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(46)The climatic phenomenon that is being blamed for floods, hurricanes and early snowstorms also ...
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AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryisoneofthelargestnaturalandhistoricmuseumsintheworldandoneofthemainnaturalhistoryresearchandeducationcentresintheUnitedStatessetupin1869andlocatedinthewestoftheCentralParkManhattanDistrictNewYork.It17hectaresinitstotalarea2classicaltypesofbuildings.The3ofancientcreaturesandhumanityis4thefirstplaceofallthemuseumsintheworld5therepresentativesamplesfromSouthAmericaAfricaEuropeAsiaandAustraliawerecollectedbesidesthosefromthe6countrytheUnitedStates.Inthemuseumtherearefivekindsofexhibitsincludingastronomymineralogyhumanhistoryandanimalsinthe7timesandthoseinmoderntimes.Therearethirty-eightexhibitionhallswithdifferent8from500to1500squaremetres.BesidesthesethereisaRooseveltMemorialHallin9ofPresidentRooseveltwhosupportedthe10ofthemuseumwhichisalsousedtohaveaspecialexhibitionshowingthenewimportant11onnaturalsciencesand12affairsandsocialproblemsandspecialtopicsconnectedcloselywiththelifeofthecitizens.Besidesthisitisalsousedforavocation13tohaveallkindsofscientificactivitiesinthelaboratoriescentresofnaturalscienceandcentresforcitizens.Therearemorethan1014researchdepartmentsmainly15forcollectionofsamplesresearchandworkofpublication.Inthemuseumthereare16andsub-librariesofAulspondancientamniotewithabout300thousandbooksandmagazines17naturalhistorymanyof18areveryvaluablemonographsforthefirstedition.Ithaspublishedmanyexpertbooksandmagazinesandalargenumberofpropagandamaterials19whicharethetwomagazinesNaturalHistoryandMembersofMuseumthathavethebiggest20oftheirmagazines. 9
Therearemanydifferencesbetweencommunicatinginwrittenandspokenwords—onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingisfacetofaceandpersonalitismuchmoredirectthanwriting.Handandbodygesturesfacialexpressionsandvocalvarietyhelpgreatlytosupportface-to-facecommunication.Itisalsoreinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersintheformofsmilesfrownsapplausecatcallsclenchedfistsandsoon.Analertspeakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcanshiftgearsandadapttochangingcircumstances.41.ThedifferencesbetweentalkingandwritingWritinghoweverdependssolelyonwordsandpunctuationtodeliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoiceandifthereisanyfeedbackittakestimetoreachthewriter.42.WhylongsentencescanbeusedinwritingEffectivetalkingisaimedatpeople’smindsandheartsthroughtheirearsandearsprefershortdirectconversationalsentences.Therearethreestandardsthatapplyequallytotalkingandwriting—clarityaccuracyandappropriateness.43.Clarity.Iftheaudiencedoesn’tunderstandthemessageinstantlythenthespeakerhastosomeextentfailed.Thuseverypossiblemeasuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughtsareperfectlycleartotheaudience.44.Accuracy.Asaconscientiousspeakeryoumustseetoitthatyourinformationisascurrentandasaccurateasresearchcanmakeit.45.Appropriateness.Inadditiontobeingpreciseyourlanguageshouldalsobesuitabletothesubjectaudienceandoccasion.[A]Forinstanceaspeakercanvaryhis/herpitchortonetochangethemeaningexpressed.Awriterontheotherhandhastorelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanationsinbracestoachievethat.[B]Goodtalkingiswordyrepetitiveandfarlessstructuredthanefficientwriting.Agoodspeechreproducedwordforwordonpaperusuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesandrepeatswordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedandorganizedasgoodwriting.[C]Throughoutyourtalkwordsareyourprimemeansforhelpingyouraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnesstheprofoundpowerofwordsyoushoulddevelopalifelonghabitofusingadictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploittheseresources.youwillfailtoachieveyourfullpotentialasaspeakerandconversationalist.Anotherdevicethatwillhelpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyourtalkconsistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpointslitthosepointsinyourintroductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatoncewhatgroundyouwillcover.Discussthemindepthsummarizethemattheendofyourtalkandemphasizeanyconclusionshattheyleadto.[D]Forexampleaspeakerwho’saddressingaParent-TeacherAssociationshouldavoidthestatisticalandpsychologicaljargonofadvancededucationalresearchers.Bythesametokensheshouldnotindulgeinteenageslang.Anyspeakerworthhersaltwillanalyzeheraudiencefirstandadaptherlanguageaccordingly.[E]Thesurestwayforyoutodamageyourcredibilityistospewforthmisinformationoroutdatedinformation.HowmanytimeshaveyouseenastoryanameanimportantfactorachargeagainstsomeoneretractedinnewspapersUnfortunatelythedamagewasdonewhenthemisinformationfirstappearedinprint.Suchunwarrantedembarrassmentandmentalanguishcouldhavebeenavoidedifsomeonehadtakenthetimetorechecktheinformation.Ifyourtalkisonacurrentorcrucialtopicdoyourhomeworkandarmyourselfwithquotationsandsourcestofortifyyourfacts.[F]Longinvolvedsentencesareacceptableinwritingfortworeasons:1Theeyecanabsorbmanymorewordsinaninstantthantheearcanhear.2Ifareaderstumblesonamarathonsentenceshecanreaditagain.Notsowithspokenwords—onceutteredthey’regoneespeciallyinspeech.Ifalistenermissesasentencebothsheandthespeakerhavelostpartofthemessage;thereisnogoingbackexceptperhapsduringthequestion-and-answerperiod.Inaconversationofcoursethelistenercanaskthespeakertorepeat.
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryisoneofthelargestnaturalandhistoricmuseumsintheworldandoneofthemainnaturalhistoryresearchandeducationcentresintheUnitedStatessetupin1869andlocatedinthewestoftheCentralParkManhattanDistrictNewYork.It17hectaresinitstotalarea2classicaltypesofbuildings.The3ofancientcreaturesandhumanityis4thefirstplaceofallthemuseumsintheworld5therepresentativesamplesfromSouthAmericaAfricaEuropeAsiaandAustraliawerecollectedbesidesthosefromthe6countrytheUnitedStates.Inthemuseumtherearefivekindsofexhibitsincludingastronomymineralogyhumanhistoryandanimalsinthe7timesandthoseinmoderntimes.Therearethirty-eightexhibitionhallswithdifferent8from500to1500squaremetres.BesidesthesethereisaRooseveltMemorialHallin9ofPresidentRooseveltwhosupportedthe10ofthemuseumwhichisalsousedtohaveaspecialexhibitionshowingthenewimportant11onnaturalsciencesand12affairsandsocialproblemsandspecialtopicsconnectedcloselywiththelifeofthecitizens.Besidesthisitisalsousedforavocation13tohaveallkindsofscientificactivitiesinthelaboratoriescentresofnaturalscienceandcentresforcitizens.Therearemorethan1014researchdepartmentsmainly15forcollectionofsamplesresearchandworkofpublication.Inthemuseumthereare16andsub-librariesofAulspondancientamniotewithabout300thousandbooksandmagazines17naturalhistorymanyof18areveryvaluablemonographsforthefirstedition.Ithaspublishedmanyexpertbooksandmagazinesandalargenumberofpropagandamaterials19whicharethetwomagazinesNaturalHistoryandMembersofMuseumthathavethebiggest20oftheirmagazines. 5
Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives. Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics. Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome. ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis. Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework. Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome. Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities. Theauthordoesnotdirectlystatebutimpliesthat
Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives. Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics. Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome. ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis. Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework. Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome. Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities. Thecentralideaconveyedintheabovetextisthat
Since1975advocatesofhumanetreatmentofanimalshavebroadenedtheirgoalstoopposetheuseofanimalsforfurleatherwoolandfood.Theyhavemountedprotestsagainstallformsofhuntingandthetrappingofanimalsinthewild.Andtheyhavejoinedenvironmentalistsinurgingprotectionofnaturalhabitatsfromcommercialorresidentialdevelopment.Theoccasionfortheseaddedemphaseswasthepublicationin1975of"AnimalLiberation:ANewEthicsforOurTreatmentofAnimals"byPeterSingerformerlyaprofessorofphilosophyatOxfordUniversityinEngland.Thisbookgaveanewimpetustotheanimalrightsmovement.Thepost-1975animalrightsactivistsarefarmorevocalthantheirpredecessorsandtheorganizationstowhichtheybelongaregenerallymoreradical.Manyneworganizationsareformed.Thetacticsoftheactivistsaredesignedtocatchtheattentionofthepublic. Sincethemid-1980stherehavebeenfrequentnewsreportsaboutanimalrightorganizationspicketingstoresthatsellfursharassinghuntersinthewildorbreakingintolaboratoriestofreeanimals.Someoftheextremeorganizationsadvocatetheuseofassaultarmedterrorismanddeaththreatstomaketheirpoint.Asidefrommakingisolatedattacksonpeoplewhowearfurcoatsortryingtopreventhuntersfromkillinganimalsmostoftheorganizationshavedirectedtheirtacticsatinstitutions. Theresultsoftheprotestsandothertacticshavebeenmixed.Companiesarereducingrelianceonanimaltesting.Medicalresearchhasbeensomewhatcurtailedbylegalrestrictionsandthereluctanceofyoungerworkerstouseanimalsinresearch.Newtestshavebeendevelopedtoreplacetheuseofanimals.Somewell-knowndesignershavestoppedusingfur.Whilethepublictendstoagreethatanimalsshouldbetreatedhumanelymostpeopleareunlikelytogiveupeatingmeatorwearinggoodsmadefromleatherandwool. GivingupgenuinefurhasbecomelessofaproblemsincefibersusedtomakefakefursuchastheJapaneseinventionKanecaroncanlookalmostidenticaltorealfur.Someofthestrongestoppositiontotheanimalrightsmovementhascomefromhuntersandtheirorganizations.Butanimalrightsactivistshavesucceededinmarshalingpublicopiniontopressforstaterestrictionsonhuntinginseveralpartsofthenation. Thewordmarshalinginthelastparagraphprobablymeans
Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelectioncampaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstradepunches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂WhatisnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficialstatisticsundertheLabourgovernment. OneofthemostimportantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgetonMarch16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrentrevenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancelloroftheexchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisown"goldenrule"ofborrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisinbalanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle. Mr.BrowntoldMPsthathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith￡6billion$11.4billiontospare—arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthaninthepast.HoweverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscuretechnicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticstothefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthattherevisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithinthecurrentbudget. Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenitmightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmadedecisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimstomeetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppublicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagainovertheeconomiccycle.AtpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwouldbereducediftheS21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedaspartofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONStoclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreventhoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowingswereinfactgovernmentliabilities. Thismakesitparticularlyworryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublicexperiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatnopatientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergencydepartment.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmetfor9696ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbytheHealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidtheystayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E. OnewaytohelprestorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONSindependentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.AnotherwouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeenperformingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehasrecommended. GordonBrown’smajorconcernis
Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlyingarounditisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEuropeheardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweekaspartofarowaboutmoneyandpowerthetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobalenergy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboardgassuppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentellingthemselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcouldstillbedependedonnowitwasanallyofsorts.Suddenlynobodywasquitesosure. FearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplierRussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.ButitwasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughlyhalfitsgasandthatGérardMestralletbossofSuezaFrenchwaterandpowercompanyexpectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030--muchofitfromRussia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmericawhichcondemnedRussia’stactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld’soilbutproducesonly3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyearstheworld’sdependenceonoillookslikelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEastparticularlySaudiArabia.Russianoilhadseemedausefulalternative. Fearoftheenergyweaponhasalonghistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECcutsupplysowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhandintheearly1990stheembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvadedKuwaitin1990theworldshutin5mbarrelsadayb/dofproductionfromthetwocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.Withoilcosting$60abarrelfivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999andspotpricesfornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevelspowerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s.Nobodyknowshowlongtoday’stightmarketswilllast."Ittookusalongtimetogetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetback"saysRobinWestchairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.Aclutchofalarmistbookswithtitlessuchas"TheDeathofOil"predictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthatproducerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumersshouldbe.WhatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddoaboutthemTheanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrimrealismbutnotforoutrightpanic. Thewordnowofthefirstparagraphdenotes
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutencessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefacethattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientitlemethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereanditwouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfareandthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
46Populararthasanumberofmeaningsimpossibletodefinewithanyprecisionwhichrangefromfolkloretojunkwithpolesbeingclearenoughbutthemiddletendingtoblur.TheHollywoodWesternofthe1930’sforexamplehaselementsoffolklorebutisclosertojunkthantohighartorfolkart.Therecanbegreattrashjustasthereisbadhighart.ThemusicalsofGeorgeGershwinaregreatpopularartneveraspiringtohighart.SchubertandBrahmshoweverusedelementsofpopularmusic—folkthemes—inworksclearlyintendedashighart.ThecaseofVerdiisadifferentone:hetookapopulargenre—bourgeoismelodramasettomusicanaccuratedefinitionofnineteenth-centuryopera—andwithoutalteringitsfundamentalnaturetransmuteditintohighart.47Thisremainsoneofthegreatestachievementsinmusicandonethatcannotbefullyappreciatedwithoutrecognizingtheessentialtrashinessofthegenre.AsanexampleofsuchatransmutationconsiderwhatVerdimadeofthetypicalpoliticalelementsofnineteenth-centuryopera.48Generallyintheplotsoftheseoperasaheroorheroine—usuallyportrayedonlyasanindividualunrestrainedbyclass—iscaughtbetweentheimmoralcorruptionofthearistocracyandthedoctrinairerigidityoftheleadersofthecivilians.Verditransformsthisnaiveandunlikeformulationwithmusicofextraordinaryenergyandrhythmicvitalitymusicmoresubtlethanitseemsatfirsthearing.Therearescenesandariasthatstillsoundlikecallstoarmsandwereclearlyunderstoodassuchwhentheywerefirstperformed.Suchpieceslendanimmediacytotheotherwiseveiledpoliticalmessageoftheseoperasandcallupfeelingsbeyondthoseoftheoperaitself.OrconsiderVerdi’streatmentofcharacter.49BeforeVerditherewererarelyanycharactersatallinmusicaldramaonlyaseriesofsituationswhichallowedthesingerstoexpressaseriesofemotionalstate.Anyattempttofindcoherentpsychologicalportrayalintheseoperasismisplacedingenuity.Theonlycoherencewasthesinger’svocaltechnique:whenthecastchangednewariaswerealmostalwayssubstitutedgenerallyadaptedfromotheroperas.Verdi’scharactersontheotherhandhavegenuineconsistencyandintegrityevenifinmanycasestheconsistencyisthatofpasteboardmelodrama.Theintegrityofthecharacterisachievedthroughthemusic:50oncehehadbecomeestablishedVerdididnotrewritehismusicfordifferentsingersorallowalterationsorsubstitutionsofsomebodyelse’sariasinoneofhisoperasaseveryeighteenth-centurycomposerhaddone.Whenherevisedanoperaitwasonlyfordramaticeconomyandeffectiveness.
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryisoneofthelargestnaturalandhistoricmuseumsintheworldandoneofthemainnaturalhistoryresearchandeducationcentresintheUnitedStatessetupin1869andlocatedinthewestoftheCentralParkManhattanDistrictNewYork.It17hectaresinitstotalarea2classicaltypesofbuildings.The3ofancientcreaturesandhumanityis4thefirstplaceofallthemuseumsintheworld5therepresentativesamplesfromSouthAmericaAfricaEuropeAsiaandAustraliawerecollectedbesidesthosefromthe6countrytheUnitedStates.Inthemuseumtherearefivekindsofexhibitsincludingastronomymineralogyhumanhistoryandanimalsinthe7timesandthoseinmoderntimes.Therearethirty-eightexhibitionhallswithdifferent8from500to1500squaremetres.BesidesthesethereisaRooseveltMemorialHallin9ofPresidentRooseveltwhosupportedthe10ofthemuseumwhichisalsousedtohaveaspecialexhibitionshowingthenewimportant11onnaturalsciencesand12affairsandsocialproblemsandspecialtopicsconnectedcloselywiththelifeofthecitizens.Besidesthisitisalsousedforavocation13tohaveallkindsofscientificactivitiesinthelaboratoriescentresofnaturalscienceandcentresforcitizens.Therearemorethan1014researchdepartmentsmainly15forcollectionofsamplesresearchandworkofpublication.Inthemuseumthereare16andsub-librariesofAulspondancientamniotewithabout300thousandbooksandmagazines17naturalhistorymanyof18areveryvaluablemonographsforthefirstedition.Ithaspublishedmanyexpertbooksandmagazinesandalargenumberofpropagandamaterials19whicharethetwomagazinesNaturalHistoryandMembersofMuseumthathavethebiggest20oftheirmagazines. 11
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryisoneofthelargestnaturalandhistoricmuseumsintheworldandoneofthemainnaturalhistoryresearchandeducationcentresintheUnitedStatessetupin1869andlocatedinthewestoftheCentralParkManhattanDistrictNewYork.It17hectaresinitstotalarea2classicaltypesofbuildings.The3ofancientcreaturesandhumanityis4thefirstplaceofallthemuseumsintheworld5therepresentativesamplesfromSouthAmericaAfricaEuropeAsiaandAustraliawerecollectedbesidesthosefromthe6countrytheUnitedStates.Inthemuseumtherearefivekindsofexhibitsincludingastronomymineralogyhumanhistoryandanimalsinthe7timesandthoseinmoderntimes.Therearethirty-eightexhibitionhallswithdifferent8from500to1500squaremetres.BesidesthesethereisaRooseveltMemorialHallin9ofPresidentRooseveltwhosupportedthe10ofthemuseumwhichisalsousedtohaveaspecialexhibitionshowingthenewimportant11onnaturalsciencesand12affairsandsocialproblemsandspecialtopicsconnectedcloselywiththelifeofthecitizens.Besidesthisitisalsousedforavocation13tohaveallkindsofscientificactivitiesinthelaboratoriescentresofnaturalscienceandcentresforcitizens.Therearemorethan1014researchdepartmentsmainly15forcollectionofsamplesresearchandworkofpublication.Inthemuseumthereare16andsub-librariesofAulspondancientamniotewithabout300thousandbooksandmagazines17naturalhistorymanyof18areveryvaluablemonographsforthefirstedition.Ithaspublishedmanyexpertbooksandmagazinesandalargenumberofpropagandamaterials19whicharethetwomagazinesNaturalHistoryandMembersofMuseumthathavethebiggest20oftheirmagazines. 7
Directions: Yourfriend’sdaughterLilywasadmittedbyawell-knownAmericanuniversity.Writetohertocongratulateonthisoccasion.Yourwritingshouldincludethenecessaryinformationofacongratulationletter. Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use"AuntLucy"instead.
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryisoneofthelargestnaturalandhistoricmuseumsintheworldandoneofthemainnaturalhistoryresearchandeducationcentresintheUnitedStatessetupin1869andlocatedinthewestoftheCentralParkManhattanDistrictNewYork.It17hectaresinitstotalarea2classicaltypesofbuildings.The3ofancientcreaturesandhumanityis4thefirstplaceofallthemuseumsintheworld5therepresentativesamplesfromSouthAmericaAfricaEuropeAsiaandAustraliawerecollectedbesidesthosefromthe6countrytheUnitedStates.Inthemuseumtherearefivekindsofexhibitsincludingastronomymineralogyhumanhistoryandanimalsinthe7timesandthoseinmoderntimes.Therearethirty-eightexhibitionhallswithdifferent8from500to1500squaremetres.BesidesthesethereisaRooseveltMemorialHallin9ofPresidentRooseveltwhosupportedthe10ofthemuseumwhichisalsousedtohaveaspecialexhibitionshowingthenewimportant11onnaturalsciencesand12affairsandsocialproblemsandspecialtopicsconnectedcloselywiththelifeofthecitizens.Besidesthisitisalsousedforavocation13tohaveallkindsofscientificactivitiesinthelaboratoriescentresofnaturalscienceandcentresforcitizens.Therearemorethan1014researchdepartmentsmainly15forcollectionofsamplesresearchandworkofpublication.Inthemuseumthereare16andsub-librariesofAulspondancientamniotewithabout300thousandbooksandmagazines17naturalhistorymanyof18areveryvaluablemonographsforthefirstedition.Ithaspublishedmanyexpertbooksandmagazinesandalargenumberofpropagandamaterials19whicharethetwomagazinesNaturalHistoryandMembersofMuseumthathavethebiggest20oftheirmagazines. 17
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryisoneofthelargestnaturalandhistoricmuseumsintheworldandoneofthemainnaturalhistoryresearchandeducationcentresintheUnitedStatessetupin1869andlocatedinthewestoftheCentralParkManhattanDistrictNewYork.It17hectaresinitstotalarea2classicaltypesofbuildings.The3ofancientcreaturesandhumanityis4thefirstplaceofallthemuseumsintheworld5therepresentativesamplesfromSouthAmericaAfricaEuropeAsiaandAustraliawerecollectedbesidesthosefromthe6countrytheUnitedStates.Inthemuseumtherearefivekindsofexhibitsincludingastronomymineralogyhumanhistoryandanimalsinthe7timesandthoseinmoderntimes.Therearethirty-eightexhibitionhallswithdifferent8from500to1500squaremetres.BesidesthesethereisaRooseveltMemorialHallin9ofPresidentRooseveltwhosupportedthe10ofthemuseumwhichisalsousedtohaveaspecialexhibitionshowingthenewimportant11onnaturalsciencesand12affairsandsocialproblemsandspecialtopicsconnectedcloselywiththelifeofthecitizens.Besidesthisitisalsousedforavocation13tohaveallkindsofscientificactivitiesinthelaboratoriescentresofnaturalscienceandcentresforcitizens.Therearemorethan1014researchdepartmentsmainly15forcollectionofsamplesresearchandworkofpublication.Inthemuseumthereare16andsub-librariesofAulspondancientamniotewithabout300thousandbooksandmagazines17naturalhistorymanyof18areveryvaluablemonographsforthefirstedition.Ithaspublishedmanyexpertbooksandmagazinesandalargenumberofpropagandamaterials19whicharethetwomagazinesNaturalHistoryandMembersofMuseumthathavethebiggest20oftheirmagazines. 3
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryisoneofthelargestnaturalandhistoricmuseumsintheworldandoneofthemainnaturalhistoryresearchandeducationcentresintheUnitedStatessetupin1869andlocatedinthewestoftheCentralParkManhattanDistrictNewYork.It17hectaresinitstotalarea2classicaltypesofbuildings.The3ofancientcreaturesandhumanityis4thefirstplaceofallthemuseumsintheworld5therepresentativesamplesfromSouthAmericaAfricaEuropeAsiaandAustraliawerecollectedbesidesthosefromthe6countrytheUnitedStates.Inthemuseumtherearefivekindsofexhibitsincludingastronomymineralogyhumanhistoryandanimalsinthe7timesandthoseinmoderntimes.Therearethirty-eightexhibitionhallswithdifferent8from500to1500squaremetres.BesidesthesethereisaRooseveltMemorialHallin9ofPresidentRooseveltwhosupportedthe10ofthemuseumwhichisalsousedtohaveaspecialexhibitionshowingthenewimportant11onnaturalsciencesand12affairsandsocialproblemsandspecialtopicsconnectedcloselywiththelifeofthecitizens.Besidesthisitisalsousedforavocation13tohaveallkindsofscientificactivitiesinthelaboratoriescentresofnaturalscienceandcentresforcitizens.Therearemorethan1014researchdepartmentsmainly15forcollectionofsamplesresearchandworkofpublication.Inthemuseumthereare16andsub-librariesofAulspondancientamniotewithabout300thousandbooksandmagazines17naturalhistorymanyof18areveryvaluablemonographsforthefirstedition.Ithaspublishedmanyexpertbooksandmagazinesandalargenumberofpropagandamaterials19whicharethetwomagazinesNaturalHistoryandMembersofMuseumthathavethebiggest20oftheirmagazines. 19
Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlyingarounditisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEuropeheardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweekaspartofarowaboutmoneyandpowerthetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobalenergy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboardgassuppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentellingthemselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcouldstillbedependedonnowitwasanallyofsorts.Suddenlynobodywasquitesosure. FearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplierRussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.ButitwasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughlyhalfitsgasandthatGérardMestralletbossofSuezaFrenchwaterandpowercompanyexpectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030--muchofitfromRussia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmericawhichcondemnedRussia’stactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld’soilbutproducesonly3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyearstheworld’sdependenceonoillookslikelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEastparticularlySaudiArabia.Russianoilhadseemedausefulalternative. Fearoftheenergyweaponhasalonghistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECcutsupplysowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhandintheearly1990stheembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvadedKuwaitin1990theworldshutin5mbarrelsadayb/dofproductionfromthetwocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.Withoilcosting$60abarrelfivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999andspotpricesfornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevelspowerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s.Nobodyknowshowlongtoday’stightmarketswilllast."Ittookusalongtimetogetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetback"saysRobinWestchairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.Aclutchofalarmistbookswithtitlessuchas"TheDeathofOil"predictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthatproducerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumersshouldbe.WhatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddoaboutthemTheanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrimrealismbutnotforoutrightpanic. BasedontheremarksmadebyRobinWestthecurrentsituationwill
Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives. Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics. Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome. ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis. Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework. Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome. Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities. Itcanreasonablybeinferredthattheauthor
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutencessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefacethattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientitlemethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereanditwouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfareandthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
TheEconomistrecognisesthesetalentedpeoplethroughitsannualInnovationAwardspresentedinsixfields:biosciencecomputingandcommunicationsenergyandenvironmentbusiness-processinnovationconsumerproductsandaflexiblenoboundariescategory.TheawardswerepresentedataceremonyinLondononNovember9thbyJohnMicklethwaitTheEconomist’seditor-in-chief.Andthewinnerswere:Bioscience:MarvinCaruthersprofessorofchemistryandbiochemistryattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderforthedevelopmentofautomatedDNAsynthesis--theabilitytoprintoutarbitrarystrandsofgeneticmaterial.41Computingandcommunications:acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofcomputingandcommuni6ationsandturnthemintoreality.42Energyandenvironment:acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofenergyandenvironmentandturnthemintoreality.43Noboundaries:acreativeindividualwhodreamupnewideasofinternetandturnthemintoreality.44Business-processinnovation:acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofbusiness-processandturnthemintoreality.45Consumerproducts:acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofconsumerproductsandturnthemintoreality.Weextendourcongratulationstothewinnersandourthankstothejudges.[A]NicolasHayekchairmanofSwatchforrevitalisingtheSwisswatchindustry.Duringthe1980sSwitzerland’slegendarywatchindustryfellintodeclinewithexportsfallingbyhalfwithinadecadeasaresultofJapanesecompetition.Mr.Hayek’sresponsewastoconsolidatetheindustrytocreatetheSwatchGroup.ItwentontobeattheJapaneseattheirowngamecreatingthebestsellingwatchbrandinhistoryandbecomingthelargestwatchmakerintheworldwithaquarterofthemarket.[B]JanusFriisandNiklasZennstromofSkypeforthedevelopmentofinternetfile-sharingandtelephonyusingpeer-to-peertechnologywhichallowsmillionsofcomputerstolinkupovertheinternetwithoutcentralco-ordination.In2000MessrsFriisandZennstromlaunchedKaZaAwhichbecamethedominantmeansofsharingmusicandvideofilesdespiteattemptsbytheentertainmentindustrytoshutitdown.Skypelaunchedin2003letsusersmakefreephonecallsovertheinternetforcingtraditionaltelecomsoperatorstoslashtheirprices.[C]SamPitrodachiefexecutiveofWorldTelforpioneeringIndia’scommunicationsrevolution.In1987Mr.PitrodawasaskedbyRajivGandhitheIndianprimeministertohelpdemocratiseaccesstotelecommunications.Hisresponsewastodeployinstantlyrecognizableyellowtelephonekiosksineverytownandvillage.ThishelpedtoreleaseIndia’stelecomsindustryfromstatecontrolandopenedituptoprivatefirmspavingthewayforatechnologyboom.Henowpromotessimilarpoliciesinothercountries.[D]PierreOmidyarfounderandchairmanofeBayforthedevelopmentofelectronicmarketplacetechnologyandhispromotionofaccesstomarketsasatoolforsocialchange.Mr.OmidyarsetupeBayin1995withtheaimofcreatingamarketplaceaccessibletoanyinternetuser.Thebusinesswasprofitableby1996.Peopleallovertheworldbuyandsellitemsin45000categories;someevenmakealivingtradingoneBay.[E]HernandodeSotofounderandpresidentoftheInstituteforLibertyandDemocracy.Mr.deSotoarguesthatbureaucracyandthelackofformalpropertyrightsaremajorcausesofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Redtapeandthelackoflegaltitletopropertypreventingitsuseascollateralmakeithardforthepoortoestablishorexpandbusinesses.WhileservingaseconomicadvisertothePeruviangovernmentMr.deSotoinitiatedaproperty-titlingschemewhichhelped1.2mfamilies.SimilarreformshavebeenimplementedinElSalvadorHaitiTanzaniaandEgypt.Mr.deSotohasalsochampionedtheuseofleaguetablestoshamegovernmentsintocuttingredtape.[F]JohannesPoulsenformerchiefexecutiveVestasWindSystemsforthecommercialisationofwindenergy.In1987Mr.PoulsentookthehelmatVestasthenasmallDanishfirmwith60employees.Bythetimeheretiredin2002Vestashad5000employeesandaquarteroftheworldmarketforwindturbines.UnderMr.PoulsenVestasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofwindturbinesreducingcostsandmakingwindpowermorecompetitive.
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryisoneofthelargestnaturalandhistoricmuseumsintheworldandoneofthemainnaturalhistoryresearchandeducationcentresintheUnitedStatessetupin1869andlocatedinthewestoftheCentralParkManhattanDistrictNewYork.It17hectaresinitstotalarea2classicaltypesofbuildings.The3ofancientcreaturesandhumanityis4thefirstplaceofallthemuseumsintheworld5therepresentativesamplesfromSouthAmericaAfricaEuropeAsiaandAustraliawerecollectedbesidesthosefromthe6countrytheUnitedStates.Inthemuseumtherearefivekindsofexhibitsincludingastronomymineralogyhumanhistoryandanimalsinthe7timesandthoseinmoderntimes.Therearethirty-eightexhibitionhallswithdifferent8from500to1500squaremetres.BesidesthesethereisaRooseveltMemorialHallin9ofPresidentRooseveltwhosupportedthe10ofthemuseumwhichisalsousedtohaveaspecialexhibitionshowingthenewimportant11onnaturalsciencesand12affairsandsocialproblemsandspecialtopicsconnectedcloselywiththelifeofthecitizens.Besidesthisitisalsousedforavocation13tohaveallkindsofscientificactivitiesinthelaboratoriescentresofnaturalscienceandcentresforcitizens.Therearemorethan1014researchdepartmentsmainly15forcollectionofsamplesresearchandworkofpublication.Inthemuseumthereare16andsub-librariesofAulspondancientamniotewithabout300thousandbooksandmagazines17naturalhistorymanyof18areveryvaluablemonographsforthefirstedition.Ithaspublishedmanyexpertbooksandmagazinesandalargenumberofpropagandamaterials19whicharethetwomagazinesNaturalHistoryandMembersofMuseumthathavethebiggest20oftheirmagazines. 1
Since1975advocatesofhumanetreatmentofanimalshavebroadenedtheirgoalstoopposetheuseofanimalsforfurleatherwoolandfood.Theyhavemountedprotestsagainstallformsofhuntingandthetrappingofanimalsinthewild.Andtheyhavejoinedenvironmentalistsinurgingprotectionofnaturalhabitatsfromcommercialorresidentialdevelopment.Theoccasionfortheseaddedemphaseswasthepublicationin1975of"AnimalLiberation:ANewEthicsforOurTreatmentofAnimals"byPeterSingerformerlyaprofessorofphilosophyatOxfordUniversityinEngland.Thisbookgaveanewimpetustotheanimalrightsmovement.Thepost-1975animalrightsactivistsarefarmorevocalthantheirpredecessorsandtheorganizationstowhichtheybelongaregenerallymoreradical.Manyneworganizationsareformed.Thetacticsoftheactivistsaredesignedtocatchtheattentionofthepublic. Sincethemid-1980stherehavebeenfrequentnewsreportsaboutanimalrightorganizationspicketingstoresthatsellfursharassinghuntersinthewildorbreakingintolaboratoriestofreeanimals.Someoftheextremeorganizationsadvocatetheuseofassaultarmedterrorismanddeaththreatstomaketheirpoint.Asidefrommakingisolatedattacksonpeoplewhowearfurcoatsortryingtopreventhuntersfromkillinganimalsmostoftheorganizationshavedirectedtheirtacticsatinstitutions. Theresultsoftheprotestsandothertacticshavebeenmixed.Companiesarereducingrelianceonanimaltesting.Medicalresearchhasbeensomewhatcurtailedbylegalrestrictionsandthereluctanceofyoungerworkerstouseanimalsinresearch.Newtestshavebeendevelopedtoreplacetheuseofanimals.Somewell-knowndesignershavestoppedusingfur.Whilethepublictendstoagreethatanimalsshouldbetreatedhumanelymostpeopleareunlikelytogiveupeatingmeatorwearinggoodsmadefromleatherandwool. GivingupgenuinefurhasbecomelessofaproblemsincefibersusedtomakefakefursuchastheJapaneseinventionKanecaroncanlookalmostidenticaltorealfur.Someofthestrongestoppositiontotheanimalrightsmovementhascomefromhuntersandtheirorganizations.Butanimalrightsactivistshavesucceededinmarshalingpublicopiniontopressforstaterestrictionsonhuntinginseveralpartsofthenation. Someanimalrightsorganizationsadvocatetheuseofextrememeansinorderto
46Populararthasanumberofmeaningsimpossibletodefinewithanyprecisionwhichrangefromfolkloretojunkwithpolesbeingclearenoughbutthemiddletendingtoblur.TheHollywoodWesternofthe1930’sforexamplehaselementsoffolklorebutisclosertojunkthantohighartorfolkart.Therecanbegreattrashjustasthereisbadhighart.ThemusicalsofGeorgeGershwinaregreatpopularartneveraspiringtohighart.SchubertandBrahmshoweverusedelementsofpopularmusic—folkthemes—inworksclearlyintendedashighart.ThecaseofVerdiisadifferentone:hetookapopulargenre—bourgeoismelodramasettomusicanaccuratedefinitionofnineteenth-centuryopera—andwithoutalteringitsfundamentalnaturetransmuteditintohighart.47Thisremainsoneofthegreatestachievementsinmusicandonethatcannotbefullyappreciatedwithoutrecognizingtheessentialtrashinessofthegenre.AsanexampleofsuchatransmutationconsiderwhatVerdimadeofthetypicalpoliticalelementsofnineteenth-centuryopera.48Generallyintheplotsoftheseoperasaheroorheroine—usuallyportrayedonlyasanindividualunrestrainedbyclass—iscaughtbetweentheimmoralcorruptionofthearistocracyandthedoctrinairerigidityoftheleadersofthecivilians.Verditransformsthisnaiveandunlikeformulationwithmusicofextraordinaryenergyandrhythmicvitalitymusicmoresubtlethanitseemsatfirsthearing.Therearescenesandariasthatstillsoundlikecallstoarmsandwereclearlyunderstoodassuchwhentheywerefirstperformed.Suchpieceslendanimmediacytotheotherwiseveiledpoliticalmessageoftheseoperasandcallupfeelingsbeyondthoseoftheoperaitself.OrconsiderVerdi’streatmentofcharacter.49BeforeVerditherewererarelyanycharactersatallinmusicaldramaonlyaseriesofsituationswhichallowedthesingerstoexpressaseriesofemotionalstate.Anyattempttofindcoherentpsychologicalportrayalintheseoperasismisplacedingenuity.Theonlycoherencewasthesinger’svocaltechnique:whenthecastchangednewariaswerealmostalwayssubstitutedgenerallyadaptedfromotheroperas.Verdi’scharactersontheotherhandhavegenuineconsistencyandintegrityevenifinmanycasestheconsistencyisthatofpasteboardmelodrama.Theintegrityofthecharacterisachievedthroughthemusic:50oncehehadbecomeestablishedVerdididnotrewritehismusicfordifferentsingersorallowalterationsorsubstitutionsofsomebodyelse’sariasinoneofhisoperasaseveryeighteenth-centurycomposerhaddone.Whenherevisedanoperaitwasonlyfordramaticeconomyandeffectiveness.
Directions: YouareacollegestudentintheEnglishDepartment.Recentlyyouhavebeenmademonitorinyourclassandyouaregoingtomakeaspeechinfrontofyourclassmates.You’llmakepreparationsforthespeechinwhichyoushould 1expressyourpleasure 2statebrieflyyourmoves 3andgivecomplimentaryremarks. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
TheEconomistrecognisesthesetalentedpeoplethroughitsannualInnovationAwardspresentedinsixfields:biosciencecomputingandcommunicationsenergyandenvironmentbusiness-processinnovationconsumerproductsandaflexiblenoboundariescategory.TheawardswerepresentedataceremonyinLondononNovember9thbyJohnMicklethwaitTheEconomist’seditor-in-chief.Andthewinnerswere:Bioscience:MarvinCaruthersprofessorofchemistryandbiochemistryattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderforthedevelopmentofautomatedDNAsynthesis--theabilitytoprintoutarbitrarystrandsofgeneticmaterial.41Computingandcommunications:acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofcomputingandcommuni6ationsandturnthemintoreality.42Energyandenvironment:acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofenergyandenvironmentandturnthemintoreality.43Noboundaries:acreativeindividualwhodreamupnewideasofinternetandturnthemintoreality.44Business-processinnovation:acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofbusiness-processandturnthemintoreality.45Consumerproducts:acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofconsumerproductsandturnthemintoreality.Weextendourcongratulationstothewinnersandourthankstothejudges.[A]NicolasHayekchairmanofSwatchforrevitalisingtheSwisswatchindustry.Duringthe1980sSwitzerland’slegendarywatchindustryfellintodeclinewithexportsfallingbyhalfwithinadecadeasaresultofJapanesecompetition.Mr.Hayek’sresponsewastoconsolidatetheindustrytocreatetheSwatchGroup.ItwentontobeattheJapaneseattheirowngamecreatingthebestsellingwatchbrandinhistoryandbecomingthelargestwatchmakerintheworldwithaquarterofthemarket.[B]JanusFriisandNiklasZennstromofSkypeforthedevelopmentofinternetfile-sharingandtelephonyusingpeer-to-peertechnologywhichallowsmillionsofcomputerstolinkupovertheinternetwithoutcentralco-ordination.In2000MessrsFriisandZennstromlaunchedKaZaAwhichbecamethedominantmeansofsharingmusicandvideofilesdespiteattemptsbytheentertainmentindustrytoshutitdown.Skypelaunchedin2003letsusersmakefreephonecallsovertheinternetforcingtraditionaltelecomsoperatorstoslashtheirprices.[C]SamPitrodachiefexecutiveofWorldTelforpioneeringIndia’scommunicationsrevolution.In1987Mr.PitrodawasaskedbyRajivGandhitheIndianprimeministertohelpdemocratiseaccesstotelecommunications.Hisresponsewastodeployinstantlyrecognizableyellowtelephonekiosksineverytownandvillage.ThishelpedtoreleaseIndia’stelecomsindustryfromstatecontrolandopenedituptoprivatefirmspavingthewayforatechnologyboom.Henowpromotessimilarpoliciesinothercountries.[D]PierreOmidyarfounderandchairmanofeBayforthedevelopmentofelectronicmarketplacetechnologyandhispromotionofaccesstomarketsasatoolforsocialchange.Mr.OmidyarsetupeBayin1995withtheaimofcreatingamarketplaceaccessibletoanyinternetuser.Thebusinesswasprofitableby1996.Peopleallovertheworldbuyandsellitemsin45000categories;someevenmakealivingtradingoneBay.[E]HernandodeSotofounderandpresidentoftheInstituteforLibertyandDemocracy.Mr.deSotoarguesthatbureaucracyandthelackofformalpropertyrightsaremajorcausesofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Redtapeandthelackoflegaltitletopropertypreventingitsuseascollateralmakeithardforthepoortoestablishorexpandbusinesses.WhileservingaseconomicadvisertothePeruviangovernmentMr.deSotoinitiatedaproperty-titlingschemewhichhelped1.2mfamilies.SimilarreformshavebeenimplementedinElSalvadorHaitiTanzaniaandEgypt.Mr.deSotohasalsochampionedtheuseofleaguetablestoshamegovernmentsintocuttingredtape.[F]JohannesPoulsenformerchiefexecutiveVestasWindSystemsforthecommercialisationofwindenergy.In1987Mr.PoulsentookthehelmatVestasthenasmallDanishfirmwith60employees.Bythetimeheretiredin2002Vestashad5000employeesandaquarteroftheworldmarketforwindturbines.UnderMr.PoulsenVestasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofwindturbinesreducingcostsandmakingwindpowermorecompetitive.
Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelectioncampaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstradepunches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂WhatisnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficialstatisticsundertheLabourgovernment. OneofthemostimportantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgetonMarch16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrentrevenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancelloroftheexchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisown"goldenrule"ofborrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisinbalanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle. Mr.BrowntoldMPsthathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith￡6billion$11.4billiontospare—arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthaninthepast.HoweverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscuretechnicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticstothefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthattherevisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithinthecurrentbudget. Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenitmightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmadedecisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimstomeetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppublicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagainovertheeconomiccycle.AtpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwouldbereducediftheS21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedaspartofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONStoclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreventhoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowingswereinfactgovernmentliabilities. Thismakesitparticularlyworryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublicexperiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatnopatientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergencydepartment.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmetfor9696ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbytheHealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidtheystayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E. OnewaytohelprestorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONSindependentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.AnotherwouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeenperformingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehasrecommended. WhatcanbeinferredabouttheONS
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryisoneofthelargestnaturalandhistoricmuseumsintheworldandoneofthemainnaturalhistoryresearchandeducationcentresintheUnitedStatessetupin1869andlocatedinthewestoftheCentralParkManhattanDistrictNewYork.It17hectaresinitstotalarea2classicaltypesofbuildings.The3ofancientcreaturesandhumanityis4thefirstplaceofallthemuseumsintheworld5therepresentativesamplesfromSouthAmericaAfricaEuropeAsiaandAustraliawerecollectedbesidesthosefromthe6countrytheUnitedStates.Inthemuseumtherearefivekindsofexhibitsincludingastronomymineralogyhumanhistoryandanimalsinthe7timesandthoseinmoderntimes.Therearethirty-eightexhibitionhallswithdifferent8from500to1500squaremetres.BesidesthesethereisaRooseveltMemorialHallin9ofPresidentRooseveltwhosupportedthe10ofthemuseumwhichisalsousedtohaveaspecialexhibitionshowingthenewimportant11onnaturalsciencesand12affairsandsocialproblemsandspecialtopicsconnectedcloselywiththelifeofthecitizens.Besidesthisitisalsousedforavocation13tohaveallkindsofscientificactivitiesinthelaboratoriescentresofnaturalscienceandcentresforcitizens.Therearemorethan1014researchdepartmentsmainly15forcollectionofsamplesresearchandworkofpublication.Inthemuseumthereare16andsub-librariesofAulspondancientamniotewithabout300thousandbooksandmagazines17naturalhistorymanyof18areveryvaluablemonographsforthefirstedition.Ithaspublishedmanyexpertbooksandmagazinesandalargenumberofpropagandamaterials19whicharethetwomagazinesNaturalHistoryandMembersofMuseumthathavethebiggest20oftheirmagazines. 15
Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlyingarounditisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEuropeheardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweekaspartofarowaboutmoneyandpowerthetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobalenergy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboardgassuppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentellingthemselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcouldstillbedependedonnowitwasanallyofsorts.Suddenlynobodywasquitesosure. FearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplierRussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.ButitwasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughlyhalfitsgasandthatGérardMestralletbossofSuezaFrenchwaterandpowercompanyexpectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030--muchofitfromRussia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmericawhichcondemnedRussia’stactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld’soilbutproducesonly3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyearstheworld’sdependenceonoillookslikelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEastparticularlySaudiArabia.Russianoilhadseemedausefulalternative. Fearoftheenergyweaponhasalonghistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECcutsupplysowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhandintheearly1990stheembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvadedKuwaitin1990theworldshutin5mbarrelsadayb/dofproductionfromthetwocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.Withoilcosting$60abarrelfivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999andspotpricesfornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevelspowerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s.Nobodyknowshowlongtoday’stightmarketswilllast."Ittookusalongtimetogetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetback"saysRobinWestchairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.Aclutchofalarmistbookswithtitlessuchas"TheDeathofOil"predictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthatproducerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumersshouldbe.WhatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddoaboutthemTheanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrimrealismbutnotforoutrightpanic. USAaccordingtothetextdisapprovedofRussianexpedientinthat
TheEconomistrecognisesthesetalentedpeoplethroughitsannualInnovationAwardspresentedinsixfields:biosciencecomputingandcommunicationsenergyandenvironmentbusiness-processinnovationconsumerproductsandaflexiblenoboundariescategory.TheawardswerepresentedataceremonyinLondononNovember9thbyJohnMicklethwaitTheEconomist’seditor-in-chief.Andthewinnerswere:Bioscience:MarvinCaruthersprofessorofchemistryandbiochemistryattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderforthedevelopmentofautomatedDNAsynthesis--theabilitytoprintoutarbitrarystrandsofgeneticmaterial.41Computingandcommunications:acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofcomputingandcommuni6ationsandturnthemintoreality.42Energyandenvironment:acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofenergyandenvironmentandturnthemintoreality.43Noboundaries:acreativeindividualwhodreamupnewideasofinternetandturnthemintoreality.44Business-processinnovation:acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofbusiness-processandturnthemintoreality.45Consumerproducts:acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofconsumerproductsandturnthemintoreality.Weextendourcongratulationstothewinnersandourthankstothejudges.[A]NicolasHayekchairmanofSwatchforrevitalisingtheSwisswatchindustry.Duringthe1980sSwitzerland’slegendarywatchindustryfellintodeclinewithexportsfallingbyhalfwithinadecadeasaresultofJapanesecompetition.Mr.Hayek’sresponsewastoconsolidatetheindustrytocreatetheSwatchGroup.ItwentontobeattheJapaneseattheirowngamecreatingthebestsellingwatchbrandinhistoryandbecomingthelargestwatchmakerintheworldwithaquarterofthemarket.[B]JanusFriisandNiklasZennstromofSkypeforthedevelopmentofinternetfile-sharingandtelephonyusingpeer-to-peertechnologywhichallowsmillionsofcomputerstolinkupovertheinternetwithoutcentralco-ordination.In2000MessrsFriisandZennstromlaunchedKaZaAwhichbecamethedominantmeansofsharingmusicandvideofilesdespiteattemptsbytheentertainmentindustrytoshutitdown.Skypelaunchedin2003letsusersmakefreephonecallsovertheinternetforcingtraditionaltelecomsoperatorstoslashtheirprices.[C]SamPitrodachiefexecutiveofWorldTelforpioneeringIndia’scommunicationsrevolution.In1987Mr.PitrodawasaskedbyRajivGandhitheIndianprimeministertohelpdemocratiseaccesstotelecommunications.Hisresponsewastodeployinstantlyrecognizableyellowtelephonekiosksineverytownandvillage.ThishelpedtoreleaseIndia’stelecomsindustryfromstatecontrolandopenedituptoprivatefirmspavingthewayforatechnologyboom.Henowpromotessimilarpoliciesinothercountries.[D]PierreOmidyarfounderandchairmanofeBayforthedevelopmentofelectronicmarketplacetechnologyandhispromotionofaccesstomarketsasatoolforsocialchange.Mr.OmidyarsetupeBayin1995withtheaimofcreatingamarketplaceaccessibletoanyinternetuser.Thebusinesswasprofitableby1996.Peopleallovertheworldbuyandsellitemsin45000categories;someevenmakealivingtradingoneBay.[E]HernandodeSotofounderandpresidentoftheInstituteforLibertyandDemocracy.Mr.deSotoarguesthatbureaucracyandthelackofformalpropertyrightsaremajorcausesofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Redtapeandthelackoflegaltitletopropertypreventingitsuseascollateralmakeithardforthepoortoestablishorexpandbusinesses.WhileservingaseconomicadvisertothePeruviangovernmentMr.deSotoinitiatedaproperty-titlingschemewhichhelped1.2mfamilies.SimilarreformshavebeenimplementedinElSalvadorHaitiTanzaniaandEgypt.Mr.deSotohasalsochampionedtheuseofleaguetablestoshamegovernmentsintocuttingredtape.[F]JohannesPoulsenformerchiefexecutiveVestasWindSystemsforthecommercialisationofwindenergy.In1987Mr.PoulsentookthehelmatVestasthenasmallDanishfirmwith60employees.Bythetimeheretiredin2002Vestashad5000employeesandaquarteroftheworldmarketforwindturbines.UnderMr.PoulsenVestasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofwindturbinesreducingcostsandmakingwindpowermorecompetitive.
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryisoneofthelargestnaturalandhistoricmuseumsintheworldandoneofthemainnaturalhistoryresearchandeducationcentresintheUnitedStatessetupin1869andlocatedinthewestoftheCentralParkManhattanDistrictNewYork.It17hectaresinitstotalarea2classicaltypesofbuildings.The3ofancientcreaturesandhumanityis4thefirstplaceofallthemuseumsintheworld5therepresentativesamplesfromSouthAmericaAfricaEuropeAsiaandAustraliawerecollectedbesidesthosefromthe6countrytheUnitedStates.Inthemuseumtherearefivekindsofexhibitsincludingastronomymineralogyhumanhistoryandanimalsinthe7timesandthoseinmoderntimes.Therearethirty-eightexhibitionhallswithdifferent8from500to1500squaremetres.BesidesthesethereisaRooseveltMemorialHallin9ofPresidentRooseveltwhosupportedthe10ofthemuseumwhichisalsousedtohaveaspecialexhibitionshowingthenewimportant11onnaturalsciencesand12affairsandsocialproblemsandspecialtopicsconnectedcloselywiththelifeofthecitizens.Besidesthisitisalsousedforavocation13tohaveallkindsofscientificactivitiesinthelaboratoriescentresofnaturalscienceandcentresforcitizens.Therearemorethan1014researchdepartmentsmainly15forcollectionofsamplesresearchandworkofpublication.Inthemuseumthereare16andsub-librariesofAulspondancientamniotewithabout300thousandbooksandmagazines17naturalhistorymanyof18areveryvaluablemonographsforthefirstedition.Ithaspublishedmanyexpertbooksandmagazinesandalargenumberofpropagandamaterials19whicharethetwomagazinesNaturalHistoryandMembersofMuseumthathavethebiggest20oftheirmagazines. 13
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