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Ludwig Van Beethoven Ludwig Van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame man...
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LudwigVanBeethovenLudwigVanBeethovenamajorcomposer
.5分LudwigvanBeethoven贝多芬isoneofthemostfamousmusici
LudwigVanBeethoven??LudwigvanBeethovenamajorcompos
阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后面有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原有位置
密斯·凡·德·罗LudwigMiesvanderRohe1886～1969年主要建筑作品之一西班牙巴
1959年
1952年
1946年
1929年
下面的短文有5处空白短文后有6个句子其中5个取自短文请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置以恢复文章原貌
看图短文填空阅读下面短文并借助图和上下文补充所缺信息每个空只能填写一个形式正确.意义相符的单词Can
LudwigvanBeethovenwasoneofthegreatestcomposersinmu
阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后面有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原有位置
LudwigvanBeethovenoneoftheworld'sgreatestmusicians
AMajorComposer??LudwigvanBeethovenamajorcomposerof
LudwigVanBeethovenLudwigVanBeethovenamajorcomposer
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TheBodyClockWhyisitthatflyingtoNewYorkfromLondonwillleaveyoufeelinglesstiredthanflyingtoLondonfromNewYorkTheanswermaybeaclearcaseofbiologynotbeingabletokeepupwithtechnology.Deepinsidethebrainthereisaclockthatgovernseveryaspectofthebody’sfunctioning:sleepandwakecycleslevelsofalertnessperformancemoodhormonelevelsdigestionbodytemperatureandsoon.Itregulatesallofthesefunctionsona24-hourbasisandiscalledthebiologicalclock.Thebodyclockprogramsustobesleepytwiceadaybetween3-5amandagainbetween3-5pm.Afternoonteaandnapareallculturalresponsestoournaturalbiologicalsleepinessintheafternoon.Oneofthemajorcausesofthetravelersmaladyknownasjetlagisthenon-alignmentofaperson’sinternalbodyclockwithclocksintheexternalworld.Crossingdifferenttimezonesconfusesthebiologicalclockwhichthenhastoadjusttothenewtimeandpatternsoflightandactivity.Tomakemattersmorecomplexnotallinternalbodyfunctionsadjustatthesamerate.Soyoursleep/wakemayadjusttoanewtimezoneatoneratewhileyourtemperatureadjustsatadifferentpace.Yourdigestionmaybeonadifferentschedulealtogether.Thoughweliveina24-hourdaythenaturaltendencyofthebodyclockistoextendourdaybeyond24hours.Itiscontrarytoourbiologicalprogrammingtoshrinkourday.Thatiswhytravelinginawestwarddirectionismorebody-clockfriendlythanflyingeast.NASAstudiesoflonghaulpilotsshowedthatwestwardtravelwasassociatedwithsignificantlybettersleepquantityandqualitythaneastwardflights.Whenflyingwestyouareextendingyourdaythustravelinginthenaturaldirectionofyourinternalclock.Flyingeastwardwillinvolveshrinkingorreducingyourdayandisindirectoppositiontoyourinternalclock’snaturaltendency.Oneofthemorecommoncomplaintsoftravelersisthattheirsleepbecomesdisrupted.Therearemanyreasonsforthis:changingtimezonesandscheduleschanginglightandactivitylevelstryingtosleepwhenyourbodyclockisprogrammedtobeawakedisruptionoftheinternalbiologicalclockandworkinglongerhours.Itisoftensuggestedthatyouadjustyourwatchassoonasyouboardaplanesupposedlytotrytohelpyouadjusttoyourdestination’sscheduleassoonasyouarrive.Butitcantakethebodyclockseveraldaystoseveralweekstofullyadjusttoanewtimezone.Soourbodyclocktrulycangovernus.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasareasonforthedisruptedsleepoftravelers
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Itisabsurdtopredictthatthesunwillnotrisetomorrow.
AHealthProfileAhealthprofileisaportraitofallofthefactorsthatinfluenceyourhealth.Todrawyourhealthprofileyouwill51whatdiseasesruninyourfamilywhathealthhazardsyoumaybeexposedto52workhowyourdaily53comparestotherecommendedstandardshowmuchtimeperweekyou54exercisingandwhattypeofexerciseyouengage55howstressfulyourworkandfamilyenvironmentsarewhatkindsofillnessesyougetregularlyand56ornotyouhaveanyoneofanumberofaddictions.57thisportraityourshouldhaveacheckuptodeterminehowyourbloodheartandlungsarefunctioning.Thischeckupwillserve58abaselinetowhichyoucanthencomparelatertests.59thisprofileisthoroughlydrawnyoucanbegintothinkaboutsettinghealthprioritiesbased60yourparticularportrait.Forexampleifyoudrinktwomartiniseveryeveninghaveahigh-stress61areoverweightsmokeapackofcigarettesadayandusemarijuanaoccasionallyonweekendsyoushouldquitsmokingfirstfollowed62losingtheexcessweightreducingthestressofyourjobgivingupyourmarihuanahabitandthenfinallygivingsome63tothosemartinisifyouwanttopreventfirstcancerandthenheartdisease.Evenfortheyouthfulworkingpersonwhohasneverbeensickadayinhislifewhois64excellenthealthagoodlookatallhealthhabitsandatworkandhomeenvironmentsmaysuggestchangesthatwill65himinthefuture.
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A.Kripke’sresearchtoolB.DangersofhabitualshortagesofsleepC.CriticismonKripke’sreportD.AwayofovercominginsomniaE.SleepproblemsoflongandshortsleepersF.ClassificationofsleepproblemsParagraph6______
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A.Kripke’sresearchtoolB.DangersofhabitualshortagesofsleepC.CriticismonKripke’sreportD.AwayofovercominginsomniaE.SleepproblemsoflongandshortsleepersF.ClassificationofsleepproblemsParagraph4______
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A.fallasleepagainB.becomemoreenergeticthefollowingdayC.sleeplessthan7hoursD.confirmthoseseriousconsequencesE.suffersleepproblemsF.sleepmorethan8hoursLongsleepersarereportedtobemorelikelyto______.
Marylookedpaleandweary.
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HiddenSpeciesMayBeSurprisinglyCommonCrypticspeciesanimalsthatappearidenticalbutaregeneticallyquitedistant--maybemuchmorewidespreadthanpreviouslythought.Thefindingscouldhavemajorimplicationsinareasrangingfrombiodiversityestimatesandwildlifemanagementtoourunderstandingofinfectiousdiseasesandevolution.ReportsofcrypticspecieshaveincreaseddramaticallyoverthepasttwodecadeswiththeadventofrelativelyinexpensiveDNAsequencingtechnology.MarkusPfenningerandKlausSchwenkoftheGoethe-UniversitatinFrankfurtGermanyanalyzedallknowndataoncrypticanimalspeciesanddiscoveredthattheyarefoundinequalproportionsthroughoutallmajorbranchesoftheanimalkingdomandoccurinequalnumbersinallbiogeographiealregions.Scientistshadpreviouslyspeculatedthatcrypticspecieswerepredominantlyfoundininsectsandreptilesandweremorelikelytooccurintropicalratherthantemperateregions.SpeciesthatareseeminglywidespreadandabundantcouldinrealitybemanydifferentcrypticspeciesthathavelowpopulationsandarehighlyendangeredsaysPfenninger.Untilthegeneticinformationofallspeciesinatleastonetaxonisthoroughlystudiednoonewillknowjusthowmanycrypticspeciesexist.Itcouldbeashighas30%Pfenningersays.I’mextremelysurprisedbytheirresultssaysAlexSmithoftheUniversityofGuelphinOntarioCanada.It’sacalltoarmstokeepdoingthebroadkindofgeneticstudiesthatwearedoing.Samplingasmanyindividualsaspossiblescientistshopetocompleteworkonallfishandbirdsinanother5to10years.OnceeitherofthesetaxonomicgroupsiscompletedPfenningersaysresearcherswillbeabletodecidehowmanycrypticspeciesexistthroughouttheanimalkingdom.ExamplesofcrypticspeciesincludetheAfricanelephant.A2001studyfoundtheelephantswereactuallytwogeneticallydistinctnon-interbreedingspeciestheAfricanbushelephantandtheAfricanelephant.ThespeciesarecurrentlylistedasvulnerableandthreatenedrespectivelybytheWorldConservationUnionWCU.Thereclassificationsaremorethananacademicexercise.Theydefinepopulationsthathaveevolvedindependentlyofeachotherandwhosegeneticdifferencescanhavesignificantconsequences.Intheearly1900smisidentificationofmosquitospeciesbasedonmorphologyconfusedattemptstocontrolmalariainEurope.Ultimatelywhatwasthoughttobeasinglespecieswasactuallymadeupofsixsiblingspeciesonlythreeofwhichtransmittedthedisease.ThebasicunitinbiologyisalwaysthespeciesandyouhavetoknowwhatyouaredealingwithPfenningersays.Muchpreviousresearchisnownolongerusedhesaysbecauseitisnotclearwhatspecieswasbeingstudied.WhichofthefollowingabouttheAfricanbushelephantandtheAfricanelephantistrue
Maryhasblendedtheingredients.
A.fallasleepagainB.becomemoreenergeticthefollowingdayC.sleeplessthan7hoursD.confirmthoseseriousconsequencesE.suffersleepproblemsF.sleepmorethan8hoursOnesurveyshowedthatpeoplewhohabitually______eachnighthaveahigherriskofdying.
AHealthProfileAhealthprofileisaportraitofallofthefactorsthatinfluenceyourhealth.Todrawyourhealthprofileyouwill51whatdiseasesruninyourfamilywhathealthhazardsyoumaybeexposedto52workhowyourdaily53comparestotherecommendedstandardshowmuchtimeperweekyou54exercisingandwhattypeofexerciseyouengage55howstressfulyourworkandfamilyenvironmentsarewhatkindsofillnessesyougetregularlyand56ornotyouhaveanyoneofanumberofaddictions.57thisportraityourshouldhaveacheckuptodeterminehowyourbloodheartandlungsarefunctioning.Thischeckupwillserve58abaselinetowhichyoucanthencomparelatertests.59thisprofileisthoroughlydrawnyoucanbegintothinkaboutsettinghealthprioritiesbased60yourparticularportrait.Forexampleifyoudrinktwomartiniseveryeveninghaveahigh-stress61areoverweightsmokeapackofcigarettesadayandusemarijuanaoccasionallyonweekendsyoushouldquitsmokingfirstfollowed62losingtheexcessweightreducingthestressofyourjobgivingupyourmarihuanahabitandthenfinallygivingsome63tothosemartinisifyouwanttopreventfirstcancerandthenheartdisease.Evenfortheyouthfulworkingpersonwhohasneverbeensickadayinhislifewhois64excellenthealthagoodlookatallhealthhabitsandatworkandhomeenvironmentsmaysuggestchangesthatwill65himinthefuture.
StarQualityAnewanti-cheatingsystemforcountingthejudges’scoresiniceskatingisflawedaccordingtoleadingsportsspecialists.Iceskating’sgoverningbodyannouncedthenewruleslastweekafterconcernsthatajudgeattheWinterOlympicsmayhavebeenunfairlyinfluenced.Initiallythejudgesinthepairsfigure-skatingeventattheWinterOlympicsinSaltLakeCityvoted5to4togivethegoldmedaltoaRussianpaireventhoughtheyhadafallduringtheirroutine.ButtheInternationalSkatingUnionsuspendedtheFrenchjudgeforfailingtorevealthatshehadbeenputunderpressuretovotefortheRussians.TheInternationalOlympicsCommitteethendecidedtogiveasecondgoldtotheCanadianrunners-up亚军.TheISUskating’sgoverningbodynowsaysitintendstochangetherules.Infuture14judgeswilljudgeeacheventbutonly7oftheirscores-selectedatrandom-willcount.TheISUwon’tfinallyapprovethenewsystemuntilitmeetsinJunebutalreadyUKSporttheBritishGovernment’ssportsbodyhasexpressedreservations.IremaintobeconvincedthattherandomselectionsystemwouldoffertheguaranteesthateveryoneconcernedwithethicalsportislookingforsaysJerryBinghamUKSport’sheadofethics伦理.ArandomsystemcanstillbemanipulatedsaysMarkDixonaspecialistonsportsstatisticsfromtheRoyalStatisticalSocietyinLondon.Thescoreofoneortwojudgeswhohavebeenhobbled受到贿赂maystillbeinthesevenselected.Manyothersportsthathavejudgesincludingdivinggymnasticsandsynchronizedswimminghaveasystemthatdiscardsthehighestandlowestscores.Ifajudgewasunderpressuretofavouraparticularteamtheywouldtendtogiveitveryhighscoresandmarkdowntheoppositionteamsotheirscoreswouldn’tcount.ItworksfordivingsaysJeffCookamemberoftheinternationalgovernmentbody’stechnicalcommittee.Ifyouremovethoseatthetopandbottomyou’releftwiththoseinthemiddlesoyou’regettingareasonableaverage.Sincethe2000OlympicsinSydneydivinghastightenedupinitssystemstillfurther.Twoseparatepanelsofjudgesscoredifferentroundsofdivingduringtopcompetitions.Neitherpanelknowsthescoresgivenbytheother.WehavedonethistoheadoffanysuggestionofbiassaysCook.BinghamurgedtheISUtoconsiderotheroptions.Thisshouldinvolveexaminingthewayinwhichothersportsdealwiththeproblemofadjudicating裁定onmatterofstyleandpresentationhesays.Whowonthegoldmedalinthepairsfigure-skatingevent
Alotofpeoplecouldfallillafterdrinkingcontaminatedwater.
StarQualityAnewanti-cheatingsystemforcountingthejudges’scoresiniceskatingisflawedaccordingtoleadingsportsspecialists.Iceskating’sgoverningbodyannouncedthenewruleslastweekafterconcernsthatajudgeattheWinterOlympicsmayhavebeenunfairlyinfluenced.Initiallythejudgesinthepairsfigure-skatingeventattheWinterOlympicsinSaltLakeCityvoted5to4togivethegoldmedaltoaRussianpaireventhoughtheyhadafallduringtheirroutine.ButtheInternationalSkatingUnionsuspendedtheFrenchjudgeforfailingtorevealthatshehadbeenputunderpressuretovotefortheRussians.TheInternationalOlympicsCommitteethendecidedtogiveasecondgoldtotheCanadianrunners-up亚军.TheISUskating’sgoverningbodynowsaysitintendstochangetherules.Infuture14judgeswilljudgeeacheventbutonly7oftheirscores-selectedatrandom-willcount.TheISUwon’tfinallyapprovethenewsystemuntilitmeetsinJunebutalreadyUKSporttheBritishGovernment’ssportsbodyhasexpressedreservations.IremaintobeconvincedthattherandomselectionsystemwouldoffertheguaranteesthateveryoneconcernedwithethicalsportislookingforsaysJerryBinghamUKSport’sheadofethics伦理.ArandomsystemcanstillbemanipulatedsaysMarkDixonaspecialistonsportsstatisticsfromtheRoyalStatisticalSocietyinLondon.Thescoreofoneortwojudgeswhohavebeenhobbled受到贿赂maystillbeinthesevenselected.Manyothersportsthathavejudgesincludingdivinggymnasticsandsynchronizedswimminghaveasystemthatdiscardsthehighestandlowestscores.Ifajudgewasunderpressuretofavouraparticularteamtheywouldtendtogiveitveryhighscoresandmarkdowntheoppositionteamsotheirscoreswouldn’tcount.ItworksfordivingsaysJeffCookamemberoftheinternationalgovernmentbody’stechnicalcommittee.Ifyouremovethoseatthetopandbottomyou’releftwiththoseinthemiddlesoyou’regettingareasonableaverage.Sincethe2000OlympicsinSydneydivinghastightenedupinitssystemstillfurther.Twoseparatepanelsofjudgesscoredifferentroundsofdivingduringtopcompetitions.Neitherpanelknowsthescoresgivenbytheother.WehavedonethistoheadoffanysuggestionofbiassaysCook.BinghamurgedtheISUtoconsiderotheroptions.Thisshouldinvolveexaminingthewayinwhichothersportsdealwiththeproblemofadjudicating裁定onmatterofstyleandpresentationhesays.WhatdoesJerryBinghamexpressbysayingIremaintobeconvinced
TheBodyClockWhyisitthatflyingtoNewYorkfromLondonwillleaveyoufeelinglesstiredthanflyingtoLondonfromNewYorkTheanswermaybeaclearcaseofbiologynotbeingabletokeepupwithtechnology.Deepinsidethebrainthereisaclockthatgovernseveryaspectofthebody’sfunctioning:sleepandwakecycleslevelsofalertnessperformancemoodhormonelevelsdigestionbodytemperatureandsoon.Itregulatesallofthesefunctionsona24-hourbasisandiscalledthebiologicalclock.Thebodyclockprogramsustobesleepytwiceadaybetween3-5amandagainbetween3-5pm.Afternoonteaandnapareallculturalresponsestoournaturalbiologicalsleepinessintheafternoon.Oneofthemajorcausesofthetravelersmaladyknownasjetlagisthenon-alignmentofaperson’sinternalbodyclockwithclocksintheexternalworld.Crossingdifferenttimezonesconfusesthebiologicalclockwhichthenhastoadjusttothenewtimeandpatternsoflightandactivity.Tomakemattersmorecomplexnotallinternalbodyfunctionsadjustatthesamerate.Soyoursleep/wakemayadjusttoanewtimezoneatoneratewhileyourtemperatureadjustsatadifferentpace.Yourdigestionmaybeonadifferentschedulealtogether.Thoughweliveina24-hourdaythenaturaltendencyofthebodyclockistoextendourdaybeyond24hours.Itiscontrarytoourbiologicalprogrammingtoshrinkourday.Thatiswhytravelinginawestwarddirectionismorebody-clockfriendlythanflyingeast.NASAstudiesoflonghaulpilotsshowedthatwestwardtravelwasassociatedwithsignificantlybettersleepquantityandqualitythaneastwardflights.Whenflyingwestyouareextendingyourdaythustravelinginthenaturaldirectionofyourinternalclock.Flyingeastwardwillinvolveshrinkingorreducingyourdayandisindirectoppositiontoyourinternalclock’snaturaltendency.Oneofthemorecommoncomplaintsoftravelersisthattheirsleepbecomesdisrupted.Therearemanyreasonsforthis:changingtimezonesandscheduleschanginglightandactivitylevelstryingtosleepwhenyourbodyclockisprogrammedtobeawakedisruptionoftheinternalbiologicalclockandworkinglongerhours.Itisoftensuggestedthatyouadjustyourwatchassoonasyouboardaplanesupposedlytotrytohelpyouadjusttoyourdestination’sscheduleassoonasyouarrive.Butitcantakethebodyclockseveraldaystoseveralweekstofullyadjusttoanewtimezone.Soourbodyclocktrulycangovernus.ThewordmaladyinParagraph4isclosestinmeaningto______.
AHealthProfileAhealthprofileisaportraitofallofthefactorsthatinfluenceyourhealth.Todrawyourhealthprofileyouwill51whatdiseasesruninyourfamilywhathealthhazardsyoumaybeexposedto52workhowyourdaily53comparestotherecommendedstandardshowmuchtimeperweekyou54exercisingandwhattypeofexerciseyouengage55howstressfulyourworkandfamilyenvironmentsarewhatkindsofillnessesyougetregularlyand56ornotyouhaveanyoneofanumberofaddictions.57thisportraityourshouldhaveacheckuptodeterminehowyourbloodheartandlungsarefunctioning.Thischeckupwillserve58abaselinetowhichyoucanthencomparelatertests.59thisprofileisthoroughlydrawnyoucanbegintothinkaboutsettinghealthprioritiesbased60yourparticularportrait.Forexampleifyoudrinktwomartiniseveryeveninghaveahigh-stress61areoverweightsmokeapackofcigarettesadayandusemarijuanaoccasionallyonweekendsyoushouldquitsmokingfirstfollowed62losingtheexcessweightreducingthestressofyourjobgivingupyourmarihuanahabitandthenfinallygivingsome63tothosemartinisifyouwanttopreventfirstcancerandthenheartdisease.Evenfortheyouthfulworkingpersonwhohasneverbeensickadayinhislifewhois64excellenthealthagoodlookatallhealthhabitsandatworkandhomeenvironmentsmaysuggestchangesthatwill65himinthefuture.
EruptionsofMountSaintHelensOnMarch27theUSGovernmentscientistsmadeadecisionaftertheypredictedtheeruptionofMountSaintHelens.Theytelephonedallstateandlocalofficialsintheareaandtoldthemthataseriouseruptionwaspossibleatanytime.Roadswereclosedtoeveryoneexceptscientistsandforestkeepersstruggledtokeepcuriousvisitorsawayfromthemountain.ShortlyafternoononMarch27MountSaintHelenseruptedforthefirsttimein123years.Peoplelivingnorthofthemountainheardaloudboomthatshooktheirwindowsandairlinepilotsflyingnearthevolcanosoonafterwardsdescribedathickblackcolumnofashandsteamshootingmorethan2100metersintothesky.Laterscientistsfoundthattheexplosionhadmadeanewcrater大坑inthetopofthemountainnotfarfromtheoldcrater.Thenorthsideofthepeaknowhadahugebulge凸出部分whererockandicehadbeenpushedoutbytheeruption.AseconderuptionshookthemountainonMarch28.Ittoosentupacolumnofblackashhighintothesky.ByMarch29scientistsflyingoverthemountainsawthatasecondcraterformedabout9metersfromthefirstone.Strangeblueflamesflickered闪烁insidethecraterandsometimesjumpedfromonecratertotheother.ByAprilthemountainhaderuptedseveralmoretimesandthesnowonthenorthslopeofthepeakwasblackwithash.Ashcarriedbythewindhadfallenontownsasfaras240kilometersawayfromMountSaintHelens.DuringthefirstweekofAprilMountSaintHelensgavescientistssomethingnewtoworryabout:harmonictremors震动recordedbyscientistsshowedabigeruptionwouldhappen.AllduringAprilandintoMayMountSaintHelenscontinuedtoshudder震动andshootoutash.ByApril8twocratershadmergedtofromavastholenearlyahalfofakilometerwideand250metersdeep.Scientists’mainworryduringthistimewasthegrowingbulgeofrockandiceonthenorthfaceofthemountain.ByMay7scientistsfearedtheworst.TheirwarningsledWashingtonGovernortosetupsafetyzonesaroundthemountain.Theinnerredzonewasopentoscientistsonly.Theouterbluezonewasopenonlytopeoplewhogotspecialpermits.Butinspiteofthesewarningssomepeoplegotpasttheroadbarriersandriskedtheirlivestryingtogetclosetothevolcano.TheeruptionofMountSaintHelensattractedalargenumberofforeigntourists.
AHealthProfileAhealthprofileisaportraitofallofthefactorsthatinfluenceyourhealth.Todrawyourhealthprofileyouwill51whatdiseasesruninyourfamilywhathealthhazardsyoumaybeexposedto52workhowyourdaily53comparestotherecommendedstandardshowmuchtimeperweekyou54exercisingandwhattypeofexerciseyouengage55howstressfulyourworkandfamilyenvironmentsarewhatkindsofillnessesyougetregularlyand56ornotyouhaveanyoneofanumberofaddictions.57thisportraityourshouldhaveacheckuptodeterminehowyourbloodheartandlungsarefunctioning.Thischeckupwillserve58abaselinetowhichyoucanthencomparelatertests.59thisprofileisthoroughlydrawnyoucanbegintothinkaboutsettinghealthprioritiesbased60yourparticularportrait.Forexampleifyoudrinktwomartiniseveryeveninghaveahigh-stress61areoverweightsmokeapackofcigarettesadayandusemarijuanaoccasionallyonweekendsyoushouldquitsmokingfirstfollowed62losingtheexcessweightreducingthestressofyourjobgivingupyourmarihuanahabitandthenfinallygivingsome63tothosemartinisifyouwanttopreventfirstcancerandthenheartdisease.Evenfortheyouthfulworkingpersonwhohasneverbeensickadayinhislifewhois64excellenthealthagoodlookatallhealthhabitsandatworkandhomeenvironmentsmaysuggestchangesthatwill65himinthefuture.
Theyagreedtomodifytheirpolicy.
Thedentisthasdecidedtoextractherbadtooth.
EruptionsofMountSaintHelensOnMarch27theUSGovernmentscientistsmadeadecisionaftertheypredictedtheeruptionofMountSaintHelens.Theytelephonedallstateandlocalofficialsintheareaandtoldthemthataseriouseruptionwaspossibleatanytime.Roadswereclosedtoeveryoneexceptscientistsandforestkeepersstruggledtokeepcuriousvisitorsawayfromthemountain.ShortlyafternoononMarch27MountSaintHelenseruptedforthefirsttimein123years.Peoplelivingnorthofthemountainheardaloudboomthatshooktheirwindowsandairlinepilotsflyingnearthevolcanosoonafterwardsdescribedathickblackcolumnofashandsteamshootingmorethan2100metersintothesky.Laterscientistsfoundthattheexplosionhadmadeanewcrater大坑inthetopofthemountainnotfarfromtheoldcrater.Thenorthsideofthepeaknowhadahugebulge凸出部分whererockandicehadbeenpushedoutbytheeruption.AseconderuptionshookthemountainonMarch28.Ittoosentupacolumnofblackashhighintothesky.ByMarch29scientistsflyingoverthemountainsawthatasecondcraterformedabout9metersfromthefirstone.Strangeblueflamesflickered闪烁insidethecraterandsometimesjumpedfromonecratertotheother.ByAprilthemountainhaderuptedseveralmoretimesandthesnowonthenorthslopeofthepeakwasblackwithash.Ashcarriedbythewindhadfallenontownsasfaras240kilometersawayfromMountSaintHelens.DuringthefirstweekofAprilMountSaintHelensgavescientistssomethingnewtoworryabout:harmonictremors震动recordedbyscientistsshowedabigeruptionwouldhappen.AllduringAprilandintoMayMountSaintHelenscontinuedtoshudder震动andshootoutash.ByApril8twocratershadmergedtofromavastholenearlyahalfofakilometerwideand250metersdeep.Scientists’mainworryduringthistimewasthegrowingbulgeofrockandiceonthenorthfaceofthemountain.ByMay7scientistsfearedtheworst.TheirwarningsledWashingtonGovernortosetupsafetyzonesaroundthemountain.Theinnerredzonewasopentoscientistsonly.Theouterbluezonewasopenonlytopeoplewhogotspecialpermits.Butinspiteofthesewarningssomepeoplegotpasttheroadbarriersandriskedtheirlivestryingtogetclosetothevolcano.TwoscientistslosttheirlivesduringtheseconderuptionofMountSaintHelens.
"Hidden"SpeciesMayBeSurprisinglyCommon Crypticspeciesanimalsthatappearidenticalbutaregeneticallyquitedistant--maybemuchmorewidespreadthanpreviouslythought.Thefindingscouldhavemajorimplicationsinareasrangingfrombiodiversityestimatesandwildlifemanagementtoourunderstandingofinfectiousdiseasesandevolution. ReportsofcrypticspecieshaveincreaseddramaticallyoverthepasttwodecadeswiththeadventofrelativelyinexpensiveDNAsequencingtechnology.MarkusPfenningerandKlausSchwenkoftheGoethe-UniversitatinFrankfurtGermanyanalyzedallknowndataoncrypticanimalspeciesanddiscoveredthattheyarefoundinequalproportionsthroughoutallmajorbranchesoftheanimalkingdomandoccurinequalnumbersinallbiogeographiealregions. Scientistshadpreviouslyspeculatedthatcrypticspecieswerepredominantlyfoundininsectsandreptilesandweremorelikelytooccurintropicalratherthantemperateregions."Speciesthatareseeminglywidespreadandabundantcouldinrealitybemanydifferentcrypticspeciesthathavelowpopulationsandarehighlyendangered"saysPfenninger.Untilthegeneticinformationofallspeciesinatleastonetaxonisthoroughlystudiednoonewillknowjusthowmanycrypticspeciesexist."Itcouldbeashighas30%"Pfenningersays. "I’mextremelysurprisedbytheirresults"saysAlexSmithoftheUniversityofGuelphinOntarioCanada."It’sacalltoarmstokeepdoingthebroadkindofgeneticstudiesthatwearedoing." Samplingasmanyindividualsaspossiblescientistshopetocompleteworkonallfishandbirdsinanother5to10years.OnceeitherofthesetaxonomicgroupsiscompletedPfenningersaysresearcherswillbeabletodecidehowmanycrypticspeciesexistthroughouttheanimalkingdom. ExamplesofcrypticspeciesincludetheAfricanelephant.A2001studyfoundtheelephantswereactuallytwogeneticallydistinctnon-interbreedingspeciestheAfricanbushelephantandtheAfricanelephant.ThespeciesarecurrentlylistedasvulnerableandthreatenedrespectivelybytheWorldConservationUnionWCU. Thereclassificationsaremorethananacademicexercise.Theydefinepopulationsthathaveevolvedindependentlyofeachotherandwhosegeneticdifferencescanhavesignificantconsequences. Intheearly1900smisidentificationofmosquitospeciesbasedonmorphologyconfusedattemptstocontrolmalariainEurope.Ultimatelywhatwasthoughttobeasinglespecieswasactuallymadeupofsixsiblingspeciesonlythreeofwhichtransmittedthedisease."Thebasicunitinbiologyisalwaysthespeciesandyouhavetoknowwhatyouaredealingwith"Pfenningersays.Muchpreviousresearchisnownolongerusedhesaysbecauseitisnotclearwhatspecieswasbeingstudied. Whatwasscientists’understandingofcrypticspecies.
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