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Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknow...
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A.theycanfindthebeststudentsB.theuniversity’sacade
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademicco
A.theycanfindthebeststudentsB.theuniversity’sacade
Inthewriter'sopinioninterdisciplinarystudiesareimp
encourage scholars to concentrate on their own specialisations
allow scholars to Change disciplines more easily
make scholars aware of problems outside their own field
allow overworked scholars to relax
TeenCreativeWritingResidency培训atAtlanticCenterfort
Directions:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshav
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademicco
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademicco
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademicco
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademicco
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademicco
TeenCreativeWritingResidencyatAtlanticCenterforthe
Directions:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshav
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommu
Notonly_____greatthoughtsbutalsotheyexpresstheirth
did great writers have
great writers had
great writers have
do great writers have
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademicco
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademicco
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademicco
TeenCreativeWritingResidency培训atAtlanticCenterfort
PassageOneWhatmakesapersonfamousThisisamysterythat
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AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.373words Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地 WhichofthefollowingisnotareasonfortherapidityandintensityofpollutioninJapan
InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. 47SomesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethanAngloconformityandthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.
Twenty-sevenyearsagoEgyptreviseditssecularconstitutiontoenshrineMuslimshariaas"theprincipalsourceoflegislation".Tomostcitizensmostofthetimethatseemingcontradiction-betweensecularismandreligion-hasnotmademuchdifference.NineintenEgyptiansareSunniMuslimsandexpectIslamtogovernsuchthingsasmarriagedivorceandinheritance.NearlyalltherestprofessChristianityorJudaismfaithsrecognisedandprotectedinIslam.ButtothesmallminoritywhoembraceotherfaithsorwhohavetriedtoleaveIslamithasuntillatelymadeanincreasinglytroublingdifference. MembersofEgypt’s2000-strongBahaicommunityforinstancehavefoundtheycannotstatetheirreligiononthenationalidentitycardsthatallEgyptiansareobligedtoproducetosecuresuchthingsasdriver’slicensesbankaccountssocialinsuranceandstateschooling.HundredsofCopticChristianswhohaveconvertedtoIslamoftentoescapetheOrthodoxsect’sbanondivorcefindtheycannotreverttotheiroriginalfaith.InsomecaseschildrenraisedasChristianshavediscoveredthatbecauseadivorcedparentconvertedtoIslamtheytoohavebecomeofficiallyMuslimandcannotclaimotherwise. Suchrestrictionsonreligiousfreedomarenotdirectlyaproductofshariasayhuman-rightscampaignersbutratherofrigidinterpretationsofIslamiclawbyover-zealousofficials.IntheirstrictviewBahaibeliefcannotberecognisedasalegitimatefaithsinceitaroseinthe19thcenturylongafterIslamstakeditsclaimtobethefinalrevelationinachainofpropheciesbeginningwithAdam.LikewisetheybrandanyattempttoleaveIslamwhateverthecircumstancesasaformofapostasypunishablebydeath. Butsuchviewshavelatelybeenchallenged.LastyearAliGomaatheGrandMuftiwhoisthegovernment’shighestreligiousadviserdeclaredthatnowhereinIslam’ssacredtextsdiditsaythatapostasyneedbepunishedinthepresentratherthanbyGodintheafterlife.InthepastmonthEgyptiancourtshaveissuedtworulingsthatwhilerestrictedinscopeshouldeasesomebothersomestrictures. Bahaismaynowleavethespaceforreligionontheiridentitycardsblank.TwelveformerChristianswonalawsuitandmaynowreturntotheiroriginalfaithonconditionthattheiridentitydocumentsnotetheirpreviousadherencetoIslam. Smallstepsperhapsbuttheypointthewaytowardsfreedomofchoiceandcitizenshipbasedonequalrightsratherthanmembershipofaprivilegedreligion. Whatprogresshasnowbeenmadetowardreligiousfreedom
Likeeverydogeverydiseasenowseemstohaveitsday.WorldTuberculosisinfectionsdiseaseinwhichgrowthsappearonthelungsDayisonSaturdayMarch24th. Tuberculosiswasonceterriblyfashionable.Dyingof"consumption"seemstohavebeenafavoriteactivityofgarret-dwelling19th-centuryartistshhashoweverbeenneglectedoflate.ResearchersinthefieldnevertireofpointingoutthatTBkillsalotofpeople.AccordingtofiguresreleasedearlierthisweekbytheWorldHealthOrganization1.6millionpeoplediedofthediseasein2005comparedwithabout3mforAIDSandlmformalaria.ButitreceivesonlyafractionoftheresearchbudgetdevotedtoAIDS.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealthforexamplespends20timesasmuchonAIDSasonTB.NeverthelesseveryoneseemstogettinginontheTB-dayactthisyear. TheGlobalFundaninternationalorganizationresponsiblefurfightingallthreediseasesbutbestknownforitsworkonAIDShasusedtheoccasiontotrumpetitstuberculosisprojects.Thefundclaimsthatitsanti-TBactivitiessinceitopenedforbusinessin2002havesavedthelivesofover1mpeople.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhasissuedareportthatcontainssomegoodnews.AlthoughthenumberofTBcasesisstillrisingtherateofillnessseemstohavestabilized;thecaseloadinotherwordsisgrowingonlybecausethepopulationitselfisgoingup. Evendrugcompaniesareinvolved.Inthenm-uptothedayitselfEliLillyannounceda$50mboosttoitsMDRTBGlobalPartnership.MDRstandsformulti-drugresistanceanditisoneofthereasonswhyTBisbackinthelimelight.Carelesstreatmenthascauseddrug-resistantstrainstoevolveallovertheworld.Thecourseofdrugsneededtoclearthediseasecompletelytakessixmouthsantipersuadingpeoplelostaythatcourseoncetheirsymptomshavegoneishard.UnfortunatelythoseinfectedwithMDRhavetobetreatedwithlesseffectivemorepoisonousandmorecostlydrugs.Naturallytheseprovokestillmore.non-complianceandthusstillmoreevolution. TheotherreasonTBisbackisitsrelationshiptoAIDS.TheglobalFund’sjointresponsibilityforthediseasesisnocoincidence.AIDSdoesnotkilldirectly.RatherHIVthevirusthatcausesitweakensthebody’simmunesystemandexposesthesufferertosecondaryinfections.OftheseTBisoneofthemostserious.Itkills200000AIDSpatientsayear.Howeversomeanti-TBdrugsinterferewiththeeffectofsomeanti-HIVdrugs.Converselyinabout20%ofcaseswhereapatienthasbothdiseasesanti-HIVdrugsmakethetuberculosisworse.Theupshotisthat125yearsafterhumanbeingsworkedoutwhatcausedTBitisstillaseriousthreat. WhichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordupshotLine5Paragraph5
Thetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitstanduporliedowntowrite.41______ Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42______Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors. 43______Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside. Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyour’writing.44______Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions. Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote"TheA&PasaStateofMind"wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45______ Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape. [A]Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper. [B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression. [C]It’sworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems. [D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade. [E]AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P"policy"heenforces. [F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin"A&P"thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies. [G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound. 45
Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffectstherewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailableparticularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.1thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuturemenandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill2workonlytwentyhourseach3thefortytheyarecurrently4to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut5workersdoingboring6jobsespeciallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa7effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofitwewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto8thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime. Manyhavealready9pillsandtabletsto10sleeplessnessandanxietytwoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmericawe11$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We12anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.14these"drugsofthemind"canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisisthemajorityofpatientswouldbe14withoutthem. Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly15ofstress:poorhousingfamilyproblemsovercrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.16doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperlytookmoreexerciseusedtheirleisuretimemore17andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof18ituptheywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs19treatonlythe20andnotthecauseofthestress. 11
41______ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.ItisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardiansItissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 42______ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself. 43______. Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44______. ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer;Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage’ 45______. [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecelebrateourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.Todaymanywomenchoose’togetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofeasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 41
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn46Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem47Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.48.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.49Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning"values".Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends50Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithimpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems. 49Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.
Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffectstherewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailableparticularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.1thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuturemenandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill2workonlytwentyhourseach3thefortytheyarecurrently4to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut5workersdoingboring6jobsespeciallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa7effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofitwewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto8thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime. Manyhavealready9pillsandtabletsto10sleeplessnessandanxietytwoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmericawe11$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We12anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.14these"drugsofthemind"canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisisthemajorityofpatientswouldbe14withoutthem. Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly15ofstress:poorhousingfamilyproblemsovercrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.16doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperlytookmoreexerciseusedtheirleisuretimemore17andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof18ituptheywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs19treatonlythe20andnotthecauseofthestress. 17
Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffectstherewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailableparticularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.1thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuturemenandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill2workonlytwentyhourseach3thefortytheyarecurrently4to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut5workersdoingboring6jobsespeciallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa7effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofitwewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto8thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime. Manyhavealready9pillsandtabletsto10sleeplessnessandanxietytwoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmericawe11$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We12anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.14these"drugsofthemind"canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisisthemajorityofpatientswouldbe14withoutthem. Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly15ofstress:poorhousingfamilyproblemsovercrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.16doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperlytookmoreexerciseusedtheirleisuretimemore17andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof18ituptheywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs19treatonlythe20andnotthecauseofthestress. 13
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.373words Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地 AccordingtothetextnomeasureswereresortedtoinenvironmentalprotectionafterWorldWarⅡinJapanbecause
Twenty-sevenyearsagoEgyptreviseditssecularconstitutiontoenshrineMuslimshariaas"theprincipalsourceoflegislation".Tomostcitizensmostofthetimethatseemingcontradiction-betweensecularismandreligion-hasnotmademuchdifference.NineintenEgyptiansareSunniMuslimsandexpectIslamtogovernsuchthingsasmarriagedivorceandinheritance.NearlyalltherestprofessChristianityorJudaismfaithsrecognisedandprotectedinIslam.ButtothesmallminoritywhoembraceotherfaithsorwhohavetriedtoleaveIslamithasuntillatelymadeanincreasinglytroublingdifference. MembersofEgypt’s2000-strongBahaicommunityforinstancehavefoundtheycannotstatetheirreligiononthenationalidentitycardsthatallEgyptiansareobligedtoproducetosecuresuchthingsasdriver’slicensesbankaccountssocialinsuranceandstateschooling.HundredsofCopticChristianswhohaveconvertedtoIslamoftentoescapetheOrthodoxsect’sbanondivorcefindtheycannotreverttotheiroriginalfaith.InsomecaseschildrenraisedasChristianshavediscoveredthatbecauseadivorcedparentconvertedtoIslamtheytoohavebecomeofficiallyMuslimandcannotclaimotherwise. Suchrestrictionsonreligiousfreedomarenotdirectlyaproductofshariasayhuman-rightscampaignersbutratherofrigidinterpretationsofIslamiclawbyover-zealousofficials.IntheirstrictviewBahaibeliefcannotberecognisedasalegitimatefaithsinceitaroseinthe19thcenturylongafterIslamstakeditsclaimtobethefinalrevelationinachainofpropheciesbeginningwithAdam.LikewisetheybrandanyattempttoleaveIslamwhateverthecircumstancesasaformofapostasypunishablebydeath. Butsuchviewshavelatelybeenchallenged.LastyearAliGomaatheGrandMuftiwhoisthegovernment’shighestreligiousadviserdeclaredthatnowhereinIslam’ssacredtextsdiditsaythatapostasyneedbepunishedinthepresentratherthanbyGodintheafterlife.InthepastmonthEgyptiancourtshaveissuedtworulingsthatwhilerestrictedinscopeshouldeasesomebothersomestrictures. Bahaismaynowleavethespaceforreligionontheiridentitycardsblank.TwelveformerChristianswonalawsuitandmaynowreturntotheiroriginalfaithonconditionthattheiridentitydocumentsnotetheirpreviousadherencetoIslam. Smallstepsperhapsbuttheypointthewaytowardsfreedomofchoiceandcitizenshipbasedonequalrightsratherthanmembershipofaprivilegedreligion. WhattroublemaypeoplewhoareneitherMuslimsnorChristiansnorJudaistsencounteraccordingtothetext
Likeeverydogeverydiseasenowseemstohaveitsday.WorldTuberculosisinfectionsdiseaseinwhichgrowthsappearonthelungsDayisonSaturdayMarch24th. Tuberculosiswasonceterriblyfashionable.Dyingof"consumption"seemstohavebeenafavoriteactivityofgarret-dwelling19th-centuryartistshhashoweverbeenneglectedoflate.ResearchersinthefieldnevertireofpointingoutthatTBkillsalotofpeople.AccordingtofiguresreleasedearlierthisweekbytheWorldHealthOrganization1.6millionpeoplediedofthediseasein2005comparedwithabout3mforAIDSandlmformalaria.ButitreceivesonlyafractionoftheresearchbudgetdevotedtoAIDS.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealthforexamplespends20timesasmuchonAIDSasonTB.NeverthelesseveryoneseemstogettinginontheTB-dayactthisyear. TheGlobalFundaninternationalorganizationresponsiblefurfightingallthreediseasesbutbestknownforitsworkonAIDShasusedtheoccasiontotrumpetitstuberculosisprojects.Thefundclaimsthatitsanti-TBactivitiessinceitopenedforbusinessin2002havesavedthelivesofover1mpeople.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhasissuedareportthatcontainssomegoodnews.AlthoughthenumberofTBcasesisstillrisingtherateofillnessseemstohavestabilized;thecaseloadinotherwordsisgrowingonlybecausethepopulationitselfisgoingup. Evendrugcompaniesareinvolved.Inthenm-uptothedayitselfEliLillyannounceda$50mboosttoitsMDRTBGlobalPartnership.MDRstandsformulti-drugresistanceanditisoneofthereasonswhyTBisbackinthelimelight.Carelesstreatmenthascauseddrug-resistantstrainstoevolveallovertheworld.Thecourseofdrugsneededtoclearthediseasecompletelytakessixmouthsantipersuadingpeoplelostaythatcourseoncetheirsymptomshavegoneishard.UnfortunatelythoseinfectedwithMDRhavetobetreatedwithlesseffectivemorepoisonousandmorecostlydrugs.Naturallytheseprovokestillmore.non-complianceandthusstillmoreevolution. TheotherreasonTBisbackisitsrelationshiptoAIDS.TheglobalFund’sjointresponsibilityforthediseasesisnocoincidence.AIDSdoesnotkilldirectly.RatherHIVthevirusthatcausesitweakensthebody’simmunesystemandexposesthesufferertosecondaryinfections.OftheseTBisoneofthemostserious.Itkills200000AIDSpatientsayear.Howeversomeanti-TBdrugsinterferewiththeeffectofsomeanti-HIVdrugs.Converselyinabout20%ofcaseswhereapatienthasbothdiseasesanti-HIVdrugsmakethetuberculosisworse.Theupshotisthat125yearsafterhumanbeingsworkedoutwhatcausedTBitisstillaseriousthreat. ThefirstsentenceLikeeverydogeverydiseasenowseemstohaveitsday.means
Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffectstherewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailableparticularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.1thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuturemenandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill2workonlytwentyhourseach3thefortytheyarecurrently4to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut5workersdoingboring6jobsespeciallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa7effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofitwewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto8thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime. Manyhavealready9pillsandtabletsto10sleeplessnessandanxietytwoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmericawe11$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We12anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.14these"drugsofthemind"canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisisthemajorityofpatientswouldbe14withoutthem. Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly15ofstress:poorhousingfamilyproblemsovercrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.16doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperlytookmoreexerciseusedtheirleisuretimemore17andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof18ituptheywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs19treatonlythe20andnotthecauseofthestress. 9
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain.373words Notes:heretic异教徒sanitary卫生的forthemostpart基本上receptacle储存地 ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatsoonaftertheSecondWorldWar
41______ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.ItisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardiansItissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 42______ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself. 43______. Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44______. ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer;Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage’ 45______. [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecelebrateourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.Todaymanywomenchoose’togetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofeasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 43
Thetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitstanduporliedowntowrite.41______ Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42______Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors. 43______Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside. Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyour’writing.44______Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions. Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote"TheA&PasaStateofMind"wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45______ Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape. [A]Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper. [B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression. [C]It’sworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems. [D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade. [E]AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P"policy"heenforces. [F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin"A&P"thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies. [G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound. 41
Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffectstherewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailableparticularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.1thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuturemenandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill2workonlytwentyhourseach3thefortytheyarecurrently4to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut5workersdoingboring6jobsespeciallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa7effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofitwewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto8thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime. Manyhavealready9pillsandtabletsto10sleeplessnessandanxietytwoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmericawe11$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We12anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.14these"drugsofthemind"canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisisthemajorityofpatientswouldbe14withoutthem. Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly15ofstress:poorhousingfamilyproblemsovercrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.16doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperlytookmoreexerciseusedtheirleisuretimemore17andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof18ituptheywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs19treatonlythe20andnotthecauseofthestress. 3
WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincashitraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchannelJohnMaynardKeynestoask:Wherehavethe"animalspirits"goneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008saysJosephLaVorgnachiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeaklevelandofficiallystarttoexpanduntilthesecondquarterof2011.LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincludesphysicalequipmentandsoftwarebutnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproductone-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDPhesays. "Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspendingandeventuallythatwillresultinhiring"saysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88billionbelowpeakhesaysemployment"shouldbefartheralongthanitis."CompaniesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarketswhichrequireshiringnewworkerssaysJohnChallengerchiefexecutiveofficerofChallengerGray&Christmasanemploymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118209newemployeesthroughAugustaccordingtodatacollectedbythefirm. Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigifcalculatedchancesincludingambitiouscapitalprojectshiringnewworkersandexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaccordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyBusinessweek.com.Ifthere’sacommondenominatorit’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemandwhetherduetonewtrendsintechnologyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.Othernamescamefromalistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuly2010compiledbyChallengerGray&Christmas. "Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygennitrogenorhydrogentoourcustomers"saysJamesSawyerPraxair’schieffinancialofficer."Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothemwhichensurewewillgetagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestmentregardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing." SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohavelivedthroughafewbusinesscyclesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospendsaysAramGreenmanagerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmallCapGrowthFund."There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infactit’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’ BycitingthewordsofAramGreentheauthorintendstoshowthat
Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffectstherewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailableparticularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.1thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuturemenandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill2workonlytwentyhourseach3thefortytheyarecurrently4to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut5workersdoingboring6jobsespeciallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa7effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofitwewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto8thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime. Manyhavealready9pillsandtabletsto10sleeplessnessandanxietytwoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmericawe11$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We12anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.14these"drugsofthemind"canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisisthemajorityofpatientswouldbe14withoutthem. Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly15ofstress:poorhousingfamilyproblemsovercrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.16doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperlytookmoreexerciseusedtheirleisuretimemore17andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof18ituptheywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs19treatonlythe20andnotthecauseofthestress. 15
Likeeverydogeverydiseasenowseemstohaveitsday.WorldTuberculosisinfectionsdiseaseinwhichgrowthsappearonthelungsDayisonSaturdayMarch24th. Tuberculosiswasonceterriblyfashionable.Dyingof"consumption"seemstohavebeenafavoriteactivityofgarret-dwelling19th-centuryartistshhashoweverbeenneglectedoflate.ResearchersinthefieldnevertireofpointingoutthatTBkillsalotofpeople.AccordingtofiguresreleasedearlierthisweekbytheWorldHealthOrganization1.6millionpeoplediedofthediseasein2005comparedwithabout3mforAIDSandlmformalaria.ButitreceivesonlyafractionoftheresearchbudgetdevotedtoAIDS.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealthforexamplespends20timesasmuchonAIDSasonTB.NeverthelesseveryoneseemstogettinginontheTB-dayactthisyear. TheGlobalFundaninternationalorganizationresponsiblefurfightingallthreediseasesbutbestknownforitsworkonAIDShasusedtheoccasiontotrumpetitstuberculosisprojects.Thefundclaimsthatitsanti-TBactivitiessinceitopenedforbusinessin2002havesavedthelivesofover1mpeople.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhasissuedareportthatcontainssomegoodnews.AlthoughthenumberofTBcasesisstillrisingtherateofillnessseemstohavestabilized;thecaseloadinotherwordsisgrowingonlybecausethepopulationitselfisgoingup. Evendrugcompaniesareinvolved.Inthenm-uptothedayitselfEliLillyannounceda$50mboosttoitsMDRTBGlobalPartnership.MDRstandsformulti-drugresistanceanditisoneofthereasonswhyTBisbackinthelimelight.Carelesstreatmenthascauseddrug-resistantstrainstoevolveallovertheworld.Thecourseofdrugsneededtoclearthediseasecompletelytakessixmouthsantipersuadingpeoplelostaythatcourseoncetheirsymptomshavegoneishard.UnfortunatelythoseinfectedwithMDRhavetobetreatedwithlesseffectivemorepoisonousandmorecostlydrugs.Naturallytheseprovokestillmore.non-complianceandthusstillmoreevolution. TheotherreasonTBisbackisitsrelationshiptoAIDS.TheglobalFund’sjointresponsibilityforthediseasesisnocoincidence.AIDSdoesnotkilldirectly.RatherHIVthevirusthatcausesitweakensthebody’simmunesystemandexposesthesufferertosecondaryinfections.OftheseTBisoneofthemostserious.Itkills200000AIDSpatientsayear.Howeversomeanti-TBdrugsinterferewiththeeffectofsomeanti-HIVdrugs.Converselyinabout20%ofcaseswhereapatienthasbothdiseasesanti-HIVdrugsmakethetuberculosisworse.Theupshotisthat125yearsafterhumanbeingsworkedoutwhatcausedTBitisstillaseriousthreat. Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosestinmeaningtothemessagethetexttriestoconvey
Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffectstherewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailableparticularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.1thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuturemenandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill2workonlytwentyhourseach3thefortytheyarecurrently4to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut5workersdoingboring6jobsespeciallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa7effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofitwewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto8thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime. Manyhavealready9pillsandtabletsto10sleeplessnessandanxietytwoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmericawe11$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We12anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.14these"drugsofthemind"canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisisthemajorityofpatientswouldbe14withoutthem. Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly15ofstress:poorhousingfamilyproblemsovercrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.16doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperlytookmoreexerciseusedtheirleisuretimemore17andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof18ituptheywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs19treatonlythe20andnotthecauseofthestress. 7
WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincashitraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchannelJohnMaynardKeynestoask:Wherehavethe"animalspirits"goneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008saysJosephLaVorgnachiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeaklevelandofficiallystarttoexpanduntilthesecondquarterof2011.LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincludesphysicalequipmentandsoftwarebutnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproductone-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDPhesays. "Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspendingandeventuallythatwillresultinhiring"saysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88billionbelowpeakhesaysemployment"shouldbefartheralongthanitis."CompaniesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarketswhichrequireshiringnewworkerssaysJohnChallengerchiefexecutiveofficerofChallengerGray&Christmasanemploymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118209newemployeesthroughAugustaccordingtodatacollectedbythefirm. Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigifcalculatedchancesincludingambitiouscapitalprojectshiringnewworkersandexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaccordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyBusinessweek.com.Ifthere’sacommondenominatorit’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemandwhetherduetonewtrendsintechnologyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.Othernamescamefromalistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuly2010compiledbyChallengerGray&Christmas. "Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygennitrogenorhydrogentoourcustomers"saysJamesSawyerPraxair’schieffinancialofficer."Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothemwhichensurewewillgetagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestmentregardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing." SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohavelivedthroughafewbusinesscyclesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospendsaysAramGreenmanagerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmallCapGrowthFund."There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infactit’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’ JohnChallengersuggeststhat
Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffectstherewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailableparticularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.1thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuturemenandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill2workonlytwentyhourseach3thefortytheyarecurrently4to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut5workersdoingboring6jobsespeciallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa7effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofitwewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto8thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime. Manyhavealready9pillsandtabletsto10sleeplessnessandanxietytwoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmericawe11$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We12anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.14these"drugsofthemind"canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisisthemajorityofpatientswouldbe14withoutthem. Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly15ofstress:poorhousingfamilyproblemsovercrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.16doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperlytookmoreexerciseusedtheirleisuretimemore17andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof18ituptheywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs19treatonlythe20andnotthecauseofthestress. 5
41______ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.ItisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardiansItissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 42______ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself. 43______. Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44______. ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer;Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage’ 45______. [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecelebrateourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.Todaymanywomenchoose’togetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofeasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 45
Thetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitstanduporliedowntowrite.41______ Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42______Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors. 43______Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside. Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyour’writing.44______Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions. Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote"TheA&PasaStateofMind"wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45______ Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape. [A]Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper. [B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression. [C]It’sworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems. [D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade. [E]AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P"policy"heenforces. [F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin"A&P"thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies. [G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound. 43
Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffectstherewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailableparticularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.1thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuturemenandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill2workonlytwentyhourseach3thefortytheyarecurrently4to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut5workersdoingboring6jobsespeciallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa7effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofitwewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto8thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime. Manyhavealready9pillsandtabletsto10sleeplessnessandanxietytwoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmericawe11$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We12anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.14these"drugsofthemind"canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisisthemajorityofpatientswouldbe14withoutthem. Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly15ofstress:poorhousingfamilyproblemsovercrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.16doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperlytookmoreexerciseusedtheirleisuretimemore17andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof18ituptheywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs19treatonlythe20andnotthecauseofthestress. 1
Directions: Youareabouttograduatefromauniversityinthecomingmonth.Rightnowyouaredoingsomejobhunting.WritealetterofapplicationtoanAmericanbankinyourcityto 1introduceyourselfbrieflyand 2expressyourwishtojointhecompany. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffectstherewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailableparticularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.1thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuturemenandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill2workonlytwentyhourseach3thefortytheyarecurrently4to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut5workersdoingboring6jobsespeciallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa7effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofitwewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto8thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime. Manyhavealready9pillsandtabletsto10sleeplessnessandanxietytwoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmericawe11$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We12anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.14these"drugsofthemind"canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisisthemajorityofpatientswouldbe14withoutthem. Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly15ofstress:poorhousingfamilyproblemsovercrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.16doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperlytookmoreexerciseusedtheirleisuretimemore17andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof18ituptheywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs19treatonlythe20andnotthecauseofthestress. 19
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn46Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem47Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.48.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.49Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning"values".Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends50Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithimpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems. 47Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.
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