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全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程所必须突出加强的两大建设是
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以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程整体推进党的制度建设全面提高党的建设科学化水平
思想建设
组织建设
作风建设
反腐倡廉建设
十四大提出面向新世纪全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程的总目标
以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程必须以为重点加强思想建设
提高思想觉悟
增强党性修养
坚定理想信念
全面建设小康社会加快推进社会主义现代化必须毫不放松地加强和改善全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程
党的领导
思想政治工作
组织建设
以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程必须以提高党的活 力为重点加强作风建设
党的十七大报告指出推进党的建设新的伟大工程必须把什么作为主线
党章总纲强调要以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程整体推进党的思想建设组织建设反腐倡廉建设制度
实现伟大梦想必须建设伟大工程这个伟大工程就是我们党正在 深入推进的
中国特色社会主义伟大事业
党的建设新的伟大工程
马克思主义理论研究和建设工程
以经济建设为中心的伟大工程
党章总纲强调要以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程整体推进哪五方面建设
以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程必须以坚定理想信念为重 点加强思想建设
实现伟大梦想必须建设伟大工程这个伟大工程就是我们党 正在深入推进的
马克思主义理论研究和建设工程
党的建设新的伟大工程
中国特色社会主义伟大事业
具有许多新的历史特点的伟大斗争
党的十七大报告指出全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程要以树立正确的世界观人生观权力观为重点加强作风建设
全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程必须坚持改革创新精神
以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程必须以为重点加强作风建设
改善党的形象
提高党的活力
保持党同人民群众的血肉联系
以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程必须把作为主线
党的先进性建设
党的执政能力建设
党的执政能力建设和先进性建设
以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程必须以完善党内法规体系为重点加强制度建设
党的十七大报告指出全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程要以预防腐败为重点加强反腐倡廉建设
党的十七大报告指出全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程要以健全民主集中制为重点加强制度建设
推进党的建设的新的伟大工程的重点是加强党的制度建设
以改革创新精神全面推进党的建设新的伟大工程必须以完善惩治和预防腐败体系为重点加强反腐倡廉建设
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Mentalmodelsguideourperceptionsandhelpusmakepredictions.Mostofourmentalmodelsarebuilt1thestructureofournervoussystemsandweareusually2ofthem. We3theworldnotaccordingtodirectknowledgeofrealitybutaccordingtomentalmodelswhichpeopleoftenmistake4reality.Forexampleweallshareabuilt-inmentalmodelthattheworldiscontinuous5oureyestellusdifferently.Thisbuilt-inmentalmodeltellsuswhattoseeinapartoftheeyethatdoesn’’t6seeanything.Thisblindspotmodelcausesusto7made-upinformationacontinuationofsurroundingpatternsand8thatifwelookatapreviouslyhiddenspotitwilllooklikeits9. Notallmentalmodelsarebuiltin;somewelearnor10.Forexamplemostpeoplebelievethattheautomobilesdrivingdownthestreetwillnotturn11thesidewalkandhitpedestrians.Ifwebelieve12wewouldactlike13squirrelsalwaysstoppingtolookaroundandproceeding14noautomobileswereoperatingnearby. Weusementalmodelsofoursurroundingstoperceivewhatwebelievetobe15andtopredictwhatmayhappen.Thesementalmodels16tooursurroundings--wehavementalmodelsofobjectsoftheenvironmentandofotherpeople--andtoourowncapabilitiesand17 Allofourmentalmodelsareunfortunatelyapproximations18inthelumpofnervoustissuewecallthebrain.Sophisticated19thebrainisitisverysmallandsimplecomparedwiththe20oftheoutsideworld.
Mentalmodelsguideourperceptionsandhelpusmakepredictions.Mostofourmentalmodelsarebuilt1thestructureofournervoussystemsandweareusually2ofthem. We3theworldnotaccordingtodirectknowledgeofrealitybutaccordingtomentalmodelswhichpeopleoftenmistake4reality.Forexampleweallshareabuilt-inmentalmodelthattheworldiscontinuous5oureyestellusdifferently.Thisbuilt-inmentalmodeltellsuswhattoseeinapartoftheeyethatdoesn’’t6seeanything.Thisblindspotmodelcausesusto7made-upinformationacontinuationofsurroundingpatternsand8thatifwelookatapreviouslyhiddenspotitwilllooklikeits9. Notallmentalmodelsarebuiltin;somewelearnor10.Forexamplemostpeoplebelievethattheautomobilesdrivingdownthestreetwillnotturn11thesidewalkandhitpedestrians.Ifwebelieve12wewouldactlike13squirrelsalwaysstoppingtolookaroundandproceeding14noautomobileswereoperatingnearby. Weusementalmodelsofoursurroundingstoperceivewhatwebelievetobe15andtopredictwhatmayhappen.Thesementalmodels16tooursurroundings--wehavementalmodelsofobjectsoftheenvironmentandofotherpeople--andtoourowncapabilitiesand17 Allofourmentalmodelsareunfortunatelyapproximations18inthelumpofnervoustissuewecallthebrain.Sophisticated19thebrainisitisverysmallandsimplecomparedwiththe20oftheoutsideworld.
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.O pinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetothreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentersofproductionandwork TheindustrialagehasBeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.46Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmaxhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadaunting令人气馁的thought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnomeanteconomicfreedom. 47Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thandthe18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoflandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.48Latertastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyboatpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered.49Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded-aproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.50Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforalltourgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforalltourgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. Theauthorconcludesthat
WhenIwasinhighschoolIhadalmostnoindividualidentityleft.IwasaHillcrestHuskyandallotherhighschoolswereenemies.Iwasawrestlerandalltheothersportsweregorwimps.Iwasonthedebateteamandeveryoneelsewasdumb. Atmyhighschooleveryonehadagroup;noonewasanindividual.Wait.Itakethatback.Therewereafewindividualsbuttheywerecompletelyoutcastfromoursocialorder.NeverinmylifecanIrememberstrongerfeelingsofhatetianinhighschool.Butwenevercalledithate.Wecalleditloyalty. Asadultsmostofusarebetteratbeinganindividualthanwewereinhighschoolbuttheinfluencesofgroupidentitycontinuetopromotecompetitionandprejudiceinourworld.Ifyouarelikemeyouwanttoavoidteachingrivalryconflictandprejudicetoyourchildren. Onepossiblestrategyforstoppingthenegativeinfluencesofgroupidentitywouldbe:recognizeandreplay.Lookfortheprejudiceinyourlifeandreplaceitwithcharity.Treateverypersonasanindividualandignorethesocialclassificationscreatedbyagroup-dependentworld. AgoodfriendandIoncediscussedourdifferingreligionsbeliefs.HeidentifiedwithacertaingroupandIwithanother.Becauseofourdependenceongroupidentityourconversationsrevolvedaroundthebeliefsofthegroups.Ourindividualbeliefswhichwerequitesimilartookabackseatwhilewediscussedtopicsweknewlittleabout.Wedefendedourgroupsevenwhenwedidnotunderstandorknowtheofficialgrouppositiononmanyissues.Theresultingrivalryhasdamagedourfriendshipeversince. Mybehaviorinthissituationisexactlywhatscriptureandwisdomteachustoavoid.HowstupidIwastojudgemyfriendbyagroupstandard!HowstupidIwastodefendmyowngroupeveninareasIknewnothingabout!IhopeIcanteachmychildrentobehavedifferently. HereIhaveusedreligiousbeliefstopointonlyoneareainwhichtheinfluenceofgroupidentitycancreateproblems.Therearemanyotherstoconsideralso.Someofthesearemarriageraceculturelanguagegeographicorigineducationandbehavior.Weshouldtreatallpeopleasindividualsregardlessoftheseconditions. Finallyloyaltyandgroupidentityarenotalwaysbad.Attimestheycanhelpalonelypersontofeellovedorabrokensoultofeelsuccess.Groupidentitycanalsohelpustoliveahigherstandard.Butpositivepeerpressureshouldneverreplaceindividualone-to-oneactsofserviceandlove. Accordingtotheauthorwasemphasizedinhighschool.
Mentalmodelsguideourperceptionsandhelpusmakepredictions.Mostofourmentalmodelsarebuilt1thestructureofournervoussystemsandweareusually2ofthem. We3theworldnotaccordingtodirectknowledgeofrealitybutaccordingtomentalmodelswhichpeopleoftenmistake4reality.Forexampleweallshareabuilt-inmentalmodelthattheworldiscontinuous5oureyestellusdifferently.Thisbuilt-inmentalmodeltellsuswhattoseeinapartoftheeyethatdoesn’’t6seeanything.Thisblindspotmodelcausesusto7made-upinformationacontinuationofsurroundingpatternsand8thatifwelookatapreviouslyhiddenspotitwilllooklikeits9. Notallmentalmodelsarebuiltin;somewelearnor10.Forexamplemostpeoplebelievethattheautomobilesdrivingdownthestreetwillnotturn11thesidewalkandhitpedestrians.Ifwebelieve12wewouldactlike13squirrelsalwaysstoppingtolookaroundandproceeding14noautomobileswereoperatingnearby. Weusementalmodelsofoursurroundingstoperceivewhatwebelievetobe15andtopredictwhatmayhappen.Thesementalmodels16tooursurroundings--wehavementalmodelsofobjectsoftheenvironmentandofotherpeople--andtoourowncapabilitiesand17 Allofourmentalmodelsareunfortunatelyapproximations18inthelumpofnervoustissuewecallthebrain.Sophisticated19thebrainisitisverysmallandsimplecomparedwiththe20oftheoutsideworld.
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
ThegapbetweenthosewhohaveaccesstocomputersandtheInternetandthosewhodon’tcouldspelltroublenotonlyforclassroomlearningtodaybutinturnforproducingthekindofstudentswhoarereadytocompeteforthejobsoftomorrow.Bytheyear200060percentofalljobswillrequirehigh-techcomputerskills.OverthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoBureauofLaborstatisticscomputerandtechnologyrelatedjobswillgrowbyanastounding70percent."Weasanationaremissingtheopportunityofalifetime"insistsRiley."Theabilityofallstudentstolearnatthehighestlevelswiththegreatestresourcesandhavethepromiseofafutureofrealopportunity-thisisthepotentialoftechnology." Rileyproposesdosingthegapsintechnologyaccessbyprovidingdiscountedservicesforschoolsandlibraries.The1996TelecommunicationsActcalledforprovidingallK-12publicandnonprofitprivateschoolsaswellaslibrarieswithdiscounts-anEducationRateorE-Rate-’-fortelecommunicationservicesinMay1997theFederalCommunicationsCommissionunanimouslyvotedtoprovide$2.25billionayearindiscountsrangingfrom20to90percentonaslidingscalewiththebiggestdiscountsforthepoorestschools.TheE-RatecoversInternetaccessandinternalschoolconnectionsbutnotcomputersorsoftware.ThefirstroundofapplicationsforthediscountsendedinApril1998withmorethan30000receivedintimeforthebeginningoftheschoolyear.WiththeE-RateinplaceitwashopedthatmostU.S.classroomswouldbeconnectedtotheInternetupfrom44percentnowincludingalmosteveryclassroominthenation’s50largestschooldistricts.HowevercriticismfromCongressandthetelecommunicationsindustryledtheFCCinJurmtoreducetheamountavailablefor1998to＄1.3billion. StilltheimportanceofconnectingourschoolstothisvastandpotentiallypowerfullearningtoolcalledtheInternetistakinghold.InaJunecommencementaddressatMITthefirstbyasittingpresidenttobebroadcastontheInternetPresidentClintonfirmlyemphasizedtheneedtoeliminatethedigitaldivide. "Untileverychildhasacomputerintheclassroomandtheskillstouseit...untileverystudentcantaptheenormousresourcesoftheInternet...untileveryhightechcompanycanfindskilledworkerstofillitshigh-techjobs...AmericawillmissthefullpromiseoftheInformationAge"henoted."Thechoice"hesaid"issimple.WecanextendopportunitytodaytoallAmericansorleavemebehind.Wecaneraselinesofinequityoretchthemindelibly.Wecanacceleratethemostpowerfulengineofgrowthandprosperitytheworldhaseverknownorallowtheenginetostall." Inordertogetthediscountsinquestiontheschoolsorlibrarieshaveto
Althoughrecentyearshaveseensubstantialreductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehiclesthenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing.Consequentlymorethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxideparticulatematterandozonegeneratedbyphotochemicalreactionswithhydrocarbonsfromvehicleexhaustthatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions--shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivateautomobile—istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleaner-burningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgasliquefiedpetroleumgasethanolormethanol. Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhosemoleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.Thesemoleculesburnmomcleanlythangasolineinpartbecausetheyhavefewerifanycarbon-carbonbondsandthehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustionoflargermoleculeswhichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbondsinvolvesamorecomplexseriesofreaction.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremorelikelytoreleaseun-combustedandphoto-chemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhandalternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.Compressednaturalgaswouldrequirethatvehicleshaveasetofheavyfueltanks—aseriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuelefficiency-andliquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamentallimitsinsupply. Ethanolandmethanolontheotherhandhaveimportantadvantagesoverothercarbonbasedalternativefuels:theyhaveahigherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimalchangesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplementbutkiscurrentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanolthelowcostofwhichisoneofitsattractivefeatures.Methanol’smostattractivefeaturehoweveristhatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthatformozonethemostseriousurbanairpollutant. Likeanyalternativefuelmethan61hasitscritics.Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseof"gasolinedone"vehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.Itistrueforexamplethatagivenvolumeofmethanolprovidesonlyaboutone-halfoftheenergythatgasolineanddieselfueldo;otherthingsbeingequalthefueltankwouldhavetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.Howeversincemethanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmoreefficientthan"gasolineclone"vehiclesfueledwithmethanoltheywouldneedcomparativelylessfuelVehiclesincorporatingonlythesimplestoftheengineimprovementsthatmethanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediatelesseningofurbanairpollution. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatavehiclespecificallydesignedtousemethanolforfuelwould
Mentalmodelsguideourperceptionsandhelpusmakepredictions.Mostofourmentalmodelsarebuilt1thestructureofournervoussystemsandweareusually2ofthem. We3theworldnotaccordingtodirectknowledgeofrealitybutaccordingtomentalmodelswhichpeopleoftenmistake4reality.Forexampleweallshareabuilt-inmentalmodelthattheworldiscontinuous5oureyestellusdifferently.Thisbuilt-inmentalmodeltellsuswhattoseeinapartoftheeyethatdoesn’’t6seeanything.Thisblindspotmodelcausesusto7made-upinformationacontinuationofsurroundingpatternsand8thatifwelookatapreviouslyhiddenspotitwilllooklikeits9. Notallmentalmodelsarebuiltin;somewelearnor10.Forexamplemostpeoplebelievethattheautomobilesdrivingdownthestreetwillnotturn11thesidewalkandhitpedestrians.Ifwebelieve12wewouldactlike13squirrelsalwaysstoppingtolookaroundandproceeding14noautomobileswereoperatingnearby. Weusementalmodelsofoursurroundingstoperceivewhatwebelievetobe15andtopredictwhatmayhappen.Thesementalmodels16tooursurroundings--wehavementalmodelsofobjectsoftheenvironmentandofotherpeople--andtoourowncapabilitiesand17 Allofourmentalmodelsareunfortunatelyapproximations18inthelumpofnervoustissuewecallthebrain.Sophisticated19thebrainisitisverysmallandsimplecomparedwiththe20oftheoutsideworld.
Directions: Studythepicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould: 1describethecartoonpointoutthemessageconveyedand; 2giveyourcomment. Youshouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Mentalmodelsguideourperceptionsandhelpusmakepredictions.Mostofourmentalmodelsarebuilt1thestructureofournervoussystemsandweareusually2ofthem. We3theworldnotaccordingtodirectknowledgeofrealitybutaccordingtomentalmodelswhichpeopleoftenmistake4reality.Forexampleweallshareabuilt-inmentalmodelthattheworldiscontinuous5oureyestellusdifferently.Thisbuilt-inmentalmodeltellsuswhattoseeinapartoftheeyethatdoesn’’t6seeanything.Thisblindspotmodelcausesusto7made-upinformationacontinuationofsurroundingpatternsand8thatifwelookatapreviouslyhiddenspotitwilllooklikeits9. Notallmentalmodelsarebuiltin;somewelearnor10.Forexamplemostpeoplebelievethattheautomobilesdrivingdownthestreetwillnotturn11thesidewalkandhitpedestrians.Ifwebelieve12wewouldactlike13squirrelsalwaysstoppingtolookaroundandproceeding14noautomobileswereoperatingnearby. Weusementalmodelsofoursurroundingstoperceivewhatwebelievetobe15andtopredictwhatmayhappen.Thesementalmodels16tooursurroundings--wehavementalmodelsofobjectsoftheenvironmentandofotherpeople--andtoourowncapabilitiesand17 Allofourmentalmodelsareunfortunatelyapproximations18inthelumpofnervoustissuewecallthebrain.Sophisticated19thebrainisitisverysmallandsimplecomparedwiththe20oftheoutsideworld.
Althoughrecentyearshaveseensubstantialreductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehiclesthenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing.Consequentlymorethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxideparticulatematterandozonegeneratedbyphotochemicalreactionswithhydrocarbonsfromvehicleexhaustthatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions--shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivateautomobile—istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleaner-burningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgasliquefiedpetroleumgasethanolormethanol. Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhosemoleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.Thesemoleculesburnmomcleanlythangasolineinpartbecausetheyhavefewerifanycarbon-carbonbondsandthehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustionoflargermoleculeswhichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbondsinvolvesamorecomplexseriesofreaction.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremorelikelytoreleaseun-combustedandphoto-chemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhandalternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.Compressednaturalgaswouldrequirethatvehicleshaveasetofheavyfueltanks—aseriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuelefficiency-andliquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamentallimitsinsupply. Ethanolandmethanolontheotherhandhaveimportantadvantagesoverothercarbonbasedalternativefuels:theyhaveahigherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimalchangesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplementbutkiscurrentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanolthelowcostofwhichisoneofitsattractivefeatures.Methanol’smostattractivefeaturehoweveristhatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthatformozonethemostseriousurbanairpollutant. Likeanyalternativefuelmethan61hasitscritics.Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseof"gasolinedone"vehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.Itistrueforexamplethatagivenvolumeofmethanolprovidesonlyaboutone-halfoftheenergythatgasolineanddieselfueldo;otherthingsbeingequalthefueltankwouldhavetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.Howeversincemethanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmoreefficientthan"gasolineclone"vehiclesfueledwithmethanoltheywouldneedcomparativelylessfuelVehiclesincorporatingonlythesimplestoftheengineimprovementsthatmethanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediatelesseningofurbanairpollution. Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith
Mentalmodelsguideourperceptionsandhelpusmakepredictions.Mostofourmentalmodelsarebuilt1thestructureofournervoussystemsandweareusually2ofthem. We3theworldnotaccordingtodirectknowledgeofrealitybutaccordingtomentalmodelswhichpeopleoftenmistake4reality.Forexampleweallshareabuilt-inmentalmodelthattheworldiscontinuous5oureyestellusdifferently.Thisbuilt-inmentalmodeltellsuswhattoseeinapartoftheeyethatdoesn’’t6seeanything.Thisblindspotmodelcausesusto7made-upinformationacontinuationofsurroundingpatternsand8thatifwelookatapreviouslyhiddenspotitwilllooklikeits9. Notallmentalmodelsarebuiltin;somewelearnor10.Forexamplemostpeoplebelievethattheautomobilesdrivingdownthestreetwillnotturn11thesidewalkandhitpedestrians.Ifwebelieve12wewouldactlike13squirrelsalwaysstoppingtolookaroundandproceeding14noautomobileswereoperatingnearby. Weusementalmodelsofoursurroundingstoperceivewhatwebelievetobe15andtopredictwhatmayhappen.Thesementalmodels16tooursurroundings--wehavementalmodelsofobjectsoftheenvironmentandofotherpeople--andtoourowncapabilitiesand17 Allofourmentalmodelsareunfortunatelyapproximations18inthelumpofnervoustissuewecallthebrain.Sophisticated19thebrainisitisverysmallandsimplecomparedwiththe20oftheoutsideworld.
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. Welearnfromthetextthatartisticcreations
Amajorreasonmostexpertstodaysupportconceptssuchasayouthservicesbureauisthat.traditionalcorrectionalpracticesfailtorehabilitatemanydelinquentyouth.Ithasbeenestimatedthatasmanyas70percentofallyouthwhohavebeeninstitutionalizedareinvolvedinnewoffensesfollowingtheirrelease.Contemporarycorrectionalinstitutionsareusuallyisolated—geographicallyandsocially--fromthecommunitiesinwhichmostoftheirinmateslive.Inadditionrehabilitativeprogramsinthetypicaltrainingschoolandreformatoryfocusontheindividualdelinquentratherthantheenvironmentalconditionswhichfosterdelinquency. Finallymanyinstitutionsdonotplayanadvocacyroleonbehalfofthosecommittedtotheircare.Theyfailtodoanythingconstructiveaboutthehack-homeconditions-familyschoolwork--facedbytheyouthfulinmates.Asaresulttooofteninstitutionalizationservesasabarriertothesuccessfulreturnofformerinmatestotheircommunities. Perhapsthemostseriousconsequenceofsendingyouthtolargecentralizedinstitutionshoweveristhattoofrequentlytheyserveasatraininggroundforcriminalcareers.Theclassicexampleoftheadultoffenderwholeavesprisonmoreknowledgeableinthewaysofcrimethanwhenheenteredisnolesstrueofthejuvenilecommittedtoacorrectionalfacility.Thefailuresoftraditionalcorrectionalinstitutionsthenpointtotheneedforthedevelopmentofafullrangeofstrategiesandtreatmenttechniquesasalternativestoincarceration. Mostexpertstodayfavortheuseofsmalldecentralizedcorrectionalprogramslocatedinorclosetocommunitieswheretheyoungoffenderlives.Half-wayhousesail-dayprobationprogramsvocationaltrainingandjobplacementservicesremedialeducationactivitiesandstreetworkingprogramsareamongthecommunity-basedalternativesavailableforworkingwithdelinquentandpotentiallydelinquentyouth. Overandaboveallthehumanfactorscitedthecaseforcommunity-basedprogramsisfurtherstrengthenedwhencostisconsidered.Themostrecent’figuresshowthatmore$258millionisbeingspentannuallyonpublicinstitutionsfordelinquentyouth.Theaverageannualoperatingexpenditureforeachincarceratedyouthisestimatedatalittleoverfivethousanddollarssignificantlymorethanthecostofsendingaboyorgirltothebestprivatecollegeforthesameperiodoftime. Thecontinuingincreaseinjuveniledelinquencyratesonlyservestoheightenthedrasticunder-financingthelackofadequatelytrainedstaffandthesevereshortageofmanpowerthatcharacterizevirtuallyeveryjuvenilecorrectionsystem. Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph
Mentalmodelsguideourperceptionsandhelpusmakepredictions.Mostofourmentalmodelsarebuilt1thestructureofournervoussystemsandweareusually2ofthem. We3theworldnotaccordingtodirectknowledgeofrealitybutaccordingtomentalmodelswhichpeopleoftenmistake4reality.Forexampleweallshareabuilt-inmentalmodelthattheworldiscontinuous5oureyestellusdifferently.Thisbuilt-inmentalmodeltellsuswhattoseeinapartoftheeyethatdoesn’’t6seeanything.Thisblindspotmodelcausesusto7made-upinformationacontinuationofsurroundingpatternsand8thatifwelookatapreviouslyhiddenspotitwilllooklikeits9. Notallmentalmodelsarebuiltin;somewelearnor10.Forexamplemostpeoplebelievethattheautomobilesdrivingdownthestreetwillnotturn11thesidewalkandhitpedestrians.Ifwebelieve12wewouldactlike13squirrelsalwaysstoppingtolookaroundandproceeding14noautomobileswereoperatingnearby. Weusementalmodelsofoursurroundingstoperceivewhatwebelievetobe15andtopredictwhatmayhappen.Thesementalmodels16tooursurroundings--wehavementalmodelsofobjectsoftheenvironmentandofotherpeople--andtoourowncapabilitiesand17 Allofourmentalmodelsareunfortunatelyapproximations18inthelumpofnervoustissuewecallthebrain.Sophisticated19thebrainisitisverysmallandsimplecomparedwiththe20oftheoutsideworld.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.O pinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetothreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentersofproductionandwork TheindustrialagehasBeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.46Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmaxhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadaunting令人气馁的thought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnomeanteconomicfreedom. 47Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thandthe18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoflandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.48Latertastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyboatpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered.49Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded-aproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.50Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforalltourgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmaxhavetobereversed
Amajorreasonmostexpertstodaysupportconceptssuchasayouthservicesbureauisthat.traditionalcorrectionalpracticesfailtorehabilitatemanydelinquentyouth.Ithasbeenestimatedthatasmanyas70percentofallyouthwhohavebeeninstitutionalizedareinvolvedinnewoffensesfollowingtheirrelease.Contemporarycorrectionalinstitutionsareusuallyisolated—geographicallyandsocially--fromthecommunitiesinwhichmostoftheirinmateslive.Inadditionrehabilitativeprogramsinthetypicaltrainingschoolandreformatoryfocusontheindividualdelinquentratherthantheenvironmentalconditionswhichfosterdelinquency. Finallymanyinstitutionsdonotplayanadvocacyroleonbehalfofthosecommittedtotheircare.Theyfailtodoanythingconstructiveaboutthehack-homeconditions-familyschoolwork--facedbytheyouthfulinmates.Asaresulttooofteninstitutionalizationservesasabarriertothesuccessfulreturnofformerinmatestotheircommunities. Perhapsthemostseriousconsequenceofsendingyouthtolargecentralizedinstitutionshoweveristhattoofrequentlytheyserveasatraininggroundforcriminalcareers.Theclassicexampleoftheadultoffenderwholeavesprisonmoreknowledgeableinthewaysofcrimethanwhenheenteredisnolesstrueofthejuvenilecommittedtoacorrectionalfacility.Thefailuresoftraditionalcorrectionalinstitutionsthenpointtotheneedforthedevelopmentofafullrangeofstrategiesandtreatmenttechniquesasalternativestoincarceration. Mostexpertstodayfavortheuseofsmalldecentralizedcorrectionalprogramslocatedinorclosetocommunitieswheretheyoungoffenderlives.Half-wayhousesail-dayprobationprogramsvocationaltrainingandjobplacementservicesremedialeducationactivitiesandstreetworkingprogramsareamongthecommunity-basedalternativesavailableforworkingwithdelinquentandpotentiallydelinquentyouth. Overandaboveallthehumanfactorscitedthecaseforcommunity-basedprogramsisfurtherstrengthenedwhencostisconsidered.Themostrecent’figuresshowthatmore$258millionisbeingspentannuallyonpublicinstitutionsfordelinquentyouth.Theaverageannualoperatingexpenditureforeachincarceratedyouthisestimatedatalittleoverfivethousanddollarssignificantlymorethanthecostofsendingaboyorgirltothebestprivatecollegeforthesameperiodoftime. Thecontinuingincreaseinjuveniledelinquencyratesonlyservestoheightenthedrasticunder-financingthelackofadequatelytrainedstaffandthesevereshortageofmanpowerthatcharacterizevirtuallyeveryjuvenilecorrectionsystem. Thecontentofthisselectioncanbestbedescribedas
Amajorreasonmostexpertstodaysupportconceptssuchasayouthservicesbureauisthat.traditionalcorrectionalpracticesfailtorehabilitatemanydelinquentyouth.Ithasbeenestimatedthatasmanyas70percentofallyouthwhohavebeeninstitutionalizedareinvolvedinnewoffensesfollowingtheirrelease.Contemporarycorrectionalinstitutionsareusuallyisolated—geographicallyandsocially--fromthecommunitiesinwhichmostoftheirinmateslive.Inadditionrehabilitativeprogramsinthetypicaltrainingschoolandreformatoryfocusontheindividualdelinquentratherthantheenvironmentalconditionswhichfosterdelinquency. Finallymanyinstitutionsdonotplayanadvocacyroleonbehalfofthosecommittedtotheircare.Theyfailtodoanythingconstructiveaboutthehack-homeconditions-familyschoolwork--facedbytheyouthfulinmates.Asaresulttooofteninstitutionalizationservesasabarriertothesuccessfulreturnofformerinmatestotheircommunities. Perhapsthemostseriousconsequenceofsendingyouthtolargecentralizedinstitutionshoweveristhattoofrequentlytheyserveasatraininggroundforcriminalcareers.Theclassicexampleoftheadultoffenderwholeavesprisonmoreknowledgeableinthewaysofcrimethanwhenheenteredisnolesstrueofthejuvenilecommittedtoacorrectionalfacility.Thefailuresoftraditionalcorrectionalinstitutionsthenpointtotheneedforthedevelopmentofafullrangeofstrategiesandtreatmenttechniquesasalternativestoincarceration. Mostexpertstodayfavortheuseofsmalldecentralizedcorrectionalprogramslocatedinorclosetocommunitieswheretheyoungoffenderlives.Half-wayhousesail-dayprobationprogramsvocationaltrainingandjobplacementservicesremedialeducationactivitiesandstreetworkingprogramsareamongthecommunity-basedalternativesavailableforworkingwithdelinquentandpotentiallydelinquentyouth. Overandaboveallthehumanfactorscitedthecaseforcommunity-basedprogramsisfurtherstrengthenedwhencostisconsidered.Themostrecent’figuresshowthatmore$258millionisbeingspentannuallyonpublicinstitutionsfordelinquentyouth.Theaverageannualoperatingexpenditureforeachincarceratedyouthisestimatedatalittleoverfivethousanddollarssignificantlymorethanthecostofsendingaboyorgirltothebestprivatecollegeforthesameperiodoftime. Thecontinuingincreaseinjuveniledelinquencyratesonlyservestoheightenthedrasticunder-financingthelackofadequatelytrainedstaffandthesevereshortageofmanpowerthatcharacterizevirtuallyeveryjuvenilecorrectionsystem. Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalse
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41～45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA～Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoirswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.T heacronymDINK--doubleincomenokids--originatedintheUSinthe1960s.41__________.Thischoicewasnotirrational.Afterallnowadaysretiredpeoplecanliveontheirpensionsandsavingssotheyarenolongercompelledtodependontheiroffspringinoldage.Andachildisundeniablyanexpensiveproposition:somuchtimeandmoneyarerequired.WhybotherhavingoneItishardtocondemnthosewhooptoutofparenthood.AndinChinatheirdecisionsareperfectlyinkeepingwiththedrivetolimitpopulationgrowth. 42__________.Ababyenterstheworldwithamindlikeblankpaperandgraduallyheorsheacquirestheabilitytothinktotalkandfinallytocommunicateeasily.Isn’ttheresomethingmagicalaboutitWhenyouseetheprocesshappeningbeforeyourveryeyesyoufeelahappinesslikenoother. AChineseDINKsaidtomerecently"Ifyoudidn’thavethreechildrenyoucouldgotoabarorthecinemawithyourwifeonweekends--howunrestrainedandromanticthatwouldbe!ButIwouldsaythatnomatterhowwonderfulHollywoodfilmsorBroadwayperformancesarewatchingthemisfarlessinterestingthanseeingmyextrovertofadaughtersinganddance.Ifit’struethattherearerewardstobegottenfromhavingchildrenthensurelythehappinessofseeingthemgrowupisthegreatest.43__________. Butthisisahappinessthatcanbefeltonlyafteryoubecomeaparent;there’snoappreciatingitotherwise.HoweverwhobegetsachildoutofcuriositytoseehimorhexgrowupNoneofmyfriendshadthisinmindwhentheyortheirwifegotpregnant.Forsomethepregnancywasunexpected.44__________.Andsomesaidthathavingachildcanbringstabilitytoatroubledmarriage—butisthatreallytrueImyselfdidn’tgiveitmuchthought.Ijustassumeditwasthenaturalthingtodoandsincemywifeenjoyedbigcheerfullivelyfamilieswewentaheadendhadthreekids.Noregrets. Iknowmywordswon’tchangeanyminds.45__________.Noraisingachildisnoteasy.Thehappinessofseeingachildgrowincontrastislargelyinthemindoftheparentsendotherpeoplecannotsoreadilyperceivelt.Littlewonderthenthatsomanypeoplewithoutchildrenbelieveparenthoodisallworkendnofun. A.WhatDINKssayisobviouslytrue:childrenreallyderequirelotsofparentalenergyandmoney.Justwatchamotherbringasickchildtoahospital;youcanseethetensiontheworryandalltheself-controlittakestoseemcalmandreassuringB.AnotherChinesefriendofminecomplained:"IprovidedthefundsformychildtogotocollageandthenofftoAmericaforamaster’sdegreebutsofarIhaven’tgottenanyrewardsoutofplayingparent."TohimIwouldsaythattherewardswerethereallalong—foranyparentopentothewonderofseeingachildbegintospeakorsurpriseuswithanewwordusedforthefirsttime C.Fearingthatchildrenmightconstraintheirfreedommarriedworkingwomenbegantoavoidpregnancy;theresultwasmanybusyprosperousyoungDINKcouples D.Eachindividualhashisorherownreasonsforwantingornotwaningchildrenandhisorherownhappinesstobuild.Thesaddestpeoplearethosewhohavechildrenbutcometoregretit[orwhateverreason.Regretfulparentsaxeusuallyclosedtofamilyhappiness.Andwithoutthehappinessallthatremainaretheburdens E.Yetfewcoupleswithchildrenwouldagreethattheywerestupidtobecomeparents.Mostareveryhappythattheyhavehadtheexperienceofwitnessingachildgrowtomaturity F.MywifeendIhavethreesmallchildren.Chinesefriendsoftenaskwhythreechildrennotoneornone:Doesn’traisingthreechildrenlimitmycareerinbusinessandinmywife’scaseteaching G.Othershadparentseagertohavegrandchildren.Afewsaidtheyhadchildrenbecauseaperson’slifewouldbeincompletewithoutone.Somesaidthatthereweremillionsandmillionsofchildrenintheworldandtheyjustwantedtoseewhattheirswouldbelike 42
Mentalmodelsguideourperceptionsandhelpusmakepredictions.Mostofourmentalmodelsarebuilt1thestructureofournervoussystemsandweareusually2ofthem. We3theworldnotaccordingtodirectknowledgeofrealitybutaccordingtomentalmodelswhichpeopleoftenmistake4reality.Forexampleweallshareabuilt-inmentalmodelthattheworldiscontinuous5oureyestellusdifferently.Thisbuilt-inmentalmodeltellsuswhattoseeinapartoftheeyethatdoesn’’t6seeanything.Thisblindspotmodelcausesusto7made-upinformationacontinuationofsurroundingpatternsand8thatifwelookatapreviouslyhiddenspotitwilllooklikeits9. Notallmentalmodelsarebuiltin;somewelearnor10.Forexamplemostpeoplebelievethattheautomobilesdrivingdownthestreetwillnotturn11thesidewalkandhitpedestrians.Ifwebelieve12wewouldactlike13squirrelsalwaysstoppingtolookaroundandproceeding14noautomobileswereoperatingnearby. Weusementalmodelsofoursurroundingstoperceivewhatwebelievetobe15andtopredictwhatmayhappen.Thesementalmodels16tooursurroundings--wehavementalmodelsofobjectsoftheenvironmentandofotherpeople--andtoourowncapabilitiesand17 Allofourmentalmodelsareunfortunatelyapproximations18inthelumpofnervoustissuewecallthebrain.Sophisticated19thebrainisitisverysmallandsimplecomparedwiththe20oftheoutsideworld.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.O pinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetothreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentersofproductionandwork TheindustrialagehasBeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.46Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmaxhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadaunting令人气馁的thought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnomeanteconomicfreedom. 47Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thandthe18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoflandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.48Latertastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyboatpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered.49Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded-aproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.50Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforalltourgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. Latertastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyboatpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived.
Mentalmodelsguideourperceptionsandhelpusmakepredictions.Mostofourmentalmodelsarebuilt1thestructureofournervoussystemsandweareusually2ofthem. We3theworldnotaccordingtodirectknowledgeofrealitybutaccordingtomentalmodelswhichpeopleoftenmistake4reality.Forexampleweallshareabuilt-inmentalmodelthattheworldiscontinuous5oureyestellusdifferently.Thisbuilt-inmentalmodeltellsuswhattoseeinapartoftheeyethatdoesn’’t6seeanything.Thisblindspotmodelcausesusto7made-upinformationacontinuationofsurroundingpatternsand8thatifwelookatapreviouslyhiddenspotitwilllooklikeits9. Notallmentalmodelsarebuiltin;somewelearnor10.Forexamplemostpeoplebelievethattheautomobilesdrivingdownthestreetwillnotturn11thesidewalkandhitpedestrians.Ifwebelieve12wewouldactlike13squirrelsalwaysstoppingtolookaroundandproceeding14noautomobileswereoperatingnearby. Weusementalmodelsofoursurroundingstoperceivewhatwebelievetobe15andtopredictwhatmayhappen.Thesementalmodels16tooursurroundings--wehavementalmodelsofobjectsoftheenvironmentandofotherpeople--andtoourowncapabilitiesand17 Allofourmentalmodelsareunfortunatelyapproximations18inthelumpofnervoustissuewecallthebrain.Sophisticated19thebrainisitisverysmallandsimplecomparedwiththe20oftheoutsideworld.
WhenIwasinhighschoolIhadalmostnoindividualidentityleft.IwasaHillcrestHuskyandallotherhighschoolswereenemies.Iwasawrestlerandalltheothersportsweregorwimps.Iwasonthedebateteamandeveryoneelsewasdumb. Atmyhighschooleveryonehadagroup;noonewasanindividual.Wait.Itakethatback.Therewereafewindividualsbuttheywerecompletelyoutcastfromoursocialorder.NeverinmylifecanIrememberstrongerfeelingsofhatetianinhighschool.Butwenevercalledithate.Wecalleditloyalty. Asadultsmostofusarebetteratbeinganindividualthanwewereinhighschoolbuttheinfluencesofgroupidentitycontinuetopromotecompetitionandprejudiceinourworld.Ifyouarelikemeyouwanttoavoidteachingrivalryconflictandprejudicetoyourchildren. Onepossiblestrategyforstoppingthenegativeinfluencesofgroupidentitywouldbe:recognizeandreplay.Lookfortheprejudiceinyourlifeandreplaceitwithcharity.Treateverypersonasanindividualandignorethesocialclassificationscreatedbyagroup-dependentworld. AgoodfriendandIoncediscussedourdifferingreligionsbeliefs.HeidentifiedwithacertaingroupandIwithanother.Becauseofourdependenceongroupidentityourconversationsrevolvedaroundthebeliefsofthegroups.Ourindividualbeliefswhichwerequitesimilartookabackseatwhilewediscussedtopicsweknewlittleabout.Wedefendedourgroupsevenwhenwedidnotunderstandorknowtheofficialgrouppositiononmanyissues.Theresultingrivalryhasdamagedourfriendshipeversince. Mybehaviorinthissituationisexactlywhatscriptureandwisdomteachustoavoid.HowstupidIwastojudgemyfriendbyagroupstandard!HowstupidIwastodefendmyowngroupeveninareasIknewnothingabout!IhopeIcanteachmychildrentobehavedifferently. HereIhaveusedreligiousbeliefstopointonlyoneareainwhichtheinfluenceofgroupidentitycancreateproblems.Therearemanyotherstoconsideralso.Someofthesearemarriageraceculturelanguagegeographicorigineducationandbehavior.Weshouldtreatallpeopleasindividualsregardlessoftheseconditions. Finallyloyaltyandgroupidentityarenotalwaysbad.Attimestheycanhelpalonelypersontofeellovedorabrokensoultofeelsuccess.Groupidentitycanalsohelpustoliveahigherstandard.Butpositivepeerpressureshouldneverreplaceindividualone-to-oneactsofserviceandlove. ThefollowingstatementsarethereasonsthatclarifygroupidentityarenotalwaysbadEXCEPT
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41～45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA～Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoirswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.T heacronymDINK--doubleincomenokids--originatedintheUSinthe1960s.41__________.Thischoicewasnotirrational.Afterallnowadaysretiredpeoplecanliveontheirpensionsandsavingssotheyarenolongercompelledtodependontheiroffspringinoldage.Andachildisundeniablyanexpensiveproposition:somuchtimeandmoneyarerequired.WhybotherhavingoneItishardtocondemnthosewhooptoutofparenthood.AndinChinatheirdecisionsareperfectlyinkeepingwiththedrivetolimitpopulationgrowth. 42__________.Ababyenterstheworldwithamindlikeblankpaperandgraduallyheorsheacquirestheabilitytothinktotalkandfinallytocommunicateeasily.Isn’ttheresomethingmagicalaboutitWhenyouseetheprocesshappeningbeforeyourveryeyesyoufeelahappinesslikenoother. AChineseDINKsaidtomerecently"Ifyoudidn’thavethreechildrenyoucouldgotoabarorthecinemawithyourwifeonweekends--howunrestrainedandromanticthatwouldbe!ButIwouldsaythatnomatterhowwonderfulHollywoodfilmsorBroadwayperformancesarewatchingthemisfarlessinterestingthanseeingmyextrovertofadaughtersinganddance.Ifit’struethattherearerewardstobegottenfromhavingchildrenthensurelythehappinessofseeingthemgrowupisthegreatest.43__________. Butthisisahappinessthatcanbefeltonlyafteryoubecomeaparent;there’snoappreciatingitotherwise.HoweverwhobegetsachildoutofcuriositytoseehimorhexgrowupNoneofmyfriendshadthisinmindwhentheyortheirwifegotpregnant.Forsomethepregnancywasunexpected.44__________.Andsomesaidthathavingachildcanbringstabilitytoatroubledmarriage—butisthatreallytrueImyselfdidn’tgiveitmuchthought.Ijustassumeditwasthenaturalthingtodoandsincemywifeenjoyedbigcheerfullivelyfamilieswewentaheadendhadthreekids.Noregrets. Iknowmywordswon’tchangeanyminds.45__________.Noraisingachildisnoteasy.Thehappinessofseeingachildgrowincontrastislargelyinthemindoftheparentsendotherpeoplecannotsoreadilyperceivelt.Littlewonderthenthatsomanypeoplewithoutchildrenbelieveparenthoodisallworkendnofun. A.WhatDINKssayisobviouslytrue:childrenreallyderequirelotsofparentalenergyandmoney.Justwatchamotherbringasickchildtoahospital;youcanseethetensiontheworryandalltheself-controlittakestoseemcalmandreassuringB.AnotherChinesefriendofminecomplained:"IprovidedthefundsformychildtogotocollageandthenofftoAmericaforamaster’sdegreebutsofarIhaven’tgottenanyrewardsoutofplayingparent."TohimIwouldsaythattherewardswerethereallalong—foranyparentopentothewonderofseeingachildbegintospeakorsurpriseuswithanewwordusedforthefirsttime C.Fearingthatchildrenmightconstraintheirfreedommarriedworkingwomenbegantoavoidpregnancy;theresultwasmanybusyprosperousyoungDINKcouples D.Eachindividualhashisorherownreasonsforwantingornotwaningchildrenandhisorherownhappinesstobuild.Thesaddestpeoplearethosewhohavechildrenbutcometoregretit[orwhateverreason.Regretfulparentsaxeusuallyclosedtofamilyhappiness.Andwithoutthehappinessallthatremainaretheburdens E.Yetfewcoupleswithchildrenwouldagreethattheywerestupidtobecomeparents.Mostareveryhappythattheyhavehadtheexperienceofwitnessingachildgrowtomaturity F.MywifeendIhavethreesmallchildren.Chinesefriendsoftenaskwhythreechildrennotoneornone:Doesn’traisingthreechildrenlimitmycareerinbusinessandinmywife’scaseteaching G.Othershadparentseagertohavegrandchildren.Afewsaidtheyhadchildrenbecauseaperson’slifewouldbeincompletewithoutone.Somesaidthatthereweremillionsandmillionsofchildrenintheworldandtheyjustwantedtoseewhattheirswouldbelike 44
ThegapbetweenthosewhohaveaccesstocomputersandtheInternetandthosewhodon’tcouldspelltroublenotonlyforclassroomlearningtodaybutinturnforproducingthekindofstudentswhoarereadytocompeteforthejobsoftomorrow.Bytheyear200060percentofalljobswillrequirehigh-techcomputerskills.OverthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoBureauofLaborstatisticscomputerandtechnologyrelatedjobswillgrowbyanastounding70percent."Weasanationaremissingtheopportunityofalifetime"insistsRiley."Theabilityofallstudentstolearnatthehighestlevelswiththegreatestresourcesandhavethepromiseofafutureofrealopportunity-thisisthepotentialoftechnology." Rileyproposesdosingthegapsintechnologyaccessbyprovidingdiscountedservicesforschoolsandlibraries.The1996TelecommunicationsActcalledforprovidingallK-12publicandnonprofitprivateschoolsaswellaslibrarieswithdiscounts-anEducationRateorE-Rate-’-fortelecommunicationservicesinMay1997theFederalCommunicationsCommissionunanimouslyvotedtoprovide$2.25billionayearindiscountsrangingfrom20to90percentonaslidingscalewiththebiggestdiscountsforthepoorestschools.TheE-RatecoversInternetaccessandinternalschoolconnectionsbutnotcomputersorsoftware.ThefirstroundofapplicationsforthediscountsendedinApril1998withmorethan30000receivedintimeforthebeginningoftheschoolyear.WiththeE-RateinplaceitwashopedthatmostU.S.classroomswouldbeconnectedtotheInternetupfrom44percentnowincludingalmosteveryclassroominthenation’s50largestschooldistricts.HowevercriticismfromCongressandthetelecommunicationsindustryledtheFCCinJurmtoreducetheamountavailablefor1998to＄1.3billion. StilltheimportanceofconnectingourschoolstothisvastandpotentiallypowerfullearningtoolcalledtheInternetistakinghold.InaJunecommencementaddressatMITthefirstbyasittingpresidenttobebroadcastontheInternetPresidentClintonfirmlyemphasizedtheneedtoeliminatethedigitaldivide. "Untileverychildhasacomputerintheclassroomandtheskillstouseit...untileverystudentcantaptheenormousresourcesoftheInternet...untileveryhightechcompanycanfindskilledworkerstofillitshigh-techjobs...AmericawillmissthefullpromiseoftheInformationAge"henoted."Thechoice"hesaid"issimple.WecanextendopportunitytodaytoallAmericansorleavemebehind.Wecaneraselinesofinequityoretchthemindelibly.Wecanacceleratethemostpowerfulengineofgrowthandprosperitytheworldhaseverknownorallowtheenginetostall." Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage
Mentalmodelsguideourperceptionsandhelpusmakepredictions.Mostofourmentalmodelsarebuilt1thestructureofournervoussystemsandweareusually2ofthem. We3theworldnotaccordingtodirectknowledgeofrealitybutaccordingtomentalmodelswhichpeopleoftenmistake4reality.Forexampleweallshareabuilt-inmentalmodelthattheworldiscontinuous5oureyestellusdifferently.Thisbuilt-inmentalmodeltellsuswhattoseeinapartoftheeyethatdoesn’’t6seeanything.Thisblindspotmodelcausesusto7made-upinformationacontinuationofsurroundingpatternsand8thatifwelookatapreviouslyhiddenspotitwilllooklikeits9. Notallmentalmodelsarebuiltin;somewelearnor10.Forexamplemostpeoplebelievethattheautomobilesdrivingdownthestreetwillnotturn11thesidewalkandhitpedestrians.Ifwebelieve12wewouldactlike13squirrelsalwaysstoppingtolookaroundandproceeding14noautomobileswereoperatingnearby. Weusementalmodelsofoursurroundingstoperceivewhatwebelievetobe15andtopredictwhatmayhappen.Thesementalmodels16tooursurroundings--wehavementalmodelsofobjectsoftheenvironmentandofotherpeople--andtoourowncapabilitiesand17 Allofourmentalmodelsareunfortunatelyapproximations18inthelumpofnervoustissuewecallthebrain.Sophisticated19thebrainisitisverysmallandsimplecomparedwiththe20oftheoutsideworld.
Althoughrecentyearshaveseensubstantialreductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehiclesthenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing.Consequentlymorethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxideparticulatematterandozonegeneratedbyphotochemicalreactionswithhydrocarbonsfromvehicleexhaustthatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions--shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivateautomobile—istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleaner-burningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgasliquefiedpetroleumgasethanolormethanol. Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhosemoleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.Thesemoleculesburnmomcleanlythangasolineinpartbecausetheyhavefewerifanycarbon-carbonbondsandthehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustionoflargermoleculeswhichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbondsinvolvesamorecomplexseriesofreaction.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremorelikelytoreleaseun-combustedandphoto-chemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhandalternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.Compressednaturalgaswouldrequirethatvehicleshaveasetofheavyfueltanks—aseriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuelefficiency-andliquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamentallimitsinsupply. Ethanolandmethanolontheotherhandhaveimportantadvantagesoverothercarbonbasedalternativefuels:theyhaveahigherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimalchangesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplementbutkiscurrentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanolthelowcostofwhichisoneofitsattractivefeatures.Methanol’smostattractivefeaturehoweveristhatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthatformozonethemostseriousurbanairpollutant. Likeanyalternativefuelmethan61hasitscritics.Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseof"gasolinedone"vehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.Itistrueforexamplethatagivenvolumeofmethanolprovidesonlyaboutone-halfoftheenergythatgasolineanddieselfueldo;otherthingsbeingequalthefueltankwouldhavetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.Howeversincemethanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmoreefficientthan"gasolineclone"vehiclesfueledwithmethanoltheywouldneedcomparativelylessfuelVehiclesincorporatingonlythesimplestoftheengineimprovementsthatmethanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediatelesseningofurbanairpollution. Whichofthefollowingaboutairpollutiondoesthepassagesuggest
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