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哪项非火热之邪所致
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以下哪项不是火热之邪造成的病证
肿
水液浑浊
躁狂越
首如裹
呕吐酸
火热之邪的性质和致病特征是
善行数变
火热为阳邪
易扰心神
易生风动血
对暑邪的认识下列哪项欠妥
暑即火热之气
暑多兼湿
暑可兼寒
暑必挟湿
火热之邪致病特点除哪一项以外是正确的
燔灼急迫
升腾炎上
耗伤阴液
由阴虚所致
因感受暑热之邪所致的是
风淫证
寒淫证
湿淫证
暑淫证
火热证
对暑邪的认识下列哪项欠妥?
暑乃火热之气
暑多兼挟湿邪
暑可兼寒
暑必兼湿
暑是火邪,纯阳无阴阴
火热之邪致病轻者心烦失眠重者狂躁不安或神昏谵语此为火邪的哪项特征
火为阳邪，其性炎上
易扰心神
易伤津耗气
易生风动血
易致疮疡
温疫的主要病因是.
温毒之邪
火热之邪
疫疠毒邪
暑湿之邪
易致肿疡的外邪是
风寒之邪
寒湿之邪
燥热之邪
火热之邪
暑湿之邪
泻火解毒法主要用于治疗:
外感火热之邪所致的眼病
外感风热之邪所致的眼病
阴虚火旺所致的眼病
气血凝滞所致的眼病
肝气郁结所致的眼病
对暑邪的认识以下哪项欠妥
暑即火热之气
暑多兼湿
暑可兼寒
暑必挟湿
易耗津液的病邪是
风邪
燥邪
暑邪
火热之邪
重伤风与时行感冒皆多为感受非时之邪所致
易致肿疡的外邪是
风寒之邪
寒湿之邪
燥热之邪
火热之邪
暑湿之邪
火热之邪致病可出现高热四肢抽搐两目上视角弓反张等表现其原因是
火热易扰心神
火热易伤津耗气
火热为阳邪，其性上炎
火热易生风
火热易致疮痈
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Text4 Mostofushaveseenadogstaringat sometimessnarlingatandapproachingareflectionofitself.Formostanimals seeingtheirownimageinamirroractsasasocialstimulus.Butdoesthedog recognizeitselfordoesthereflectionsimplysignalapotentialcompanionor threatThisquestionisinterestingforanumberofmasons.Apartfrom curiosityaboutthelevelofanimals’understandingresearchonserf- recognitioninanimalshasseveralbenefits.Itprovidessomeinsightintothe evolutionarysignificanceofthisskillofserf-recognitionandintothelevel andkindsofcognitivecompetencethattheskillrequires.Suchresearchalso indicatesthekindsoflearningexperiencesthatdeterminethedevelopmentof self-recognition.Inadditionworkwithanimalsfosterstheuseoftechniques thatarenotdependentonverbalresponsesandthatmaythereforebesuitable forusewithpreverbalchildren.Theevidenceindicatesthat dogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.Inaseriesof cleverexperimentshoweverGalluphasshownthatthechimpanzeedoeshavethis capacity.Gallupexposedchimpanzeesinasmallcagetoafull-lengthmirrorfor tenconsecutivedays.Itwasobservedthatoverthisperiodoftimethenumber ofserf-directedresponsesincreased.Thesebehaviorsincludedgroomingpartsof thebodywhilewatchingtheresultsguidingfingersinthemirrorandpicking atteethwiththeaidofthemirror.DescribingonechimpGallupsaidMarge usedthemirrortoplaywithandinspectthebottomofherfeet;shealsolooked atherselfupsidedowninthemirrorwhilesuspendedbyherfeetfromthetopof thecage;shewasalsoobservedtostuffceleryleavesuphernoseusingthe mirrorforpurposesofvisuallyguidingthestemsintoeachnostril. Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofserf-recognition.The chimpswereanesthetizedandmarkswereplacedovertheireyebrowsandbehind theirearsareasthechimpscouldnotdirectlyobserve.Themirrorwas temporarilyremovedfromthecageandbaselinedataregardingtheirattemptsin touchtheseareaswererecorded.Thedataclearlysuggestthatchimpsdo recognizethemselvesorareself-awarefortheirattemptstotouchthemarks increasedwhentheyviewedthemselves.Citingfurtherevidenceforthis argumentGallupnotedthatchimpanzeeswithnopriormirrorexperiencedidnot directbehaviortothemarkswhentheywerefirstexposedtothemirror;that istheotherchimpanzeesappearedtohaverememberedwhattheylookedlikeand dohaverespondedtothemarksbecausetheynoticedchangesintheir appearance.Theevidenceindicates...Line1Para.2maybeinterpretedtomeanthat______.
Sciencedevelopsthroughobjectiveanalysisinsteadof throughpersonalbelief.Knowledgegainedinscienceaccumulatesastimegoes bybuildingonworkperformedearlier.Someofthisknowledge-suchasour understandingofnumbers-stretchesback’tothetimeofancientcivilizations whenscientificthoughtfirstbegan.Otherscientificknowledgesuchas ourunderstandingofgenesthatcausecancerorofquarksthesmallestknown buildingblockofmatter-datesbacklessthan50years.Howeverinallfields ofscienceoldornewresearchersusethesamesystematicapproachknownas thescientificmethodtoaddtowhatisknown.41__________. Forexamplein1676theEnglishphysicistRobertHookediscoveredthatelastic objectssuchasmetalspringsstretchinproportiontotheforcethatactson them.Despitealltheadvancesthathavebeenmadeinphysicssince1676this simplelawStillholdstrue.42__________.Sometimesscientific predictionsgomuchfurtherbydescribingobjectsoreventsthatarenotyet known.Anoutstandinginstanceoccurredin1869whentheRussianchemistDmitry Mendeleyevdrewupaperiodictableoftheelementsarrangedtoillustrate patternsofrecurringchemicalandphysicalproperties. 43__________.AtthetimemostgeologistsdiscountedWegener’sideas becausetheEarth’scrustseemedtobefixed.Butfollowingthediscoveryof platetectonicsinthe1960sinwhichscientistsfoundthattheEarth’scrust isactuallymadeofmovingplatescontinentaldriftbecameanimportantpartof geology.Throughadvanceslikethesescientificknowledgeis constantlyaddedtoandrefined.Asaresultsciencegivesusanevermore detailedinsightintothewaytheworldaroundusworks. 44__________.HoweverwiththedawnoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthe 18thcenturythisrapidlychanged.Todaysciencehasaprofoundeffectonthe waywelivelargelythroughtechnology--theuse.ofscientificknowledgefor practical45__________.Therefrigeratorforexampleowesits existencetoadiscoverythatliquidstakeinenergywhentheyevaporatea phenomenonknownaslatentheat.A.Scientistsutilizeexisting knowledgeinnewscientificinvestigationstopredicthowthingswillbehave. Forexampleascientistwhoknowstheexactdimensionsofalenscanpredict howthelenswillfocusabeamoflight.Inthesamewaybyknowingtheexact makeupandpropertiesoftwochemicalsaresearchercanpredictwhatwill happenwhentheycombine.B.Foralargepartofrecorded historysciencehadlittlebearingonpeople’severydaylives.Scientific knowledgewasgatheredforitsownsakeandithadfewpractical applications.C.Duringscientificinvestigations scientistsputtogetherandcomparenewdiscoveriesandexistingknowledge.In mostcasesnewdiscoveriesextendwhatiscurrentlyacceptedprovidingfurther evidencethatexistingideasarecorrect.D.Tileprincipleof latentheatwasfirstexploitedinapracticalwayin1876andtherefrigerator hasplayedamajorroleinmaintainingpublichealtheversince.Tilefirst automobiledatingfromthe1880smadeuseofmanyadvancesinphysicsand engineeringincludingreliablewaysofgeneratinghigh-voltagesparkswhile thefirstcomputersemergedinthe1940sfromsimultaneousadvancesin electronicsandmathematics.E.Someformsoftechnologyhave becomesowellestablishedthatitiseasytoforgetthegreatscientific achievementsthattheyrepresent.F.Inscienceimportant advancescanalsobemadewhencurrentideasareshowntobewrong.Aclassic caseofthisoccurredearlyinthe20thcenturywhentheGermangeologist AlfredWegenersuggestedthatthecontinentswereatonetimeconnecteda theoryknownascontinentaldrift.G.Otherfieldsofscience alsoplayanimportantroleinthethingsweuseorconsumeeveryday.Research infoodtechnologyhascreatednewwaysofpreservingandflavoringwhatwe eat.
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清代汉学中不属于以惠栋为代表的吴派的是
Everythingseemedtohavebecomea weaponofwar.Ourenemieshad1themostfamiliar objects2usturnedshavingkitsintoholstersand airplanes3missilesandsoccercoachesandnewlywedsinto involuntarysuicidebombers.Soitwas4thePresidentand hisgeneralstoplottheresponse.Thatisbecauseweare 5oneenemybuttwo:oneunseentheotherinside.Terroron thisscale6towreckthewayweliveourlives-makeus flinchwhenasirensounds7whenadoorslamsandthink twicebeforedeciding8wereallyhavetotakeaplane.If wefaltertheywin9theyneverplantanotherbomb.So aftertheearlyhelplessnesswhatcanIdoI’vealreadygivenblood-people startedtorealizethat10theycoulddowasexactlyas preciselyaspossible11theywouldhavedoneifall this12.Thatwasthespirit13 inNewYorkandWashingtonandallacrossthecountryfaithandfear andresolveinatightbraid.Becausethekillerswhohateusdidthe 14nothingisunthinkablenow.Aplumeofgrillsmoke ventingfromaManhattansteakhouse15theevacuationof midtownofficetowers.AfterthePentagon16generals calledtheirfamiliesandtoldthem17thewateritcould bepoisoned.Salesofgunsandgasmasksspiked.TheNationalFootballLeague 18itsgamesforthefirsttimeever;bombscaresemptied90 sitesonThursdayinNewYorkCity19.Peoplewore sneakerswiththeirsuits20theyhadtoflyfastdownthe stairs.
Everythingseemedtohavebecomea weaponofwar.Ourenemieshad1themostfamiliar objects2usturnedshavingkitsintoholstersand airplanes3missilesandsoccercoachesandnewlywedsinto involuntarysuicidebombers.Soitwas4thePresidentand hisgeneralstoplottheresponse.Thatisbecauseweare 5oneenemybuttwo:oneunseentheotherinside.Terroron thisscale6towreckthewayweliveourlives-makeus flinchwhenasirensounds7whenadoorslamsandthink twicebeforedeciding8wereallyhavetotakeaplane.If wefaltertheywin9theyneverplantanotherbomb.So aftertheearlyhelplessnesswhatcanIdoI’vealreadygivenblood-people startedtorealizethat10theycoulddowasexactlyas preciselyaspossible11theywouldhavedoneifall this12.Thatwasthespirit13 inNewYorkandWashingtonandallacrossthecountryfaithandfear andresolveinatightbraid.Becausethekillerswhohateusdidthe 14nothingisunthinkablenow.Aplumeofgrillsmoke ventingfromaManhattansteakhouse15theevacuationof midtownofficetowers.AfterthePentagon16generals calledtheirfamiliesandtoldthem17thewateritcould bepoisoned.Salesofgunsandgasmasksspiked.TheNationalFootballLeague 18itsgamesforthefirsttimeever;bombscaresemptied90 sitesonThursdayinNewYorkCity19.Peoplewore sneakerswiththeirsuits20theyhadtoflyfastdownthe stairs.
Text3 Apatentisanexclusiverightgivento aninventorforhisorherinvention.Inotherwordsapatentisamonopoly rightgiventotheinventorfortheinvention.Apatentconfersontheinventor therighttopriceandtoselltheinventioninanywayheorshedesiresin theUnitedStatespatentsaregrantedbythePatentOfficefor17years. Althougheconomistsgenerallycondemnmonopolyasaformofmarketorganization sincemonopolyimposescostsontheeconomypatentspresentamoresubtlecase formonopolytheory.Specificallycanpatentmonopoliesbejustified Ingeneraleconomistscomplainaboutthecostsofmonopolybecausethey believethatthesameindustrycouldbeorganizedcompetitively.Apatent monopolygrantfor17yearspresentsadifferentproblem.Thatisthepurpose ofthepatentsystemistoencourageinvention.Theissueisnotmonopolyversus competitionbutmorefundamentallyinventionversusnoinvention.Istheworld betteroffwiththeinventioneventhoughitismonopolizedfor17yearsIn otherwordswhatarethecostsandbenefitsofapatent Considerthesimplecaseofanewconsumerproductwithapositivedemand suchasacamerautilizinganewexposureprocess.Thecostsofthepatent monopolyaresimplythedeadweightcostsofmonopolymeasuredbythelost consumers’surplusfromthe17-yearpatentmonopoly.Thiscostmustbeassessed carefullyinthecontextofaninventionhowever.Whatarethebenefitsofthe patentsystemFirstthereistheincreaseinconsumerwell-beingbroughtabout immediatelybyadesirableinvention.In17yearsthepatentmonopolyendsand asecondsourceofbenefitsarises:Thepriceofcameraswillfalltoa competitivelevelandconsumerswillreapthebenefitsofthecameraatalower price.Insumtheoryofmonopolyhelpsustoassessthecostsandbenefitsof thepatent.Onecanquibbleaboutpatentmonopoliesarguingforexamplethat theyaregrantedfortoolongatime.Intheendthepatent systemcreatesgoodsandservicesandtechnologiesthatdidnotpreviously exist.InthisrespectitisavaluableSystemfortheeconomy.Thepatent systemalsounderscorestheimportanceofpropertyrightstoideasasasource ofeconomicgrowthandprogress.Thepatentsystemisvaluablefortheeconomyinthat______.
Everythingseemedtohavebecomea weaponofwar.Ourenemieshad1themostfamiliar objects2usturnedshavingkitsintoholstersand airplanes3missilesandsoccercoachesandnewlywedsinto involuntarysuicidebombers.Soitwas4thePresidentand hisgeneralstoplottheresponse.Thatisbecauseweare 5oneenemybuttwo:oneunseentheotherinside.Terroron thisscale6towreckthewayweliveourlives-makeus flinchwhenasirensounds7whenadoorslamsandthink twicebeforedeciding8wereallyhavetotakeaplane.If wefaltertheywin9theyneverplantanotherbomb.So aftertheearlyhelplessnesswhatcanIdoI’vealreadygivenblood-people startedtorealizethat10theycoulddowasexactlyas preciselyaspossible11theywouldhavedoneifall this12.Thatwasthespirit13 inNewYorkandWashingtonandallacrossthecountryfaithandfear andresolveinatightbraid.Becausethekillerswhohateusdidthe 14nothingisunthinkablenow.Aplumeofgrillsmoke ventingfromaManhattansteakhouse15theevacuationof midtownofficetowers.AfterthePentagon16generals calledtheirfamiliesandtoldthem17thewateritcould bepoisoned.Salesofgunsandgasmasksspiked.TheNationalFootballLeague 18itsgamesforthefirsttimeever;bombscaresemptied90 sitesonThursdayinNewYorkCity19.Peoplewore sneakerswiththeirsuits20theyhadtoflyfastdownthe stairs.
Sciencedevelopsthroughobjectiveanalysisinsteadof throughpersonalbelief.Knowledgegainedinscienceaccumulatesastimegoes bybuildingonworkperformedearlier.Someofthisknowledge-suchasour understandingofnumbers-stretchesback’tothetimeofancientcivilizations whenscientificthoughtfirstbegan.Otherscientificknowledgesuchas ourunderstandingofgenesthatcausecancerorofquarksthesmallestknown buildingblockofmatter-datesbacklessthan50years.Howeverinallfields ofscienceoldornewresearchersusethesamesystematicapproachknownas thescientificmethodtoaddtowhatisknown.41__________. Forexamplein1676theEnglishphysicistRobertHookediscoveredthatelastic objectssuchasmetalspringsstretchinproportiontotheforcethatactson them.Despitealltheadvancesthathavebeenmadeinphysicssince1676this simplelawStillholdstrue.42__________.Sometimesscientific predictionsgomuchfurtherbydescribingobjectsoreventsthatarenotyet known.Anoutstandinginstanceoccurredin1869whentheRussianchemistDmitry Mendeleyevdrewupaperiodictableoftheelementsarrangedtoillustrate patternsofrecurringchemicalandphysicalproperties. 43__________.AtthetimemostgeologistsdiscountedWegener’sideas becausetheEarth’scrustseemedtobefixed.Butfollowingthediscoveryof platetectonicsinthe1960sinwhichscientistsfoundthattheEarth’scrust isactuallymadeofmovingplatescontinentaldriftbecameanimportantpartof geology.Throughadvanceslikethesescientificknowledgeis constantlyaddedtoandrefined.Asaresultsciencegivesusanevermore detailedinsightintothewaytheworldaroundusworks. 44__________.HoweverwiththedawnoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthe 18thcenturythisrapidlychanged.Todaysciencehasaprofoundeffectonthe waywelivelargelythroughtechnology--theuse.ofscientificknowledgefor practical45__________.Therefrigeratorforexampleowesits existencetoadiscoverythatliquidstakeinenergywhentheyevaporatea phenomenonknownaslatentheat.A.Scientistsutilizeexisting knowledgeinnewscientificinvestigationstopredicthowthingswillbehave. Forexampleascientistwhoknowstheexactdimensionsofalenscanpredict howthelenswillfocusabeamoflight.Inthesamewaybyknowingtheexact makeupandpropertiesoftwochemicalsaresearchercanpredictwhatwill happenwhentheycombine.B.Foralargepartofrecorded historysciencehadlittlebearingonpeople’severydaylives.Scientific knowledgewasgatheredforitsownsakeandithadfewpractical applications.C.Duringscientificinvestigations scientistsputtogetherandcomparenewdiscoveriesandexistingknowledge.In mostcasesnewdiscoveriesextendwhatiscurrentlyacceptedprovidingfurther evidencethatexistingideasarecorrect.D.Tileprincipleof latentheatwasfirstexploitedinapracticalwayin1876andtherefrigerator hasplayedamajorroleinmaintainingpublichealtheversince.Tilefirst automobiledatingfromthe1880smadeuseofmanyadvancesinphysicsand engineeringincludingreliablewaysofgeneratinghigh-voltagesparkswhile thefirstcomputersemergedinthe1940sfromsimultaneousadvancesin electronicsandmathematics.E.Someformsoftechnologyhave becomesowellestablishedthatitiseasytoforgetthegreatscientific achievementsthattheyrepresent.F.Inscienceimportant advancescanalsobemadewhencurrentideasareshowntobewrong.Aclassic caseofthisoccurredearlyinthe20thcenturywhentheGermangeologist AlfredWegenersuggestedthatthecontinentswereatonetimeconnecteda theoryknownascontinentaldrift.G.Otherfieldsofscience alsoplayanimportantroleinthethingsweuseorconsumeeveryday.Research infoodtechnologyhascreatednewwaysofpreservingandflavoringwhatwe eat.
ImmediatelyaftertheCivilWarhoweverthedietbeganto change.46Railtransportationincreasedthesupplyandimprovedthequality ofthemilkthatreachedurbancenters;coldstorageandrefrigeratorcarsmade possiblethegreaterconsumptionoffreshvegetablesfreshfruitsandfresh fish;andcommercialcanningextendedtherangeofappetizingandhealthful foods.Subsequentlyfoodstatisticsindicatedanincreasedconsumption ofdairyproductsfreshfruitfreshvegetablessugarandsyrupscoffeetea cocoaandspices.Decreasedconsumptionwasshownformeatspotatoesand grainproducts.47ByandlargetheAmericandietcontinuedtoreflecta considerablerelianceuponanimalproducts:ratherthanongrains.whichmeant thatarelativelylargeacreagewasrequiredtofeedtheAmericanpublic. WhereasagrainandfishdietsuchasinJapanrequiresonlyaquarterofan acrehighyieldcroplandandnopasturepercapitatheAmericandietrequires abouttwoandahalfacresofcroplandandtenacresofpasturepercapita-Also itindicatedashifttowardtheso-calledprotectivefoodstowardthosehighin vitaminsandproteins.48Thischangewasgreatlyfurtheredbygovernmental foodinspectionthePureFoodandDrugActwaspassedin1906bythe increasinguseofmechanicalrefrigeratorsinthe1920’sand1910’sandof freezersforfrozenfoodduringrecentdecades.Intheyears afterWorldWarIafoodrevolutiontookplacethatwasreminiscentoftheone thatoccurredaftertheCivilWar.Theoutputofthefoodmanufacturingindustry quadrupledfrom1900to1920.49Inthatintervalaswehavementioned earlierhomecanninggavewaytocommercialcanningandthelaborof housekeepingwaslightened.Fortunatelymostofthemajor dietarychangesthathavetakenplacesincethemiddleofthenineteenthcentury haveresultedinbetternutritionforthepopulation.Inporttheseshiftshave takenplacebecauseofapreferencefornewfoodsratherthanoldbutinpart theyhavebeenmadebecausethenewfoodswereadvocatedbynutritionists. ApparentlyAmericandietarycustomswerenotsodeeplyingrainedastoprevent changeintheinterestsofbetterhealth.50Possiblyonefactorthathas contributedtothereadinessofAmericanstoacceptnewfoodsorfood preparationsasthegeneralfamiliaritymosthavewithavarietyofregional dishescomingfrommanydifferentlands.WithinasmallareainNewYork CityorSanFranciscoonecanfindrestaurantsspecializinginFrenchItalian GermanTurkishArabianorChinesecuisine.AndataChineserestaurantinthe UnitedStatesthechefandwaiterareaslikelyasnottoheOriental.
追随阿里的人指的是
Text1 Everybodyloathesitbuteverybody doesitArecentpollshowedthat20%ofAmericanshatethepractice.Itseems soarbitraryafterall.Whydoesabarmangetatipbutnotadoctorwhosaves livesInAmericaalonetippingisnowa$16billion-a-year industry.Consumersactingrationallyoughtnottopaymorethantheyhaveto foragivenservice.Tipsshouldnotexist.SowhydotheyTheconventional wisdomisthattipsbothrewardtheeffortsofgoodserviceandreduce uncomfortablefeelingsofinequality.Thebettertheservicethebiggerthe tip.Suchexplanationsnodoubtexplainthepurportedoriginof tipping--inthe16thcenturyboxesinEnglishtavernscarriedthephraseTo InsurePromptitudelaterjustTIP.Butaccordingtonewresearchfrom CornellUniversitytippingnolongerservesanyusefulfunction. Thepaperanalysesdatafrom2327groupsdiningat20different restaurants.Thecorrelationbetweenlargertipsandbetterservicewasvery weak:onlyatinypartofthevariabilityinthesizeofthetiphadanythingto dowiththequalityofservice.Customerswhoratedamealasexcellentstill tippedanywherebetween8%and17%ofthemealprice.Tippingis betterexplainedbyculturethanbyeconomics.InAmericathecustomhasbecome institutionalized:itisregardedaspartoftheacceptedcostofaservice.In aNewYorkrestaurantfailingtotipatleast15%couldwellmeanabusefrom thewaiter.Hairdresserscanexpecttoget15-20%themanwhodeliversyour groceries＄2.InEuropetippingislesscommon;inmanyrestaurants discretionarytippingisbeingreplacedbyastandardservicecharge.Inmany Asiancountriestippinghasneverreallycaughtonatall.How toaccountforthesenationaldifferencesLooknofurtherthanpsychology. AccordingtoMichaelLynntheCornellpaper’sco-authorcountriesinwhich peoplearemoreextrovertsociableorneurotictendtotipmore.Tipping relievesanxietyaboutbeingservedbystrangers.AndsaysMr.LynnIn Americawherepeopleareoutgoingandexpressivetippingisaboutsocial approvalffyoutipbadlypeoplethinklessofyou.Tippingwellisachance toshowoff.Icelandersbycontrastdonotusuallytip-ameasureoftheir introversionnodoubt.Whilesuchexplanationsmaybecrude thehardtruthseemstobethattippingdoesnotwork.Itdoesnotbenefitthe customer.Norinthecaseofrestaurantsdoesitactuallystimulatethe waiterorhelptherestaurantmanagertomonitorandassesshisstaff.Service peopleshouldjustbepaidadecentwagewhichmayactuallymakeeconomic sense.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat______.
ImmediatelyaftertheCivilWarhoweverthedietbeganto change.46Railtransportationincreasedthesupplyandimprovedthequality ofthemilkthatreachedurbancenters;coldstorageandrefrigeratorcarsmade possiblethegreaterconsumptionoffreshvegetablesfreshfruitsandfresh fish;andcommercialcanningextendedtherangeofappetizingandhealthful foods.Subsequentlyfoodstatisticsindicatedanincreasedconsumption ofdairyproductsfreshfruitfreshvegetablessugarandsyrupscoffeetea cocoaandspices.Decreasedconsumptionwasshownformeatspotatoesand grainproducts.47ByandlargetheAmericandietcontinuedtoreflecta considerablerelianceuponanimalproducts:ratherthanongrains.whichmeant thatarelativelylargeacreagewasrequiredtofeedtheAmericanpublic. WhereasagrainandfishdietsuchasinJapanrequiresonlyaquarterofan acrehighyieldcroplandandnopasturepercapitatheAmericandietrequires abouttwoandahalfacresofcroplandandtenacresofpasturepercapita-Also itindicatedashifttowardtheso-calledprotectivefoodstowardthosehighin vitaminsandproteins.48Thischangewasgreatlyfurtheredbygovernmental foodinspectionthePureFoodandDrugActwaspassedin1906bythe increasinguseofmechanicalrefrigeratorsinthe1920’sand1910’sandof freezersforfrozenfoodduringrecentdecades.Intheyears afterWorldWarIafoodrevolutiontookplacethatwasreminiscentoftheone thatoccurredaftertheCivilWar.Theoutputofthefoodmanufacturingindustry quadrupledfrom1900to1920.49Inthatintervalaswehavementioned earlierhomecanninggavewaytocommercialcanningandthelaborof housekeepingwaslightened.Fortunatelymostofthemajor dietarychangesthathavetakenplacesincethemiddleofthenineteenthcentury haveresultedinbetternutritionforthepopulation.Inporttheseshiftshave takenplacebecauseofapreferencefornewfoodsratherthanoldbutinpart theyhavebeenmadebecausethenewfoodswereadvocatedbynutritionists. ApparentlyAmericandietarycustomswerenotsodeeplyingrainedastoprevent changeintheinterestsofbetterhealth.50Possiblyonefactorthathas contributedtothereadinessofAmericanstoacceptnewfoodsorfood preparationsasthegeneralfamiliaritymosthavewithavarietyofregional dishescomingfrommanydifferentlands.WithinasmallareainNewYork CityorSanFranciscoonecanfindrestaurantsspecializinginFrenchItalian GermanTurkishArabianorChinesecuisine.AndataChineserestaurantinthe UnitedStatesthechefandwaiterareaslikelyasnottoheOriental.
Text1 Everybodyloathesitbuteverybody doesitArecentpollshowedthat20%ofAmericanshatethepractice.Itseems soarbitraryafterall.Whydoesabarmangetatipbutnotadoctorwhosaves livesInAmericaalonetippingisnowa$16billion-a-year industry.Consumersactingrationallyoughtnottopaymorethantheyhaveto foragivenservice.Tipsshouldnotexist.SowhydotheyTheconventional wisdomisthattipsbothrewardtheeffortsofgoodserviceandreduce uncomfortablefeelingsofinequality.Thebettertheservicethebiggerthe tip.Suchexplanationsnodoubtexplainthepurportedoriginof tipping--inthe16thcenturyboxesinEnglishtavernscarriedthephraseTo InsurePromptitudelaterjustTIP.Butaccordingtonewresearchfrom CornellUniversitytippingnolongerservesanyusefulfunction. Thepaperanalysesdatafrom2327groupsdiningat20different restaurants.Thecorrelationbetweenlargertipsandbetterservicewasvery weak:onlyatinypartofthevariabilityinthesizeofthetiphadanythingto dowiththequalityofservice.Customerswhoratedamealasexcellentstill tippedanywherebetween8%and17%ofthemealprice.Tippingis betterexplainedbyculturethanbyeconomics.InAmericathecustomhasbecome institutionalized:itisregardedaspartoftheacceptedcostofaservice.In aNewYorkrestaurantfailingtotipatleast15%couldwellmeanabusefrom thewaiter.Hairdresserscanexpecttoget15-20%themanwhodeliversyour groceries＄2.InEuropetippingislesscommon;inmanyrestaurants discretionarytippingisbeingreplacedbyastandardservicecharge.Inmany Asiancountriestippinghasneverreallycaughtonatall.How toaccountforthesenationaldifferencesLooknofurtherthanpsychology. AccordingtoMichaelLynntheCornellpaper’sco-authorcountriesinwhich peoplearemoreextrovertsociableorneurotictendtotipmore.Tipping relievesanxietyaboutbeingservedbystrangers.AndsaysMr.LynnIn Americawherepeopleareoutgoingandexpressivetippingisaboutsocial approvalffyoutipbadlypeoplethinklessofyou.Tippingwellisachance toshowoff.Icelandersbycontrastdonotusuallytip-ameasureoftheir introversionnodoubt.Whilesuchexplanationsmaybecrude thehardtruthseemstobethattippingdoesnotwork.Itdoesnotbenefitthe customer.Norinthecaseofrestaurantsdoesitactuallystimulatethe waiterorhelptherestaurantmanagertomonitorandassesshisstaff.Service peopleshouldjustbepaidadecentwagewhichmayactuallymakeeconomic sense.Theauthorthinksthat______.
Sciencedevelopsthroughobjectiveanalysisinsteadof throughpersonalbelief.Knowledgegainedinscienceaccumulatesastimegoes bybuildingonworkperformedearlier.Someofthisknowledge-suchasour understandingofnumbers-stretchesback’tothetimeofancientcivilizations whenscientificthoughtfirstbegan.Otherscientificknowledgesuchas ourunderstandingofgenesthatcausecancerorofquarksthesmallestknown buildingblockofmatter-datesbacklessthan50years.Howeverinallfields ofscienceoldornewresearchersusethesamesystematicapproachknownas thescientificmethodtoaddtowhatisknown.41__________. Forexamplein1676theEnglishphysicistRobertHookediscoveredthatelastic objectssuchasmetalspringsstretchinproportiontotheforcethatactson them.Despitealltheadvancesthathavebeenmadeinphysicssince1676this simplelawStillholdstrue.42__________.Sometimesscientific predictionsgomuchfurtherbydescribingobjectsoreventsthatarenotyet known.Anoutstandinginstanceoccurredin1869whentheRussianchemistDmitry Mendeleyevdrewupaperiodictableoftheelementsarrangedtoillustrate patternsofrecurringchemicalandphysicalproperties. 43__________.AtthetimemostgeologistsdiscountedWegener’sideas becausetheEarth’scrustseemedtobefixed.Butfollowingthediscoveryof platetectonicsinthe1960sinwhichscientistsfoundthattheEarth’scrust isactuallymadeofmovingplatescontinentaldriftbecameanimportantpartof geology.Throughadvanceslikethesescientificknowledgeis constantlyaddedtoandrefined.Asaresultsciencegivesusanevermore detailedinsightintothewaytheworldaroundusworks. 44__________.HoweverwiththedawnoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthe 18thcenturythisrapidlychanged.Todaysciencehasaprofoundeffectonthe waywelivelargelythroughtechnology--theuse.ofscientificknowledgefor practical45__________.Therefrigeratorforexampleowesits existencetoadiscoverythatliquidstakeinenergywhentheyevaporatea phenomenonknownaslatentheat.A.Scientistsutilizeexisting knowledgeinnewscientificinvestigationstopredicthowthingswillbehave. Forexampleascientistwhoknowstheexactdimensionsofalenscanpredict howthelenswillfocusabeamoflight.Inthesamewaybyknowingtheexact makeupandpropertiesoftwochemicalsaresearchercanpredictwhatwill happenwhentheycombine.B.Foralargepartofrecorded historysciencehadlittlebearingonpeople’severydaylives.Scientific knowledgewasgatheredforitsownsakeandithadfewpractical applications.C.Duringscientificinvestigations scientistsputtogetherandcomparenewdiscoveriesandexistingknowledge.In mostcasesnewdiscoveriesextendwhatiscurrentlyacceptedprovidingfurther evidencethatexistingideasarecorrect.D.Tileprincipleof latentheatwasfirstexploitedinapracticalwayin1876andtherefrigerator hasplayedamajorroleinmaintainingpublichealtheversince.Tilefirst automobiledatingfromthe1880smadeuseofmanyadvancesinphysicsand engineeringincludingreliablewaysofgeneratinghigh-voltagesparkswhile thefirstcomputersemergedinthe1940sfromsimultaneousadvancesin electronicsandmathematics.E.Someformsoftechnologyhave becomesowellestablishedthatitiseasytoforgetthegreatscientific achievementsthattheyrepresent.F.Inscienceimportant advancescanalsobemadewhencurrentideasareshowntobewrong.Aclassic caseofthisoccurredearlyinthe20thcenturywhentheGermangeologist AlfredWegenersuggestedthatthecontinentswereatonetimeconnecteda theoryknownascontinentaldrift.G.Otherfieldsofscience alsoplayanimportantroleinthethingsweuseorconsumeeveryday.Research infoodtechnologyhascreatednewwaysofpreservingandflavoringwhatwe eat.
Text2 Likestreetcomerprophetsproclaiming thattileendisnearscientistswhostudytheearth’satmospherehavebeen issuingpredictionsofimpendingdoomforthepastfewyearswithoutoffering anyconcreteproof.Sofareventheexpertshavehadtoadmitthatnosolid evidencehasemergedthatthisisanythingbutanaturalphenomenon.Andthe uncertaintyhasgivenskeptics-especiallyGingrichianpoliticians--plentyof ammunitiontoargueagainsttakingthedifficultexpensivestepsrequiredto staveoffalargelyhypotheticalcalamity.UntilnowAdraft reportcurrentlycirculatingontheInternetassertsthattheglobaltemperature risecannowbeblamedatleastinpartonhumanactivity.Statementslike thishavebeenmadebeforebyindividualresearchers-whohavebeencriticized forgoingtoofarbeyondthescientificconsensus.Butthisreportcomesfrom theInternationalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCarespectedUNsponsoredbody madeupofmorethan1300leadingclimateexpertsfrom40nations.Thisshift inscientificconsensusisbasednotsomuchonnewdataasonimprovementsin thecomplexcomputermodelsthatclimatologistsusetotesttheirtheories. Unlikechemistsormolecularbiologistsclimateexpertshavenowaytodolab experimentsontheirspecialty.Sotheysimulatethemonsupercomputersandlook atwhathappenswhenhumangeneratedgases-carbondioxidefromindustryandauto exhaustmethanefromagriculturechlorofluorocarbonsfromleakyrefrigerators andspraycans-arepumpedintothemodelsvirtualatmospheres. Untilrecentlythecomputermodelsweren’tworkingverywell.Whenthe scientiststriedtosimulatewhattheybelievehasbeenhappeningoverthepast centuryorsotheresultsdidn’tmeshwithreality;themodelssaidtheworld shouldnowhewarmerthanitactuallyis.Thereasonisthatthecomputermodels hadbeenoverlookinganimportantfactoraffectingglobaltemperatures:sulfur dioxidesthatareproducedalongwithCO2whenfossilfuelsareburnedincars andpowerplants.Aerosolsactuallycooltheplanetbyblockingsunlightand masktheeffectsofglobalwarmning.Oncethescientistsfactoredinaerosols theirmodelsbeganlookingmoreliketherealworld.Theimprovedperformanceof thesimulationswasdemonstratedin1991whentheysuccessfullypredicted temperaturechangesintheaftermathofthemassiveMountPinatuboeruptionin thePhilippines.Anumberofstudiessincehaveaddedtothescientists confidencethattheyfinallyknowwhattheyaretalkingabout-andcanpredict whatmayhappenifgreenhousegasescontinuetobepumpedintotheatmosphere unchecked.AdraftreportcurrentlycirculatingontheInternet______.
Everythingseemedtohavebecomea weaponofwar.Ourenemieshad1themostfamiliar objects2usturnedshavingkitsintoholstersand airplanes3missilesandsoccercoachesandnewlywedsinto involuntarysuicidebombers.Soitwas4thePresidentand hisgeneralstoplottheresponse.Thatisbecauseweare 5oneenemybuttwo:oneunseentheotherinside.Terroron thisscale6towreckthewayweliveourlives-makeus flinchwhenasirensounds7whenadoorslamsandthink twicebeforedeciding8wereallyhavetotakeaplane.If wefaltertheywin9theyneverplantanotherbomb.So aftertheearlyhelplessnesswhatcanIdoI’vealreadygivenblood-people startedtorealizethat10theycoulddowasexactlyas preciselyaspossible11theywouldhavedoneifall this12.Thatwasthespirit13 inNewYorkandWashingtonandallacrossthecountryfaithandfear andresolveinatightbraid.Becausethekillerswhohateusdidthe 14nothingisunthinkablenow.Aplumeofgrillsmoke ventingfromaManhattansteakhouse15theevacuationof midtownofficetowers.AfterthePentagon16generals calledtheirfamiliesandtoldthem17thewateritcould bepoisoned.Salesofgunsandgasmasksspiked.TheNationalFootballLeague 18itsgamesforthefirsttimeever;bombscaresemptied90 sitesonThursdayinNewYorkCity19.Peoplewore sneakerswiththeirsuits20theyhadtoflyfastdownthe stairs.
历史上第一个无产阶级政权——巴黎公社正式成立于
Everythingseemedtohavebecomea weaponofwar.Ourenemieshad1themostfamiliar objects2usturnedshavingkitsintoholstersand airplanes3missilesandsoccercoachesandnewlywedsinto involuntarysuicidebombers.Soitwas4thePresidentand hisgeneralstoplottheresponse.Thatisbecauseweare 5oneenemybuttwo:oneunseentheotherinside.Terroron thisscale6towreckthewayweliveourlives-makeus flinchwhenasirensounds7whenadoorslamsandthink twicebeforedeciding8wereallyhavetotakeaplane.If wefaltertheywin9theyneverplantanotherbomb.So aftertheearlyhelplessnesswhatcanIdoI’vealreadygivenblood-people startedtorealizethat10theycoulddowasexactlyas preciselyaspossible11theywouldhavedoneifall this12.Thatwasthespirit13 inNewYorkandWashingtonandallacrossthecountryfaithandfear andresolveinatightbraid.Becausethekillerswhohateusdidthe 14nothingisunthinkablenow.Aplumeofgrillsmoke ventingfromaManhattansteakhouse15theevacuationof midtownofficetowers.AfterthePentagon16generals calledtheirfamiliesandtoldthem17thewateritcould bepoisoned.Salesofgunsandgasmasksspiked.TheNationalFootballLeague 18itsgamesforthefirsttimeever;bombscaresemptied90 sitesonThursdayinNewYorkCity19.Peoplewore sneakerswiththeirsuits20theyhadtoflyfastdownthe stairs.
Everythingseemedtohavebecomea weaponofwar.Ourenemieshad1themostfamiliar objects2usturnedshavingkitsintoholstersand airplanes3missilesandsoccercoachesandnewlywedsinto involuntarysuicidebombers.Soitwas4thePresidentand hisgeneralstoplottheresponse.Thatisbecauseweare 5oneenemybuttwo:oneunseentheotherinside.Terroron thisscale6towreckthewayweliveourlives-makeus flinchwhenasirensounds7whenadoorslamsandthink twicebeforedeciding8wereallyhavetotakeaplane.If wefaltertheywin9theyneverplantanotherbomb.So aftertheearlyhelplessnesswhatcanIdoI’vealreadygivenblood-people startedtorealizethat10theycoulddowasexactlyas preciselyaspossible11theywouldhavedoneifall this12.Thatwasthespirit13 inNewYorkandWashingtonandallacrossthecountryfaithandfear andresolveinatightbraid.Becausethekillerswhohateusdidthe 14nothingisunthinkablenow.Aplumeofgrillsmoke ventingfromaManhattansteakhouse15theevacuationof midtownofficetowers.AfterthePentagon16generals calledtheirfamiliesandtoldthem17thewateritcould bepoisoned.Salesofgunsandgasmasksspiked.TheNationalFootballLeague 18itsgamesforthefirsttimeever;bombscaresemptied90 sitesonThursdayinNewYorkCity19.Peoplewore sneakerswiththeirsuits20theyhadtoflyfastdownthe stairs.
Text4 Mostofushaveseenadogstaringat sometimessnarlingatandapproachingareflectionofitself.Formostanimals seeingtheirownimageinamirroractsasasocialstimulus.Butdoesthedog recognizeitselfordoesthereflectionsimplysignalapotentialcompanionor threatThisquestionisinterestingforanumberofmasons.Apartfrom curiosityaboutthelevelofanimals’understandingresearchonserf- recognitioninanimalshasseveralbenefits.Itprovidessomeinsightintothe evolutionarysignificanceofthisskillofserf-recognitionandintothelevel andkindsofcognitivecompetencethattheskillrequires.Suchresearchalso indicatesthekindsoflearningexperiencesthatdeterminethedevelopmentof self-recognition.Inadditionworkwithanimalsfosterstheuseoftechniques thatarenotdependentonverbalresponsesandthatmaythereforebesuitable forusewithpreverbalchildren.Theevidenceindicatesthat dogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.Inaseriesof cleverexperimentshoweverGalluphasshownthatthechimpanzeedoeshavethis capacity.Gallupexposedchimpanzeesinasmallcagetoafull-lengthmirrorfor tenconsecutivedays.Itwasobservedthatoverthisperiodoftimethenumber ofserf-directedresponsesincreased.Thesebehaviorsincludedgroomingpartsof thebodywhilewatchingtheresultsguidingfingersinthemirrorandpicking atteethwiththeaidofthemirror.DescribingonechimpGallupsaidMarge usedthemirrortoplaywithandinspectthebottomofherfeet;shealsolooked atherselfupsidedowninthemirrorwhilesuspendedbyherfeetfromthetopof thecage;shewasalsoobservedtostuffceleryleavesuphernoseusingthe mirrorforpurposesofvisuallyguidingthestemsintoeachnostril. Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofserf-recognition.The chimpswereanesthetizedandmarkswereplacedovertheireyebrowsandbehind theirearsareasthechimpscouldnotdirectlyobserve.Themirrorwas temporarilyremovedfromthecageandbaselinedataregardingtheirattemptsin touchtheseareaswererecorded.Thedataclearlysuggestthatchimpsdo recognizethemselvesorareself-awarefortheirattemptstotouchthemarks increasedwhentheyviewedthemselves.Citingfurtherevidenceforthis argumentGallupnotedthatchimpanzeeswithnopriormirrorexperiencedidnot directbehaviortothemarkswhentheywerefirstexposedtothemirror;that istheotherchimpanzeesappearedtohaverememberedwhattheylookedlikeand dohaverespondedtothemarksbecausetheynoticedchangesintheir appearance.Theauthor’spurposeinthepassageis______.
北伐战争期间制造汉口一三惨案的国家是
Everythingseemedtohavebecomea weaponofwar.Ourenemieshad1themostfamiliar objects2usturnedshavingkitsintoholstersand airplanes3missilesandsoccercoachesandnewlywedsinto involuntarysuicidebombers.Soitwas4thePresidentand hisgeneralstoplottheresponse.Thatisbecauseweare 5oneenemybuttwo:oneunseentheotherinside.Terroron thisscale6towreckthewayweliveourlives-makeus flinchwhenasirensounds7whenadoorslamsandthink twicebeforedeciding8wereallyhavetotakeaplane.If wefaltertheywin9theyneverplantanotherbomb.So aftertheearlyhelplessnesswhatcanIdoI’vealreadygivenblood-people startedtorealizethat10theycoulddowasexactlyas preciselyaspossible11theywouldhavedoneifall this12.Thatwasthespirit13 inNewYorkandWashingtonandallacrossthecountryfaithandfear andresolveinatightbraid.Becausethekillerswhohateusdidthe 14nothingisunthinkablenow.Aplumeofgrillsmoke ventingfromaManhattansteakhouse15theevacuationof midtownofficetowers.AfterthePentagon16generals calledtheirfamiliesandtoldthem17thewateritcould bepoisoned.Salesofgunsandgasmasksspiked.TheNationalFootballLeague 18itsgamesforthefirsttimeever;bombscaresemptied90 sitesonThursdayinNewYorkCity19.Peoplewore sneakerswiththeirsuits20theyhadtoflyfastdownthe stairs.
Everythingseemedtohavebecomea weaponofwar.Ourenemieshad1themostfamiliar objects2usturnedshavingkitsintoholstersand airplanes3missilesandsoccercoachesandnewlywedsinto involuntarysuicidebombers.Soitwas4thePresidentand hisgeneralstoplottheresponse.Thatisbecauseweare 5oneenemybuttwo:oneunseentheotherinside.Terroron thisscale6towreckthewayweliveourlives-makeus flinchwhenasirensounds7whenadoorslamsandthink twicebeforedeciding8wereallyhavetotakeaplane.If wefaltertheywin9theyneverplantanotherbomb.So aftertheearlyhelplessnesswhatcanIdoI’vealreadygivenblood-people startedtorealizethat10theycoulddowasexactlyas preciselyaspossible11theywouldhavedoneifall this12.Thatwasthespirit13 inNewYorkandWashingtonandallacrossthecountryfaithandfear andresolveinatightbraid.Becausethekillerswhohateusdidthe 14nothingisunthinkablenow.Aplumeofgrillsmoke ventingfromaManhattansteakhouse15theevacuationof midtownofficetowers.AfterthePentagon16generals calledtheirfamiliesandtoldthem17thewateritcould bepoisoned.Salesofgunsandgasmasksspiked.TheNationalFootballLeague 18itsgamesforthefirsttimeever;bombscaresemptied90 sitesonThursdayinNewYorkCity19.Peoplewore sneakerswiththeirsuits20theyhadtoflyfastdownthe stairs.
Text3 Apatentisanexclusiverightgivento aninventorforhisorherinvention.Inotherwordsapatentisamonopoly rightgiventotheinventorfortheinvention.Apatentconfersontheinventor therighttopriceandtoselltheinventioninanywayheorshedesiresin theUnitedStatespatentsaregrantedbythePatentOfficefor17years. Althougheconomistsgenerallycondemnmonopolyasaformofmarketorganization sincemonopolyimposescostsontheeconomypatentspresentamoresubtlecase formonopolytheory.Specificallycanpatentmonopoliesbejustified Ingeneraleconomistscomplainaboutthecostsofmonopolybecausethey believethatthesameindustrycouldbeorganizedcompetitively.Apatent monopolygrantfor17yearspresentsadifferentproblem.Thatisthepurpose ofthepatentsystemistoencourageinvention.Theissueisnotmonopolyversus competitionbutmorefundamentallyinventionversusnoinvention.Istheworld betteroffwiththeinventioneventhoughitismonopolizedfor17yearsIn otherwordswhatarethecostsandbenefitsofapatent Considerthesimplecaseofanewconsumerproductwithapositivedemand suchasacamerautilizinganewexposureprocess.Thecostsofthepatent monopolyaresimplythedeadweightcostsofmonopolymeasuredbythelost consumers’surplusfromthe17-yearpatentmonopoly.Thiscostmustbeassessed carefullyinthecontextofaninventionhowever.Whatarethebenefitsofthe patentsystemFirstthereistheincreaseinconsumerwell-beingbroughtabout immediatelybyadesirableinvention.In17yearsthepatentmonopolyendsand asecondsourceofbenefitsarises:Thepriceofcameraswillfalltoa competitivelevelandconsumerswillreapthebenefitsofthecameraatalower price.Insumtheoryofmonopolyhelpsustoassessthecostsandbenefitsof thepatent.Onecanquibbleaboutpatentmonopoliesarguingforexamplethat theyaregrantedfortoolongatime.Intheendthepatent systemcreatesgoodsandservicesandtechnologiesthatdidnotpreviously exist.InthisrespectitisavaluableSystemfortheeconomy.Thepatent systemalsounderscorestheimportanceofpropertyrightstoideasasasource ofeconomicgrowthandprogress.Thecostsofthepatentmonopoly______.
Text3 Apatentisanexclusiverightgivento aninventorforhisorherinvention.Inotherwordsapatentisamonopoly rightgiventotheinventorfortheinvention.Apatentconfersontheinventor therighttopriceandtoselltheinventioninanywayheorshedesiresin theUnitedStatespatentsaregrantedbythePatentOfficefor17years. Althougheconomistsgenerallycondemnmonopolyasaformofmarketorganization sincemonopolyimposescostsontheeconomypatentspresentamoresubtlecase formonopolytheory.Specificallycanpatentmonopoliesbejustified Ingeneraleconomistscomplainaboutthecostsofmonopolybecausethey believethatthesameindustrycouldbeorganizedcompetitively.Apatent monopolygrantfor17yearspresentsadifferentproblem.Thatisthepurpose ofthepatentsystemistoencourageinvention.Theissueisnotmonopolyversus competitionbutmorefundamentallyinventionversusnoinvention.Istheworld betteroffwiththeinventioneventhoughitismonopolizedfor17yearsIn otherwordswhatarethecostsandbenefitsofapatent Considerthesimplecaseofanewconsumerproductwithapositivedemand suchasacamerautilizinganewexposureprocess.Thecostsofthepatent monopolyaresimplythedeadweightcostsofmonopolymeasuredbythelost consumers’surplusfromthe17-yearpatentmonopoly.Thiscostmustbeassessed carefullyinthecontextofaninventionhowever.Whatarethebenefitsofthe patentsystemFirstthereistheincreaseinconsumerwell-beingbroughtabout immediatelybyadesirableinvention.In17yearsthepatentmonopolyendsand asecondsourceofbenefitsarises:Thepriceofcameraswillfalltoa competitivelevelandconsumerswillreapthebenefitsofthecameraatalower price.Insumtheoryofmonopolyhelpsustoassessthecostsandbenefitsof thepatent.Onecanquibbleaboutpatentmonopoliesarguingforexamplethat theyaregrantedfortoolongatime.Intheendthepatent systemcreatesgoodsandservicesandtechnologiesthatdidnotpreviously exist.InthisrespectitisavaluableSystemfortheeconomy.Thepatent systemalsounderscorestheimportanceofpropertyrightstoideasasasource ofeconomicgrowthandprogress.Thefirstparagraphmainly______.
1978年改革开放以后我国第一批设立的经济特区中不包括
中国人民解放军宣言发表的具体时间是
Text2 Likestreetcomerprophetsproclaiming thattileendisnearscientistswhostudytheearth’satmospherehavebeen issuingpredictionsofimpendingdoomforthepastfewyearswithoutoffering anyconcreteproof.Sofareventheexpertshavehadtoadmitthatnosolid evidencehasemergedthatthisisanythingbutanaturalphenomenon.Andthe uncertaintyhasgivenskeptics-especiallyGingrichianpoliticians--plentyof ammunitiontoargueagainsttakingthedifficultexpensivestepsrequiredto staveoffalargelyhypotheticalcalamity.UntilnowAdraft reportcurrentlycirculatingontheInternetassertsthattheglobaltemperature risecannowbeblamedatleastinpartonhumanactivity.Statementslike thishavebeenmadebeforebyindividualresearchers-whohavebeencriticized forgoingtoofarbeyondthescientificconsensus.Butthisreportcomesfrom theInternationalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCarespectedUNsponsoredbody madeupofmorethan1300leadingclimateexpertsfrom40nations.Thisshift inscientificconsensusisbasednotsomuchonnewdataasonimprovementsin thecomplexcomputermodelsthatclimatologistsusetotesttheirtheories. Unlikechemistsormolecularbiologistsclimateexpertshavenowaytodolab experimentsontheirspecialty.Sotheysimulatethemonsupercomputersandlook atwhathappenswhenhumangeneratedgases-carbondioxidefromindustryandauto exhaustmethanefromagriculturechlorofluorocarbonsfromleakyrefrigerators andspraycans-arepumpedintothemodelsvirtualatmospheres. Untilrecentlythecomputermodelsweren’tworkingverywell.Whenthe scientiststriedtosimulatewhattheybelievehasbeenhappeningoverthepast centuryorsotheresultsdidn’tmeshwithreality;themodelssaidtheworld shouldnowhewarmerthanitactuallyis.Thereasonisthatthecomputermodels hadbeenoverlookinganimportantfactoraffectingglobaltemperatures:sulfur dioxidesthatareproducedalongwithCO2whenfossilfuelsareburnedincars andpowerplants.Aerosolsactuallycooltheplanetbyblockingsunlightand masktheeffectsofglobalwarmning.Oncethescientistsfactoredinaerosols theirmodelsbeganlookingmoreliketherealworld.Theimprovedperformanceof thesimulationswasdemonstratedin1991whentheysuccessfullypredicted temperaturechangesintheaftermathofthemassiveMountPinatuboeruptionin thePhilippines.Anumberofstudiessincehaveaddedtothescientists confidencethattheyfinallyknowwhattheyaretalkingabout-andcanpredict whatmayhappenifgreenhousegasescontinuetobepumpedintotheatmosphere unchecked.Thecomputermodelsfailedtopicturerealitybecause______.
Text1 Everybodyloathesitbuteverybody doesitArecentpollshowedthat20%ofAmericanshatethepractice.Itseems soarbitraryafterall.Whydoesabarmangetatipbutnotadoctorwhosaves livesInAmericaalonetippingisnowa$16billion-a-year industry.Consumersactingrationallyoughtnottopaymorethantheyhaveto foragivenservice.Tipsshouldnotexist.SowhydotheyTheconventional wisdomisthattipsbothrewardtheeffortsofgoodserviceandreduce uncomfortablefeelingsofinequality.Thebettertheservicethebiggerthe tip.Suchexplanationsnodoubtexplainthepurportedoriginof tipping--inthe16thcenturyboxesinEnglishtavernscarriedthephraseTo InsurePromptitudelaterjustTIP.Butaccordingtonewresearchfrom CornellUniversitytippingnolongerservesanyusefulfunction. Thepaperanalysesdatafrom2327groupsdiningat20different restaurants.Thecorrelationbetweenlargertipsandbetterservicewasvery weak:onlyatinypartofthevariabilityinthesizeofthetiphadanythingto dowiththequalityofservice.Customerswhoratedamealasexcellentstill tippedanywherebetween8%and17%ofthemealprice.Tippingis betterexplainedbyculturethanbyeconomics.InAmericathecustomhasbecome institutionalized:itisregardedaspartoftheacceptedcostofaservice.In aNewYorkrestaurantfailingtotipatleast15%couldwellmeanabusefrom thewaiter.Hairdresserscanexpecttoget15-20%themanwhodeliversyour groceries＄2.InEuropetippingislesscommon;inmanyrestaurants discretionarytippingisbeingreplacedbyastandardservicecharge.Inmany Asiancountriestippinghasneverreallycaughtonatall.How toaccountforthesenationaldifferencesLooknofurtherthanpsychology. AccordingtoMichaelLynntheCornellpaper’sco-authorcountriesinwhich peoplearemoreextrovertsociableorneurotictendtotipmore.Tipping relievesanxietyaboutbeingservedbystrangers.AndsaysMr.LynnIn Americawherepeopleareoutgoingandexpressivetippingisaboutsocial approvalffyoutipbadlypeoplethinklessofyou.Tippingwellisachance toshowoff.Icelandersbycontrastdonotusuallytip-ameasureoftheir introversionnodoubt.Whilesuchexplanationsmaybecrude thehardtruthseemstobethattippingdoesnotwork.Itdoesnotbenefitthe customer.Norinthecaseofrestaurantsdoesitactuallystimulatethe waiterorhelptherestaurantmanagertomonitorandassesshisstaff.Service peopleshouldjustbepaidadecentwagewhichmayactuallymakeeconomic sense.Wecangettheinformationfromthearticlethat_______.
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