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自我价值理论认为个人追求成功的内在动力是( )
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一些学者认为青少年犯罪是由于机会分配不均产生的也就是说犯罪是由于个人对获得成功的合法机会和非法机会的
团伙亚文化理论
差异交往理论
少年犯罪区域理论
不同机会理论
是指对自认为重要或有价值的工作或活动个人愿意去做并力求成功的一种内在推动力量
认知好奇心
成就动机
自我效能感
成就归因
企业精神是员工追求的
价值尺度
生活方式
奋斗目标
内在动力
个体执行任务时追求成功的内在驱动力称为成就动机
在三重需要理论中个人追求优越感的驱动力或参照某种标准去追求成就感寻求成功的欲望称为
权力需要
成就需要
亲和需要
自我实现需要
成就动机是指
个体从事某种实际工作前，对自己可能达到的成就目标的主观估计
个体在社会情景中，对其他人所存有的与之亲近的内在需要
个体追求自认为是重要的有价值的目标，以期达成的内在动力
期望获得他人及其社会的赞扬、承认、肯定和鼓励，即取悦他人的内在心理倾向
引起个体活动，维持已引起的活动，并促使该活动朝向某一目标进行的内在动力
个体执行任务时追求成功的内在驱动力称为
认识动机
成就动机
赞许动机
交往动机
阿特金森认为个人追求成功的倾向受到追求成功的动机对行为成功的主观期望概率以及取得成就的诱因值的影响影
追求成功的动机
对行为成功的主观期望概率
行为成功后的诱因值
以上都不是
个体执行任务时追求成功的内在驱动力称为认识动机
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PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentences havebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthe listA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
Theexampleofacustomerbuyingahandbagisusedtoshowthat
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.Theauthorseemstoimplyinthepassagethat
AccordingtosomescientistsHempsarepreferabletotreeschieflybecause
Text4 Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelection campaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstrade punches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.What isnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficial statisticsundertheLabourgovernment.Oneofthemost importantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgeton March16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrent revenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancellorofthe exchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleof borrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisin balanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPs thathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion $11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthanin thepast.Howeverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscure technicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsto thefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthatthe revisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithin thecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenit mightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmade decisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimsto meetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagain overtheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwould bereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedas partofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONS toclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreven thoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowings wereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularly worryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublic experiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatno patientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergency department.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmet for96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbythe HealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidthey stayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.Onewaytohelp restorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONS independentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.Another wouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeen performingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehas recommended.GordonBrown’smajorconcernis
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor
Thephraseoff-labelline4paragraph2mostprobablymeans
Text4 Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelection campaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstrade punches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.What isnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficial statisticsundertheLabourgovernment.Oneofthemost importantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgeton March16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrent revenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancellorofthe exchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleof borrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisin balanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPs thathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion $11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthanin thepast.Howeverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscure technicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsto thefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthatthe revisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithin thecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenit mightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmade decisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimsto meetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagain overtheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwould bereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedas partofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONS toclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreven thoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowings wereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularly worryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublic experiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatno patientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergency department.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmet for96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbythe HealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidthey stayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.Onewaytohelp restorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONS independentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.Another wouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeen performingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehas recommended.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheONS
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentences havebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthe listA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
Whichofthefollowingisareasonforthelegalizationofthehempplant
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPart ADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthe questionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWER SHEET1.Text1 ForyearsInternetmerchantshave pouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasierto use.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappierCustomer satisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostflatthroughthelastseveralyears. TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingand researchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignored themanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.Ratherhesaidtheystillexpect morefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered.Ifwewalk intoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasa coupleyearsagoMr.Freedsaid.Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebar goesupeveryyear.InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfive e-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescored higherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescored higherthan80withnositesurpassing85.Scoreshaveinchedupovertimefor thebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoved drasticallyMr.Freedsaid.Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanything youseeyourscoresdropsteadily.Thatdynamichasbeena challengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitable operations.Nowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswill essentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthe site’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-tech televisionstudio.QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.The Websitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandise’in2006hasforthe lastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.But inrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchives ofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmore videosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremainin stock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideo salesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproduct informationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs.About eightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethe sizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottell theheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedand introducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights. Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsat least10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot.Still Mr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales.E-commerce startedwithtelevisioncommercehesaid.Thesiteswhoengageandentertain customerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture.Suchaprospectisnot necessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadof InternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis. saidatransitiontovideowillbeseamlessforus.ThecompanyMr.Magee saidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideoso customerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulate themselves.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
Accordingtothepassagedrugcompanyrepresentatives
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPart ADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthe questionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWER SHEET1.Text1 ForyearsInternetmerchantshave pouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasierto use.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappierCustomer satisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostflatthroughthelastseveralyears. TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingand researchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignored themanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.Ratherhesaidtheystillexpect morefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered.Ifwewalk intoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasa coupleyearsagoMr.Freedsaid.Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebar goesupeveryyear.InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfive e-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescored higherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescored higherthan80withnositesurpassing85.Scoreshaveinchedupovertimefor thebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoved drasticallyMr.Freedsaid.Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanything youseeyourscoresdropsteadily.Thatdynamichasbeena challengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitable operations.Nowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswill essentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthe site’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-tech televisionstudio.QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.The Websitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandise’in2006hasforthe lastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.But inrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchives ofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmore videosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremainin stock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideo salesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproduct informationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs.About eightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethe sizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottell theheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedand introducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights. Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsat least10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot.Still Mr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales.E-commerce startedwithtelevisioncommercehesaid.Thesiteswhoengageandentertain customerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture.Suchaprospectisnot necessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadof InternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis. saidatransitiontovideowillbeseamlessforus.ThecompanyMr.Magee saidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideoso customerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulate themselves.Mr.Magee’sattitudetowardsusingvideosinE-commerceseemstobe
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.Canadianforestswillnotfacedestructionif
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutPfizer
TheresultofForesee’srecentsurveyshowsthat
Loggingisnotbannedchieflybecause
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.Thedrugcompaniesarewillingtopayleadingdoctorsto
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentences havebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthe listA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat
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