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Directions: A. Study the following picture carefully and write an essay of about 160-200 words. B. ...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Thecompany____threefactoriesandacoalminE.Whichofth
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operates
manages
organizes
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
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Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
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Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
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Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
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A．follow B．throw C．somehow D．blow
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AsanadultIchoosetoflippagesnotchannels.Afterfouryearsofnotwatchingthetubeandtwoyearsofnotowningonetheempiricalevidenceisin:MylifeisbetterwithoutaTV.Here’swhy. TVconsumesanenormousamountoftime Let’sdothemath.Accordingtoa2009NielsonstudytheaverageamountoftimeanAmericanspendswatchingTVisaroundfivehoursperday!Fivehours!Excludingtimespentsleepingthismeanstheaveragepersonisspendingathirdoftheirdaydistractedordownrightcomatose.Byextensionthisworksouttomorethan3.5months15weeksofnonstopTVwatchingeachyear. 41TVnewsisapoorwaytobeinformed TVnewsjustlyreceivesmuchcriticism.Ithasfollowedthepathofprofessionalwrestling:oncegenuineyetnowmostlyforentertainment. 42TVhindersthedevelopmentofrelationships 43TVhastoomanycommercials Theaverage30minuteslotoftelevisionprogramminghas8~9minutesofcommercials. 44TVisn’tthathardtogetridof Youmightthink"Icouldn’tpossiblyquitwatching."Firstlyyoudon’tneedto.TherearealternativesincludingdownloadingtheshoworwatchingitonDVDbothofwhichofferstop/playcontrolwithnocommercialinterruptions.Secondlyit’sreallynotthathardtogiveupashow.They’renotlikenicotine.There’snochemicaldependence. 45TVsarethelastnon-portablerelic Forthemostpartwe’vemanagedtomakeourtechnologymobile. Nowdon’tgetmewrong.Ivalueentertainmentandrelaxationasmuchasthenextperson.ThereareshowsIdownloadandwatchregularlysumminguptoperhapsfourhoursperweek.Thetruthisonceyoutargetafewspecificshowsandcutoutcommercialsthere’sreallynotthatmuchtowatch. SosavetimelearnsomethingnewtrysomethingdifferentbuildyourrelationshipsandforyourownsaketurnofftheTV. [A]Sureyoumightgetdisappointedthefirsttimeyou’releftoutofaconversationaboutlastnight’sepisodebutyoucanoffsetthisdisappointmentbytellingpeopleabouthowyoulearnttohangglideinstead.I’velikedalotofTVshowsbutI’veneverseenonethatwasn’tcompletelydisposableatanygivenminute. [B]Internetandphoneservicesareavailablealmosteverywhere.TVsincontrastarelikethecoil-cordedphonesofthepastkeepingpeoplecoopedupindoorsgluedtothecouch.AstationaryTVsetsencouragesasedentarylifestylethatseldomservesuswell. [C]Gettingnewsfromarollingticker滚动新闻条oratalkingheadislikegoingtoarestaurantandwaitingpatientlytobeservedwheneverthestaffgetsaroundtoit.Newsshouldbereadyondemand.WiththeInternetitis.WithTVyouwait.Iftheyhaveastoryaboutakittencaughtinatreeyouendureitlestyoumissaminuteofsomethingthatisactuallyrelevanttoyou. [D]Basedonourearliercalculationsthiscanworkouttomorethanamontheachyearspentwatchingadvertisements.Bookshavenoadvertisements.EvenadsontheInternetcanquicklybeignoredifthey’reofnorelevance.TVadsincontrastaretimewastersthatareforceduponyou. [E]AtonepointIwasabletorecountmyfavoriteepisodewordbyword.Bywatchingtheserepeatsyoudon’tevengettohearauniquejokeorlearnsomethingnew.TVrerunsaretimewastersnotonlyareyouveggingout慵懒发呆you’realsonottakinginanythingnovel. [F]TimespentwatchingTVistimeyou’renotenjoyingqualityexperienceswithfriendsandfamily.Insteadoftubetimetrysomethingnewandoutoftheordinarywiththepeopleinyourlife.Playbilliards.Flyakite.Orjusttalktoeachother. 44
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 6
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 12
46____________________ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.Itisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardians. Itissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 47________________________ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimseffoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself.48____________________ Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.49___________________ ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!…Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer:Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage 50____________________ [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecherishourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.TodaymanywomenchoosetogetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofcasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 48
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturebriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3supportyourviewswithexamples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
46____________________ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.Itisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardians. Itissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 47________________________ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimseffoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself.48____________________ Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.49___________________ ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!…Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer:Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage 50____________________ [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecherishourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.TodaymanywomenchoosetogetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofcasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 50
Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike. IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness. Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon. HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners. ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas. U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood. StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo. Itseemsthatmanypeoplepretendtochoosetolivearurallifecharacterizedby
Whentwooftheworld’srichestandmightiestmenpledgetodestroyanenemyitistimetopayattention.BillGatestheformerbossofMicrosoftwhonowdevotesallhistimetohischaritablefoundationtravelledthisweektoNewYorkthecityrunbyMichaelBloombergtojoinhisfellowbillionaire’scampaigntostampoutsmoking. HavethetwopotentatesmettheirmatchDespitedecadesofworkbyhealthcampaignersmorethanonebillionpeoplestillsmoketoday.Smokingkillsuptohalfofthosewhofailtoquitpuffingreducingtheirlivesbyanaverageof10to15years.TheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOsaysmorethan5millionpeopleayeardieearlyfromtheeffectsdirectorindirectoftobacco.ThatexceedsthecombinedtollofHIV/AIDStuberculosisandmalaria. Despitethatdismalsituationtherearethreereasonstogivethelatestpairofcampaignersaslimchanceofsuccess:moneymethodsandmotivation.MessrsGatesandBloombergvowedtospendacombinedtotalof$500millionondiscouragingtheweed.SinceMr.Bloomberg’scharityhadalreadyannouncedanawardof$125millionearlierthenewmoneypledgedthisweektotalleda"mere"$375million:$250millionfromthemayorandafresh$125millionfromthesoftwaremagnate’sphilanthropicoutfit. HowwillthiscashbespentInquiteinnovativewaysandthatisasecondreasonforoptimism.Hithertomostanti-smokingfundshavebeenchannelledthroughafewlargebureaucracies.ButMr.Bloomberg’scharitywantstoletathousandflowersbloom:inotherwordstolendahandtomanyinitiativesbothpublicandprivatetoseewhatworks.Therewillbeacompetitivegrantschemeforpoorcountrieswherethetobaccohabitisspreading. TheveryfactthattwogiantsareteamingupisalandmarkinAmericanphilanthropy-comparabletoWarrenBuffett’sdecisiontwoyearsagotoputhisfortuneatthedisposalofMr.Gates’foundation.AspartoftheirjointcommitmentMr.Gatesisgivingsomeofhis$125milliondirectlytoMr.Bloomberg’scharity;therestwillgotocarefullymonitoredprojectsinIndiaChinaandotherplaceswherethenumberofsmokersisrisingrelentlessly. Thenthereismotivation.Thereareotherbigplayersinthiscauseandthatshouldinduceeverynewentranttotrybringingsomethingfreshtotheparty.EarlierthisyeartheWHOstartedacampaignagainsttobaccoknownasMPower.Oneofitssellingpointswasthatincontrastwithmanyotherprojectsithadafairlyclearideaaboutwhatwasneeded.WHOexpertshavelistedaseriesoftacticsrangingfromaggressivepubliceducationtoariseintobaccotaxesthatdeliverresults.EvenifhightaxesleadtosomesmugglinganddiversionstudiesdoneinBrazilforexampleshowthatfiscalmeasuresdocurbconsumption.TheWorldBankwhichfundedthatresearchisalsothoughttobereadytojointheanti-smokingscrumafteryearsofpayinglittleattention. Acrowdedfieldindeed.Buthavinganextra$500millionfromtwohard-drivenbillionairessurelywon’thurt. Whatdoesstampoutinthefirstparagraphprobablymean
Whentwooftheworld’srichestandmightiestmenpledgetodestroyanenemyitistimetopayattention.BillGatestheformerbossofMicrosoftwhonowdevotesallhistimetohischaritablefoundationtravelledthisweektoNewYorkthecityrunbyMichaelBloombergtojoinhisfellowbillionaire’scampaigntostampoutsmoking. HavethetwopotentatesmettheirmatchDespitedecadesofworkbyhealthcampaignersmorethanonebillionpeoplestillsmoketoday.Smokingkillsuptohalfofthosewhofailtoquitpuffingreducingtheirlivesbyanaverageof10to15years.TheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOsaysmorethan5millionpeopleayeardieearlyfromtheeffectsdirectorindirectoftobacco.ThatexceedsthecombinedtollofHIV/AIDStuberculosisandmalaria. Despitethatdismalsituationtherearethreereasonstogivethelatestpairofcampaignersaslimchanceofsuccess:moneymethodsandmotivation.MessrsGatesandBloombergvowedtospendacombinedtotalof$500millionondiscouragingtheweed.SinceMr.Bloomberg’scharityhadalreadyannouncedanawardof$125millionearlierthenewmoneypledgedthisweektotalleda"mere"$375million:$250millionfromthemayorandafresh$125millionfromthesoftwaremagnate’sphilanthropicoutfit. HowwillthiscashbespentInquiteinnovativewaysandthatisasecondreasonforoptimism.Hithertomostanti-smokingfundshavebeenchannelledthroughafewlargebureaucracies.ButMr.Bloomberg’scharitywantstoletathousandflowersbloom:inotherwordstolendahandtomanyinitiativesbothpublicandprivatetoseewhatworks.Therewillbeacompetitivegrantschemeforpoorcountrieswherethetobaccohabitisspreading. TheveryfactthattwogiantsareteamingupisalandmarkinAmericanphilanthropy-comparabletoWarrenBuffett’sdecisiontwoyearsagotoputhisfortuneatthedisposalofMr.Gates’foundation.AspartoftheirjointcommitmentMr.Gatesisgivingsomeofhis$125milliondirectlytoMr.Bloomberg’scharity;therestwillgotocarefullymonitoredprojectsinIndiaChinaandotherplaceswherethenumberofsmokersisrisingrelentlessly. Thenthereismotivation.Thereareotherbigplayersinthiscauseandthatshouldinduceeverynewentranttotrybringingsomethingfreshtotheparty.EarlierthisyeartheWHOstartedacampaignagainsttobaccoknownasMPower.Oneofitssellingpointswasthatincontrastwithmanyotherprojectsithadafairlyclearideaaboutwhatwasneeded.WHOexpertshavelistedaseriesoftacticsrangingfromaggressivepubliceducationtoariseintobaccotaxesthatdeliverresults.EvenifhightaxesleadtosomesmugglinganddiversionstudiesdoneinBrazilforexampleshowthatfiscalmeasuresdocurbconsumption.TheWorldBankwhichfundedthatresearchisalsothoughttobereadytojointheanti-smokingscrumafteryearsofpayinglittleattention. Acrowdedfieldindeed.Buthavinganextra$500millionfromtwohard-drivenbillionairessurelywon’thurt. Accordingtothetexthowwillthemoneybespent
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 10
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 16
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 8
NodolloutshinesBarbie’scelebrity.IfalltheBarbiesandherfamilymembers-SkipperFrancieandtherest-soldsince1959wereplacedheadtotoetheywouldcircletheEarthmorethanseventimes.Andsalesaresuretoboomin2009whenthefashiondollcelebratesher50thbirthdayonMarch9th. BarbiewillstaratanarrayofglobaleventshonouringhermilestonepossiblyincludingaglitzyaffairatNewYork’sFashionWeekinFebruarymostoftheworld’stopfashiondesignersfromGivenchytoAlexanderMcQueenhavedesignedhautecoutureforher.OnherbirthdayMattelthecompanythatmakesherwilllaunchasouvenirdollhonouringtheoriginalBarbieinherblack-and-whitestripedswimsuitandperfectponytail.Itwillbeavailableforpurchaseonlythatoneday.AnotherGoldenAnniversarydolltargetscollectors.BarbiefanshaveplannedhundredsofeventsincludingtheNationalBarbieDollCollectorsConventioninWashingtonDCwhichisalreadysoldout. WhenRuthHandlercreatedBarbiein1959apost-warcultureandeconomythrivedbutgirlsstillplayedwithbabydolls.Thesetoyslimitedtheimagination;soHandlerintroducedBarbietheTeen-AgeFashionModelnamedafterherdaughterBarbara.JackieKennedysoonsashayedontotheworldstageandBarbiealreadyhadawardrobefitforafirstlady.BarbiebestowedongirlstheopportunitytodreambeyondsuburbiaevenifKenattimestaggedalong. BarbieentrancedEuropein1961andnowsellsin150countries.EverysecondthreeBarbiesaresoldaroundtheworld.Hercareersaremyriad-modelastronautOlympicswimmerpalaeontologistandrockstaralongwith100othersincludingpresident.LikeanypoliticalcandidatecontroversyhitBarbiein1992whenTeenTalkBarbiesaid"Mathclassistough"andgirls’educationbecameanationalissue.ShehasbeenbannedinSaudiArabiatorturedbypre-teengirlsaccordingtoresearchersattheUniversityofBath’sSchoolofManagementandfattenedin1997. FeministscontinuetobashBarbieclaimingthatherbeautyandcurvestreatwomenasobjects.ButothersseeherasapioneertrendsettercrashingtheglassceilinglongbeforeHillaryClintoncrackedit. High-techentertainmentnowattractsgirlsandBarbiealsofacesfiercecompetitionfromvariouscopycatsincludingtheedgierbutlessglareBratzdolls.TheBratzsufferedasetbackin2008．MattelsuedMGAEntertainmentBratz’sproducerforcopyrightinfringement.AjudgeawardedMattel$100millionindamages. MattelhassmartlyensuredthatBarbieproductsreflectcurrenttrends.ThroughtwoBarbiewebsitesgirlscandesignclothesnetworkandplaygames.ThepinkBarbiebrandislicensedforproductsfromDVDsandMP3playerstobicyclesandeven24-caratgoldandcrystaljewellery.BarbiecollectorsfuelanentireglobalindustryoneBayandatconventions.ToenticecollectorsMattelregularlyreleasespriceylimited-editiondollsbasedoncharactersinfilmsandpopularculture. IndustryanalystsbelieveBarbiewillremainabestsellingandlastingiconregardlessofcompetition."Barbie’sbeenoutintheworldandhadfunandshe’sreadyforhersecondcareer"saysRachelWeingartenapopcultureexpert."Idon’tseeheradoptingfivechildrenfromfivedifferentcountriesbutIcouldseeBarbiewithaconscienceactivistBarbie."At50Barbiewillalsobeamarvelofplasticsurgeryandeternalyouth.Andshestillknowshowtoparty. AccordingtothetextwhatcompetitionsdoesBarbieface
46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.Ascultureissoinclusiveitpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehaviorincludinglinguisticbehavior. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.IntheUnitedStatestheworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurrydomesticatedfamilypet.InsomeareasoftheworldsuchasSouthKoreahoweverdogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.Thereforetheworddogelicitsaquitedifferentmeaningbecauseofdifferentculturalexperiences.Thisexampleindicatesthatlanguageisheavilytintedwithitsculture. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.Inawordlanguageexpressesculturalreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertonguehealsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountryhemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitygroupbutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembodiesculturalidentity. Aslanguageistightlyintertwinedwithculturelearningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheir"languageofthemind".Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsocommunicativecompetence.Thisisofgreatsignificanceinlearningaforeignlanguage.50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 18
Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike. IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness. Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon. HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners. ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas. U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood. StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo. Welearnfromtheverybeginningofthetextthatpoliticiansandjournalistsmayfeel
Whentwooftheworld’srichestandmightiestmenpledgetodestroyanenemyitistimetopayattention.BillGatestheformerbossofMicrosoftwhonowdevotesallhistimetohischaritablefoundationtravelledthisweektoNewYorkthecityrunbyMichaelBloombergtojoinhisfellowbillionaire’scampaigntostampoutsmoking. HavethetwopotentatesmettheirmatchDespitedecadesofworkbyhealthcampaignersmorethanonebillionpeoplestillsmoketoday.Smokingkillsuptohalfofthosewhofailtoquitpuffingreducingtheirlivesbyanaverageof10to15years.TheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOsaysmorethan5millionpeopleayeardieearlyfromtheeffectsdirectorindirectoftobacco.ThatexceedsthecombinedtollofHIV/AIDStuberculosisandmalaria. Despitethatdismalsituationtherearethreereasonstogivethelatestpairofcampaignersaslimchanceofsuccess:moneymethodsandmotivation.MessrsGatesandBloombergvowedtospendacombinedtotalof$500millionondiscouragingtheweed.SinceMr.Bloomberg’scharityhadalreadyannouncedanawardof$125millionearlierthenewmoneypledgedthisweektotalleda"mere"$375million:$250millionfromthemayorandafresh$125millionfromthesoftwaremagnate’sphilanthropicoutfit. HowwillthiscashbespentInquiteinnovativewaysandthatisasecondreasonforoptimism.Hithertomostanti-smokingfundshavebeenchannelledthroughafewlargebureaucracies.ButMr.Bloomberg’scharitywantstoletathousandflowersbloom:inotherwordstolendahandtomanyinitiativesbothpublicandprivatetoseewhatworks.Therewillbeacompetitivegrantschemeforpoorcountrieswherethetobaccohabitisspreading. TheveryfactthattwogiantsareteamingupisalandmarkinAmericanphilanthropy-comparabletoWarrenBuffett’sdecisiontwoyearsagotoputhisfortuneatthedisposalofMr.Gates’foundation.AspartoftheirjointcommitmentMr.Gatesisgivingsomeofhis$125milliondirectlytoMr.Bloomberg’scharity;therestwillgotocarefullymonitoredprojectsinIndiaChinaandotherplaceswherethenumberofsmokersisrisingrelentlessly. Thenthereismotivation.Thereareotherbigplayersinthiscauseandthatshouldinduceeverynewentranttotrybringingsomethingfreshtotheparty.EarlierthisyeartheWHOstartedacampaignagainsttobaccoknownasMPower.Oneofitssellingpointswasthatincontrastwithmanyotherprojectsithadafairlyclearideaaboutwhatwasneeded.WHOexpertshavelistedaseriesoftacticsrangingfromaggressivepubliceducationtoariseintobaccotaxesthatdeliverresults.EvenifhightaxesleadtosomesmugglinganddiversionstudiesdoneinBrazilforexampleshowthatfiscalmeasuresdocurbconsumption.TheWorldBankwhichfundedthatresearchisalsothoughttobereadytojointheanti-smokingscrumafteryearsofpayinglittleattention. Acrowdedfieldindeed.Buthavinganextra$500millionfromtwohard-drivenbillionairessurelywon’thurt. Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraphabouttheauthor’sattitudetowardsthiscampaign
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 2
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. 2
AsanadultIchoosetoflippagesnotchannels.Afterfouryearsofnotwatchingthetubeandtwoyearsofnotowningonetheempiricalevidenceisin:MylifeisbetterwithoutaTV.Here’swhy. TVconsumesanenormousamountoftime Let’sdothemath.Accordingtoa2009NielsonstudytheaverageamountoftimeanAmericanspendswatchingTVisaroundfivehoursperday!Fivehours!Excludingtimespentsleepingthismeanstheaveragepersonisspendingathirdoftheirdaydistractedordownrightcomatose.Byextensionthisworksouttomorethan3.5months15weeksofnonstopTVwatchingeachyear. 41TVnewsisapoorwaytobeinformed TVnewsjustlyreceivesmuchcriticism.Ithasfollowedthepathofprofessionalwrestling:oncegenuineyetnowmostlyforentertainment. 42TVhindersthedevelopmentofrelationships 43TVhastoomanycommercials Theaverage30minuteslotoftelevisionprogramminghas8~9minutesofcommercials. 44TVisn’tthathardtogetridof Youmightthink"Icouldn’tpossiblyquitwatching."Firstlyyoudon’tneedto.TherearealternativesincludingdownloadingtheshoworwatchingitonDVDbothofwhichofferstop/playcontrolwithnocommercialinterruptions.Secondlyit’sreallynotthathardtogiveupashow.They’renotlikenicotine.There’snochemicaldependence. 45TVsarethelastnon-portablerelic Forthemostpartwe’vemanagedtomakeourtechnologymobile. Nowdon’tgetmewrong.Ivalueentertainmentandrelaxationasmuchasthenextperson.ThereareshowsIdownloadandwatchregularlysumminguptoperhapsfourhoursperweek.Thetruthisonceyoutargetafewspecificshowsandcutoutcommercialsthere’sreallynotthatmuchtowatch. SosavetimelearnsomethingnewtrysomethingdifferentbuildyourrelationshipsandforyourownsaketurnofftheTV. [A]Sureyoumightgetdisappointedthefirsttimeyou’releftoutofaconversationaboutlastnight’sepisodebutyoucanoffsetthisdisappointmentbytellingpeopleabouthowyoulearnttohangglideinstead.I’velikedalotofTVshowsbutI’veneverseenonethatwasn’tcompletelydisposableatanygivenminute. [B]Internetandphoneservicesareavailablealmosteverywhere.TVsincontrastarelikethecoil-cordedphonesofthepastkeepingpeoplecoopedupindoorsgluedtothecouch.AstationaryTVsetsencouragesasedentarylifestylethatseldomservesuswell. [C]Gettingnewsfromarollingticker滚动新闻条oratalkingheadislikegoingtoarestaurantandwaitingpatientlytobeservedwheneverthestaffgetsaroundtoit.Newsshouldbereadyondemand.WiththeInternetitis.WithTVyouwait.Iftheyhaveastoryaboutakittencaughtinatreeyouendureitlestyoumissaminuteofsomethingthatisactuallyrelevanttoyou. [D]Basedonourearliercalculationsthiscanworkouttomorethanamontheachyearspentwatchingadvertisements.Bookshavenoadvertisements.EvenadsontheInternetcanquicklybeignoredifthey’reofnorelevance.TVadsincontrastaretimewastersthatareforceduponyou. [E]AtonepointIwasabletorecountmyfavoriteepisodewordbyword.Bywatchingtheserepeatsyoudon’tevengettohearauniquejokeorlearnsomethingnew.TVrerunsaretimewastersnotonlyareyouveggingout慵懒发呆you’realsonottakinginanythingnovel. [F]TimespentwatchingTVistimeyou’renotenjoyingqualityexperienceswithfriendsandfamily.Insteadoftubetimetrysomethingnewandoutoftheordinarywiththepeopleinyourlife.Playbilliards.Flyakite.Orjusttalktoeachother. 42
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 4
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain. Accordingtothelogicalclueofthetextthesecondparagraphisanexampletoshowthat
46____________________ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.Itisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardians. Itissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 47________________________ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimseffoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself.48____________________ Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.49___________________ ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!…Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer:Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage 50____________________ [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecherishourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.TodaymanywomenchoosetogetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofcasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 46
AfterWorldWarⅡtheglorificationofanever-largerGNPformedthebasisofanewmaterialismwhichbecameasacredobligationforallJapanesegovernmentsbusinessesandtradeunions.Anyonewhomentionedtheundesirableby-productsofrapideconomicgrowthwastreatedasaheretic.Consequentlyeverythingpossiblewasdonetomakeconditionseasyforthemanufacturers.Fewdaredquestionthewisdomofdischarginguntreatedwasteintothenearestwaterbodyoruntreatedsmokeintotheatmosphere.Thissilencewasmaintainedbyunionleadersaswellasbymostofthecountry’sradicals;exceptforafewisolatedvoicesnooneprotested.Aninsistenceontreatmentofthevariouseffluentswouldhavenecessitatedexpendituresontreatmentequipmentthatinturnwouldhavegivenrisetohigheroperatingcosts.ObviouslythiswouldhavemeanthigherpricesforJapanesegoodsandultimatelyfewersalesandlowerindustrialgrowthandGNP. ThepursuitofnothingbuteconomicgrowthisillustratedbytheresponseoftheJapanesegovernmenttotheAmericaneducationalmissionthatvisitedJapanin1947.AftersurveyingJapan’seducationalprogramtheAmericanssuggestedthattheJapanesefillintheircurriculumgapbycreatingdepartmentsinchemicalandsanitaryengineering.Immediatelychemicalengineeringdepartmentswereestablishedinallthecountry’suniversitiesandtechnicalinstitutions.Incontrasttherecommendationtoformsanitaryengineeringdepartmentswasmoreorlessignoredbecausetheycouldbringnoprofit.By1960onlytwosecond-rateuniversitiesKyotoandHokkaidowereinterestedenoughtoopensuchdepartments. ThereluctancetodivertfundsfromproductiontoconservationisexplanationenoughforacertaindegreeofpollutionbutthesituationwasmadeworsebythetypeoftechnologytheJapanesechosetoadoptfortheirindustrialexpansion.ForthemostparttheysimplycopiedAmericanindustrialmethods.ThismeantthatmethodsoriginallydesignedforuseinacountrythatstretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacificwithlotsofairandwatertouseassewagereceptacleswereadoptedforanareaafractionofthesize.MoreovertheJapanesedietwasmuchmoredependentonwaterasasourceoffishandasaninputintheirrigationofrice;consequentlydischargedwastesbuiltupmuchmorerapidlyinthefoodchain. AccordingtothecontextthewordeffluentsinPara.1isclosestinmeaningto
NodolloutshinesBarbie’scelebrity.IfalltheBarbiesandherfamilymembers-SkipperFrancieandtherest-soldsince1959wereplacedheadtotoetheywouldcircletheEarthmorethanseventimes.Andsalesaresuretoboomin2009whenthefashiondollcelebratesher50thbirthdayonMarch9th. BarbiewillstaratanarrayofglobaleventshonouringhermilestonepossiblyincludingaglitzyaffairatNewYork’sFashionWeekinFebruarymostoftheworld’stopfashiondesignersfromGivenchytoAlexanderMcQueenhavedesignedhautecoutureforher.OnherbirthdayMattelthecompanythatmakesherwilllaunchasouvenirdollhonouringtheoriginalBarbieinherblack-and-whitestripedswimsuitandperfectponytail.Itwillbeavailableforpurchaseonlythatoneday.AnotherGoldenAnniversarydolltargetscollectors.BarbiefanshaveplannedhundredsofeventsincludingtheNationalBarbieDollCollectorsConventioninWashingtonDCwhichisalreadysoldout. WhenRuthHandlercreatedBarbiein1959apost-warcultureandeconomythrivedbutgirlsstillplayedwithbabydolls.Thesetoyslimitedtheimagination;soHandlerintroducedBarbietheTeen-AgeFashionModelnamedafterherdaughterBarbara.JackieKennedysoonsashayedontotheworldstageandBarbiealreadyhadawardrobefitforafirstlady.BarbiebestowedongirlstheopportunitytodreambeyondsuburbiaevenifKenattimestaggedalong. BarbieentrancedEuropein1961andnowsellsin150countries.EverysecondthreeBarbiesaresoldaroundtheworld.Hercareersaremyriad-modelastronautOlympicswimmerpalaeontologistandrockstaralongwith100othersincludingpresident.LikeanypoliticalcandidatecontroversyhitBarbiein1992whenTeenTalkBarbiesaid"Mathclassistough"andgirls’educationbecameanationalissue.ShehasbeenbannedinSaudiArabiatorturedbypre-teengirlsaccordingtoresearchersattheUniversityofBath’sSchoolofManagementandfattenedin1997. FeministscontinuetobashBarbieclaimingthatherbeautyandcurvestreatwomenasobjects.ButothersseeherasapioneertrendsettercrashingtheglassceilinglongbeforeHillaryClintoncrackedit. High-techentertainmentnowattractsgirlsandBarbiealsofacesfiercecompetitionfromvariouscopycatsincludingtheedgierbutlessglareBratzdolls.TheBratzsufferedasetbackin2008．MattelsuedMGAEntertainmentBratz’sproducerforcopyrightinfringement.AjudgeawardedMattel$100millionindamages. MattelhassmartlyensuredthatBarbieproductsreflectcurrenttrends.ThroughtwoBarbiewebsitesgirlscandesignclothesnetworkandplaygames.ThepinkBarbiebrandislicensedforproductsfromDVDsandMP3playerstobicyclesandeven24-caratgoldandcrystaljewellery.BarbiecollectorsfuelanentireglobalindustryoneBayandatconventions.ToenticecollectorsMattelregularlyreleasespriceylimited-editiondollsbasedoncharactersinfilmsandpopularculture. IndustryanalystsbelieveBarbiewillremainabestsellingandlastingiconregardlessofcompetition."Barbie’sbeenoutintheworldandhadfunandshe’sreadyforhersecondcareer"saysRachelWeingartenapopcultureexpert."Idon’tseeheradoptingfivechildrenfromfivedifferentcountriesbutIcouldseeBarbiewithaconscienceactivistBarbie."At50Barbiewillalsobeamarvelofplasticsurgeryandeternalyouth.Andshestillknowshowtoparty. WhatdoesHercareersaremyriadreferto
46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.Ascultureissoinclusiveitpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehaviorincludinglinguisticbehavior. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.IntheUnitedStatestheworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurrydomesticatedfamilypet.InsomeareasoftheworldsuchasSouthKoreahoweverdogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.Thereforetheworddogelicitsaquitedifferentmeaningbecauseofdifferentculturalexperiences.Thisexampleindicatesthatlanguageisheavilytintedwithitsculture. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.Inawordlanguageexpressesculturalreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertonguehealsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountryhemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitygroupbutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembodiesculturalidentity. Aslanguageistightlyintertwinedwithculturelearningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheir"languageofthemind".Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsocommunicativecompetence.Thisisofgreatsignificanceinlearningaforeignlanguage.50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently. 50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently.
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 14
Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike. IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness. Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon. HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners. ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas. U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood. StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo. Itseemsthattheauthorismostcriticalofsomepoliticians’
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. 20
Directions: Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethepicturebriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
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