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Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’’spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmologygeologyandbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistentunifiedandconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.Scientificcreationismwhichisbeingpushedbysomeforequaltimeintheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregivenisbasedonreligionnotscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregardscientificcreationismasbadscienceandbadreligion. ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplacesheintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechaptershetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtacticsandforthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationiststheextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.WhentheirbasicmotivationisreligiousonemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior. Kitcherisaphilosopherandthismayaccountinpartforthecharityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenonspecialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchaptersonthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.OnthedustjacketofthisfinebookStephenJayGouldsays:Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.Andsoitdoes―andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate. Fromthepassagewecaninferthat_________________.
Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’’tknowforsureThattheevidencewasinconclusivethescienceuncertainThattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutofthewayLotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsenseandoverthreedecadessome10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves. Thereareupsettingparallelstodayasscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciencesenlistedbytheWhiteHousetotellusthattheEarth’’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademyBruceAlbertsaddedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’’sreport:Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefutureanditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions. Justasonsmokingvoicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincompletethatit’’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisinitmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowingaprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow. FortunatelytheWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’’sadvisersstilldon’’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofactiontheycontinuetopressformoreresearch―aclassiccaseofparalysisbyanalysis. Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanetwemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’’ttakethelegislativeinitiativeCongressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginiawhichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustryisapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphereitiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound. AccordingtotheauthorwhatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming
Text1 Pricesaresky-highwithprofitsto match.Butlookingfurtheraheadtheindustryfaceswrenchingchangesaysan expertofenergy.Thetimewhenwecouldcountoncheapoiland evencheapernaturalgasisclearlyending.Thatwasthegloomyforecast deliveredinFebruarybyDaveO’ReillythechairmanofChevronTexacoto hundredsofoilmengatheredforaconferenceinHouston.Thefollowingmonth Venezuela’sPresidentHugoChavezgleefullyechoedthesentiment:Theworld shouldforgetaboutcheapoil.Thesurgeinoilpricesfrom ＄10abarrelin1998toabove＄50inearly2005haspromptedtalkofanewera ofsustainedhigherprices.Butwheneveranewerainoilishailed scepticismisinorder.Afterallthisisessentiallyacyclicalbusinessin whichpriceshabituallyyo-yo.Evensoanunusuallyloudchorusisnowjoining MessrsO’ReillyandChavezpointingtointriguingevidenceofanewprice floorof＄30orperhapseven＄40.Confusinglythoughtherearealsosigns thathighoilpricesmaybecausedbyaspeculativebubblethatcouldburst quitesuddenly.Toseewhichcampisrighttwoquestionsneedanswering:why didtheoilpricesoarAndwhatcouldkeepithighTomake mattersmorecomplicatedthereisinfactnosuchthingasasingleoil price:rathertherearedozensofvarietiesofcrudetradingatdifferent prices.Whennewspaperswriteaboutoilpricestheyusuallymeanoneoftwo referencecrudes:BrentfromtheNorthSeaorWestTexasIntermediateWTI. ButwhenministersfromtheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountries OPECdiscusspricestheyusuallyrefertoabasketofheaviercartelcrudes whichtradeatadiscounttoWTIandBrent.Alloilpricesmentionedinthis surveyareperbarrelofWTITherecentvolatilityinpricesis onlyoneofseveralchallengesfacingtheoilindustry.Althoughatfirstsight BigOilseemstobeinrudehealthpostingrecordprofitsthissurveywill arguethatthewesternoilmajorswillhavetheirworkcutouttocopewiththe riseofresourcenationalismwhichthreatenstochokeoffaccesstonewoil reserves.Thisisessentialtoreplacetheirexistingreserveswhichare rapidlydeclining.Theywillalsohavetorespondtoeffortsbygovernmentsto dealwithoil’sseriousenvironmentalandgeopoliticalside-effects.Together thesechallengescouldyetwipeouttheoil majors.JudgingfromParagraph3wemayinferthatoilpriceswill______.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelived withformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’s unforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1use aroundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylove theirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide. Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheir phones.Oneopinionsurvey5that98percentofAmericans saytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphone inpublic786percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’ speak8wirelessphoneswhenconducting9 withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10 betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractual behavior.Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare 11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversational panhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffecton socialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother 13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewho are14contactinsocialsituationsbecausetheyare blatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediate environment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthe strangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcede toyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocratic effectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively 18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeen pepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsand deliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behavioron theircellphones.
Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’’tknowforsureThattheevidencewasinconclusivethescienceuncertainThattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutofthewayLotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsenseandoverthreedecadessome10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves. Thereareupsettingparallelstodayasscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciencesenlistedbytheWhiteHousetotellusthattheEarth’’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademyBruceAlbertsaddedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’’sreport:Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefutureanditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions. Justasonsmokingvoicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincompletethatit’’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisinitmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowingaprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow. FortunatelytheWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’’sadvisersstilldon’’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofactiontheycontinuetopressformoreresearch―aclassiccaseofparalysisbyanalysis. Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanetwemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’’ttakethelegislativeinitiativeCongressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginiawhichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustryisapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphereitiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound. AccordingtoBruceAlbertssciencecanserveas
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelived withformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’s unforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1use aroundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylove theirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide. Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheir phones.Oneopinionsurvey5that98percentofAmericans saytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphone inpublic786percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’ speak8wirelessphoneswhenconducting9 withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10 betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractual behavior.Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare 11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversational panhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffecton socialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother 13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewho are14contactinsocialsituationsbecausetheyare blatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediate environment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthe strangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcede toyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocratic effectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively 18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeen pepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsand deliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behavioron theircellphones.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelived withformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’s unforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1use aroundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylove theirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide. Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheir phones.Oneopinionsurvey5that98percentofAmericans saytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphone inpublic786percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’ speak8wirelessphoneswhenconducting9 withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10 betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractual behavior.Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare 11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversational panhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffecton socialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother 13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewho are14contactinsocialsituationsbecausetheyare blatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediate environment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthe strangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcede toyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocratic effectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively 18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeen pepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsand deliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behavioron theircellphones.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelived withformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’s unforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1use aroundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylove theirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide. Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheir phones.Oneopinionsurvey5that98percentofAmericans saytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphone inpublic786percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’ speak8wirelessphoneswhenconducting9 withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10 betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractual behavior.Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare 11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversational panhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffecton socialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother 13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewho are14contactinsocialsituationsbecausetheyare blatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediate environment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthe strangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcede toyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocratic effectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively 18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeen pepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsand deliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behavioron theircellphones.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelived withformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’s unforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1use aroundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylove theirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide. Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheir phones.Oneopinionsurvey5that98percentofAmericans saytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphone inpublic786percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’ speak8wirelessphoneswhenconducting9 withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10 betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractual behavior.Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare 11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversational panhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffecton socialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother 13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewho are14contactinsocialsituationsbecausetheyare blatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediate environment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthe strangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcede toyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocratic effectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively 18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeen pepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsand deliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behavioron theircellphones.
Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100femalesbutthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturityandamong70-year-oldtherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Nowboybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthatforthefirsttimetherewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportantanotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsagothechanceofababyparticularlyaboybabysurvivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenesonemoreagentofevolutionhasgone. Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalivebuthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunitiesveryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirthsliketheageofdeathhasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Againdifferencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes. Forusthismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangelyithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100000years--eventhepast100years--ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolvebecausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:theylookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksatashipasatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiaweweretheywilllookjustlikeus. WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate
Theywerebyfarthelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudsome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71.Butevenmoreimportantitwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepastforwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite―Cobe―haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBangthetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy. 72.TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBangfirstputforwardinthe1920stomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheorytheuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopicunimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirectionsemittingradiationasitwentcondensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyearsthegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxiesstarsplantsandeventuallyevenhumans. Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructuresbutastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswelltheseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn’’thavelongtowait.73.Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructuresandmayreporttheirfindingssoon. 74.IfthesmallhotspotslookasexpectedthatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificideaarefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatvery’’earlyontheuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecondpropelledbyasortofantigravity. 75.Oddthoughitsoundscosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysicsandmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.
Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’’spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmologygeologyandbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistentunifiedandconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.Scientificcreationismwhichisbeingpushedbysomeforequaltimeintheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregivenisbasedonreligionnotscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregardscientificcreationismasbadscienceandbadreligion. ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplacesheintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechaptershetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtacticsandforthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationiststheextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.WhentheirbasicmotivationisreligiousonemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior. Kitcherisaphilosopherandthismayaccountinpartforthecharityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenonspecialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchaptersonthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.OnthedustjacketofthisfinebookStephenJayGouldsays:Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.Andsoitdoes―andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate. Creationisminthepassagerefersto_________________.
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Pupilsmaybewellguardedagainstiiisocialinfluencesaslongas
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Therewillbetheriskofforminganeducationalblankif
Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100femalesbutthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturityandamong70-year-oldtherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Nowboybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthatforthefirsttimetherewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportantanotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsagothechanceofababyparticularlyaboybabysurvivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenesonemoreagentofevolutionhasgone. Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalivebuthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunitiesveryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirthsliketheageofdeathhasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Againdifferencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes. Forusthismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangelyithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100000years--eventhepast100years--ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolvebecausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:theylookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksatashipasatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiaweweretheywilllookjustlikeus. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelived withformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’s unforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1use aroundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylove theirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide. Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheir phones.Oneopinionsurvey5that98percentofAmericans saytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphone inpublic786percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’ speak8wirelessphoneswhenconducting9 withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10 betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractual behavior.Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare 11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversational panhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffecton socialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother 13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewho are14contactinsocialsituationsbecausetheyare blatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediate environment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthe strangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcede toyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocratic effectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively 18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeen pepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsand deliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behavioron theircellphones.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelived withformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’s unforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1use aroundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylove theirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide. Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheir phones.Oneopinionsurvey5that98percentofAmericans saytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphone inpublic786percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’ speak8wirelessphoneswhenconducting9 withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10 betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractual behavior.Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare 11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversational panhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffecton socialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother 13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewho are14contactinsocialsituationsbecausetheyare blatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediate environment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthe strangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcede toyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocratic effectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively 18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeen pepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsand deliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behavioron theircellphones.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelived withformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’s unforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1use aroundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylove theirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide. Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheir phones.Oneopinionsurvey5that98percentofAmericans saytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphone inpublic786percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’ speak8wirelessphoneswhenconducting9 withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10 betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractual behavior.Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare 11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversational panhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffecton socialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother 13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewho are14contactinsocialsituationsbecausetheyare blatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediate environment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthe strangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcede toyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocratic effectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively 18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeen pepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsand deliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behavioron theircellphones.
Theywerebyfarthelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudsome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71.Butevenmoreimportantitwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepastforwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite―Cobe―haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBangthetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy. 72.TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBangfirstputforwardinthe1920stomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheorytheuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopicunimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirectionsemittingradiationasitwentcondensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyearsthegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxiesstarsplantsandeventuallyevenhumans. Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructuresbutastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswelltheseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn’’thavelongtowait.73.Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructuresandmayreporttheirfindingssoon. 74.IfthesmallhotspotslookasexpectedthatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificideaarefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatvery’’earlyontheuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecondpropelledbyasortofantigravity. 75.Oddthoughitsoundscosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysicsandmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue. Theywerebyfarthelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudsome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71.Butevenmoreimportantitwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepastforwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite―Cobe―haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBangthetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy. 72.TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBangfirstputforwardinthe1920stomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheorytheuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopicunimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirectionsemittingradiationasitwentcondensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyearsthegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxiesstarsplantsandeventuallyevenhumans. Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructuresbutastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswelltheseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn’’thavelongtowait.73.Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructuresandmayreporttheirfindingssoon. 74.IfthesmallhotspotslookasexpectedthatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificideaarefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatvery’’earlyontheuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecondpropelledbyasortofantigravity. 75.Oddthoughitsoundscosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysicsandmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelived withformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’s unforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1use aroundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylove theirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide. Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheir phones.Oneopinionsurvey5that98percentofAmericans saytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphone inpublic786percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’ speak8wirelessphoneswhenconducting9 withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10 betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractual behavior.Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare 11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversational panhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffecton socialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother 13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewho are14contactinsocialsituationsbecausetheyare blatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediate environment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthe strangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcede toyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocratic effectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively 18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeen pepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsand deliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behavioron theircellphones.
Theywerebyfarthelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudsome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71.Butevenmoreimportantitwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepastforwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite―Cobe―haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBangthetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy. 72.TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBangfirstputforwardinthe1920stomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheorytheuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopicunimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirectionsemittingradiationasitwentcondensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyearsthegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxiesstarsplantsandeventuallyevenhumans. Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructuresbutastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswelltheseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn’’thavelongtowait.73.Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructuresandmayreporttheirfindingssoon. 74.IfthesmallhotspotslookasexpectedthatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificideaarefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatvery’’earlyontheuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecondpropelledbyasortofantigravity. 75.Oddthoughitsoundscosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysicsandmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelived withformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’s unforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1use aroundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylove theirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide. Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheir phones.Oneopinionsurvey5that98percentofAmericans saytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphone inpublic786percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’ speak8wirelessphoneswhenconducting9 withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10 betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractual behavior.Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare 11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversational panhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffecton socialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother 13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewho are14contactinsocialsituationsbecausetheyare blatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediate environment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthe strangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcede toyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocratic effectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively 18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeen pepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsand deliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behavioron theircellphones.
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Intheauthor’’sviewthebasicfaultofoldeducationconsistsin
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