedimensionthesoftwarelifecycleisbrokenintocycles.Eachcycleisdividedintofourconsecutive37whichisconcludedwithawell-defined38andcanbefurtherbrokendowninto39-acompletedevelopmentloopresultinginareleaseofanexecutableproductasubsetofthefinalproductunderdevelopmentwhichgrowsincrementallytobecomethefinalsystem.Thecontentstructurereferstothedisciplineswhichgroup40logicallybynature.
Inrecentyearsoneofthemorepopulartopicsforpaneldiscussionsatcomputerconferencesandtrade61hasbeentheRISCversusCISCdebate.RISCprocessorsfeatureasmallnumberofinstructionsthateachexecutesin62machinecycle.CISCprocessorsusecomplexinstructionsthatcantakeseveralcyclestoexecute.TheRISCversusCISCdebatewon’tbedecidedbypaneldiscussion;itwillbewoninthemarketplace.Andthedecidingfactormayhavelittletodowith63ofinstructionsandregistersandmoretodowithparallelism.SincetheirconceptionRISCprocessorshavebeenevolvingtowardmicroparallelismincorporatingparallel-processingfeatures64theprocessorRISCprocessorsfeaturepipeliningwherebymanyinstructionscanbedecodedwhileoneinstructionexecutes.RISCprocessorshoweveraremovingtowardpipelinesforeachunitoftheprocessor.CISCprocessorsalsoemploypipelining.TheyhavemanyintegerinstructionsthatexecuteinonecyclebutthevaryingexecutiontimesofCISCinstructions65theeffectivenessofparallelism.
WebSQLisaSQL-like26languageforextractinginformationfromtheweb.Itscapabilitiesforperformingnavigationofweb27makeitausefultoolforautomatingseveralweb-relatedtasksthatrequirethesystematicprocessingofeitherailthelinksina28allthepagesthatcanbereachedfromagivenURLthrough29thatmatcha’patternoracombinationofboth.WebSQLalsoprovidestransparentaccesstoindexserversthatcanbequeriedviatheCommon30Interface.
WebSQLisaSQL-like26languageforextractinginformationfromtheweb.Itscapabilitiesforperformingnavigationofweb27makeitausefultoolforautomatingseveralweb-relatedtasksthatrequirethesystematicprocessingofeitherailthelinksina28allthepagesthatcanbereachedfromagivenURLthrough29thatmatcha’patternoracombinationofboth.WebSQLalsoprovidestransparentaccesstoindexserversthatcanbequeriedviatheCommon30Interface.
Programmingisa46thathasvariousengineeringand47aspects.Althoughmostoftheseaspectsareinterrelatedeachofthemcoversanumberof48andgoalswinchareveryspecific.Theprogressbeingmadeinteaching49isreflectedbythefactthatmost50sciencecurriculacontainabroadspectrumofprogrammingcourseseachemphasizingadifferentaspectofprogramming.
Programmingisa46thathasvariousengineeringand47aspects.Althoughmostoftheseaspectsareinterrelatedeachofthemcoversanumberof48andgoalswinchareveryspecific.Theprogressbeingmadeinteaching49isreflectedbythefactthatmost50sciencecurriculacontainabroadspectrumofprogrammingcourseseachemphasizingadifferentaspectofprogramming.
OriginallyintroducedbyNetscapeCommunications21areageneralmechanismwhichHTTPServersideapplicationssuchasCGI22canusetobothstoreandretrieveinformationontheHTTP23sideoftheconnection.BasicallyCookiescanbeusedtocompensateforthe24natureofHTTP.Theadditionofasimplepersistentclient-sidestatesignificantlyextendsthecapabilitiesofWWW-based25.
OriginallyintroducedbyNetscapeCommunications21areageneralmechanismwhichHTTPServersideapplicationssuchasCGI22canusetobothstoreandretrieveinformationontheHTTP23sideoftheconnection.BasicallyCookiescanbeusedtocompensateforthe24natureofHTTP.Theadditionofasimplepersistentclient-sidestatesignificantlyextendsthecapabilitiesofWWW-based25.
TheRationalUnifiedProcessRUPisasoftwareengineeringprocesswhichcapturesmanyofbestpracticesinmodemsoftwaredevelopment.Thenotionsof36andscenarioshavebeenproventobeanexcellentwaytocapturefunctionrequirements.RUPcanbedescribedintwodimensions-timeandcontent.Inthetimedimensionthesoftwarelifecycleisbrokenintocycles.Eachcycleisdividedintofourconsecutive37whichisconcludedwithawell-defined38andcanbefurtherbrokendowninto39-acompletedevelopmentloopresultinginareleaseofanexecutableproductasubsetofthefinalproductunderdevelopmentwhichgrowsincrementallytobecomethefinalsystem.Thecontentstructurereferstothedisciplineswhichgroup40logicallybynature.
Withthewidespreaduseofthepersonalcomputermanyauthoritiesinthefieldof56havepointedouttheneedforcomputerliteracy.Unfortunatelythereisno57agreementastowhatthetermcomputerliteracymeans.Somefeelthatcomputerliteracymeansknowinghowtomakethecomputercompute;thatisknowinghowtoprogramcomputersinoneormoreprogramminglanguages.Othersfeelthatknowinghowtoprogramismerelyasmallsegmentofcomputerliteracy.Thesepeople58themajoremphasisinschoolsshouldbeonteachinghowtoeffectivelyusethemanysoftwarepackagesthatareavailable.Stillotherssuggestthatcomputerliteracyeducationisnotrequired.Theysuggestthatcomputersarebeingsorapidlyintegratedintooursocietythatusingacomputerwillbeas59asusingatelephoneoravideotaperecorderandthatspecialeducationwillnotbenecessary.60ofone’sdefinitionofcomputerliteracyitisrecognizedbymostthatlearningtouseacomputerisindeedanimportantskillinmodernsociety.
Mobilecomputers-which71laptopsnotebookssubnotebooksandhandhelds-72soubiquitousinsuchashorttimenosurprisetohearwhosay:Itwilldefinetheleadingedge73thenextfiveyearsorso.Themostremarkable74mobilecomputersistheamountofdatastorageandmemorypacked75theirtinyboxes.Thesedevicesnotonlyhandlewindowseasilybutalsorunstorage-hungryprograms.
Anexpertsystemisasoftwarethat41specialistknowledge-aboutaparticulardomainof42andiscapableofmaking43decisionswithinthatdomain.Althoughexpertsystemstypicallyfocusonaverynarrowdomaintheyhaveachieveddramaticsuccesswith44problemsThishasexcitedwidespreadinterestoutsidetheresearchlaboratoriesfromwhichtheyemerged.Expertsystemshavegivenrisetoasetofknowledgeengineeringmethodsconstitutinganewapproachtodesignofhighperformancesoftwaresystem.Thisnewapproachrepresentsan45changewithrevolutionaryconsequences.
MelissaandLoveLettermadeuseofthetrustthatexistsbetweenfriendsorcolleagues.Imaginereceivingan16fromafriendwhoasksyoutoopenit.ThisiswhathappenswithMelissaandseveralothersimilaremail17.Uponrunningsuchwormsusuallyproceedtosendthemselvesouttoemailaddressesfromthevictim’saddressbookpreviousemailswebpages18.Asadministratorsseektoblockdangerousemailattachmentsthroughtherecognitionofwell-known19viruswritersuseotherextensionstocircumventsuchprotection.Executable.exefilesarerenamedto.batand.cmdplusawholelistofotherextensionsandwillstillrunandsuccessfullyinfecttargetusers.Frequentlyhackerstrytopenetratenetworksbysendinganattachmentthatlookslikeaflashmoviewhichwhiledisplayingsomecuteanimationsimultaneouslyrunscommandsinthebackgroundtostealyourpasswordsandgivethe20accesstoyournetwork.
31analysisemphasizesthedrawingofpictorialsystemmodelstodocumentandvalidatebothexistingand/orproposedsystems.Ultimatelythesystemmodelsbecomethe32fordesigningandconstructinganimprovedsystem.33issuchatechnique.Theemphasisinthistechniqueisprocess-centered.Systemsanalystsdrawaseriesofprocessmodelscalled34.35isanothersuchtechniquethatintegratesdataandprocessconcernsintoconstructscalledobjects.
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