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鸡舌香是下列哪味药的别称
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一患者崩漏月余血色鲜红量多质稀面色萎黄舌质淡脉细治疗宜选择哪味药物
苏合香
冰片
西洋参
五味子
人参
下列除哪味药外均具利尿或利湿作用．
白花蛇舌草
鱼腥草
淡竹叶
枇杷叶
蒲公英
北细辛的花及气味
花钟形、黄色、气辛香，味辛辣、麻舌
花钟形、暗紫色，花被裂片开展，气微，味辛辣
花钟形、黄绿色，花被裂片开展，气辛香，味辛辣，麻舌
花钟形、暗紫色，花被裂片反曲，气辛香，味辛辣，麻舌
花钟形、暗紫色，花被裂片开展，气辛香，味辛辣，麻舌
下列除哪味药外均具利尿或利湿作用
白花蛇舌草
鱼腥草
淡竹叶
枇杷叶
鸡纵的菌盖形似鸡的羽毛故名鸡纵其肉质鲜嫩洁白如玉味似 鲜香可口
鸡血
鸡肉
鸡蛋
鸡油
哪味药能治疗疥癣牙痛跌打损伤
麝香
樟脑
苏合香
菖蒲
冰片
细辛的气味特征是
气辛香，味辛辣
气辛香，味辛辣，麻舌
气辛香，味辛辣，微苦
气辛香，味辛、辣、苦，麻舌
气辛香，味辛、辣、苦，微涩
鸡油脂色味香适用于的调味
下列除哪味药外均可用来治疗风寒感冒
荆防颗粒
感冒清热颗粒
香石双解袋泡剂
午时茶颗粒
参苏丸
下列对川芎的气味描述正确的是
气香，苦而微涩
气香特异，味甘辛
具有特殊香气，味微苦辛，微麻舌
具有特殊香气，味苦辛，微有麻舌感，微回甜
以下哪味药可治痹痛疥癣
苏合香
牛黄
冰片
麝香
石菖蒲
鸡纵的菌盖形似鸡的羽毛故名鸡纵其肉质鲜嫩洁白如玉味似 鲜香可口
鸡肉
鱼肉
猪肉
羊肉
哪味药可治痹痛疥癣
麝香
牛黄
冰片
苏合香
菖蒲
闭证有寒闭与热闭之分下列哪味药物为治疗寒闭的要药
远志
安息香
细辛
苏合香
石菖蒲
鸡纵的菌盖形似鸡的羽毛故名鸡纵其肉质鲜嫩洁白如玉味似 鲜香可口
鸡血
鸡肫
鸡肝
鸡肉
鸡舌香是下列哪味药的别称
苦丁香
公丁香
母丁香
降香
切面黄白色或白色质脆;气辛香味辛辣麻舌的饮片是
赤药
山豆根
白芷
板蓝根
细辛
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Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41--45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA--Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Bycontrastsomewhatmorethan25percentoftheearth’spopulationcanbefoundintheindustrializedsocieties.Theyleadmodernlives.Theyareproductsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturymoldedbymechanizationandmasseducationbroughtupwithlingeringmemoriesoftheirowncountry’sagriculturalpast.Theyareineffectthepeopleofthepresent. [B]Theremaining2or3percentoftheworld’spopulationhoweverarenolongerpeopleofeitherthepastorthepresent.ForwithinthemaincentersoftechnologicalandculturalchangeinSantaMonicaCaliforniaandCambridgeMassachusettsinNewYorkandLondonandTokyoaremillionsofmenandwomenwhocanalreadybesaidtobelivingthewayoflifeofthefuture.Trend-makersoftenwithoutbeingawareofitlivetodayasmillionswilllivetomorrow.Andwhiletheyaccountforonlyafewpercentoftheglobalpopulationtodaytheyarealreadyfromaninternationalnationofthefutureinourmidst.Theyaretheadvancedagentsofmantheearliestcitizensoftheworldwidesuper-industrialsocietynowinthethroesofbirth. [C]ItisinfactnottoomuchtosaythatthepaceoflifedrawsalinethroughhumanitydividingusintocampstriggeringbittermisunderstandingbetweenparentandchildbetweenMadisonAvenueandMainStreetbetweenmenandwomenbetweenAmericanandEuropeanbetweenEastandWest. [D]WhatmakesthemdifferentfromtherestofmankindCertainlytheyarericherbettereducatedmoremobilethanthemajorityofthehumanrace.Theyalsolivelonger.Butwhatspecificallymarksthepeopleofthefutureisthefactthattheyarealreadycaughtupinanewstepped-uppaceoflife.They"livefaster"thanthepeoplearoundthem. [E]Theinhabitantsoftheeartharedividednotonlybyracenationreligionorideologybutalsoinasensebytheirpositionsintime.Examiningthepresentpopulationoftheglobewefindatinygroupwhostilllivehuntingandfood-foragingasmendidmillenniaago.Othersthevastmajorityofmankinddependnotonbear-huntingorberry-pickingbutonagriculture.Theyliveinmanyrespectsastheirancestorsdidcenturiesago.Thesetwogroupstakentogethercomposeperhaps70percentofalllivinghumanbeings.Theyarethepeopleofthepast. [F]Somepeoplearedeeplyattractedtothishighlyacceleratedpaceoflife--goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitaboutandfeelinganxioustenseoruncomfortablewhenthepaceslows.Theywantdesperatelytobe"wheretheactionis."JamesA.Wilsonhasfoundforexamplethattheattractionforafastpaceoflifeisoneofthehiddenmotivatingforcesbehindthemuch-publicized"brain-drain"--themassmigrationofEuropeanscientistsandengineerswhomigratedtotheU.S.andCanada.Heconcludedthatitwasnohighersalariesorbetterresearchfacilitiesalonebutalsothequickertempothatlurethem.Themigrantshewrites"arenotputoffbywhattheyindicatedasthe’fasterpace~ofNorthAmerica;ifanythingtheyappeartopreferthispacetoothers." [G]Thepaceoflifeisfrequentlycommentedonbyordinarypeople.Yetoddlyenoughithasreceivedalmostnoattentionfromeitherpsychologistsorsociologists.Thisisagapinginadequacyinthebehavioralsciencesforthepaceoflifeprofoundlyinfluencesbehaviorevokingstrongandcontrastingreactionsfromdifferentpeople.578words Notes:gaping是gape的现在分词gapevi.裂开nottoomuch一点也不多一点也不过分MadisonAvenue麦迪逊街纽约一条街道的名字美国主要广告公司公共关系事务所集中于此常用以表示此等公司之作风做法等MainStreet实利主义社会food-foraging觅食的millennium千年trend-maker=trend-setter领导新潮的人inthethroesof为……而苦干搏斗becaughtupin陷入goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitabout远远没有阻碍它的诞生brain-drain高科技人才流动从欧洲到美洲 44
Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities--aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacksHispanicsandotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackofaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongressinapparentagreementhasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan＄500000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeedsomefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises. Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom＄77millionin1972to1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980’sisestimatedtobeover＄3billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade. Promisingasitisforminoritybusinessesthisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthemtoo.Firstminorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinanciallysincemostaresmallconcernsandunlikelargebusinessestheyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentinnewplantsstaffequipmentandthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.Ifthereaftertheirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreducedsuchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresourcesandasmallcompany’seffortsmustsoonresultinordersorboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer. AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportionmentthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourseinmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearlyWhiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.ButcivilrightgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas"fronts"withWhitebackingratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures. Thirdaminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunsthedangerofbecomingandremainingdependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstancesfiercecompetitionfromlargermoreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases;whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactortheymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.469words Notes:civilrightsactivists公民权利激进分子Hispanics西班牙后裔美国人sizableorders大额订单subcontract转包合同onformsfiledwiththegovernment在政府存档备案percentagegoals指标apportionment分配分派publicworks市政工程letup减弱缓和promisingasitis...这是as引导的让步状语从句表语倒装了patronage优惠concernn.公司andthelike以及诸如此类的cripplingfixedexpenses引起损失的固定开支theworldof大量的bid投标tocashinon...靠……赚钱teamup一起工作合作"fronts"在此处意为“摆门面”complacency自满 Accordingtotheorganizationofthetextitmostlikelyappearedin
下列关于Ras蛋白特点的叙述正确的是
影响红细胞成熟的因素有
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese. YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46Arecentphenomenoninpresent-dayscienceandtechnologyistheincreasingtrendtowards"directed"or"programmed"research;i.e.researchwhosescopeandobjectivesarepredeterminedbyprivateorgovernmentorganizationsratherthanresearchersthemselves.Anyscientistworkingforsuchorganizationsandinvestigatinginagivenfieldthereforetendstodosoinaccordancewithaplanorprogramdesignedbeforehand. Atthebeginningofthecenturyhoweverthesituationwasquitedifferent.Atthattimetherewerenoindustrialresearchorganizationsinthemodernsense:thelaboratoryunitconsistedofafewscientistsatthemostassistedbyoneortwotechnicians.47Neverthelessthescientistoftenworkingwithinadequateequipmentinunsuitableroomswasfreetochooseanysubjectforinvestigationhelikedsincetherewasnopredeterminedprogramtowhichhehadtoconform. 48Asthecenturydevelopedtheincreasingmagnitudeandcomplexityoftheproblemstobesolvedmadeitimpossibleinmanycasesfortheindividualscientisttodealwiththehugemassofnewdatatechniquesandequipmentthatwererequiredforcarryingoutresearchaccuratelyandefficiently.Theincreasingscaleandscopeoftheexperimentsneededtotestnewhypothesesanddevelopnewtechniquesandindustrialprocessesledtothesettingupofresearchgroupsorteamsusinghighly-complicatedequipmentinelaborately-designedlaboratories.49Owingtothelargesumsofmoneyinvolveditwasthenfeltessentialtodirectthesehumanandmaterialresourcesintospecificchannelswithclearly-definedobjectives.Inthiswayitwasconsideredthatthequickestandmostpracticalresultscouldbeobtained.Thisthenwasprogrammedprogrammaticresearch Oneoftheeffectsofthisorganizedandstandardizedinvestigationistocausethescientisttobecomeincreasinglyinvolvedinappliedresearchdevelopmentespeciallyinthebranchesofsciencewhichseemmostlikelytohaveindustrialapplications.Privateindustryandevengovernmentdepartmentstendtoconcentrateonimmediateresultsandshowcomparativelylittleinterestinlong-rangeinvestigations.50Inconsequencethereisasteadyshiftofscientistsfromthepuretotheappliedfieldwheretherearemorejobsavailablefrequentlymorehighly-paidandwithbettertechnicalfacilitiesthanjobsconnectedwithpureresearchinauniversity. Owingtotheinterdependencebetweenpureandappliedscienceitiseasytoseethatthissystemifextendedtoofarcarriesconsiderabledangersforthefutureofscience--andnotonlypuresciencebutappliedscienceaswell.409words Inconsequencethereisasteadyshiftofscientistsfromthepuretotheappliedfieldwheretherearemorejobsavailablefrequentlymorehighly-paidandwithbettertechnicalfacilitiesthanjobsconnectedwithpureresearchinauniversity.
IstheliterarycriticlikethepoetrespondingcreativelyintuitivelysubjectivelytothewrittenwordasthepoetrespondstohumanexperienceOristhecriticmorelikeascientistfollowingaseriesofdemonstrableverifiablestepsusinganobjectivemethodofanalysis Forthewomanwhoisapractitioneroffeministliterarycriticismthesubjectivityversusobjectivityorcritic-as-artist-or-scientistdebatehasspecialsignificance;forherthequestionisnotonlyacademicbutpoliticalaswellandherdefinitionwillprovokespecialriskswhicheversideoftheissueitfavors.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismasobjectiveandscientific--avalidverifiableintellectualmethodthatanyonewhethermanorwomancanperform--thedefinitionnotonlymakesthecritic-as-artistapproachimpossiblebutmayalsohinderaccomplishmentoftheutilitarianpoliticalobjectivesofthosewhoseektochangetheacademicestablishmentanditsthinkingespeciallyaboutsexroles.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismascreativeandintuitiveprivilegedasartthenherworkbecomesvulnerabletotheprejudicesofstereotypicideasaboutthewaysinwhichwomenthinkandwillbedismissedbymuchoftheacademicestablishment.Becauseoftheseprejudiceswomenwhouseanintuitiveapproachintheircriticismmayfindthemselveschargedwithinabilitytobeanalyticaltobeobjectiveortothinkcritically.Whereasmenmaybefreetoclaimtheroleofcritic-as-artistwomenrundifferentprofessionalriskswhentheychooseintuitionandprivateexperienceascriticalmethodanddefense. Thesequestionsarepoliticalinthesensethatthedebateoverthemwillinevitablybelessanexplorationofabstractmattersinaspiritofdisinterestedinquirythananacademicpowerstruggleinwhichthecareersandprofessionalfortunesofmanywomenscholarsonlynowenteringtheacademicprofessioninsubstantialnumberswillbeatstakeandwiththemthechancesforadistinctivecontributiontohumanisticunderstandingacontributionthatmightbeanimportantinfluenceagainstsexisminoursociety. Aslongastheacademicestablishmentcontinuestoregardobjectiveanalysisas"masculine"andanintuitiveapproachas"feminine"thetheoreticianmuststeeradelicatephilosophicalcoursebetweenthetwo.Ifshewishestoconstructatheoryoffeministcriticismshewouldbewelladvisedtoplaceitwithintheframeworkofageneraltheoryofthecriticalprocessthatisneitherpurelyobjectivenorpurelyintuitive.Hertheoryisthenmorelikelytobecomparedandcontrastedwithothertheoriesofcriticismwithsomedegreeofdispassionatedistance.418words Accordingtotheauthorthedebatehasspecialsignificanceforthewomanwhoisatheoreticianoffeministliterarycriticismbecause
能使GTP结合蛋白中的Gs亚基丧失GTP酶活性的是
Directions: Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethepicturebriefly 2showyourunderstandingofitssymbolicmeaningand 3giveyourviewontheOlympics. YoushouldwriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
AnindustrialsocietyespeciallyoneascentralizedandconcentratedasthatofBritainisheavilydependentoncertainessentialservices:forinstanceelectricitysupplywaterrailandroadtransportandharbors.Theareaofdependencyhaswidenedtoincluderemovingrubbishhospitalandambulanceservicesandastheeconomydevelopscentralcomputerandinformationservicesaswell.Ifanyoftheseservicesceasestooperatethewholeeconomicsystemisindanger. Itisthiseconomicinterdependencyoftheeconomicsystemwhichmakesthepoweroftradeunionssuchanimportantissue.Singletradeunionshavetheabilitytocutoffmanycountries’economicbloodsupply.ThiscanhappenmoreeasilyinBritainthaninsomeothercountriesinpartbecausethelaborforceishighlyorganized.About55percentofBritishworkersbelongtounionscomparedtounderaquarterintheUnitedStates.ForhistoricalreasonsBritain’sunionshavetendedtodevelopalongtradeandoccupationallinesratherthanonanindustry-by-industrybasiswhichmakesawagespolicydemocracyinindustryandtheimprovementofprocedureforfixingwagelevelsdifficulttoachieve. Thereareconsiderablestrainsandtensionsinthetradeunionmovementsomeofthemarisingfromtheiroutdatedandinefficientstructure.Someunionshavelostmanymembersbecauseoftheirindustrialchanges.Othersareinvolvedinargumentsaboutwhoshouldrepresentworkersinnewtrades.Unionsforskilledtradesareseparatefromgeneralunionswhichmeanthatdifferentlevelsofwagesforcertainjobsareoftenasourceofbadfeelingbetweenunions.Intraditionaltradeswhicharebeingpushedoutofexistencebyadvancingtechnologiesunionscanfightfortheirmembers’disappointingjobstothepointwherethejobsofotherunionmembersarethreatenedordestroyed.TheprintingofnewspapersbothintheUnitedStatesandinBritainhasfrequentlybeenhaltedbytheeffortsofprinterstoholdontotheirtraditionalhighly-paidjobs. Tradeunionshaveproblemsofinternalcommunicationjustasmanagersincompaniesdoproblemswhichmultiplyinverylargeunionsorinthosewhichbringworkersinverydifferentindustriestogetherintoasinglegeneralunion.Sometradeunionofficialshavetobere-electedregularly;othersareelectedorevenappointedforlife.Tradeunionofficialshavetoworkwithasystemof"shopstewards"inmanyunions"shopstewards"beingworkerselectedbyotherworkersastheirrepresentativesatfactoryorworkslevel.411words Thetitlewhichbestexpressestheideaofthetextwouldbe
下列关于血红蛋白的叙述哪一项是错误的
下列关于23-BPG23-二磷酸甘油酸的叙述错误的是
下列哪些反应可叫做生物转化
Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities--aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacksHispanicsandotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackofaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongressinapparentagreementhasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan＄500000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeedsomefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises. Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom＄77millionin1972to1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980’sisestimatedtobeover＄3billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade. Promisingasitisforminoritybusinessesthisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthemtoo.Firstminorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinanciallysincemostaresmallconcernsandunlikelargebusinessestheyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentinnewplantsstaffequipmentandthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.Ifthereaftertheirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreducedsuchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresourcesandasmallcompany’seffortsmustsoonresultinordersorboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer. AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportionmentthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourseinmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearlyWhiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.ButcivilrightgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas"fronts"withWhitebackingratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures. Thirdaminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunsthedangerofbecomingandremainingdependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstancesfiercecompetitionfromlargermoreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases;whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactortheymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.469words Notes:civilrightsactivists公民权利激进分子Hispanics西班牙后裔美国人sizableorders大额订单subcontract转包合同onformsfiledwiththegovernment在政府存档备案percentagegoals指标apportionment分配分派publicworks市政工程letup减弱缓和promisingasitis...这是as引导的让步状语从句表语倒装了patronage优惠concernn.公司andthelike以及诸如此类的cripplingfixedexpenses引起损失的固定开支theworldof大量的bid投标tocashinon...靠……赚钱teamup一起工作合作"fronts"在此处意为“摆门面”complacency自满 Thetextsuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsubcontractsresultquicklyinordersmightcauseitto
细胞癌基因的产物有
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese. YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46Arecentphenomenoninpresent-dayscienceandtechnologyistheincreasingtrendtowards"directed"or"programmed"research;i.e.researchwhosescopeandobjectivesarepredeterminedbyprivateorgovernmentorganizationsratherthanresearchersthemselves.Anyscientistworkingforsuchorganizationsandinvestigatinginagivenfieldthereforetendstodosoinaccordancewithaplanorprogramdesignedbeforehand. Atthebeginningofthecenturyhoweverthesituationwasquitedifferent.Atthattimetherewerenoindustrialresearchorganizationsinthemodernsense:thelaboratoryunitconsistedofafewscientistsatthemostassistedbyoneortwotechnicians.47Neverthelessthescientistoftenworkingwithinadequateequipmentinunsuitableroomswasfreetochooseanysubjectforinvestigationhelikedsincetherewasnopredeterminedprogramtowhichhehadtoconform. 48Asthecenturydevelopedtheincreasingmagnitudeandcomplexityoftheproblemstobesolvedmadeitimpossibleinmanycasesfortheindividualscientisttodealwiththehugemassofnewdatatechniquesandequipmentthatwererequiredforcarryingoutresearchaccuratelyandefficiently.Theincreasingscaleandscopeoftheexperimentsneededtotestnewhypothesesanddevelopnewtechniquesandindustrialprocessesledtothesettingupofresearchgroupsorteamsusinghighly-complicatedequipmentinelaborately-designedlaboratories.49Owingtothelargesumsofmoneyinvolveditwasthenfeltessentialtodirectthesehumanandmaterialresourcesintospecificchannelswithclearly-definedobjectives.Inthiswayitwasconsideredthatthequickestandmostpracticalresultscouldbeobtained.Thisthenwasprogrammedprogrammaticresearch Oneoftheeffectsofthisorganizedandstandardizedinvestigationistocausethescientisttobecomeincreasinglyinvolvedinappliedresearchdevelopmentespeciallyinthebranchesofsciencewhichseemmostlikelytohaveindustrialapplications.Privateindustryandevengovernmentdepartmentstendtoconcentrateonimmediateresultsandshowcomparativelylittleinterestinlong-rangeinvestigations.50Inconsequencethereisasteadyshiftofscientistsfromthepuretotheappliedfieldwheretherearemorejobsavailablefrequentlymorehighly-paidandwithbettertechnicalfacilitiesthanjobsconnectedwithpureresearchinauniversity. Owingtotheinterdependencebetweenpureandappliedscienceitiseasytoseethatthissystemifextendedtoofarcarriesconsiderabledangersforthefutureofscience--andnotonlypuresciencebutappliedscienceaswell.409words Asthecenturydevelopedtheincreasingmagnitudeandcomplexityoftheproblemstobesolvedmadeitimpossibleinmanycasesfortheindividualscientisttodealwiththehugemassofnewdatatechniquesandequipmentthatwererequiredforcarryingoutresearchaccuratelyandefficiently.
Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities--aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacksHispanicsandotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackofaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongressinapparentagreementhasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan＄500000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeedsomefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises. Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom＄77millionin1972to1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980’sisestimatedtobeover＄3billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade. Promisingasitisforminoritybusinessesthisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthemtoo.Firstminorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinanciallysincemostaresmallconcernsandunlikelargebusinessestheyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentinnewplantsstaffequipmentandthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.Ifthereaftertheirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreducedsuchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresourcesandasmallcompany’seffortsmustsoonresultinordersorboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer. AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportionmentthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourseinmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearlyWhiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.ButcivilrightgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas"fronts"withWhitebackingratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures. Thirdaminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunsthedangerofbecomingandremainingdependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstancesfiercecompetitionfromlargermoreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases;whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactortheymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.469words Notes:civilrightsactivists公民权利激进分子Hispanics西班牙后裔美国人sizableorders大额订单subcontract转包合同onformsfiledwiththegovernment在政府存档备案percentagegoals指标apportionment分配分派publicworks市政工程letup减弱缓和promisingasitis...这是as引导的让步状语从句表语倒装了patronage优惠concernn.公司andthelike以及诸如此类的cripplingfixedexpenses引起损失的固定开支theworldof大量的bid投标tocashinon...靠……赚钱teamup一起工作合作"fronts"在此处意为“摆门面”complacency自满 Theprimarypurposeofthetextisto
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese. YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46Arecentphenomenoninpresent-dayscienceandtechnologyistheincreasingtrendtowards"directed"or"programmed"research;i.e.researchwhosescopeandobjectivesarepredeterminedbyprivateorgovernmentorganizationsratherthanresearchersthemselves.Anyscientistworkingforsuchorganizationsandinvestigatinginagivenfieldthereforetendstodosoinaccordancewithaplanorprogramdesignedbeforehand. Atthebeginningofthecenturyhoweverthesituationwasquitedifferent.Atthattimetherewerenoindustrialresearchorganizationsinthemodernsense:thelaboratoryunitconsistedofafewscientistsatthemostassistedbyoneortwotechnicians.47Neverthelessthescientistoftenworkingwithinadequateequipmentinunsuitableroomswasfreetochooseanysubjectforinvestigationhelikedsincetherewasnopredeterminedprogramtowhichhehadtoconform. 48Asthecenturydevelopedtheincreasingmagnitudeandcomplexityoftheproblemstobesolvedmadeitimpossibleinmanycasesfortheindividualscientisttodealwiththehugemassofnewdatatechniquesandequipmentthatwererequiredforcarryingoutresearchaccuratelyandefficiently.Theincreasingscaleandscopeoftheexperimentsneededtotestnewhypothesesanddevelopnewtechniquesandindustrialprocessesledtothesettingupofresearchgroupsorteamsusinghighly-complicatedequipmentinelaborately-designedlaboratories.49Owingtothelargesumsofmoneyinvolveditwasthenfeltessentialtodirectthesehumanandmaterialresourcesintospecificchannelswithclearly-definedobjectives.Inthiswayitwasconsideredthatthequickestandmostpracticalresultscouldbeobtained.Thisthenwasprogrammedprogrammaticresearch Oneoftheeffectsofthisorganizedandstandardizedinvestigationistocausethescientisttobecomeincreasinglyinvolvedinappliedresearchdevelopmentespeciallyinthebranchesofsciencewhichseemmostlikelytohaveindustrialapplications.Privateindustryandevengovernmentdepartmentstendtoconcentrateonimmediateresultsandshowcomparativelylittleinterestinlong-rangeinvestigations.50Inconsequencethereisasteadyshiftofscientistsfromthepuretotheappliedfieldwheretherearemorejobsavailablefrequentlymorehighly-paidandwithbettertechnicalfacilitiesthanjobsconnectedwithpureresearchinauniversity. Owingtotheinterdependencebetweenpureandappliedscienceitiseasytoseethatthissystemifextendedtoofarcarriesconsiderabledangersforthefutureofscience--andnotonlypuresciencebutappliedscienceaswell.409words Arecentphenomenoninpresent-dayscienceandtechnologyistheincreasingtrendtowardsdirectedorprogrammedresearch;i.e.researchwhosescopeandobjectivesarepredeterminedbyprivateorgovernmentorganizationsratherthanresearchersthemselves.
下列不含血红素的物质为
未结合胆红素的特征是
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41--45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA--Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Bycontrastsomewhatmorethan25percentoftheearth’spopulationcanbefoundintheindustrializedsocieties.Theyleadmodernlives.Theyareproductsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturymoldedbymechanizationandmasseducationbroughtupwithlingeringmemoriesoftheirowncountry’sagriculturalpast.Theyareineffectthepeopleofthepresent. [B]Theremaining2or3percentoftheworld’spopulationhoweverarenolongerpeopleofeitherthepastorthepresent.ForwithinthemaincentersoftechnologicalandculturalchangeinSantaMonicaCaliforniaandCambridgeMassachusettsinNewYorkandLondonandTokyoaremillionsofmenandwomenwhocanalreadybesaidtobelivingthewayoflifeofthefuture.Trend-makersoftenwithoutbeingawareofitlivetodayasmillionswilllivetomorrow.Andwhiletheyaccountforonlyafewpercentoftheglobalpopulationtodaytheyarealreadyfromaninternationalnationofthefutureinourmidst.Theyaretheadvancedagentsofmantheearliestcitizensoftheworldwidesuper-industrialsocietynowinthethroesofbirth. [C]ItisinfactnottoomuchtosaythatthepaceoflifedrawsalinethroughhumanitydividingusintocampstriggeringbittermisunderstandingbetweenparentandchildbetweenMadisonAvenueandMainStreetbetweenmenandwomenbetweenAmericanandEuropeanbetweenEastandWest. [D]WhatmakesthemdifferentfromtherestofmankindCertainlytheyarericherbettereducatedmoremobilethanthemajorityofthehumanrace.Theyalsolivelonger.Butwhatspecificallymarksthepeopleofthefutureisthefactthattheyarealreadycaughtupinanewstepped-uppaceoflife.They"livefaster"thanthepeoplearoundthem. [E]Theinhabitantsoftheeartharedividednotonlybyracenationreligionorideologybutalsoinasensebytheirpositionsintime.Examiningthepresentpopulationoftheglobewefindatinygroupwhostilllivehuntingandfood-foragingasmendidmillenniaago.Othersthevastmajorityofmankinddependnotonbear-huntingorberry-pickingbutonagriculture.Theyliveinmanyrespectsastheirancestorsdidcenturiesago.Thesetwogroupstakentogethercomposeperhaps70percentofalllivinghumanbeings.Theyarethepeopleofthepast. [F]Somepeoplearedeeplyattractedtothishighlyacceleratedpaceoflife--goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitaboutandfeelinganxioustenseoruncomfortablewhenthepaceslows.Theywantdesperatelytobe"wheretheactionis."JamesA.Wilsonhasfoundforexamplethattheattractionforafastpaceoflifeisoneofthehiddenmotivatingforcesbehindthemuch-publicized"brain-drain"--themassmigrationofEuropeanscientistsandengineerswhomigratedtotheU.S.andCanada.Heconcludedthatitwasnohighersalariesorbetterresearchfacilitiesalonebutalsothequickertempothatlurethem.Themigrantshewrites"arenotputoffbywhattheyindicatedasthe’fasterpace~ofNorthAmerica;ifanythingtheyappeartopreferthispacetoothers." [G]Thepaceoflifeisfrequentlycommentedonbyordinarypeople.Yetoddlyenoughithasreceivedalmostnoattentionfromeitherpsychologistsorsociologists.Thisisagapinginadequacyinthebehavioralsciencesforthepaceoflifeprofoundlyinfluencesbehaviorevokingstrongandcontrastingreactionsfromdifferentpeople.578words Notes:gaping是gape的现在分词gapevi.裂开nottoomuch一点也不多一点也不过分MadisonAvenue麦迪逊街纽约一条街道的名字美国主要广告公司公共关系事务所集中于此常用以表示此等公司之作风做法等MainStreet实利主义社会food-foraging觅食的millennium千年trend-maker=trend-setter领导新潮的人inthethroesof为……而苦干搏斗becaughtupin陷入goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitabout远远没有阻碍它的诞生brain-drain高科技人才流动从欧洲到美洲 42
AnindustrialsocietyespeciallyoneascentralizedandconcentratedasthatofBritainisheavilydependentoncertainessentialservices:forinstanceelectricitysupplywaterrailandroadtransportandharbors.Theareaofdependencyhaswidenedtoincluderemovingrubbishhospitalandambulanceservicesandastheeconomydevelopscentralcomputerandinformationservicesaswell.Ifanyoftheseservicesceasestooperatethewholeeconomicsystemisindanger. Itisthiseconomicinterdependencyoftheeconomicsystemwhichmakesthepoweroftradeunionssuchanimportantissue.Singletradeunionshavetheabilitytocutoffmanycountries’economicbloodsupply.ThiscanhappenmoreeasilyinBritainthaninsomeothercountriesinpartbecausethelaborforceishighlyorganized.About55percentofBritishworkersbelongtounionscomparedtounderaquarterintheUnitedStates.ForhistoricalreasonsBritain’sunionshavetendedtodevelopalongtradeandoccupationallinesratherthanonanindustry-by-industrybasiswhichmakesawagespolicydemocracyinindustryandtheimprovementofprocedureforfixingwagelevelsdifficulttoachieve. Thereareconsiderablestrainsandtensionsinthetradeunionmovementsomeofthemarisingfromtheiroutdatedandinefficientstructure.Someunionshavelostmanymembersbecauseoftheirindustrialchanges.Othersareinvolvedinargumentsaboutwhoshouldrepresentworkersinnewtrades.Unionsforskilledtradesareseparatefromgeneralunionswhichmeanthatdifferentlevelsofwagesforcertainjobsareoftenasourceofbadfeelingbetweenunions.Intraditionaltradeswhicharebeingpushedoutofexistencebyadvancingtechnologiesunionscanfightfortheirmembers’disappointingjobstothepointwherethejobsofotherunionmembersarethreatenedordestroyed.TheprintingofnewspapersbothintheUnitedStatesandinBritainhasfrequentlybeenhaltedbytheeffortsofprinterstoholdontotheirtraditionalhighly-paidjobs. Tradeunionshaveproblemsofinternalcommunicationjustasmanagersincompaniesdoproblemswhichmultiplyinverylargeunionsorinthosewhichbringworkersinverydifferentindustriestogetherintoasinglegeneralunion.Sometradeunionofficialshavetobere-electedregularly;othersareelectedorevenappointedforlife.Tradeunionofficialshavetoworkwithasystemof"shopstewards"inmanyunions"shopstewards"beingworkerselectedbyotherworkersastheirrepresentativesatfactoryorworkslevel.411words Disagreementsarisebetweenunionsbecausesomeofthem
IstheliterarycriticlikethepoetrespondingcreativelyintuitivelysubjectivelytothewrittenwordasthepoetrespondstohumanexperienceOristhecriticmorelikeascientistfollowingaseriesofdemonstrableverifiablestepsusinganobjectivemethodofanalysis Forthewomanwhoisapractitioneroffeministliterarycriticismthesubjectivityversusobjectivityorcritic-as-artist-or-scientistdebatehasspecialsignificance;forherthequestionisnotonlyacademicbutpoliticalaswellandherdefinitionwillprovokespecialriskswhicheversideoftheissueitfavors.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismasobjectiveandscientific--avalidverifiableintellectualmethodthatanyonewhethermanorwomancanperform--thedefinitionnotonlymakesthecritic-as-artistapproachimpossiblebutmayalsohinderaccomplishmentoftheutilitarianpoliticalobjectivesofthosewhoseektochangetheacademicestablishmentanditsthinkingespeciallyaboutsexroles.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismascreativeandintuitiveprivilegedasartthenherworkbecomesvulnerabletotheprejudicesofstereotypicideasaboutthewaysinwhichwomenthinkandwillbedismissedbymuchoftheacademicestablishment.Becauseoftheseprejudiceswomenwhouseanintuitiveapproachintheircriticismmayfindthemselveschargedwithinabilitytobeanalyticaltobeobjectiveortothinkcritically.Whereasmenmaybefreetoclaimtheroleofcritic-as-artistwomenrundifferentprofessionalriskswhentheychooseintuitionandprivateexperienceascriticalmethodanddefense. Thesequestionsarepoliticalinthesensethatthedebateoverthemwillinevitablybelessanexplorationofabstractmattersinaspiritofdisinterestedinquirythananacademicpowerstruggleinwhichthecareersandprofessionalfortunesofmanywomenscholarsonlynowenteringtheacademicprofessioninsubstantialnumberswillbeatstakeandwiththemthechancesforadistinctivecontributiontohumanisticunderstandingacontributionthatmightbeanimportantinfluenceagainstsexisminoursociety. Aslongastheacademicestablishmentcontinuestoregardobjectiveanalysisas"masculine"andanintuitiveapproachas"feminine"thetheoreticianmuststeeradelicatephilosophicalcoursebetweenthetwo.Ifshewishestoconstructatheoryoffeministcriticismshewouldbewelladvisedtoplaceitwithintheframeworkofageneraltheoryofthecriticalprocessthatisneitherpurelyobjectivenorpurelyintuitive.Hertheoryisthenmorelikelytobecomparedandcontrastedwithothertheoriesofcriticismwithsomedegreeofdispassionatedistance.418words ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorwoulddefineaspoliticalLine1Para.3thequestionsthat
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