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James Shapiro follows his award-winning book on William Shakespeare, 1599, which came out in 2005, w...
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Directions: PaulreceivedthegirlTheEnglish-Chinese
PartA Directions: Jameswantstosendagifttohisfrien
28.MoreThanaGameadocumentarywhichfollowsNBAstarLeB
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HisnameisJamesbuthecalls______Jim.
himself
him
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divorced his wife
liked to drink.
deserted his family
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JamesShapirofollowshisaward-winningbookonWillia
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Clinicaldepressionisaseriousailmentbutalmosteveryonegetsmildlydepressedfromtimetotime.RandolphNesseapsychologistandresearcherinevolutionarymedicineattheUniversityofMichiganlikenstherelationshipbetweenmildandclinicaldepressiontotheonebetweennormalandchronicpain.46Heseesbothpainandlowmoodaswarningmechanismsandthinksthatjustasunderstandingchronicpainmeansfirstunderstandingnormalpainsounderstandingclinicaldepressionmeansunderstandingmilddepression. Dr.Nesse’shypothesisisthataspainstopsyoudoingdamagingphysicalthingssolowmoodstopsyoudoingdamagingmentalones—inparticularpursuingunreachablegoals.Pursuingsuchgoalsisawasteofenergyandresources.47Thereforehearguesthereislikelytobeanevolvedmechanismthatidentifiescertaingoalsasunattainableandinhibitstheirpursuit—andhebelievesthatlowmoodisatleastpartofthatmechanism. ItisaneathypothesisbutisittrueAstudypublishedinthismonth’sissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychologysuggestsitmightbe.CarstenWroschfromConcordiaUniversityinMontrealandGregoryMilleroftheUniversityofBritishColumbiastudieddepressioninteenagegirls.Theirconclusionwasthatthosewhoexperiencedmilddepressivesymptomscouldindeeddisengagemoreeasilyfromunreachablegoals.ThatsupportsDr.Nesse’shypothesis.48Butthenewstudyalsofoundaremarkablecorollary:thosegirlswhocoulddisengagefromtheunattainableprovedlesslikelytosuffermoreseriousdepressioninthelongrun. Milddepressivesymptomscanthereforebeseenasanaturalpartofdealingwithfailureinyoungadulthood.49Theysetinwhenagoalisidentifiedasunreachableandleadtoadeclineinmotivationandinthisperiodoflowmotivationenergyissavedandnewgoalscanbefound.Ifthismechanismdoesnotfunctionproperlythoughseveredepressioncanbetheconsequence. Dr.NessebelievesthatpersistenceisareasonfortheexceptionallevelofclinicaldepressioninAmerica—thecountrythathasthehighestdepressionrate-intheworld.50”PersistenceispartoftheAmericanwayoflife”hesays.“Peoplehereareoftendriventopursueoverlyambitiousgoalswhichthencanleadtodepression.”Headmitsthatthisisstillanunprovenhypothesisbutitisoneworthconsidering.Depressionmayturnouttoheaninevitablepriceoflivinginadynamicsociety. 48
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 8
Farm-raisedpigsaredirtysmellyanimalsthatgetnorespect.They’realsoanenvironmentalhazard.Theirmanurecontainsphosphoruswhichwhenitrainsrunsoffintolakesandestuariesdepletingoxygenkillingfishstimulatingalgaeovergrowthandemittinggreenhousegases. 41.______.Pigsprovidemoredietaryproteinmorecheaplytomorepeoplethananyotheranimal.NorthernEuropestillmaintainsthehighestpig-to-humanratiointheworld2-1inDen-markbutEastAsiaiscatchingup.Duringthe1990sporkproductiondoubledinVietnamandgrewby70percentinChina—alongdenselypopulatedcoastlinespigdensityexceeds100animalspersquarekilometer.Theresultingpollutionis“threateningfragilecoastalmarinehabitatsincludingmangrovescoralreefsandseagrasses”accordingtoareportreleasedinFebruarybytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations. Asitturnsoutthereisasolutiontothepigproblembutitrequiresachangeofmind-setamongenvironmentalistsandthepublic.42.______. TheEnviropigisoneofmanynewtechnologiesthatareputtingenvironmentalistsandorganic-foodproponentsinaquandary:shouldtheyremaincategoricallyopposedtogeneticallymodifiedGMfoodsevenattheexpenseoftheenvironment43.______.ThemostsignificantGMapplicationswillbeonesthathelpalleviatetheproblemofagriculturewhichaccountsfor38percentoftheworld’slandmassandiscrowdingoutnaturalecosystemsandspecieshabitats.GMcropsthatcanbeproducedmoreefficientlywouldallowustoreturnlandtonature. 44.______.U.S.DepartmentofAgriculturescientistEliotHermanhasalreadycreatedaless-allergenicsoybean—animportantcropforbabyfoods.ThroughgeneticsurgeryHermanturnedoffthesoygeneresponsiblefor65percentofallergicreactions.NotonlywasthemodifiedsoylessallergenicintestsbutasHermanexplained“theyieldlooksperfectlynormalplantsdevelopandgrowatanormalrateandtheyseemtohavethesamekindsofproteinoilandothergoodstuffinthem.”Otherscientistshavereportedpromisingresultsinshuttingoffallergy-causinggenesinpeanutsandshrimp.Shouldtheseadvancesbeturnedintoproductsorganicsoyorpeanutproductswillbecertifiablymoredangeroustohumanhealththancomparablenonorganicproducts. 45.______.Inthisclimatemuchoftheneededresearchisn’tbeingpursued.Chancesarefarmerswillcontinuetogrowtheirpollutingorganicporktheirallergenicorganicsoyandtheirneurotoxin-sprayedorganicapples.Worsestilltheywillmakesurethatnooneelsegetsachoiceinthematterofimprovingtheconditionsoflifeonearth—unlessthatisothersriseupanddemandanalternative. [A]TwoCanadianscientistshavecreatedapigwhosemanuredoesn’tcontainverymuchphosphorusatall.Ifthisvarietyofpigwereadoptedwidelyitcouldgreatlyreduceamajorsourceofpollution.ButtheEnviropigastheycallitistheproductofgeneticmodification—whichisanathematomanyWesterners. [B]Infactalthoughallcommonlyusedpesticidesdissipatesoquicklythattheyposeaminisculehealthrisktoconsumersallergicfoodreactionstonaturalproductskillhundredsofchildreneachyear.Geneticallymodifiedfoodscouldgreatlyreducethisrisk. [C]CanadianbiologistsCecilForsbergandJohnPhillipsforinstancehaveconstructedanovelDNAmoleculethatwhenplantedinapigembryoimbuestheEnviropigwiththeabilitytosecreteaphosphorusextractingenzymeinitssaliva.Theresultssofararedramatic—thenewpigscanextractallthephosphorustheyneedfromgrainalonewithoutthephosphorussupplementsthatfarmersnowuse.Thisreducesthephosphoruscontentoftheirmanurebyupto75percent. [D]Doingawaywiththepigisnotanoption. [E]Pigscanalsobemodifiedtodigestgrassesandhayascowsandsheepdoreducingtheenergy-intensiveuseofcornaspigfeed.Elsewheretreesgrownforpapercouldbemadeamenabletomuchmoreefficientprocessingofthepublichavebeenledtobelievethatallgeneticmodificationscreatehealthrisks. 42
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 4
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 20
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstillours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstillours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution.
Clinicaldepressionisaseriousailmentbutalmosteveryonegetsmildlydepressedfromtimetotime.RandolphNesseapsychologistandresearcherinevolutionarymedicineattheUniversityofMichiganlikenstherelationshipbetweenmildandclinicaldepressiontotheonebetweennormalandchronicpain.46Heseesbothpainandlowmoodaswarningmechanismsandthinksthatjustasunderstandingchronicpainmeansfirstunderstandingnormalpainsounderstandingclinicaldepressionmeansunderstandingmilddepression. Dr.Nesse’shypothesisisthataspainstopsyoudoingdamagingphysicalthingssolowmoodstopsyoudoingdamagingmentalones—inparticularpursuingunreachablegoals.Pursuingsuchgoalsisawasteofenergyandresources.47Thereforehearguesthereislikelytobeanevolvedmechanismthatidentifiescertaingoalsasunattainableandinhibitstheirpursuit—andhebelievesthatlowmoodisatleastpartofthatmechanism. ItisaneathypothesisbutisittrueAstudypublishedinthismonth’sissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychologysuggestsitmightbe.CarstenWroschfromConcordiaUniversityinMontrealandGregoryMilleroftheUniversityofBritishColumbiastudieddepressioninteenagegirls.Theirconclusionwasthatthosewhoexperiencedmilddepressivesymptomscouldindeeddisengagemoreeasilyfromunreachablegoals.ThatsupportsDr.Nesse’shypothesis.48Butthenewstudyalsofoundaremarkablecorollary:thosegirlswhocoulddisengagefromtheunattainableprovedlesslikelytosuffermoreseriousdepressioninthelongrun. Milddepressivesymptomscanthereforebeseenasanaturalpartofdealingwithfailureinyoungadulthood.49Theysetinwhenagoalisidentifiedasunreachableandleadtoadeclineinmotivationandinthisperiodoflowmotivationenergyissavedandnewgoalscanbefound.Ifthismechanismdoesnotfunctionproperlythoughseveredepressioncanbetheconsequence. Dr.NessebelievesthatpersistenceisareasonfortheexceptionallevelofclinicaldepressioninAmerica—thecountrythathasthehighestdepressionrate-intheworld.50”PersistenceispartoftheAmericanwayoflife”hesays.“Peoplehereareoftendriventopursueoverlyambitiousgoalswhichthencanleadtodepression.”Headmitsthatthisisstillanunprovenhypothesisbutitisoneworthconsidering.Depressionmayturnouttoheaninevitablepriceoflivinginadynamicsociety. 50
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 14
Clinicaldepressionisaseriousailmentbutalmosteveryonegetsmildlydepressedfromtimetotime.RandolphNesseapsychologistandresearcherinevolutionarymedicineattheUniversityofMichiganlikenstherelationshipbetweenmildandclinicaldepressiontotheonebetweennormalandchronicpain.46Heseesbothpainandlowmoodaswarningmechanismsandthinksthatjustasunderstandingchronicpainmeansfirstunderstandingnormalpainsounderstandingclinicaldepressionmeansunderstandingmilddepression. Dr.Nesse’shypothesisisthataspainstopsyoudoingdamagingphysicalthingssolowmoodstopsyoudoingdamagingmentalones—inparticularpursuingunreachablegoals.Pursuingsuchgoalsisawasteofenergyandresources.47Thereforehearguesthereislikelytobeanevolvedmechanismthatidentifiescertaingoalsasunattainableandinhibitstheirpursuit—andhebelievesthatlowmoodisatleastpartofthatmechanism. ItisaneathypothesisbutisittrueAstudypublishedinthismonth’sissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychologysuggestsitmightbe.CarstenWroschfromConcordiaUniversityinMontrealandGregoryMilleroftheUniversityofBritishColumbiastudieddepressioninteenagegirls.Theirconclusionwasthatthosewhoexperiencedmilddepressivesymptomscouldindeeddisengagemoreeasilyfromunreachablegoals.ThatsupportsDr.Nesse’shypothesis.48Butthenewstudyalsofoundaremarkablecorollary:thosegirlswhocoulddisengagefromtheunattainableprovedlesslikelytosuffermoreseriousdepressioninthelongrun. Milddepressivesymptomscanthereforebeseenasanaturalpartofdealingwithfailureinyoungadulthood.49Theysetinwhenagoalisidentifiedasunreachableandleadtoadeclineinmotivationandinthisperiodoflowmotivationenergyissavedandnewgoalscanbefound.Ifthismechanismdoesnotfunctionproperlythoughseveredepressioncanbetheconsequence. Dr.NessebelievesthatpersistenceisareasonfortheexceptionallevelofclinicaldepressioninAmerica—thecountrythathasthehighestdepressionrate-intheworld.50”PersistenceispartoftheAmericanwayoflife”hesays.“Peoplehereareoftendriventopursueoverlyambitiousgoalswhichthencanleadtodepression.”Headmitsthatthisisstillanunprovenhypothesisbutitisoneworthconsidering.Depressionmayturnouttoheaninevitablepriceoflivinginadynamicsociety. 46
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 16
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethods’havethusfarbeendeveloped.Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste.Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled.Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear.Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace.Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherulesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalofzerowastesoundspoliticallyattractive.What’sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers.It’snotquitethatsimple.Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforcedsaysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve.Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongtermsaysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.ThecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitionssaysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun.Whatisthemessagethatpeerpressureconveystochildren
EverysecondintheUnitedStatesalonemorethan250animalsareslaughteredforfoodaddinguptomorethan8billionanimalseachyear.Reducingtheamountofmeatinone’sdietisnutritionallyenvironmentallyandethicallybeneficial.Peoplewhoeatmeatusuallyhaveweakerimmunesystemscomparedtothoseofvegetarians.Meathasbeendirectlylinkedtodiabetesobesityarthritisandmanyotherillnesses.Furthermoremeat-eatersareatahigherriskfordiseasesincludingcancerandtheyaremorelikelytodiefromthesediseases.Criticssaythatameatlessdietdoesnotprovideenoughnutrientsespeciallyproteinandiron.ActuallyaccordingtoATeen’sGuidetoGoingVegetarianbyJudyKrizmanicproteinisfoundinalmosteveryfoodandironappearsinmanyvegetables.Gettingenoughnutrientsinameat-reduceddietshouldnotbedifficult.A1988studyfoundthatsomeofthehighestpesticideresiduesappearinmeatandeggs.Dietsincludingmorefruitsandvegetableswillonlymakepeoplehealthier.Someskepticsbelievethattherewillbeashortageoffoodifanimalsarenoteaten.Infacttheoppositeistrue.Morethan80%ofthecornand95%oftheoatsgrownintheUSarefedtolivestock.Theworld’scattlealoneconsumeenoughfoodtoequalthecaloricneedsof8.7billionpeoplemorethantheentirehumanpopulation.OnehalfofthewaterusedintheUnitesStatesalsogoestolivestock;2.50gallonsofwaterproducesonly1poundofbeef.Ifpeopleeatlessmeatandmoreplantstheamountofavailablefoodwillincrease.Manypeoplebecomevegetariansbecausetheyfeelthateatinganimalsisunethical.90%oftheseanimalsareraisedinconfinement.Chickensandotherbirdshaveonlyabouthalf.asquarefootofspaceeachandsincetheyareraisedsoclosetogetherahotbladeisusedtocutofftheirbeakstopreventthemfrompeckingeachothertodeath.Likewisepigsthatarerepressedwillbiteeachother’stailssoboththeirteethandtailsareremovedassoonastheyareborn.Eatinganimalsishazardousinnumerousways.Evenaslightreductioninmeatintakeisbetterthannothingatall.Consuminglessmeatisbeneficialtothehealthofanimalsthehealthofpeopleandtothehealthoftheworld.Inthethirdparagraphtheauthorimpliesthat
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 6
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 18
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 10
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethods’havethusfarbeendeveloped.Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste.Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled.Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear.Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace.Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherulesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalofzerowastesoundspoliticallyattractive.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph
Intherelationshipofeducationtobusinessweobservetodayafinestateofparadox.Ontheonehandtheemphasiswhichmostbusinessplacesuponacollegedegreeissogreatthatonecanalmostvisualizethetimewheneventheofficeboywillhavehisbaccalaureate.Ontheotherhandweseemtopreservethebeliefthatsomedeepintellectualchasmseparatesthebusinessmanfromotherproductsoftheuniversitysystem.ThenotionthatbusinesspeoplearequitethePhilistinessoundsabsurd.Forsomereasonwetendtocharacterizevocationsbystereotypesnonetooflatteringbutnonethelessdeeplyimbeddedinthenationalconscience.Inthecastofcharactersthebusinessmancomesonstageasaill-manneredandsimple-mindedperson.Itisnotapleasantconceptionandnomoretruthfulorlessunpleasantthanourotherstereotypes.Businessismadeupofpeoplewithallkindsofbackgroundsallkindsofmotivationsandallkindsoftastesjustasinanyotherformofhumanendeavour.Businessmenarenotmobilebalancesheetsandprofitstatementsbutperfectlynormalhumanbeingssubjecttowhateverstrengthsfrailtiesandlimitationscharacterizemanontheearth.Theyarepeoplegroupedtogetherinorganizationsdesignedtocomplementtheweaknessofonewithstrengthofanothertemperingtheexuberanceoftheyoungwiththecautionofthemorematurethepoeticsoaringsofonemindwiththecountinghouserealismofanother.Anydisfigurementwhichsocietymaysufferwillcomefrommanhimselfnotfromtheparticularvocationtowhichhedevoteshistime.Anygroupofpeoplenecessarilyrepresentsanapproachtoacommononeanditisprobablytruethatevenindividuallytheytendtoconformsomewhattothegeneralpattern.Manyhavepointedoutthedangerofengulfingouroriginalthinkersinatideofmediocrity.Conformityisnotanymoreprevalentoranymoreexactinginthebusinessfieldthanitisinanyother.Itisacharacteristicofallorganizationsofwhatevernature.Thefactisthelargebusinessunitprovidesgreateropportunitiesforindividualityandrequireslessinthewayofconformitythanotherinstitutionsofcomparablesize—thegovernmentortheacademicworldorcertainlythemilitary.ThewordPhilistinesLine5Para.1mostprobablymeans
Oneofthestrangestaspectsofthemechanicalapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons;apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.TheexplanationIbelieveisthattheyaremoreproudofthanfrightenedbythegadgetsofmassdestruction.46Alsotheyaresofrightenedoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventsthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandneverendingpersonalanxiety. AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury"freeenterprise"capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.47Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman. ToattainthisgoalweneedtocreateaRenaissanceofEnlightenmentandofHumanism.ItmustbeanEnlightenmenthowevermoreradicallyrealisticandcriticalthanthatoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.ItmustbeaHumanismthataimsatthefulldevelopmentofthetotalmannotthegadgetmannottheconsumermannottheorganizationman.Theaimofahumanistsocietyisthemanwholoveslifewhohasfaithinlifewhoisproductiveandindependent.48Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival. 49Whethersuchtransformationislikelyisanothermatter.Butwewillnotbeabletosucceedunlessweseethealternativesclearlyandrealizethatthechoiceisstillours.Dissatisfactionwithourwayoflifeisthefirststeptowardchangingit.Astothesechangesonethingiscertain:Theymusttakeplaceinallspheressimultaneously--intheeconomicthesocialthepoliticalandthespiritual.50ChangeinonlyonespherewillleadintoblindalleysasdidthepurelypoliticalFrenchRevolutionandthepurelyeconomicRussianRevolution. Suchatransformationispossibleifwerecognizethatourpresentwayoflifemakesussterileandeventuallydestroysthevitalitynecessaryforsurvival.
Farm-raisedpigsaredirtysmellyanimalsthatgetnorespect.They’realsoanenvironmentalhazard.Theirmanurecontainsphosphoruswhichwhenitrainsrunsoffintolakesandestuariesdepletingoxygenkillingfishstimulatingalgaeovergrowthandemittinggreenhousegases. 41.______.Pigsprovidemoredietaryproteinmorecheaplytomorepeoplethananyotheranimal.NorthernEuropestillmaintainsthehighestpig-to-humanratiointheworld2-1inDen-markbutEastAsiaiscatchingup.Duringthe1990sporkproductiondoubledinVietnamandgrewby70percentinChina—alongdenselypopulatedcoastlinespigdensityexceeds100animalspersquarekilometer.Theresultingpollutionis“threateningfragilecoastalmarinehabitatsincludingmangrovescoralreefsandseagrasses”accordingtoareportreleasedinFebruarybytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations. Asitturnsoutthereisasolutiontothepigproblembutitrequiresachangeofmind-setamongenvironmentalistsandthepublic.42.______. TheEnviropigisoneofmanynewtechnologiesthatareputtingenvironmentalistsandorganic-foodproponentsinaquandary:shouldtheyremaincategoricallyopposedtogeneticallymodifiedGMfoodsevenattheexpenseoftheenvironment43.______.ThemostsignificantGMapplicationswillbeonesthathelpalleviatetheproblemofagriculturewhichaccountsfor38percentoftheworld’slandmassandiscrowdingoutnaturalecosystemsandspecieshabitats.GMcropsthatcanbeproducedmoreefficientlywouldallowustoreturnlandtonature. 44.______.U.S.DepartmentofAgriculturescientistEliotHermanhasalreadycreatedaless-allergenicsoybean—animportantcropforbabyfoods.ThroughgeneticsurgeryHermanturnedoffthesoygeneresponsiblefor65percentofallergicreactions.NotonlywasthemodifiedsoylessallergenicintestsbutasHermanexplained“theyieldlooksperfectlynormalplantsdevelopandgrowatanormalrateandtheyseemtohavethesamekindsofproteinoilandothergoodstuffinthem.”Otherscientistshavereportedpromisingresultsinshuttingoffallergy-causinggenesinpeanutsandshrimp.Shouldtheseadvancesbeturnedintoproductsorganicsoyorpeanutproductswillbecertifiablymoredangeroustohumanhealththancomparablenonorganicproducts. 45.______.Inthisclimatemuchoftheneededresearchisn’tbeingpursued.Chancesarefarmerswillcontinuetogrowtheirpollutingorganicporktheirallergenicorganicsoyandtheirneurotoxin-sprayedorganicapples.Worsestilltheywillmakesurethatnooneelsegetsachoiceinthematterofimprovingtheconditionsoflifeonearth—unlessthatisothersriseupanddemandanalternative. [A]TwoCanadianscientistshavecreatedapigwhosemanuredoesn’tcontainverymuchphosphorusatall.Ifthisvarietyofpigwereadoptedwidelyitcouldgreatlyreduceamajorsourceofpollution.ButtheEnviropigastheycallitistheproductofgeneticmodification—whichisanathematomanyWesterners. [B]Infactalthoughallcommonlyusedpesticidesdissipatesoquicklythattheyposeaminisculehealthrisktoconsumersallergicfoodreactionstonaturalproductskillhundredsofchildreneachyear.Geneticallymodifiedfoodscouldgreatlyreducethisrisk. [C]CanadianbiologistsCecilForsbergandJohnPhillipsforinstancehaveconstructedanovelDNAmoleculethatwhenplantedinapigembryoimbuestheEnviropigwiththeabilitytosecreteaphosphorusextractingenzymeinitssaliva.Theresultssofararedramatic—thenewpigscanextractallthephosphorustheyneedfromgrainalonewithoutthephosphorussupplementsthatfarmersnowuse.Thisreducesthephosphoruscontentoftheirmanurebyupto75percent. [D]Doingawaywiththepigisnotanoption. [E]Pigscanalsobemodifiedtodigestgrassesandhayascowsandsheepdoreducingtheenergy-intensiveuseofcornaspigfeed.Elsewheretreesgrownforpapercouldbemadeamenabletomuchmoreefficientprocessingofthepublichavebeenledtobelievethatallgeneticmodificationscreatehealthrisks. 44
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 2
Intherelationshipofeducationtobusinessweobservetodayafinestateofparadox.Ontheonehandtheemphasiswhichmostbusinessplacesuponacollegedegreeissogreatthatonecanalmostvisualizethetimewheneventheofficeboywillhavehisbaccalaureate.Ontheotherhandweseemtopreservethebeliefthatsomedeepintellectualchasmseparatesthebusinessmanfromotherproductsoftheuniversitysystem.ThenotionthatbusinesspeoplearequitethePhilistinessoundsabsurd.Forsomereasonwetendtocharacterizevocationsbystereotypesnonetooflatteringbutnonethelessdeeplyimbeddedinthenationalconscience.Inthecastofcharactersthebusinessmancomesonstageasaill-manneredandsimple-mindedperson.Itisnotapleasantconceptionandnomoretruthfulorlessunpleasantthanourotherstereotypes.Businessismadeupofpeoplewithallkindsofbackgroundsallkindsofmotivationsandallkindsoftastesjustasinanyotherformofhumanendeavour.Businessmenarenotmobilebalancesheetsandprofitstatementsbutperfectlynormalhumanbeingssubjecttowhateverstrengthsfrailtiesandlimitationscharacterizemanontheearth.Theyarepeoplegroupedtogetherinorganizationsdesignedtocomplementtheweaknessofonewithstrengthofanothertemperingtheexuberanceoftheyoungwiththecautionofthemorematurethepoeticsoaringsofonemindwiththecountinghouserealismofanother.Anydisfigurementwhichsocietymaysufferwillcomefrommanhimselfnotfromtheparticularvocationtowhichhedevoteshistime.Anygroupofpeoplenecessarilyrepresentsanapproachtoacommononeanditisprobablytruethatevenindividuallytheytendtoconformsomewhattothegeneralpattern.Manyhavepointedoutthedangerofengulfingouroriginalthinkersinatideofmediocrity.Conformityisnotanymoreprevalentoranymoreexactinginthebusinessfieldthanitisinanyother.Itisacharacteristicofallorganizationsofwhatevernature.Thefactisthelargebusinessunitprovidesgreateropportunitiesforindividualityandrequireslessinthewayofconformitythanotherinstitutionsofcomparablesize—thegovernmentortheacademicworldorcertainlythemilitary.Accordingtothetextthedistortionoftheimageofthebusinessmenistheresultof
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers.It’snotquitethatsimple.Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforcedsaysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve.Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongtermsaysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.ThecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitionssaysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun.What’sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph
EverysecondintheUnitedStatesalonemorethan250animalsareslaughteredforfoodaddinguptomorethan8billionanimalseachyear.Reducingtheamountofmeatinone’sdietisnutritionallyenvironmentallyandethicallybeneficial.Peoplewhoeatmeatusuallyhaveweakerimmunesystemscomparedtothoseofvegetarians.Meathasbeendirectlylinkedtodiabetesobesityarthritisandmanyotherillnesses.Furthermoremeat-eatersareatahigherriskfordiseasesincludingcancerandtheyaremorelikelytodiefromthesediseases.Criticssaythatameatlessdietdoesnotprovideenoughnutrientsespeciallyproteinandiron.ActuallyaccordingtoATeen’sGuidetoGoingVegetarianbyJudyKrizmanicproteinisfoundinalmosteveryfoodandironappearsinmanyvegetables.Gettingenoughnutrientsinameat-reduceddietshouldnotbedifficult.A1988studyfoundthatsomeofthehighestpesticideresiduesappearinmeatandeggs.Dietsincludingmorefruitsandvegetableswillonlymakepeoplehealthier.Someskepticsbelievethattherewillbeashortageoffoodifanimalsarenoteaten.Infacttheoppositeistrue.Morethan80%ofthecornand95%oftheoatsgrownintheUSarefedtolivestock.Theworld’scattlealoneconsumeenoughfoodtoequalthecaloricneedsof8.7billionpeoplemorethantheentirehumanpopulation.OnehalfofthewaterusedintheUnitesStatesalsogoestolivestock;2.50gallonsofwaterproducesonly1poundofbeef.Ifpeopleeatlessmeatandmoreplantstheamountofavailablefoodwillincrease.Manypeoplebecomevegetariansbecausetheyfeelthateatinganimalsisunethical.90%oftheseanimalsareraisedinconfinement.Chickensandotherbirdshaveonlyabouthalf.asquarefootofspaceeachandsincetheyareraisedsoclosetogetherahotbladeisusedtocutofftheirbeakstopreventthemfrompeckingeachothertodeath.Likewisepigsthatarerepressedwillbiteeachother’stailssoboththeirteethandtailsareremovedassoonastheyareborn.Eatinganimalsishazardousinnumerousways.Evenaslightreductioninmeatintakeisbetterthannothingatall.Consuminglessmeatisbeneficialtothehealthofanimalsthehealthofpeopleandtothehealthoftheworld.Chickensandpigsarecitedasexamplestoshowthat
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethods’havethusfarbeendeveloped.Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste.Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled.Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear.Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace.Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherulesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalofzerowastesoundspoliticallyattractive.Manyrecyclingfirmsaredisappointednowforthereasonthat
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160--200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1.Describethedrawingandinterpretitsmeaning 2.Andgiveyourcomments.
DrawingonbiomechanicsandothersportsscienceOlympichopefulstargetjusttherightmusclesandmoves.Olympiansofyesteryearsharedthesamegoalbuttheywouldhardlyrecognizetoday’strainingtechniques.ToachievetoOlympianidealof"fasterhigherstronger"coachesnowrealizeathletesdon’thavetotrainmorebuttheydohavetotrainsmarter.That’swhythesedayscross-countryNordicskierskneelonskateboardsandtugonpulleystohaulthemselvesuparamp. Byanalyzingeverymotionthatgoesintoaskijumporalugerunthescienceofbiomechanicsbreaksdowneventsintotheircomponentpartsanddetermineswhichmovementsofwhichmusclesarethekeytoasuperlativeperformance.Knowingthatiscrucialforasimplebuttomanycoachesandtrainersunexpectedreason:itturnsoutthatalthoughtrainingforgeneralconditioningimprovesfitnessthebestwaytoboostperformanceisbyworkingthemusclesandpracticingthemovesthatwillbeusedincompetition.It’scalledsport-specifictraining. 41.Waystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternsofmovement. Sport-specifictrainingdoesn’thavetomeanrunningtheactualcourseorperformingtheexactevent.Thereareotherwaystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternofmovement.DoingsitupsonaSwissballforinstancedevelopstorsocontrolaswellasstrength.TheFinnishice-hockeyteamrecentlyaddedacrobaticstoitstrainingregimebecauseithelpsplayerstobalanceontheicesaysheadcoachRaimoSummanen. Performance-enhancingstrategies. Theadvancesinphysiologythathaverevolutionizedtrainingaregivingsportsscientistsabetterunder-standingofhowtoimprovestrengthpowerspeedandbothaerobicandanaerobicfitness: 42.Trainingthestart-up. Speedispartlygenetic.Astarsprinterisprobablybornwithapreponderanceoffast-twitchmusclefiberswhichfirerepeatedlywithonlymicrosecondrestsinbetween.Speedtrainingthereforeaimstorecruitmorefast-twitchfibersandincreasethespeedofnervesignalsthatcommandmusclestomove. 43.Strengthreflectsthepercentageofmusclefibersthebodycanrecruitforagivenmovement. "Someonewithpurestrengthcanrecruit90percentofthesefiberswhilesomeoneelserecruitsonly50percent"saystheUSOC’sDavis. 44.Developinganaerobicfitness. Anaerobicfitnesskeepsthemusclesmovingevenwhentheheartcan’tprovideenoughoxygen.TopostponethepointwhenacidbeginstoaccumulateoratleasttrainthebodytotolerateitJimWalkerhasthespeedskatersheworkswithpushthemselvesbeyondwhattheyneedtodoincompetition. Powerisstrengthwithspeed. "Oneofthebiggestchangesinstrengthtrainingisthatwe’regettingawayfrompurestrengthandemphasizingpowerorexplosivestrength"saysUSOCstrength-and-conditioningcoordinatorKevinEbel. 45.Difficultiesunderway. It’sstilldifficulttopersuadecoachestoletsportsscientistsmesswiththeirathletes. ToovercomesuchresistancetheUSOC’sPeterDavishassetup"performance-enhancingteams"wherecoachesandscientistsputtheirheadstogetherandapplythebestsciencetotraining.ComeFebruarytheworldwillseehowsciencefaredinitsattempttomoldathleticexcellence. [A]ZachLundracesskeletonahead-firstbelly-downsledraceinwhichthestartiscrucial.Hehastosprintinabent-overpositionpushinghissledalongthetrackthenhopinwithoutslowingthesled."Youhavetogofromahardsprinttobeingreallycalminordertogodownthetrackwell"saysLund.Toimprovehisspeedhedoeslegpresseswhilelyingonhisbackorlegcurlsonhisstomachbringinghisfoottohisbackside. [B]Despitethefindingthatdraftingreducesthedemandontheheartofaspeedskaterandgenerallyimprovesperformanceforinstancemostskatersstillprefertogooutfastandfirst. [C]Sprinterswhoskate500metersintheOlympicsforinstancepowerthroughmultiple300metersanddoitfasterthantheySkatethe500.Byraisingtheanaerobicthresholdthetraininggivesskatersabettershotatexplodingwithasprintatthefinish. [D]Lugeforinstancerequiresprecisecontrolofinfinitesimalmusclemovements:"Overcorrectonaturn"saysdriverMarkGrimmette"andyou’redead."ToachievethatprecisecontrolheandhisdoublespartnerBrianMartindevoteagoodchunkoftheirtrainingtimetoexercisesonthosesquishyrubberspherescalledSwissballs. [E]AerobicfitnessishockeystarCammiGranato’sgoaloneautumnmorningasshepedalsastationarybikewithsweatyfuryattheUSOCtrainingcenterinLakePlacidNewYork.WhenGranatofinallystaggersoffthebikeandcrumplesontothepaddedplatformshe’shadatougherworkoutthaninanyhockeyperiodwhichisexactlythepoint. [F]Thethigh’squadricepsforinstanceconsistofmillionsoffibersorganizedintowhatarecalledmotorunits.Whenaspeedskaterpushesofftheiceherecruitsacertainpercentageofthemtofire;theothersarerelaxingandsodonotcontributetothemovement. 44
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers.It’snotquitethatsimple.Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforcedsaysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve.Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongtermsaysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.ThecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitionssaysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun.Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingiscorrect
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover20000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 12
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