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1862年，第一所洋务学堂( )在北京设立。
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洋务派创办的第一所新式学堂是
京师大学堂
京师同文馆
时务学堂
国子监
1862年成立的是洋务派创办的第一所新式学堂新文化运动中先进知识分子以杂志为主要阵地宣传新思想
1862年在北京设立了这是中国政府自行创办的第一代近代新式学堂
京师同文馆
上海方言馆
广州同文馆
台湾西学馆
洋务运动时期中国开始创办新式学堂其中_______________是这一时期创办的第一所新式学堂戊戌
1898年作为戊戌变法的新政之一清政府在北京设立了一所新式学堂广育人才讲求实务这所新式学堂是
万木草堂
京师大学堂
清华大学
复旦大学
京师同文馆是洋务派创办的第一所新式学堂它创立于
1861年
1862年
1895年
1912年
洋务派创办的第一个新式学堂是它创办于1862年它以培养外语翻译和外交人才为宗旨
北京大学创办于1898年初名京师大学堂是第一所国立综合性大学于1912年改现名
洋务运动时由于民用企业的开办急需技术人才国家开办了专业技术学堂各大企业自己也都举办附属的技术学校其中
上海江南制造局
福州马尾船政局
天津水师学堂
天津武备学堂
洋务派创办的第一所新式学堂是______l894年孙中山建立的第一个革命团体是_________
在近代中国教育改革中洋务运动时创办的京师大学堂是国家设立的第一所高等学府
1862年成立的___________是洋务派创办的第一所新式学堂孙中山建立的第一个资产阶级革命团体
1862年洋务派创办的第一所新式学堂是
白鹿书院
万木草堂
京师同文馆
实务学堂
洋务运动前期的口号是________后期的口号是_______1862年洋务派创办的第一所新式学堂是
中国近代第一所新式学校是创建于1862年的中国最早的近代技术学校是1866年左宗棠设立的又称求是堂艺
下图所示是中国近代第一所国家建立的最高学府后改名为北京大学该大学堂设立于
洋务运动期间
戊戌变法时期
新文化运动时期
北伐战争时期
下列关于京师同文馆的叙述中不正确的是
是洋务派为适应办夷务对外语人才的需要而创办的第一所外国语学校
1862年经奕譞等奏准设立，直属__衙门
最初的招收对象是十四岁以下的八旗子弟
1902年并入京师大学堂
1862年成立的京师同文馆是洋务派创办的中国近代第一所新式学堂
是1862年洋务派创办的第一所新式学堂年清政府宣布废除科举制度建立起新式教育体制
中国近代第一所新式学堂是1862年设立的
天津西学学堂
京师大学堂
天津水师学堂
京师同文馆
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Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly; 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3stateyourpointsofview. YonshouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.AccordingtotheauthoronceonMarsastronautsgeologistsandbiologists
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Text3 Fatehasnotbeenkindtothewestern greywhale.Itsnumbershavedwindledto130orsoleavingitcritically endangeredintheeyesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof Nature.Fishing-netsspeedingshipspollutionandcoastaldevelopmentthreaten thefewthatremain.Mostrecentlydrillingforoilandgasintheirmain summerfeedinggroundsnearSakhalinislandoffRussia’sPacificcoasthas broughtfreshrisksforthelucklesscreatures.Yettherushtodevelop Sakhalin’soffshorefieldsmayyetbethesaviourofthespecies. Whendrillingwasfirstdiscussedinthe1990sthereweremuted complaints.WhenaconsortiumcalledSakhalin.EnergyledbyRoyalDutchShell announcedplanstobuildanoilplatformandlaypipelinesintheonlybaywhere thewhaleswereknowntocongregatetheseprotestsproliferated. Inresponsetheconsortiumestablishedanindependentpaneltoadviseit onhowbesttoprotectthewhalesandpromisedtofunditswork.Itsubsequently agreedtochangetherouteofthepipelineatthepanel’ssuggestionalthough itrefusedtomovetheplatformasothercriticshaddemanded.Italsoagreed eithertofollowthepanel’srecommendationsinfutureortoexplainpublicly whyitwasrejectingthem.Theplatformsandpipelinesarenow complete.SakhalinEnergyexporteditsfirstcargoofliquefiednaturalgaslast week.TheprojectsaysShellisanengineeringtriumphandacommercial successdespiteallthecontroversy.Buthasitbeenasuccess forthewhalesSakhalinEnergysaystheirnumberseemstobegrowingby2.5%a yearalthoughIanCraigthefirm’sbossadmitsthatthecausemightbe greaterscrutinyratherthanpopulationgrowth.Thescientistsonthepanel stillseemworried.Theycomplainthatthefirmhasnotalwaysprovidedthe informationtheyneedtoassessthethreattothewhales.Italsohasnotalways followedadvicethescientists’adviceabouthownoisyconstructionmightscare theanimalsawayforexampleorthespeedthatboatsshouldtraveltominimize theriskofhittingthewhales.Thescientistswarnthatthelossofjustafew fertilefemaleswouldbeenoughtotipthepopulationintoirrevocabledecline. Lastsummerthereseemedtobefarfewerwhalesaroundthannormal. OntheotherhandthepanelknowsthisonlybecauseSakhalinEnergyfunds lotsofresearchonthewhales.Asaresultithasdiscoveredthattheyhavea widerrangethanoriginallythoughtwhichmightexplainwhysofewofthem showedupoffSakhalinislandlastyear.Thereforeitishard toescapetheconclusionthatforcreatureswithalotassorryasthewestern greywhaleanearbyoilprojectissomethingofa blessing.ToeasetheprotestagainstitsprojectsSakhalinEnergy
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.GeorgeBush’scomparisonofLewisandClark’sexpeditionandaMarsmissionismentioned
Text2 Inalmostallcasesthesoftpartsof fossilsaregoneforeverbuttheywerefittedaroundorwithinthehardparts. Manyofthemalsowereattachedtothehardpartsandusuallysuchattachments arevisibleasdepressedorelevatedareasridgesorgroovessmoothorrough patchesonthehardparts.Themusclesmostimportantfortheactivitiesofthe animalandmostevidentintheappearanceofthelivinganimalarethose attachedtothehardpartsandpossibletoreconstructfromtheirattachments. Muchcanbelearnedaboutavanishedbrainfromtheinsideoftheskullinwhich itwaslodged.Restorationoftheexternalappearanceofan extinctanimalhaslittleornoscientificvalue.Itdoesnotevenhelpin inferringwhattheactivitiesofthelivinganimalwerehowfastitcouldrun whatitsfoodwasorsuchotherconclusionsasareimportantforthehistoryof life.Howeverwhatmostpeoplewanttoknowaboutextinctanimalsiswhatthey lookedlikewhentheywerealive.Scientistsalsowouldliketoknow.Things likefossilshellspresentnogreatproblemasarulebecausethehardparts areexternalwhentheanimalisaliveandtheouterappearanceisactually preservedinthefossils.Animalsinwhichtheskeletonis internalpresentgreatproblemsofrestorationandhonestrestorersadmitthat theyoftenhavetouseconsiderableguessing.Thegeneralshapeandcontoursof thebodyarefixedbytheskeletonandbymusclesattachedtotheskeletonbut surfacefeatureswhichmaygivetheanimalitsreallycharacteristiclookare seldomrestorablewithanyrealprobabilityofaccuracy.Thepresentoftenhelps tointerpretthepast.Anextinctanimalpresumablylookedmoreorlesslikeits livingrelativesifithasany.Thishowevermaybequiteequivocal.For exampleextinctmembersofthehorsefamilyareusuallyrestoredtolook somewhatlikethemostfamiliarlivinghorses—domestichorsesandtheir closestwildrelatives.Itishoweverpossibleandevenprobablethatmany extincthorseswerestripedlikezebras.Iflionsandtigerswereextinctthey wouldberestoredtolookexactlyalike.Nolivingelephantshavemuchhairand mammothswhichareextinctelephantswoulddoubtlessberestoredashairless ifwedidnothappentoknowthattheyhadthickwoollycoats.Weknowthis onlybecausemammothsaresorecentlyextinctthatprehistoricmendrewpictures ofthemandthatthehideandhairhaveactuallybeenfoundinafewspecimens. Forolderextinctanimalswehavenosuchclues.Afossilizedanimal’sexternalappearanceisstillreconstructedto
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
Text2 Inalmostallcasesthesoftpartsof fossilsaregoneforeverbuttheywerefittedaroundorwithinthehardparts. Manyofthemalsowereattachedtothehardpartsandusuallysuchattachments arevisibleasdepressedorelevatedareasridgesorgroovessmoothorrough patchesonthehardparts.Themusclesmostimportantfortheactivitiesofthe animalandmostevidentintheappearanceofthelivinganimalarethose attachedtothehardpartsandpossibletoreconstructfromtheirattachments. Muchcanbelearnedaboutavanishedbrainfromtheinsideoftheskullinwhich itwaslodged.Restorationoftheexternalappearanceofan extinctanimalhaslittleornoscientificvalue.Itdoesnotevenhelpin inferringwhattheactivitiesofthelivinganimalwerehowfastitcouldrun whatitsfoodwasorsuchotherconclusionsasareimportantforthehistoryof life.Howeverwhatmostpeoplewanttoknowaboutextinctanimalsiswhatthey lookedlikewhentheywerealive.Scientistsalsowouldliketoknow.Things likefossilshellspresentnogreatproblemasarulebecausethehardparts areexternalwhentheanimalisaliveandtheouterappearanceisactually preservedinthefossils.Animalsinwhichtheskeletonis internalpresentgreatproblemsofrestorationandhonestrestorersadmitthat theyoftenhavetouseconsiderableguessing.Thegeneralshapeandcontoursof thebodyarefixedbytheskeletonandbymusclesattachedtotheskeletonbut surfacefeatureswhichmaygivetheanimalitsreallycharacteristiclookare seldomrestorablewithanyrealprobabilityofaccuracy.Thepresentoftenhelps tointerpretthepast.Anextinctanimalpresumablylookedmoreorlesslikeits livingrelativesifithasany.Thishowevermaybequiteequivocal.For exampleextinctmembersofthehorsefamilyareusuallyrestoredtolook somewhatlikethemostfamiliarlivinghorses—domestichorsesandtheir closestwildrelatives.Itishoweverpossibleandevenprobablethatmany extincthorseswerestripedlikezebras.Iflionsandtigerswereextinctthey wouldberestoredtolookexactlyalike.Nolivingelephantshavemuchhairand mammothswhichareextinctelephantswoulddoubtlessberestoredashairless ifwedidnothappentoknowthattheyhadthickwoollycoats.Weknowthis onlybecausemammothsaresorecentlyextinctthatprehistoricmendrewpictures ofthemandthatthehideandhairhaveactuallybeenfoundinafewspecimens. Forolderextinctanimalswehavenosuchclues.Accordingtothethirdparagraphwhichofthefollowingistrue
Text1 Everylivingthinghasaninner biologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Theclockworksallthetime;evenwhen therearenooutsidesignstomarkthepassingoftime.Thebiologicalclock tellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen.Ittells insectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonandflyaway.Andittellsanimals whentoeatsleepandwake.Itcontrolsbodytemperaturethereleaseofsome hormonesandevendreams.Thesenaturaldailyeventsarecircadian rhythms.Manhasknownaboutthemforthousandsofyears.But thefirstscientificobservationofcircadianrhythmswasnotmadeuntil1729. InthatyearaFrenchastronomerJeanJacquesd’OrtousdeMairannotedthat oneofhisplantsopeneditsleavesatthesametimeeverymorningandclosed thematthesametimeeverynight.Theplantdidthisevenwhenhekeptitina darkplaceallthetime.Laterscientistswonderedabout circadianrhythmsinhumans.Theylearnedthatman’sbiologicalclockactually keepstimewithadayofalittlelessthan25hoursinsteadofthe24hourson aman-madeclock.AboutfouryearsagoanAmericandoctor EliotWeitzmanestablishedalaboratorytostudyhowourbiologicalclock works.Thepeopleinhisexperimentsareshutofffromtheoutsideworld.They arefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.Dr.Weitzmanhopes hisresearchwillleadtoeffectivetreatmentsforcommonsleepproblemsand sleepdisorderscausedbyageingandmentalillness.The laboratoryisintheMontefioreHospitalinNewYorkCity.Ithastwoliving areaswiththreesmallroomsineach.Thewindowsarecoveredsonosunlightor moonlightcomesin.Therearenoradiosortelevisionreceivers.Thereisa controlroombetweenthelivingareas.Itcontainscomputersone-waycameras andotherelectronicdevicesforobservingthepersoninthelivingarea.A doctorormedicaltechnicianisondutyinthecontrolroom24hoursaday duringanexperiment.Theydonotworkthesametimeeachdayandarenot permittedtowearwatchessothepersonintheexperimenthasnoideawhattime itis.InthefirstfouryearsofresearchDr.Weitzmanandhis assistanthaveobserved16menbetweentheagesof21and80.Themenremained inthelaboratoryforaslongassixmonths.Lastmonthasciencereporterfor TheNewYorkTimesnewspaperDavaSobelbecamethefirstwomantotakepart intheexperiment.SheenteredthelaboratoryonJune13thandstayedfor25 days.MissSobelwrotereportsabouttheexperimentduringthattimewhichwere publishedinthenewspaper.IntheexperimentconductedbyDr.Weitzmanthedoctorondutydoesn’tworkthesametimeeachday
Text1 Everylivingthinghasaninner biologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Theclockworksallthetime;evenwhen therearenooutsidesignstomarkthepassingoftime.Thebiologicalclock tellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen.Ittells insectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonandflyaway.Andittellsanimals whentoeatsleepandwake.Itcontrolsbodytemperaturethereleaseofsome hormonesandevendreams.Thesenaturaldailyeventsarecircadian rhythms.Manhasknownaboutthemforthousandsofyears.But thefirstscientificobservationofcircadianrhythmswasnotmadeuntil1729. InthatyearaFrenchastronomerJeanJacquesd’OrtousdeMairannotedthat oneofhisplantsopeneditsleavesatthesametimeeverymorningandclosed thematthesametimeeverynight.Theplantdidthisevenwhenhekeptitina darkplaceallthetime.Laterscientistswonderedabout circadianrhythmsinhumans.Theylearnedthatman’sbiologicalclockactually keepstimewithadayofalittlelessthan25hoursinsteadofthe24hourson aman-madeclock.AboutfouryearsagoanAmericandoctor EliotWeitzmanestablishedalaboratorytostudyhowourbiologicalclock works.Thepeopleinhisexperimentsareshutofffromtheoutsideworld.They arefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.Dr.Weitzmanhopes hisresearchwillleadtoeffectivetreatmentsforcommonsleepproblemsand sleepdisorderscausedbyageingandmentalillness.The laboratoryisintheMontefioreHospitalinNewYorkCity.Ithastwoliving areaswiththreesmallroomsineach.Thewindowsarecoveredsonosunlightor moonlightcomesin.Therearenoradiosortelevisionreceivers.Thereisa controlroombetweenthelivingareas.Itcontainscomputersone-waycameras andotherelectronicdevicesforobservingthepersoninthelivingarea.A doctorormedicaltechnicianisondutyinthecontrolroom24hoursaday duringanexperiment.Theydonotworkthesametimeeachdayandarenot permittedtowearwatchessothepersonintheexperimenthasnoideawhattime itis.InthefirstfouryearsofresearchDr.Weitzmanandhis assistanthaveobserved16menbetweentheagesof21and80.Themenremained inthelaboratoryforaslongassixmonths.Lastmonthasciencereporterfor TheNewYorkTimesnewspaperDavaSobelbecamethefirstwomantotakepart intheexperiment.SheenteredthelaboratoryonJune13thandstayedfor25 days.MissSobelwrotereportsabouttheexperimentduringthattimewhichwere publishedinthenewspaper.InhisobservationtheFrenchastronomernoticedthattheleavesofacertainplantmaintaineditsopening-and-closingcycles
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text3 Fatehasnotbeenkindtothewestern greywhale.Itsnumbershavedwindledto130orsoleavingitcritically endangeredintheeyesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof Nature.Fishing-netsspeedingshipspollutionandcoastaldevelopmentthreaten thefewthatremain.Mostrecentlydrillingforoilandgasintheirmain summerfeedinggroundsnearSakhalinislandoffRussia’sPacificcoasthas broughtfreshrisksforthelucklesscreatures.Yettherushtodevelop Sakhalin’soffshorefieldsmayyetbethesaviourofthespecies. Whendrillingwasfirstdiscussedinthe1990sthereweremuted complaints.WhenaconsortiumcalledSakhalin.EnergyledbyRoyalDutchShell announcedplanstobuildanoilplatformandlaypipelinesintheonlybaywhere thewhaleswereknowntocongregatetheseprotestsproliferated. Inresponsetheconsortiumestablishedanindependentpaneltoadviseit onhowbesttoprotectthewhalesandpromisedtofunditswork.Itsubsequently agreedtochangetherouteofthepipelineatthepanel’ssuggestionalthough itrefusedtomovetheplatformasothercriticshaddemanded.Italsoagreed eithertofollowthepanel’srecommendationsinfutureortoexplainpublicly whyitwasrejectingthem.Theplatformsandpipelinesarenow complete.SakhalinEnergyexporteditsfirstcargoofliquefiednaturalgaslast week.TheprojectsaysShellisanengineeringtriumphandacommercial successdespiteallthecontroversy.Buthasitbeenasuccess forthewhalesSakhalinEnergysaystheirnumberseemstobegrowingby2.5%a yearalthoughIanCraigthefirm’sbossadmitsthatthecausemightbe greaterscrutinyratherthanpopulationgrowth.Thescientistsonthepanel stillseemworried.Theycomplainthatthefirmhasnotalwaysprovidedthe informationtheyneedtoassessthethreattothewhales.Italsohasnotalways followedadvicethescientists’adviceabouthownoisyconstructionmightscare theanimalsawayforexampleorthespeedthatboatsshouldtraveltominimize theriskofhittingthewhales.Thescientistswarnthatthelossofjustafew fertilefemaleswouldbeenoughtotipthepopulationintoirrevocabledecline. Lastsummerthereseemedtobefarfewerwhalesaroundthannormal. OntheotherhandthepanelknowsthisonlybecauseSakhalinEnergyfunds lotsofresearchonthewhales.Asaresultithasdiscoveredthattheyhavea widerrangethanoriginallythoughtwhichmightexplainwhysofewofthem showedupoffSakhalinislandlastyear.Thereforeitishard toescapetheconclusionthatforcreatureswithalotassorryasthewestern greywhaleanearbyoilprojectissomethingofa blessing.Scientistsaresurethat
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text2 Inalmostallcasesthesoftpartsof fossilsaregoneforeverbuttheywerefittedaroundorwithinthehardparts. Manyofthemalsowereattachedtothehardpartsandusuallysuchattachments arevisibleasdepressedorelevatedareasridgesorgroovessmoothorrough patchesonthehardparts.Themusclesmostimportantfortheactivitiesofthe animalandmostevidentintheappearanceofthelivinganimalarethose attachedtothehardpartsandpossibletoreconstructfromtheirattachments. Muchcanbelearnedaboutavanishedbrainfromtheinsideoftheskullinwhich itwaslodged.Restorationoftheexternalappearanceofan extinctanimalhaslittleornoscientificvalue.Itdoesnotevenhelpin inferringwhattheactivitiesofthelivinganimalwerehowfastitcouldrun whatitsfoodwasorsuchotherconclusionsasareimportantforthehistoryof life.Howeverwhatmostpeoplewanttoknowaboutextinctanimalsiswhatthey lookedlikewhentheywerealive.Scientistsalsowouldliketoknow.Things likefossilshellspresentnogreatproblemasarulebecausethehardparts areexternalwhentheanimalisaliveandtheouterappearanceisactually preservedinthefossils.Animalsinwhichtheskeletonis internalpresentgreatproblemsofrestorationandhonestrestorersadmitthat theyoftenhavetouseconsiderableguessing.Thegeneralshapeandcontoursof thebodyarefixedbytheskeletonandbymusclesattachedtotheskeletonbut surfacefeatureswhichmaygivetheanimalitsreallycharacteristiclookare seldomrestorablewithanyrealprobabilityofaccuracy.Thepresentoftenhelps tointerpretthepast.Anextinctanimalpresumablylookedmoreorlesslikeits livingrelativesifithasany.Thishowevermaybequiteequivocal.For exampleextinctmembersofthehorsefamilyareusuallyrestoredtolook somewhatlikethemostfamiliarlivinghorses—domestichorsesandtheir closestwildrelatives.Itishoweverpossibleandevenprobablethatmany extincthorseswerestripedlikezebras.Iflionsandtigerswereextinctthey wouldberestoredtolookexactlyalike.Nolivingelephantshavemuchhairand mammothswhichareextinctelephantswoulddoubtlessberestoredashairless ifwedidnothappentoknowthattheyhadthickwoollycoats.Weknowthis onlybecausemammothsaresorecentlyextinctthatprehistoricmendrewpictures ofthemandthatthehideandhairhaveactuallybeenfoundinafewspecimens. Forolderextinctanimalswehavenosuchclues.Accordingtothepassagethesoftpartoffossilizedanimals
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidely regardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1 onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisat presentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotake acommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthof this.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheir newspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbe consideredquite4.5 thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich oncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6 .IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa 7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivena chancehewilltalkaboutit8.Some peoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9 forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10 toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11a Britishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafter promisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong 13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoall districts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—as theweathermeninhis14.Foreignersmay besurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthat theBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday. Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentson theweather.Nicedayisn’titBeautiful!maywellbeheardinsteadof GoodmorninghowareyouAlthoughtheforeignermayconsiderthis exaggeratedandcomicitis18.pointingoutthatitcould beusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbut isatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowellto mentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20 ananswerfromeventhemostreservedofthe British.
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