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Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describ...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.Itcriticizedthefactthat"manners"arescornedasrepressiveandoutdated.TheresultaccordingtoMr.AndersondirectoroftheSocialAffairsUnitisasocietycharacterizedbyrudeness:loutishbehavioronthestreetsjostlingincrowdsimpoliteshopassistantsandbadtempereddrivers. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant.Astheyareencounteredfarmoreoftenthancrimetheycancausemoreanxietythancrime. Thebookhascontributionsfrom12academicsindisciplinesrangingfrommedicinetosociologyandchartswhatitcallsthe"coarsening"ofBritain.Oldfashionedtermssuchas"gentleman"and"lady"havelostallmeaningfulresonanceandneedtobereevaluateditsaysRachelTrickettformerprincipalofSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxfordsaysthatthenotionofa"lady"protectswomenratherthandemeaningthem.48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays."Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims." CarolineMoorethefirstwomanfellowofPeterhouseCambridgepointsoutthat"gentleman"isnowusedonlywithironyorderision."Thepopularviewofagentlemanispoisedsomewherebetweentheimbecile低能的parasiteandthevillainousone." ForAnthonyO’HearprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofBradford49mannersarecloselyassociatedwiththedifferentformsofbehaviorappropriateto.ageandstatus.Theycurbtheimpetuosityofyouthandthebitternessofoldage.Egalitarianismhesayshasledtopeoplefailingtoacttheirage."Wehavevicechancellorswithearringsaristocratsashippiesthetrendyvicar教区牧师onhismotorbike. Dr.BruceCharltonalecturerinpublichealthmedicineinNewcastletakesissuewiththeexcessiveinformalityofrelationsbetweenprofessionalssuchrelationshipsTristamEngelhardtprofessorofmedicineHoustonTexassaysmannersareboundtomorals.50"Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalues"hesays"goodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation. 48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays.Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims.
1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2thesymbolicmeaning 3thespecialunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/commentand 3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytoencouragehonesty.
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points12
PartB Directions: PursuitforMoreComfortandLuxury A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayin160--200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethechangesasshowninthetable 2Analyzepossiblereasonsforthechange 3Makepredictionsonthefuturetendency StatisticsinPeople’sDailyexpensesinShanghai
LetChinasleepforwhenshewakesshewillshaketheworld. UntilrecentlytheworldhappilyignoredNapoleon’swarning.ButChinaisnowshakingtheworld.TheUSwasthefirstcontinentalcapitalisteconomy.TheEuropeanUnionistryingtobecomeasecond.PotentiallyChinadwarfsthemboth.Alreadyitisabigandcontroversialpresenceintheglobaleconomy.Itsimpactiscertaintoincreasestillfurther.Fearisaninevitableresponsetothisgrowingupheaval.ButhowfarisitjustifiedAndwhatisthebestresponse 41TheamazingachievementsofChina’strade China’stradeperformancehasindeedbeenastonishing.Between1980and2002China’sshareinglobalexportsandimportsrosefrom1.2percentand1.1percentto5.2percentand4.2percentrespectively.From1993to2002thevolumeofChina’sexportsofgoodsroseatanannualrateof17.3percent. 42HowtoevaluatetheimpactofChina’strade ToassesstheimpactofChina’stradeonemuststartwithitscomparativeadvantageandtradepolicies. 43Chinahasreducedhertariffs In1992averagestatutorytariffsonmanufactureswere4t3.5percent.AfteraccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganizationthiswillbedownto6.9percent.Forprimaryproductsthedeclineisfrom22.3to3.6percent. 44Goodorbadnews Between1979and2001China’stermsoftrade-theratioofthepricesofitsexportstothoseofitsimports-fellby30percent.AsChina’sgrowthdrivesdowntherelativepriceofherexportscountriesthatcompeteinthirdmarketssufferdecliningprofitabilityandmarketshares.ButnetimportersofChina’sexportsandnetexportersofherimportsbenefit. 45TheeffectofdirectChinesecompetition GainsareevenavailabletocountriesthatwouldseemvulnerabletodirectChinesecompetition.ThereasonistheverticalintegrationofChineseproduction.In1998justunderaquarterofthevalueofChineseexportscontaineddirectandindirectimports.NotsurprisinglysuchproductionisparticularlyrelevanttoChina’sneighbors. HowshouldothercountriesrespondtotheChineseshock"Calmly"isthebestadvice.Thebiggestreasonforcalmcomesfromhistory.IfChinaispermittedtothriveasadynamicexporterofcheapmanufacturesitspeoplewillobtaintheprosperitytheywant.IfChinaisthwartedbyprotectionistbarriersitspeoplewillbecorrespondinglyfrustratedanddangerous.Thechallengesofaccommodatingawide-awakeChinawillbehuge.Buttheycanandmustberisento. [A]Chinaalsoreducedthecoverageofnon-tariffbarriersfrom32.5percentofimportsto21.6percentbetween1996and2001.ThisliberalizationfurtherincreasethecompetitivenessofChina’sexportsbecauseataxonimportsisalsoataxonexports. [B]AnotherWorldBankstudynotesforexamplethatbetween1985and2001exportsfromotherEastAsianemergingmarketeconomiestoChinagrewfrom59billionto835billion.In200115percentofEastAsiansexportstoChinaconsistedofpartsofofficemachinesandtelecommunicationsequipmentandelectronicmicrocircuitsallofwhichwereforassemblyandre-export. [C]IfcurrenttrendsweresustainedwhichisunlikelyChina’sexportswouldsurpassthoseoftheUSbyabout2010.Overthe12monthstomay2003Chineseexportsof3660billionweretheworld’sfourthlargestafterthoseoftheUSGermanyandJapan.Itsimportsat3230billionwerethesixthlargestbutwillsoonbebiggerthanthoseofJapantheUKandFrance. [D]Ingeneralcommodityexportersandexportersofsophisticatedgoodsandservicesgainwhileotherlaborabundantcountrieslose. [E]Chinanowenjoyssignificantforeigninvestmentinflows.Thevolumeofcapitalflowstodevelopingcountriesisdeterminedprimarilybyglobalconditionsnotbylocaleconomicperformance.Countriescanincreasetheirshareofthiscapitalbymanagingtheireconomieswellbutconditionsintherichcountrieswillalwaysmattermoreandthesearehardtopredict. [F]Theformerrestsonalmostlimitlesssuppliesofcheaplabor.Thelatterhavebecomeremarkablyliberal. 42
Text1 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof＆1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy——whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection——willbeafailure. Whenmentioningthesomething-for-nothingdaysParagraphlthewriteristalkingabout
Inaquietcourtroomtuckedawayinafederalbuildinghereatitanicbattleiscompetingfreespeechagainstgovernmenteffortstoprotectchildrenfromtheseeminglylimitlesspagesofpornographyincyberspace. TitledsimplyenoughtheAmericanLibraryAssociationv.theUnitedStatesofAmericanthetrialwilldeterminetheconstitutionalityoftheChildren’sInternetProtectionActCIPA. 46PassedbyCongressinDecember2000thelawrequiresalllibrariesthatreceivefederaltechnologyfundstoinstall"protectionmeasures"onallcomputersthathaveaccesstotheInternet.Inotherwordstheymusthaveblockingsoftwaretopreventyoungstersfromaccidentallyorevenintentionallygettingapeekatthemultitudeofhard-coresitesavailablewithjustafewwell-placedclicksonacomputerterminal. Tofree-speechadvocatesfromlibrarianstotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionit’sawell-intentionedbutdangerousassaultonAmerica’sFirstAmendmentfreedoms.47Theyarguethateventhebestblockingsoftwareissoflawedthatitwouldalsolimitadultaccesstoawidearrayofconstitutionallyprotectedspeech. "It’sveryeasytosuggestthatweallbelieveintheFirstAmendmentwejustwanttokeepourkidssafe"saysJohnBerrypresidentoftheAmericanLibraryAssociationinChicago.48"Butassoonasyoustartmakingthosekindsofconcessionsyoubegantoundermineoneofourfoundingprinciplesandyoucan’tsacrificethosekindsofthingsforalittletemporarysecurity." SupportersoftheInternetfilteringlawarguethattheFirstAmendmenthasnothingtodowithCIPAbecauseit’snothingmorethanafundingbill.Iflibrarieshaveobjectionstheysimplydon’thavetoacceptthefederalfundsuponwhichtheblockingsoftware’suseisconditioned. There’sthewholeissueoftheblockingsoftwareitself.Doesitworkornot49Onestudyofmorethan7000websitesthathadbeenblockedbythevarioussoftwarecompaniesfoundthatbetween65and70percentofthesiteswere"deemedtohavepotentialvalue"toalibraryuser. Astoworriesaboutoverblockingthelawnssupportersnotethelawallowsadultstoaskalibrariantoturnofftheblockingsoftware. 50Butthelibrariansarguethatthemandatoryfilterdoestakediscretionawayfromlibrariansandtheircommunitieswhichpayforabout80percentoftheaveragelibrary’sbudgetandgivesittothefederalgovernment. Afterthisthree-judgepanelrulesonesideortheotherisexpectedtofileanappealandthatwillgodirectlytotheSupremeCourt. PassedbyCongressinDecember2000thelawrequiresalllibrariesthatreceivefederaltechnologyfundstoinstallprotectionmeasuresonallcomputersthathaveaccesstotheInternet.
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5＄300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.2
Text2 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor400//ooofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey——IranandIraq——theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCo-operationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. Bymentioningthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedeserttheauthoristalkingabout
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."Nowmostofourcomputers[intheU.S.]areshippedontheground——andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svicepresidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11securityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays——whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayairexpressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientwaygroundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies——includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus——areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhen[ashipment]willarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. AfterSeptember11longdelaysofexpressairshippingoftenarisebecauseof
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points10
LetChinasleepforwhenshewakesshewillshaketheworld. UntilrecentlytheworldhappilyignoredNapoleon’swarning.ButChinaisnowshakingtheworld.TheUSwasthefirstcontinentalcapitalisteconomy.TheEuropeanUnionistryingtobecomeasecond.PotentiallyChinadwarfsthemboth.Alreadyitisabigandcontroversialpresenceintheglobaleconomy.Itsimpactiscertaintoincreasestillfurther.Fearisaninevitableresponsetothisgrowingupheaval.ButhowfarisitjustifiedAndwhatisthebestresponse 41TheamazingachievementsofChina’strade China’stradeperformancehasindeedbeenastonishing.Between1980and2002China’sshareinglobalexportsandimportsrosefrom1.2percentand1.1percentto5.2percentand4.2percentrespectively.From1993to2002thevolumeofChina’sexportsofgoodsroseatanannualrateof17.3percent. 42HowtoevaluatetheimpactofChina’strade ToassesstheimpactofChina’stradeonemuststartwithitscomparativeadvantageandtradepolicies. 43Chinahasreducedhertariffs In1992averagestatutorytariffsonmanufactureswere4t3.5percent.AfteraccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganizationthiswillbedownto6.9percent.Forprimaryproductsthedeclineisfrom22.3to3.6percent. 44Goodorbadnews Between1979and2001China’stermsoftrade-theratioofthepricesofitsexportstothoseofitsimports-fellby30percent.AsChina’sgrowthdrivesdowntherelativepriceofherexportscountriesthatcompeteinthirdmarketssufferdecliningprofitabilityandmarketshares.ButnetimportersofChina’sexportsandnetexportersofherimportsbenefit. 45TheeffectofdirectChinesecompetition GainsareevenavailabletocountriesthatwouldseemvulnerabletodirectChinesecompetition.ThereasonistheverticalintegrationofChineseproduction.In1998justunderaquarterofthevalueofChineseexportscontaineddirectandindirectimports.NotsurprisinglysuchproductionisparticularlyrelevanttoChina’sneighbors. HowshouldothercountriesrespondtotheChineseshock"Calmly"isthebestadvice.Thebiggestreasonforcalmcomesfromhistory.IfChinaispermittedtothriveasadynamicexporterofcheapmanufacturesitspeoplewillobtaintheprosperitytheywant.IfChinaisthwartedbyprotectionistbarriersitspeoplewillbecorrespondinglyfrustratedanddangerous.Thechallengesofaccommodatingawide-awakeChinawillbehuge.Buttheycanandmustberisento. [A]Chinaalsoreducedthecoverageofnon-tariffbarriersfrom32.5percentofimportsto21.6percentbetween1996and2001.ThisliberalizationfurtherincreasethecompetitivenessofChina’sexportsbecauseataxonimportsisalsoataxonexports. [B]AnotherWorldBankstudynotesforexamplethatbetween1985and2001exportsfromotherEastAsianemergingmarketeconomiestoChinagrewfrom59billionto835billion.In200115percentofEastAsiansexportstoChinaconsistedofpartsofofficemachinesandtelecommunicationsequipmentandelectronicmicrocircuitsallofwhichwereforassemblyandre-export. [C]IfcurrenttrendsweresustainedwhichisunlikelyChina’sexportswouldsurpassthoseoftheUSbyabout2010.Overthe12monthstomay2003Chineseexportsof3660billionweretheworld’sfourthlargestafterthoseoftheUSGermanyandJapan.Itsimportsat3230billionwerethesixthlargestbutwillsoonbebiggerthanthoseofJapantheUKandFrance. [D]Ingeneralcommodityexportersandexportersofsophisticatedgoodsandservicesgainwhileotherlaborabundantcountrieslose. [E]Chinanowenjoyssignificantforeigninvestmentinflows.Thevolumeofcapitalflowstodevelopingcountriesisdeterminedprimarilybyglobalconditionsnotbylocaleconomicperformance.Countriescanincreasetheirshareofthiscapitalbymanagingtheireconomieswellbutconditionsintherichcountrieswillalwaysmattermoreandthesearehardtopredict. [F]Theformerrestsonalmostlimitlesssuppliesofcheaplabor.Thelatterhavebecomeremarkablyliberal. 44
Text1 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof＆1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy——whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection——willbeafailure. TheconclusioncanbedrawnfromthetextthatBritain'spublicservicesmaybe
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."Nowmostofourcomputers[intheU.S.]areshippedontheground——andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svicepresidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11securityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays——whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayairexpressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientwaygroundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies——includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus——areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhen[ashipment]willarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. Wecanlearnfromthebeginningofthetextthat
Text2 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor400//ooofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey——IranandIraq——theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCo-operationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. Towhichofthefollowistheauthorlikelytoagree
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points14
46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.Itcriticizedthefactthat"manners"arescornedasrepressiveandoutdated.TheresultaccordingtoMr.AndersondirectoroftheSocialAffairsUnitisasocietycharacterizedbyrudeness:loutishbehavioronthestreetsjostlingincrowdsimpoliteshopassistantsandbadtempereddrivers. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant.Astheyareencounteredfarmoreoftenthancrimetheycancausemoreanxietythancrime. Thebookhascontributionsfrom12academicsindisciplinesrangingfrommedicinetosociologyandchartswhatitcallsthe"coarsening"ofBritain.Oldfashionedtermssuchas"gentleman"and"lady"havelostallmeaningfulresonanceandneedtobereevaluateditsaysRachelTrickettformerprincipalofSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxfordsaysthatthenotionofa"lady"protectswomenratherthandemeaningthem.48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays."Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims." CarolineMoorethefirstwomanfellowofPeterhouseCambridgepointsoutthat"gentleman"isnowusedonlywithironyorderision."Thepopularviewofagentlemanispoisedsomewherebetweentheimbecile低能的parasiteandthevillainousone." ForAnthonyO’HearprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofBradford49mannersarecloselyassociatedwiththedifferentformsofbehaviorappropriateto.ageandstatus.Theycurbtheimpetuosityofyouthandthebitternessofoldage.Egalitarianismhesayshasledtopeoplefailingtoacttheirage."Wehavevicechancellorswithearringsaristocratsashippiesthetrendyvicar教区牧师onhismotorbike. Dr.BruceCharltonalecturerinpublichealthmedicineinNewcastletakesissuewiththeexcessiveinformalityofrelationsbetweenprofessionalssuchrelationshipsTristamEngelhardtprofessorofmedicineHoustonTexassaysmannersareboundtomorals.50"Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalues"hesays"goodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation. 50Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalueshesaysgoodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation.
Inaquietcourtroomtuckedawayinafederalbuildinghereatitanicbattleiscompetingfreespeechagainstgovernmenteffortstoprotectchildrenfromtheseeminglylimitlesspagesofpornographyincyberspace. TitledsimplyenoughtheAmericanLibraryAssociationv.theUnitedStatesofAmericanthetrialwilldeterminetheconstitutionalityoftheChildren’sInternetProtectionActCIPA. 46PassedbyCongressinDecember2000thelawrequiresalllibrariesthatreceivefederaltechnologyfundstoinstall"protectionmeasures"onallcomputersthathaveaccesstotheInternet.Inotherwordstheymusthaveblockingsoftwaretopreventyoungstersfromaccidentallyorevenintentionallygettingapeekatthemultitudeofhard-coresitesavailablewithjustafewwell-placedclicksonacomputerterminal. Tofree-speechadvocatesfromlibrarianstotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionit’sawell-intentionedbutdangerousassaultonAmerica’sFirstAmendmentfreedoms.47Theyarguethateventhebestblockingsoftwareissoflawedthatitwouldalsolimitadultaccesstoawidearrayofconstitutionallyprotectedspeech. "It’sveryeasytosuggestthatweallbelieveintheFirstAmendmentwejustwanttokeepourkidssafe"saysJohnBerrypresidentoftheAmericanLibraryAssociationinChicago.48"Butassoonasyoustartmakingthosekindsofconcessionsyoubegantoundermineoneofourfoundingprinciplesandyoucan’tsacrificethosekindsofthingsforalittletemporarysecurity." SupportersoftheInternetfilteringlawarguethattheFirstAmendmenthasnothingtodowithCIPAbecauseit’snothingmorethanafundingbill.Iflibrarieshaveobjectionstheysimplydon’thavetoacceptthefederalfundsuponwhichtheblockingsoftware’suseisconditioned. There’sthewholeissueoftheblockingsoftwareitself.Doesitworkornot49Onestudyofmorethan7000websitesthathadbeenblockedbythevarioussoftwarecompaniesfoundthatbetween65and70percentofthesiteswere"deemedtohavepotentialvalue"toalibraryuser. Astoworriesaboutoverblockingthelawnssupportersnotethelawallowsadultstoaskalibrariantoturnofftheblockingsoftware. 50Butthelibrariansarguethatthemandatoryfilterdoestakediscretionawayfromlibrariansandtheircommunitieswhichpayforabout80percentoftheaveragelibrary’sbudgetandgivesittothefederalgovernment. Afterthisthree-judgepanelrulesonesideortheotherisexpectedtofileanappealandthatwillgodirectlytotheSupremeCourt. Butassoonasyoustartmakingthosekindsofconcessionsyoubegantoundermineoneofourfoundingprinciplesandyoucan’tsacrificethosekindsofthingsforalittletemporarysecurity.
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points18
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Text3 Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failareisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire——itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess——toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC-H-programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimdesignhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumerWebrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. ThemostfavorablebusinessecologyinSiliconValleyischaracterizedby
Text2 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor400//ooofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey——IranandIraq——theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCo-operationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. ItisgenerallybelievedthatoilproducedintheGulf
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."Nowmostofourcomputers[intheU.S.]areshippedontheground——andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svicepresidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11securityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays——whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayairexpressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientwaygroundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies——includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus——areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhen[ashipment]willarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Inaquietcourtroomtuckedawayinafederalbuildinghereatitanicbattleiscompetingfreespeechagainstgovernmenteffortstoprotectchildrenfromtheseeminglylimitlesspagesofpornographyincyberspace. TitledsimplyenoughtheAmericanLibraryAssociationv.theUnitedStatesofAmericanthetrialwilldeterminetheconstitutionalityoftheChildren’sInternetProtectionActCIPA. 46PassedbyCongressinDecember2000thelawrequiresalllibrariesthatreceivefederaltechnologyfundstoinstall"protectionmeasures"onallcomputersthathaveaccesstotheInternet.Inotherwordstheymusthaveblockingsoftwaretopreventyoungstersfromaccidentallyorevenintentionallygettingapeekatthemultitudeofhard-coresitesavailablewithjustafewwell-placedclicksonacomputerterminal. Tofree-speechadvocatesfromlibrarianstotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionit’sawell-intentionedbutdangerousassaultonAmerica’sFirstAmendmentfreedoms.47Theyarguethateventhebestblockingsoftwareissoflawedthatitwouldalsolimitadultaccesstoawidearrayofconstitutionallyprotectedspeech. "It’sveryeasytosuggestthatweallbelieveintheFirstAmendmentwejustwanttokeepourkidssafe"saysJohnBerrypresidentoftheAmericanLibraryAssociationinChicago.48"Butassoonasyoustartmakingthosekindsofconcessionsyoubegantoundermineoneofourfoundingprinciplesandyoucan’tsacrificethosekindsofthingsforalittletemporarysecurity." SupportersoftheInternetfilteringlawarguethattheFirstAmendmenthasnothingtodowithCIPAbecauseit’snothingmorethanafundingbill.Iflibrarieshaveobjectionstheysimplydon’thavetoacceptthefederalfundsuponwhichtheblockingsoftware’suseisconditioned. There’sthewholeissueoftheblockingsoftwareitself.Doesitworkornot49Onestudyofmorethan7000websitesthathadbeenblockedbythevarioussoftwarecompaniesfoundthatbetween65and70percentofthesiteswere"deemedtohavepotentialvalue"toalibraryuser. Astoworriesaboutoverblockingthelawnssupportersnotethelawallowsadultstoaskalibrariantoturnofftheblockingsoftware. 50Butthelibrariansarguethatthemandatoryfilterdoestakediscretionawayfromlibrariansandtheircommunitieswhichpayforabout80percentoftheaveragelibrary’sbudgetandgivesittothefederalgovernment. Afterthisthree-judgepanelrulesonesideortheotherisexpectedtofileanappealandthatwillgodirectlytotheSupremeCourt. Butthelibrariansarguethatthemandatoryfilterdoestakediscretionawayfromlibrariansandtheircommunitieswhichpayforabout80percentoftheaveragelibrary’sbudgetandgivesittothefederalgovernment.
Text3 Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failareisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire——itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess——toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC-H-programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimdesignhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumerWebrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. TheauthorwritesoftheexperiencesofJimClarktodemonstrate
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points6
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points8
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