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There is nothing illogical or synthetic about the humility ( modesty ) of great bookmen in calling a...
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16
illogical
improbable
improper
irrelevant
illogical
improbable
improper
irrelevant
Thereisnothingillogicalorsyntheticaboutthehumility
illogical
undesirable
improper
unjust
Whendreaminghoweveronetendstobelievefullyinthereal
illogical
illegal
improbable
improper
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Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry Whichofthefollowingmaybestexpressthechiefpurposeofthelastparagraph.’’
Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcenturycapitalandlabourwereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodemlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiativetowardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompaniesthoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholderswereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylightingtramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers. Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlargeimpersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclassanelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.AllthroughthenineteenthcenturyAmericaAfricaIndiaAustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapitalandBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’’smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselargecomfortableclasseswhohadretiredontheirincomesandwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.OntheotherhandshareholdingmeantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization. Theshareholdersassuchhadnoknowledgeofthelivesthoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldsharesandhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemandsbutevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunatelyhowevertheincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunionsatleastinallskilledtradesenabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation. Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin_________________.
Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutspeciesmovementisbestsupportedbythetext
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-calledbreakthroughsmakegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7. 8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect. However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology.
Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthoughtwhichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe. Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguistsFranzBoasandEdwardSapirwerepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanishedasthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscenturyhoweverwhowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafromexoticlanguagewerenotalwayssograteful.63ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferentsomuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages. Sapir’’spupilBenjaminLeeWhorfcontinuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.64BeinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthoughtWhorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguagethespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhichinitsstrongestformstatesthatlanguageimprisonsthemindandthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.LaterthisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesisbutthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguagesSapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.
Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurkeallthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocateswhoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfundingandfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettingsmanyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal. Forexampleagrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals―nomeatnofurnomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizationsshewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.WhenassuredthattheydosherepliedThenIwouldhavetosayyes.AskedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturnshesaidDon’’tworryscientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’’tunderstand. Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionateunderstandableway--inhumantermsnotinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’’shipreplacementafather’’sbypassoperationababy’’svaccinationsandevenapet’’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatmentsaswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccinesanimalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst. Muchcanbedone.Scientistscouldadoptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditorlestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotourstoshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finallybecausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatientsthehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooperwhohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearchbutallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress. Theauthorbelievesthatinfaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocatesscientistsshould
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1. AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandI havereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1without beinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23 afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare 4toanybutthepurescientificmind.Oneof thethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereally verysadpeople-clownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinit butitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7 Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunning througheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8 ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9 .Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble 10.Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain 11knowinghowwellitwill12themin thesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfighting foldingironingboardsandswollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible 13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrows profitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquite facteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong 15ofhumanwoe.Practicallyeveryoneisa manicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyou certainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessof situationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingand cryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint 17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikely tobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlike poetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighot firewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20 .
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-calledbreakthroughsmakegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7. 8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect. However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1. AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandI havereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1without beinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23 afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare 4toanybutthepurescientificmind.Oneof thethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereally verysadpeople-clownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinit butitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7 Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunning througheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8 ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9 .Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble 10.Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain 11knowinghowwellitwill12themin thesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfighting foldingironingboardsandswollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible 13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrows profitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquite facteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong 15ofhumanwoe.Practicallyeveryoneisa manicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyou certainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessof situationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingand cryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint 17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikely tobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlike poetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighot firewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20 .
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-calledbreakthroughsmakegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7. 8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect. However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology.
Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthoughtwhichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe. Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguistsFranzBoasandEdwardSapirwerepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanishedasthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscenturyhoweverwhowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafromexoticlanguagewerenotalwayssograteful.63ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferentsomuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages. Sapir’’spupilBenjaminLeeWhorfcontinuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.64BeinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthoughtWhorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguagethespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhichinitsstrongestformstatesthatlanguageimprisonsthemindandthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.LaterthisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesisbutthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguagesSapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.
Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthoughtwhichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe. Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguistsFranzBoasandEdwardSapirwerepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanishedasthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscenturyhoweverwhowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafromexoticlanguagewerenotalwayssograteful.63ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferentsomuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages. Sapir’’spupilBenjaminLeeWhorfcontinuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.64BeinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthoughtWhorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguagethespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhichinitsstrongestformstatesthatlanguageimprisonsthemindandthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.LaterthisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesisbutthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguagesSapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism. Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthoughtwhichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe. Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguistsFranzBoasandEdwardSapirwerepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanishedasthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscenturyhoweverwhowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafromexoticlanguagewerenotalwayssograteful.63ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferentsomuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages. Sapir’’spupilBenjaminLeeWhorfcontinuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.64BeinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthoughtWhorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguagethespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhichinitsstrongestformstatesthatlanguageimprisonsthemindandthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.LaterthisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesisbutthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguagesSapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-calledbreakthroughsmakegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7. 8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect. However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology.
MuchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicysuchassteeringtheeconomytoasoftlandingoratouchonthebrakesmakesitsoundLikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelongvariablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreenacrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel. Givenallthesedisadvantagescentralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyearclosetoitslowestlevelin30yearsbeforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s. Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica’’sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infactitfellto2.6%inAugustandisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.ThisisnoflashinthepanoverthepastcoupleofyearsinflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica. EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavourableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStatessinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomiesandespeciallyAmerica’’shavelittleproductiveslack.America’’scapacityutilisationforexamplehithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyearanditsjoblessrate5.6%inAugusthasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment―theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast. WhyhasinflationprovedsomildThemostthrillingexplanationisunfortunatelyalittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveup-endedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation. Thepassageshowsthattheauthoris____________thepresentsituation.
MuchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicysuchassteeringtheeconomytoasoftlandingoratouchonthebrakesmakesitsoundLikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelongvariablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreenacrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel. Givenallthesedisadvantagescentralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyearclosetoitslowestlevelin30yearsbeforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s. Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica’’sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infactitfellto2.6%inAugustandisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.ThisisnoflashinthepanoverthepastcoupleofyearsinflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica. EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavourableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStatessinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomiesandespeciallyAmerica’’shavelittleproductiveslack.America’’scapacityutilisationforexamplehithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyearanditsjoblessrate5.6%inAugusthasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment―theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast. WhyhasinflationprovedsomildThemostthrillingexplanationisunfortunatelyalittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveup-endedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation. AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisTRUE
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-calledbreakthroughsmakegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7. 8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect. However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology.
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-calledbreakthroughsmakegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7. 8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect. However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology.
Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry Todeterminetheentrypathwayforanon-nativespeciesisLEASTlikelytodependon
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-calledbreakthroughsmakegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7. 8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect. However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1. AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandI havereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1without beinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23 afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare 4toanybutthepurescientificmind.Oneof thethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereally verysadpeople-clownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinit butitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7 Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunning througheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8 ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9 .Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble 10.Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain 11knowinghowwellitwill12themin thesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfighting foldingironingboardsandswollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible 13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrows profitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquite facteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong 15ofhumanwoe.Practicallyeveryoneisa manicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyou certainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessof situationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingand cryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint 17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikely tobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlike poetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighot firewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20 .
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-calledbreakthroughsmakegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7. 8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect. However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1. AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandI havereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1without beinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23 afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare 4toanybutthepurescientificmind.Oneof thethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereally verysadpeople-clownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinit butitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7 Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunning througheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8 ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9 .Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble 10.Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain 11knowinghowwellitwill12themin thesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfighting foldingironingboardsandswollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible 13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrows profitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquite facteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong 15ofhumanwoe.Practicallyeveryoneisa manicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyou certainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessof situationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingand cryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint 17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikely tobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlike poetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighot firewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20 .
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1. AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandI havereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1without beinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23 afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare 4toanybutthepurescientificmind.Oneof thethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereally verysadpeople-clownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinit butitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7 Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunning througheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8 ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9 .Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble 10.Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain 11knowinghowwellitwill12themin thesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfighting foldingironingboardsandswollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible 13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrows profitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquite facteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong 15ofhumanwoe.Practicallyeveryoneisa manicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyou certainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessof situationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingand cryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint 17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikely tobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlike poetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighot firewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20 .
Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurkeallthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocateswhoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfundingandfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettingsmanyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal. Forexampleagrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals―nomeatnofurnomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizationsshewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.WhenassuredthattheydosherepliedThenIwouldhavetosayyes.AskedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturnshesaidDon’’tworryscientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’’tunderstand. Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionateunderstandableway--inhumantermsnotinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’’shipreplacementafather’’sbypassoperationababy’’svaccinationsandevenapet’’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatmentsaswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccinesanimalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst. Muchcanbedone.Scientistscouldadoptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditorlestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotourstoshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finallybecausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatientsthehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooperwhohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearchbutallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress. Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-calledbreakthroughsmakegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7. 8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect. However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology.
Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-calledbreakthroughsmakegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7. 8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect. However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology. Newsreportsoftenfocusondisputesamongscientistsoverthevalidityofpreliminaryuntesteddatahypothesesandmodelswhichbydefinitionaretentative.Thisaspectofscience-1becauseithasnotbeenwidely2andaccepted-iscalledfrontierscience.Themedia3tofocusonfrontiersciencebecauseitsso-calledbreakthroughsmakegoodnewsstories.Justbecausesomethingisinthe4offrontierscience5doesnotmeanthatitisn’’tworthyofseriousconsideration;6suchmattersneedfurtherstudytodeterminetheir7. 8contrastconsensusscienceconsistsofdatamodelstheoriesandlawsthatarewidelyaccepted.Thisaspectofscienceisveryreliablebutis9considerednewsworthy.Thetroubleisthatthewordscienceisusedto10bothfrontierandconsensussciencewithout11Themediapreference12frontiersciencegivesthepublicthe13impressionthatfrontierscience14verycertainconclusionswhichmayormaynotbecorrect. However15somefrontierscienceislatershowntobeunreliablemembersofthepublicoftenfalsely16thatconsensusscienceisalsoquiteuncertain.Weneedtotakebothfrontierandconsensusscience17butrecognizetheirdifferences.Onewaytofindoutwhatscientistsgenerallyagree18istoseekoutreportsbyscientificbodiesthatattemptto19consensusin20areasofscienceandtechnology.
Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethecartoon 2interpretitsmeaningand 3suggestpossiblecoursestotake. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcenturycapitalandlabourwereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodemlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiativetowardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompaniesthoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholderswereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylightingtramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers. Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlargeimpersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclassanelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.AllthroughthenineteenthcenturyAmericaAfricaIndiaAustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapitalandBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’’smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselargecomfortableclasseswhohadretiredontheirincomesandwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.OntheotherhandshareholdingmeantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization. Theshareholdersassuchhadnoknowledgeofthelivesthoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldsharesandhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemandsbutevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunatelyhowevertheincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunionsatleastinallskilledtradesenabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation. Theauthorismostcriticalof_________________.
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