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SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1ConsideredbymanytobeoneofthegreateststatesmenofalltimeBenjaminFranklinhaswithoutadoubtleftanindeliblemarkonhistoryforalltime.ThemanwhowouldcometoimpactthecourseoftheUnitedStates’developmentcamefromthemosthumbleofbackgrounds.BornthefifteenthchildofacandlemakerinBostonMassachusettsyoungBenjaminonlyattendedtwoyearsofformalschoolingbeforeenteringthecandlemakingbusinesshimselfattheageoften.Afterhisstintinthecandleshopheworkedinaprintingshopforfiveyearseducatinghimselfallthewhilebyconstantlyreadingandwriting.Franklin’sintellectualandpoliticalgrowthcontinuedunabatedfordecadeswithsuchnotableachievementsalongthewayasthefamous"PoorRichard’sAlmanac"whichwasusedasatoolbyfarmersandasentertainmentbymoreintellectualpatrons.AlsopersonallyresponsibleforthefoundingofthefirstpubliclibraryintheUnitedStatestheUniversityofPennsylvaniathefiredepartmentandpoliceforceofhisstateyoungFranklinwasseldomseenatrestpreferringtoutilizehistalentsforthebettermentofhiscommunity.HewasparticularlycrucialintheformationofthenewAmericanrepublicafteritswarofindependencefromBritainusinghisconsiderableintellectualclouttoinfluencethinkersoftheperiodandgarnersupportfortherevolution.In1776FranklintraveledtoFranceonadiplomaticmissiontheculminationofwhichwasastrategicalliancethatgreatlyassistedtheailingAmericanmilitarywithFrance’snavalpower.FranklinwasstillnotsatisfiedtorestonhislaurelsafterliberationfromEnglandwasachievedrathercontinuingonhisrapidpaceofaccomplishments.In1785hereturnedtoPennsylvaniatotakepartintheConstitutionalConventionandendedupwritingagooddealoftheconstitutionhimself.SmallerfeatswerecontinuallyachievedupuntilthetimeofhisdeathonApril171790.Hewasbusyuntiltheendconstantlyworkingtowardthebettermentofhumanity.AtellingtributeisthefactthatjusttwomonthspriortohisdeathheperformedhislastpoliticalactionbysigningapetitiontoCongresswhichcalledfortheabolitionoftheinstitutionofslavery. Thepurposeofthelastparagraphisto
Text2Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsripsintothepopulacescientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceoftheafflictionandfindwaystocombatit.Oftentimessuccessisachievedasmedicalscienceisabletoisolatetheparasitegermorcellthatcausestheproblemandfindswaystoeffectivelykillorcontainit.Inthemostseriousofcasesinwhichtheentirepopulationofaregionorcountrymaybeatgraveriskitisdeemednecessarytoprotecttheentirepopulationthroughvaccinationsoastosafeguardlivesandensurethatthediseasewillnotspread.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightitoffnaturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordeadstrainofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironmentsothathisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvaderproperly.Informationonhowtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesistransmittedtoallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethatshouldthepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedtodealwithithavingalreadydonesobefore.Therearedangersinherentintheprocesshowever.Onoccasioneventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinth6vaccineprovestoomuchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystemsuccumbingandthereforethepatient’sdeath.SuchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccinedesignedtoeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearlywipedouttheentireNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.Approximatelyonein10000peoplewhoreceivesthevaccinecontractthesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.ThusiftheentirepopulationoftheUnitedStatesweretoreceivetheSmallpoxVaccinetoday3000Americanswouldbeleftdead.Fortunatelythesmallpox’viruswasconsiderederadicatedintheearly1970’sendingthemandatoryvaccinationofallbabiesinAmerica.Intheeventofare-introductionofthediseasehowevermandatoryvaccinationsmayresumeresultinginmoreunexpecteddeathsfromvaccination.Theprocesswhichistrulyablessingmayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Howdovaccinesprotecthumansfromdiseasesaccordingtoparagraph2
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1ConsideredbymanytobeoneofthegreateststatesmenofalltimeBenjaminFranklinhaswithoutadoubtleftanindeliblemarkonhistoryforalltime.ThemanwhowouldcometoimpactthecourseoftheUnitedStates’developmentcamefromthemosthumbleofbackgrounds.BornthefifteenthchildofacandlemakerinBostonMassachusettsyoungBenjaminonlyattendedtwoyearsofformalschoolingbeforeenteringthecandlemakingbusinesshimselfattheageoften.Afterhisstintinthecandleshopheworkedinaprintingshopforfiveyearseducatinghimselfallthewhilebyconstantlyreadingandwriting.Franklin’sintellectualandpoliticalgrowthcontinuedunabatedfordecadeswithsuchnotableachievementsalongthewayasthefamous"PoorRichard’sAlmanac"whichwasusedasatoolbyfarmersandasentertainmentbymoreintellectualpatrons.AlsopersonallyresponsibleforthefoundingofthefirstpubliclibraryintheUnitedStatestheUniversityofPennsylvaniathefiredepartmentandpoliceforceofhisstateyoungFranklinwasseldomseenatrestpreferringtoutilizehistalentsforthebettermentofhiscommunity.HewasparticularlycrucialintheformationofthenewAmericanrepublicafteritswarofindependencefromBritainusinghisconsiderableintellectualclouttoinfluencethinkersoftheperiodandgarnersupportfortherevolution.In1776FranklintraveledtoFranceonadiplomaticmissiontheculminationofwhichwasastrategicalliancethatgreatlyassistedtheailingAmericanmilitarywithFrance’snavalpower.FranklinwasstillnotsatisfiedtorestonhislaurelsafterliberationfromEnglandwasachievedrathercontinuingonhisrapidpaceofaccomplishments.In1785hereturnedtoPennsylvaniatotakepartintheConstitutionalConventionandendedupwritingagooddealoftheconstitutionhimself.SmallerfeatswerecontinuallyachievedupuntilthetimeofhisdeathonApril171790.Hewasbusyuntiltheendconstantlyworkingtowardthebettermentofhumanity.AtellingtributeisthefactthatjusttwomonthspriortohisdeathheperformedhislastpoliticalactionbysigningapetitiontoCongresswhichcalledfortheabolitionoftheinstitutionofslavery. TheauthorimpliesbybringingdohislackofeducationthatBenjaminFranklin
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsNoonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply.HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse.Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病.Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers.Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsNoonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply.HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse.Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病.Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers.Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Text3Towalkamongmestarshasbeenadreamofhumankindsincethebeginningoftimewanderingamongtheheavensthatinspirelegendsandfantasiesacrosstheages.Todaythatdreamhasbecomearealityamemoryofsomeofthegreatesthumanachievementsinhistory:walkingonthemoonsendingprobestodistantplanetsanddiscoveringthesecretsbehindthemysteriesofthecosmos.Inthemiddleofthetwentiethcenturyhoweverhumanswereatthehalfwaypointbetweenviewingspacetravelasadreamandasareality.Tothemitwasagoalratherthanamemoryandthetwomainforcesworkingtowardthatgoalweretheworld’stwosuperpowerstheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates.Bothofthegreatnationsontheadventofincrediblyefficientrocketthrusterscapableofpropellingmanmadeobjectsintospacestrovetoachievethevictoryoffindingaplaceamongthestarsandsecuringtheconsiderableinternationalprestigeassociatedwiththatmonumentalachievement.TheSovietUniongainedtheinitialupperhandinthe"SpaceRace"asitiscommonlycalledsendingthefirstanimalintospacewith.itsSputnikprogram.Itssuccessandmomentumcarrieditforwardachievingthesecondremarkablegoalofputtingahumancosmonautintoorbitaroundtheearthandmoreimportantlybringinghimsafelybacktoearth.TheUnitedStatessensingitslosingpositionintheSpaceRacesetouttoachievethemostambitiousgoalyetitoputamanonthemoon.TheresourcesoftheentirenationweremobilizedtoworktowardthatgoalundertheordersofPresidentJohnF.KennedyinanattempttoassertitselfasacontenderintheSpaceRacedespitetheSovietUnion’searlyvictories.AfterseveralyearsalltheeffortsborefruitwhenNeilArmstronganAmericanbecamethefirstmantowalkonfilemoon.Withtheutteranceofhisfamouswords"That’sonesmallstepformanonegiantleapformankind"Armstrongstatedwhateveryonewasthinking.Theimpossiblehasbeenachievedforsuchafeatwasconsideredimpossibleascanthundredyearsprior.Withthespaceprogramcontinuingforwardthefuturedoesindeedseemtoholdunlimitedpossibilitiesforhumankind.Aninternationalspacestationisnoworbitingtheearthandthereareevenplansforcolonizingplanetsbringingthedreamsandfantasiesofyesterdayinlinewiththerealityoftoday. AccordingtotheauthortheSpaceRacewas
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
46Technologyhasmadeiteasytocrossnationalfrontiersphysicallybuttherehasbeennoinventionofnewmentalhabitstoenablepeopletocopewithforeignersinanewway.Forthattohappenthehabitsoftouristswillhavetoalter.ThehiddengodoftravelisstillKarlBaedekereventhoughhediedin1859.Hisguidebookshaveapermanentpatternmakingtravelessentiallyamatterofsightseeinglookingatplacesratherthanatpeople.47Hisachievementwastofindsightsthatcouldbeguaranteedtobethereallthetimetobeclearlyidentifiabledatedandclassifiedaccordingtotheamountofadmirationtheydeserved.Hemadevisitstooldmonumentsandtoartmuseums--thestapledietofthetravelerdrawingattentionawayfromthelivinginhabitants.Tothisdaytourismisacourseinhistoryarchitectureaestheticsandtheappreciationofhotelsandfood.48Thecultof"sights"hasgrownsomuchthatmostforeignorganizedtravelinvolvesvirtuallynocontactwiththenativesbeyondthosewhospecializeincateringfortourists.Thebusinesstravelertendstomeetmainlypeopleinhisownprofession.HowdifferentfromtheitineraryofamodernpackageholidayisthisprogramdrawnupbyanEnglishmanSirFrancisHeadin1852beforetheguidebookstoldtouristswhattodo.InParishevisitedthemunicipalpawnshoptheasylumforblindyouthswhereBraillestillunknowninEnglandwasbeingusedaprisonanorphanageforabandonedchildrentheSalpetriereoldpeople’shomethemorguethenationalprintingworksthemilitaryacademythenationalassemblythepubliclaundryandfinallyheattended/helecturesattheConservatoryforArtsandCrafts.Theriseofbureaucraticofficialdomsoonstoppedthatkindofcuriosity;butperhapstodayanewopennesswillallowittoexpressitselfagain.Informertimestheattractionofforeigntravelwasoftenthatpeopledidabroadwhattheydarednotdoathomewhichisshyforeigncountrieswonreputationsforsexualdebauchery.TheFrenchconsideredEnglandasdebauchedastheEnglishvisitorstotheFoliesBergeresimaginedtheFrenchtobe.49ButnowthatavisittoFranceisnolongeradangerousadventureandthataninternationaluniformityexistsinsomanyofthegoodsandfacilitiesthetouristencounterswhereistheexcitementandwherearethenewdiscoveriesItistobefoundinthepeople.50Theforeignnessinforeigntraveltodaymustcomemainlyfrommeetingindividualswhomonewouldnotnormallymeetathome. ButnowthatavisittoFranceisnolongeradangerousadventureandthataninternationaluniformityexistsinsomanyofthegoodsandfacilitiesthetouristencounterswhereistheexcitementandwherearethenewdiscoveries
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsNoonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply.HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse.Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病.Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers.Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutlandconversion.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA～Fforeachnumberedparagraph41～45.Thefirstandlastparagraphofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points[A]Humanpopulationgrowthad&morepressuresonland.[B]Differentfactorsplayroleinlanddegradation.[C]Whatislandconversion[D]Theprotectedareascannotescapefromthedestruction.[E]Thelandconversionprocessesinstages.[F]Thelandconversionhasagreatimpactonnature.Theprojectionsofspecieslossbydeforestationlurkanumberofcrucialbuthard-to-plotvariablesamongwhichtwoareespeciallyweightycontinuinglandscapeconversionandthegrowthcurveofhumanpopulation.41.____________________________________.Landscapeconversioncanmeanmanyrings:drainingwetlandstobraidroadsandairportsturningtallgrassprairiesundertheplowfencingsavannaandovergrazingitwithdomesticstockcuttingsecond-growthforestinVermontandconsigningthelandtoskiresortsorvacationsuburbsslash-and-burnclearingofMadagasar’srainforesttogrowriceonwethillsidesindustrialloggingonBorenotomeetJapaneseplywooddemands.42.____________________________________.TheecologistJonTerborghandacolleagueCarelP.vanSchaikhavedescribedafour-stageprocessoflandscapeconversionthattheycalltheland-usecascade.Thesuccessivestagesare.1wildlandsencompassingnationalfloralandfaunalcommunitiesalteredlittleornotatallbyhumanimpact;2extensivelyusedareassuchasnaturalgrasslandslightlygrazedsavannakeptopenforpreyanimalsbyinfrequenthuman-setfiresorforestssparselyworkedbyslash-and-bumfarmersatlowdensity;3intensivelyusedareasmeaningcropriel&plantationsvillagecommonstravelcorridorsurbanandindustrialzones;4degradedlandformerlyusefulbutnowabusedbeyondvaluetoanybody.43.____________________________________.Amongallformsoflandscapeconversionpushingtropicalforestsfromthewildlandscategorytotheintensivelyusedcategoryhasthegreatestimpactonbiologicaldiversity.YoucanseeitinthecentralAmazonwherebigtractsofrainforesthavebeenfelledandburnedinalargelyfutileattempttopasturecattleonsun-hardenedclay.Bythemiddleofthenextcenturyifthetrendcontinuestropical’forestwillexistvirtuallynowhereoutsideofprotectedareas--thatisnationalpark’wildliferefugesandotherofficialreserves.44.____________________________________.Humanpopulationgrowthwillmakeabadsituationworsebyputtingevermorepressureonallavailableland.Theannualincreaseisnow80millionpeoplewithmostofthatincrementcominginlessdevelopedcountries.AccordingtoU.N.’smiddleestimatehumanpopulationwillrisefromthepresent5.9billionto9.4billionbytheyear2050.Anyoneinterestedinthefutureofbiologicaldiversityneedstothinkaboutthepressuresthesepeoplewillfaceandthepressurestheywillexertinreturn.45.____________________________________.Thatdirectionnecessarilywillbetowardevermoredesperateexploitationoflandscape.EvenNoah’sarkonlymanagestorescuepairedanimalsnotlargeparcelsofhabitats.Thejeopardyoftheecologicalfragmentsthatwepresentlycherishasparksrefugesandreservesisalreadysevereduetointernalandexternalforcesinternalbecauseinsularityitselfleadstoecologicalunraveling;andexternalbecausethoseareasarestillundersiegebyneedyandcovetouspeople.Projectedforwardintoafutureof10.8billionhumansthatjeopardyincreasestothepointofimpossibility.Weshouldn’ttakecomfortinassumingthatat.leasttheparksandreserveslikeYellowstoneNationalParkwillstillharborgrizzlybearsintheyear2150.Thosepredatorpopulationsandotherspeciesdownthecascadearelikelytodisappear."Wildness"willbeawordapplicableonlytourbanturmoil.Lionstigersandbearswillexistinzoos.Naturewon’tcometoanendbutitwilllookverydifferent. 41
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1ConsideredbymanytobeoneofthegreateststatesmenofalltimeBenjaminFranklinhaswithoutadoubtleftanindeliblemarkonhistoryforalltime.ThemanwhowouldcometoimpactthecourseoftheUnitedStates’developmentcamefromthemosthumbleofbackgrounds.BornthefifteenthchildofacandlemakerinBostonMassachusettsyoungBenjaminonlyattendedtwoyearsofformalschoolingbeforeenteringthecandlemakingbusinesshimselfattheageoften.Afterhisstintinthecandleshopheworkedinaprintingshopforfiveyearseducatinghimselfallthewhilebyconstantlyreadingandwriting.Franklin’sintellectualandpoliticalgrowthcontinuedunabatedfordecadeswithsuchnotableachievementsalongthewayasthefamous"PoorRichard’sAlmanac"whichwasusedasatoolbyfarmersandasentertainmentbymoreintellectualpatrons.AlsopersonallyresponsibleforthefoundingofthefirstpubliclibraryintheUnitedStatestheUniversityofPennsylvaniathefiredepartmentandpoliceforceofhisstateyoungFranklinwasseldomseenatrestpreferringtoutilizehistalentsforthebettermentofhiscommunity.HewasparticularlycrucialintheformationofthenewAmericanrepublicafteritswarofindependencefromBritainusinghisconsiderableintellectualclouttoinfluencethinkersoftheperiodandgarnersupportfortherevolution.In1776FranklintraveledtoFranceonadiplomaticmissiontheculminationofwhichwasastrategicalliancethatgreatlyassistedtheailingAmericanmilitarywithFrance’snavalpower.FranklinwasstillnotsatisfiedtorestonhislaurelsafterliberationfromEnglandwasachievedrathercontinuingonhisrapidpaceofaccomplishments.In1785hereturnedtoPennsylvaniatotakepartintheConstitutionalConventionandendedupwritingagooddealoftheconstitutionhimself.SmallerfeatswerecontinuallyachievedupuntilthetimeofhisdeathonApril171790.Hewasbusyuntiltheendconstantlyworkingtowardthebettermentofhumanity.AtellingtributeisthefactthatjusttwomonthspriortohisdeathheperformedhislastpoliticalactionbysigningapetitiontoCongresswhichcalledfortheabolitionoftheinstitutionofslavery. Inparagraph2theunderlinedwordstintismostsimilarinuseto
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsNoonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply.HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse.Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病.Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers.Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutlandconversion.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA～Fforeachnumberedparagraph41～45.Thefirstandlastparagraphofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points[A]Humanpopulationgrowthad&morepressuresonland.[B]Differentfactorsplayroleinlanddegradation.[C]Whatislandconversion[D]Theprotectedareascannotescapefromthedestruction.[E]Thelandconversionprocessesinstages.[F]Thelandconversionhasagreatimpactonnature.Theprojectionsofspecieslossbydeforestationlurkanumberofcrucialbuthard-to-plotvariablesamongwhichtwoareespeciallyweightycontinuinglandscapeconversionandthegrowthcurveofhumanpopulation.41.____________________________________.Landscapeconversioncanmeanmanyrings:drainingwetlandstobraidroadsandairportsturningtallgrassprairiesundertheplowfencingsavannaandovergrazingitwithdomesticstockcuttingsecond-growthforestinVermontandconsigningthelandtoskiresortsorvacationsuburbsslash-and-burnclearingofMadagasar’srainforesttogrowriceonwethillsidesindustrialloggingonBorenotomeetJapaneseplywooddemands.42.____________________________________.TheecologistJonTerborghandacolleagueCarelP.vanSchaikhavedescribedafour-stageprocessoflandscapeconversionthattheycalltheland-usecascade.Thesuccessivestagesare.1wildlandsencompassingnationalfloralandfaunalcommunitiesalteredlittleornotatallbyhumanimpact;2extensivelyusedareassuchasnaturalgrasslandslightlygrazedsavannakeptopenforpreyanimalsbyinfrequenthuman-setfiresorforestssparselyworkedbyslash-and-bumfarmersatlowdensity;3intensivelyusedareasmeaningcropriel&plantationsvillagecommonstravelcorridorsurbanandindustrialzones;4degradedlandformerlyusefulbutnowabusedbeyondvaluetoanybody.43.____________________________________.Amongallformsoflandscapeconversionpushingtropicalforestsfromthewildlandscategorytotheintensivelyusedcategoryhasthegreatestimpactonbiologicaldiversity.YoucanseeitinthecentralAmazonwherebigtractsofrainforesthavebeenfelledandburnedinalargelyfutileattempttopasturecattleonsun-hardenedclay.Bythemiddleofthenextcenturyifthetrendcontinuestropical’forestwillexistvirtuallynowhereoutsideofprotectedareas--thatisnationalpark’wildliferefugesandotherofficialreserves.44.____________________________________.Humanpopulationgrowthwillmakeabadsituationworsebyputtingevermorepressureonallavailableland.Theannualincreaseisnow80millionpeoplewithmostofthatincrementcominginlessdevelopedcountries.AccordingtoU.N.’smiddleestimatehumanpopulationwillrisefromthepresent5.9billionto9.4billionbytheyear2050.Anyoneinterestedinthefutureofbiologicaldiversityneedstothinkaboutthepressuresthesepeoplewillfaceandthepressurestheywillexertinreturn.45.____________________________________.Thatdirectionnecessarilywillbetowardevermoredesperateexploitationoflandscape.EvenNoah’sarkonlymanagestorescuepairedanimalsnotlargeparcelsofhabitats.Thejeopardyoftheecologicalfragmentsthatwepresentlycherishasparksrefugesandreservesisalreadysevereduetointernalandexternalforcesinternalbecauseinsularityitselfleadstoecologicalunraveling;andexternalbecausethoseareasarestillundersiegebyneedyandcovetouspeople.Projectedforwardintoafutureof10.8billionhumansthatjeopardyincreasestothepointofimpossibility.Weshouldn’ttakecomfortinassumingthatat.leasttheparksandreserveslikeYellowstoneNationalParkwillstillharborgrizzlybearsintheyear2150.Thosepredatorpopulationsandotherspeciesdownthecascadearelikelytodisappear."Wildness"willbeawordapplicableonlytourbanturmoil.Lionstigersandbearswillexistinzoos.Naturewon’tcometoanendbutitwilllookverydifferent. 45
1thepictureisnotclearenoughandsomechannelbuttonsdon’tworkwell; 2sometimesthereisnosoundandthecolorisnotstable; 3CustomerFirstServiceBest. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignupyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsNoonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply.HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse.Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病.Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers.Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Text3Towalkamongmestarshasbeenadreamofhumankindsincethebeginningoftimewanderingamongtheheavensthatinspirelegendsandfantasiesacrosstheages.Todaythatdreamhasbecomearealityamemoryofsomeofthegreatesthumanachievementsinhistory:walkingonthemoonsendingprobestodistantplanetsanddiscoveringthesecretsbehindthemysteriesofthecosmos.Inthemiddleofthetwentiethcenturyhoweverhumanswereatthehalfwaypointbetweenviewingspacetravelasadreamandasareality.Tothemitwasagoalratherthanamemoryandthetwomainforcesworkingtowardthatgoalweretheworld’stwosuperpowerstheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates.Bothofthegreatnationsontheadventofincrediblyefficientrocketthrusterscapableofpropellingmanmadeobjectsintospacestrovetoachievethevictoryoffindingaplaceamongthestarsandsecuringtheconsiderableinternationalprestigeassociatedwiththatmonumentalachievement.TheSovietUniongainedtheinitialupperhandinthe"SpaceRace"asitiscommonlycalledsendingthefirstanimalintospacewith.itsSputnikprogram.Itssuccessandmomentumcarrieditforwardachievingthesecondremarkablegoalofputtingahumancosmonautintoorbitaroundtheearthandmoreimportantlybringinghimsafelybacktoearth.TheUnitedStatessensingitslosingpositionintheSpaceRacesetouttoachievethemostambitiousgoalyetitoputamanonthemoon.TheresourcesoftheentirenationweremobilizedtoworktowardthatgoalundertheordersofPresidentJohnF.KennedyinanattempttoassertitselfasacontenderintheSpaceRacedespitetheSovietUnion’searlyvictories.AfterseveralyearsalltheeffortsborefruitwhenNeilArmstronganAmericanbecamethefirstmantowalkonfilemoon.Withtheutteranceofhisfamouswords"That’sonesmallstepformanonegiantleapformankind"Armstrongstatedwhateveryonewasthinking.Theimpossiblehasbeenachievedforsuchafeatwasconsideredimpossibleascanthundredyearsprior.Withthespaceprogramcontinuingforwardthefuturedoesindeedseemtoholdunlimitedpossibilitiesforhumankind.Aninternationalspacestationisnoworbitingtheearthandthereareevenplansforcolonizingplanetsbringingthedreamsandfantasiesofyesterdayinlinewiththerealityoftoday. WhichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredaresultoftheSpaceRace
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsNoonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply.HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse.Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病.Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers.Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text2Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsripsintothepopulacescientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceoftheafflictionandfindwaystocombatit.Oftentimessuccessisachievedasmedicalscienceisabletoisolatetheparasitegermorcellthatcausestheproblemandfindswaystoeffectivelykillorcontainit.Inthemostseriousofcasesinwhichtheentirepopulationofaregionorcountrymaybeatgraveriskitisdeemednecessarytoprotecttheentirepopulationthroughvaccinationsoastosafeguardlivesandensurethatthediseasewillnotspread.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightitoffnaturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordeadstrainofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironmentsothathisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvaderproperly.Informationonhowtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesistransmittedtoallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethatshouldthepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedtodealwithithavingalreadydonesobefore.Therearedangersinherentintheprocesshowever.Onoccasioneventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinth6vaccineprovestoomuchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystemsuccumbingandthereforethepatient’sdeath.SuchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccinedesignedtoeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearlywipedouttheentireNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.Approximatelyonein10000peoplewhoreceivesthevaccinecontractthesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.ThusiftheentirepopulationoftheUnitedStatesweretoreceivetheSmallpoxVaccinetoday3000Americanswouldbeleftdead.Fortunatelythesmallpox’viruswasconsiderederadicatedintheearly1970’sendingthemandatoryvaccinationofallbabiesinAmerica.Intheeventofare-introductionofthediseasehowevermandatoryvaccinationsmayresumeresultinginmoreunexpecteddeathsfromvaccination.Theprocesswhichistrulyablessingmayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Themainpurposeofthetextisto
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsNoonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply.HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse.Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病.Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers.Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsNoonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply.HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse.Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病.Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers.Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsNoonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheabilityoffarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.1pesticidesfarmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentirecrop2anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.3Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply.HoweverweAmericansneedtobecomemore4abouttheeffectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More5weneedtothinkaboutwhatnew6isnecessarytoprotectourselvesfroma7toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwedon’tdemandgreater8onpesticideusewemaybesurpriseddismayedand9horrifiedbytheconsequenceofitsuse.Onthemostobviouslevelfarmworkerswhocontinuetousethepesticides10theirpresentratewill11seriousdiseases.It’sno12thatfarmers13toherbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.14childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareusedhaveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia白血病.Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones15risk.Consumersmayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily16offoodstainted污染bypesticides.Althoughscientistshaveyettoprovethelink17theyareconcernedthatpesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreaseinvariousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon结肠cancers.Weneednewlegislationthat18stricterstandardsgoverningpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrentlegislationisbasedonignorance.Simply19weallowhighlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon’tknowforsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.YetwhyshouldwetaketheriskIfthere’sachancethatapesticidecausescancerthenitshouldbe20fromuse. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutlandconversion.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA～Fforeachnumberedparagraph41～45.Thefirstandlastparagraphofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points[A]Humanpopulationgrowthad&morepressuresonland.[B]Differentfactorsplayroleinlanddegradation.[C]Whatislandconversion[D]Theprotectedareascannotescapefromthedestruction.[E]Thelandconversionprocessesinstages.[F]Thelandconversionhasagreatimpactonnature.Theprojectionsofspecieslossbydeforestationlurkanumberofcrucialbuthard-to-plotvariablesamongwhichtwoareespeciallyweightycontinuinglandscapeconversionandthegrowthcurveofhumanpopulation.41.____________________________________.Landscapeconversioncanmeanmanyrings:drainingwetlandstobraidroadsandairportsturningtallgrassprairiesundertheplowfencingsavannaandovergrazingitwithdomesticstockcuttingsecond-growthforestinVermontandconsigningthelandtoskiresortsorvacationsuburbsslash-and-burnclearingofMadagasar’srainforesttogrowriceonwethillsidesindustrialloggingonBorenotomeetJapaneseplywooddemands.42.____________________________________.TheecologistJonTerborghandacolleagueCarelP.vanSchaikhavedescribedafour-stageprocessoflandscapeconversionthattheycalltheland-usecascade.Thesuccessivestagesare.1wildlandsencompassingnationalfloralandfaunalcommunitiesalteredlittleornotatallbyhumanimpact;2extensivelyusedareassuchasnaturalgrasslandslightlygrazedsavannakeptopenforpreyanimalsbyinfrequenthuman-setfiresorforestssparselyworkedbyslash-and-bumfarmersatlowdensity;3intensivelyusedareasmeaningcropriel&plantationsvillagecommonstravelcorridorsurbanandindustrialzones;4degradedlandformerlyusefulbutnowabusedbeyondvaluetoanybody.43.____________________________________.Amongallformsoflandscapeconversionpushingtropicalforestsfromthewildlandscategorytotheintensivelyusedcategoryhasthegreatestimpactonbiologicaldiversity.YoucanseeitinthecentralAmazonwherebigtractsofrainforesthavebeenfelledandburnedinalargelyfutileattempttopasturecattleonsun-hardenedclay.Bythemiddleofthenextcenturyifthetrendcontinuestropical’forestwillexistvirtuallynowhereoutsideofprotectedareas--thatisnationalpark’wildliferefugesandotherofficialreserves.44.____________________________________.Humanpopulationgrowthwillmakeabadsituationworsebyputtingevermorepressureonallavailableland.Theannualincreaseisnow80millionpeoplewithmostofthatincrementcominginlessdevelopedcountries.AccordingtoU.N.’smiddleestimatehumanpopulationwillrisefromthepresent5.9billionto9.4billionbytheyear2050.Anyoneinterestedinthefutureofbiologicaldiversityneedstothinkaboutthepressuresthesepeoplewillfaceandthepressurestheywillexertinreturn.45.____________________________________.Thatdirectionnecessarilywillbetowardevermoredesperateexploitationoflandscape.EvenNoah’sarkonlymanagestorescuepairedanimalsnotlargeparcelsofhabitats.Thejeopardyoftheecologicalfragmentsthatwepresentlycherishasparksrefugesandreservesisalreadysevereduetointernalandexternalforcesinternalbecauseinsularityitselfleadstoecologicalunraveling;andexternalbecausethoseareasarestillundersiegebyneedyandcovetouspeople.Projectedforwardintoafutureof10.8billionhumansthatjeopardyincreasestothepointofimpossibility.Weshouldn’ttakecomfortinassumingthatat.leasttheparksandreserveslikeYellowstoneNationalParkwillstillharborgrizzlybearsintheyear2150.Thosepredatorpopulationsandotherspeciesdownthecascadearelikelytodisappear."Wildness"willbeawordapplicableonlytourbanturmoil.Lionstigersandbearswillexistinzoos.Naturewon’tcometoanendbutitwilllookverydifferent. 43
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Text3Towalkamongmestarshasbeenadreamofhumankindsincethebeginningoftimewanderingamongtheheavensthatinspirelegendsandfantasiesacrosstheages.Todaythatdreamhasbecomearealityamemoryofsomeofthegreatesthumanachievementsinhistory:walkingonthemoonsendingprobestodistantplanetsanddiscoveringthesecretsbehindthemysteriesofthecosmos.Inthemiddleofthetwentiethcenturyhoweverhumanswereatthehalfwaypointbetweenviewingspacetravelasadreamandasareality.Tothemitwasagoalratherthanamemoryandthetwomainforcesworkingtowardthatgoalweretheworld’stwosuperpowerstheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates.Bothofthegreatnationsontheadventofincrediblyefficientrocketthrusterscapableofpropellingmanmadeobjectsintospacestrovetoachievethevictoryoffindingaplaceamongthestarsandsecuringtheconsiderableinternationalprestigeassociatedwiththatmonumentalachievement.TheSovietUniongainedtheinitialupperhandinthe"SpaceRace"asitiscommonlycalledsendingthefirstanimalintospacewith.itsSputnikprogram.Itssuccessandmomentumcarrieditforwardachievingthesecondremarkablegoalofputtingahumancosmonautintoorbitaroundtheearthandmoreimportantlybringinghimsafelybacktoearth.TheUnitedStatessensingitslosingpositionintheSpaceRacesetouttoachievethemostambitiousgoalyetitoputamanonthemoon.TheresourcesoftheentirenationweremobilizedtoworktowardthatgoalundertheordersofPresidentJohnF.KennedyinanattempttoassertitselfasacontenderintheSpaceRacedespitetheSovietUnion’searlyvictories.AfterseveralyearsalltheeffortsborefruitwhenNeilArmstronganAmericanbecamethefirstmantowalkonfilemoon.Withtheutteranceofhisfamouswords"That’sonesmallstepformanonegiantleapformankind"Armstrongstatedwhateveryonewasthinking.Theimpossiblehasbeenachievedforsuchafeatwasconsideredimpossibleascanthundredyearsprior.Withthespaceprogramcontinuingforwardthefuturedoesindeedseemtoholdunlimitedpossibilitiesforhumankind.Aninternationalspacestationisnoworbitingtheearthandthereareevenplansforcolonizingplanetsbringingthedreamsandfantasiesofyesterdayinlinewiththerealityoftoday. Armstrong'squoteisutilizedinthelastparagraphbecause
Text4"Whatadifferenceawordmakes."Theissueofsemanticshasbeenanongoingcomplaintagainstthemediawhichhasbeencharacterizedbyanincreasinglevelofsensationalismandirresponsiblereportingovertheyearsfosteredbyincreasinglyfiercecompetitionandstruggleforwiderdistributionsandreaderships.Afocalpointforthecriticismisthecoverageofhigh-profilecriminalcases.Withsuchheadlinesas"Mr.XArrestforFirst-DegreeMurder"prominentlydisplayedacrossthefrontpageithasbeenarguedthatsuchprovocativelanguageinfluencespublicopinioncausingprematureassumptionsofguiltbeforethemattercanbeproperlyandlegallydecidedinacourtoflaw.Thepowerofthemediatoinfluencepublicopinionandbyextensionlegalandpoliticalperceptionshaslongbeenestablishedandrecognizedspurringoutcrieswheninaccurateoroverlyembellishedstoriesresultinunwarranteddestructionofpublicimageorintrusionsintoprivacyofunwillingindividuals.Reportersandeditorstaketheutmostcareintheirchoiceofwordsforuseintheirarticlesbutwithconstantpressuretocreateprovocativeheadlinesinordertoselltheirpapersthedistinctionbetweenrespectableperiodicalsandtrashytabloidsisbecomingthinnereveryday.Thepredicamentisexacerbatedbythepublic’sseemingshortattentionspanputtingthepapersunderpressuretomaketheirstoriesasattention-grabbingastheyareaccurate.Furtherobfuscatingthesituationisthefactthatthesamephrasecanbeinterpretedinamyriadofdifferentwaysdependingonwhoreadsitmakingithardforonetojudgewhetheralineisexcessiveornot.WhateverthecausesandeffectshoweverthefreedomofpresslawsintheUnitedStatesmeanthatanychangetothestyleemployedbythemediamustbeself-imposed.Inthatrespectitappearsthatnothingwillbechanginginthenearfuturesincethepublic’sinsatiablehungerforcontroversyandscandalcontinuestodominateandsetthepaceformarketablereporting.Asthesensationalismanditsrelatedeffectscontinueintothelongertermhowever’therewillnodoubtbemoreoutcryasthetrendcontinues.Thiswillpossiblyresultinanupheavalofthesystemfavoringmoreaccurateunembellishedreportingconsistingofhardfactswithaminimumofsuppositionorcommentaryanddevoidofminorsandotherquestionablesourcesofinformation.Ifandwhenthatoccurswecantrulystatewithpridethatourmediaindustryisnotonlyafreeonebutaresponsibleandreliableone. Theopinionoftheauthoronmediareportingisthat
Text4"Whatadifferenceawordmakes."Theissueofsemanticshasbeenanongoingcomplaintagainstthemediawhichhasbeencharacterizedbyanincreasinglevelofsensationalismandirresponsiblereportingovertheyearsfosteredbyincreasinglyfiercecompetitionandstruggleforwiderdistributionsandreaderships.Afocalpointforthecriticismisthecoverageofhigh-profilecriminalcases.Withsuchheadlinesas"Mr.XArrestforFirst-DegreeMurder"prominentlydisplayedacrossthefrontpageithasbeenarguedthatsuchprovocativelanguageinfluencespublicopinioncausingprematureassumptionsofguiltbeforethemattercanbeproperlyandlegallydecidedinacourtoflaw.Thepowerofthemediatoinfluencepublicopinionandbyextensionlegalandpoliticalperceptionshaslongbeenestablishedandrecognizedspurringoutcrieswheninaccurateoroverlyembellishedstoriesresultinunwarranteddestructionofpublicimageorintrusionsintoprivacyofunwillingindividuals.Reportersandeditorstaketheutmostcareintheirchoiceofwordsforuseintheirarticlesbutwithconstantpressuretocreateprovocativeheadlinesinordertoselltheirpapersthedistinctionbetweenrespectableperiodicalsandtrashytabloidsisbecomingthinnereveryday.Thepredicamentisexacerbatedbythepublic’sseemingshortattentionspanputtingthepapersunderpressuretomaketheirstoriesasattention-grabbingastheyareaccurate.Furtherobfuscatingthesituationisthefactthatthesamephrasecanbeinterpretedinamyriadofdifferentwaysdependingonwhoreadsitmakingithardforonetojudgewhetheralineisexcessiveornot.WhateverthecausesandeffectshoweverthefreedomofpresslawsintheUnitedStatesmeanthatanychangetothestyleemployedbythemediamustbeself-imposed.Inthatrespectitappearsthatnothingwillbechanginginthenearfuturesincethepublic’sinsatiablehungerforcontroversyandscandalcontinuestodominateandsetthepaceformarketablereporting.Asthesensationalismanditsrelatedeffectscontinueintothelongertermhowever’therewillnodoubtbemoreoutcryasthetrendcontinues.Thiswillpossiblyresultinanupheavalofthesystemfavoringmoreaccurateunembellishedreportingconsistingofhardfactswithaminimumofsuppositionorcommentaryanddevoidofminorsandotherquestionablesourcesofinformation.Ifandwhenthatoccurswecantrulystatewithpridethatourmediaindustryisnotonlyafreeonebutaresponsibleandreliableone. Inparagraph3theunderlinedwordexacerbatedismostsimilarinuseto
46Technologyhasmadeiteasytocrossnationalfrontiersphysicallybuttherehasbeennoinventionofnewmentalhabitstoenablepeopletocopewithforeignersinanewway.Forthattohappenthehabitsoftouristswillhavetoalter.ThehiddengodoftravelisstillKarlBaedekereventhoughhediedin1859.Hisguidebookshaveapermanentpatternmakingtravelessentiallyamatterofsightseeinglookingatplacesratherthanatpeople.47Hisachievementwastofindsightsthatcouldbeguaranteedtobethereallthetimetobeclearlyidentifiabledatedandclassifiedaccordingtotheamountofadmirationtheydeserved.Hemadevisitstooldmonumentsandtoartmuseums--thestapledietofthetravelerdrawingattentionawayfromthelivinginhabitants.Tothisdaytourismisacourseinhistoryarchitectureaestheticsandtheappreciationofhotelsandfood.48Thecultof"sights"hasgrownsomuchthatmostforeignorganizedtravelinvolvesvirtuallynocontactwiththenativesbeyondthosewhospecializeincateringfortourists.Thebusinesstravelertendstomeetmainlypeopleinhisownprofession.HowdifferentfromtheitineraryofamodernpackageholidayisthisprogramdrawnupbyanEnglishmanSirFrancisHeadin1852beforetheguidebookstoldtouristswhattodo.InParishevisitedthemunicipalpawnshoptheasylumforblindyouthswhereBraillestillunknowninEnglandwasbeingusedaprisonanorphanageforabandonedchildrentheSalpetriereoldpeople’shomethemorguethenationalprintingworksthemilitaryacademythenationalassemblythepubliclaundryandfinallyheattended/helecturesattheConservatoryforArtsandCrafts.Theriseofbureaucraticofficialdomsoonstoppedthatkindofcuriosity;butperhapstodayanewopennesswillallowittoexpressitselfagain.Informertimestheattractionofforeigntravelwasoftenthatpeopledidabroadwhattheydarednotdoathomewhichisshyforeigncountrieswonreputationsforsexualdebauchery.TheFrenchconsideredEnglandasdebauchedastheEnglishvisitorstotheFoliesBergeresimaginedtheFrenchtobe.49ButnowthatavisittoFranceisnolongeradangerousadventureandthataninternationaluniformityexistsinsomanyofthegoodsandfacilitiesthetouristencounterswhereistheexcitementandwherearethenewdiscoveriesItistobefoundinthepeople.50Theforeignnessinforeigntraveltodaymustcomemainlyfrommeetingindividualswhomonewouldnotnormallymeetathome. Hisachievementwastofindsightsthatcouldbeguaranteedtobethereallthetimetobeclearlyidentifiabledatedandclassifiedaccordingtotheamountofadmirationtheydeserved.
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