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PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentences havebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthe listA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.Whichofthefollowingisareasonforthelegalizationofthehempplant
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentences havebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthe listA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.Accordingtothepassagedrugcompanyrepresentatives
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPart ADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthe questionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWER SHEET1.Text1 ForyearsInternetmerchantshave pouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasierto use.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappierCustomer satisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostflatthroughthelastseveralyears. TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingand researchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignored themanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.Ratherhesaidtheystillexpect morefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered.Ifwewalk intoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasa coupleyearsagoMr.Freedsaid.Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebar goesupeveryyear.InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfive e-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescored higherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescored higherthan80withnositesurpassing85.Scoreshaveinchedupovertimefor thebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoved drasticallyMr.Freedsaid.Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanything youseeyourscoresdropsteadily.Thatdynamichasbeena challengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitable operations.Nowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswill essentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthe site’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-tech televisionstudio.QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.The Websitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandise’in2006hasforthe lastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.But inrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchives ofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmore videosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremainin stock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideo salesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproduct informationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs.About eightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethe sizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottell theheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedand introducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights. Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsat least10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot.Still Mr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales.E-commerce startedwithtelevisioncommercehesaid.Thesiteswhoengageandentertain customerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture.Suchaprospectisnot necessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadof InternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis. saidatransitiontovideowillbeseamlessforus.ThecompanyMr.Magee saidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideoso customerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulate themselves.Theexampleofacustomerbuyingahandbagisusedtoshowthat
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
Text4 Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelection campaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstrade punches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.What isnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficial statisticsundertheLabourgovernment.Oneofthemost importantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgeton March16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrent revenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancellorofthe exchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleof borrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisin balanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPs thathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion $11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthanin thepast.Howeverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscure technicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsto thefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthatthe revisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithin thecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenit mightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmade decisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimsto meetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagain overtheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwould bereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedas partofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONS toclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreven thoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowings wereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularly worryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublic experiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatno patientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergency department.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmet for96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbythe HealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidthey stayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.Onewaytohelp restorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONS independentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.Another wouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeen performingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehas recommended.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPart ADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthe questionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWER SHEET1.Text1 ForyearsInternetmerchantshave pouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasierto use.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappierCustomer satisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostflatthroughthelastseveralyears. TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingand researchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignored themanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.Ratherhesaidtheystillexpect morefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered.Ifwewalk intoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasa coupleyearsagoMr.Freedsaid.Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebar goesupeveryyear.InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfive e-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescored higherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescored higherthan80withnositesurpassing85.Scoreshaveinchedupovertimefor thebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoved drasticallyMr.Freedsaid.Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanything youseeyourscoresdropsteadily.Thatdynamichasbeena challengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitable operations.Nowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswill essentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthe site’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-tech televisionstudio.QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.The Websitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandise’in2006hasforthe lastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.But inrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchives ofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmore videosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremainin stock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideo salesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproduct informationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs.About eightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethe sizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottell theheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedand introducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights. Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsat least10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot.Still Mr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales.E-commerce startedwithtelevisioncommercehesaid.Thesiteswhoengageandentertain customerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture.Suchaprospectisnot necessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadof InternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis. saidatransitiontovideowillbeseamlessforus.ThecompanyMr.Magee saidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideoso customerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulate themselves.TheresultofForesee’srecentsurveyshowsthat
Text4 Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelection campaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstrade punches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.What isnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficial statisticsundertheLabourgovernment.Oneofthemost importantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgeton March16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrent revenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancellorofthe exchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleof borrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisin balanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPs thathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion $11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthanin thepast.Howeverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscure technicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsto thefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthatthe revisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithin thecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenit mightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmade decisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimsto meetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagain overtheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwould bereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedas partofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONS toclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreven thoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowings wereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularly worryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublic experiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatno patientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergency department.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmet for96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbythe HealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidthey stayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.Onewaytohelp restorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONS independentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.Another wouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeen performingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehas recommended.Mr.Brown’sbudgetsurplusnowlookedrespectable-soundingbecause
Text4 Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelection campaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstrade punches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.What isnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficial statisticsundertheLabourgovernment.Oneofthemost importantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgeton March16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrent revenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancellorofthe exchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleof borrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisin balanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPs thathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion $11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthanin thepast.Howeverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscure technicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsto thefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthatthe revisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithin thecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenit mightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmade decisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimsto meetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagain overtheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwould bereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedas partofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONS toclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreven thoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowings wereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularly worryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublic experiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatno patientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergency department.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmet for96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbythe HealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidthey stayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.Onewaytohelp restorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONS independentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.Another wouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeen performingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehas recommended.Thepublicattitudetowardsofficialfiguresseemstoberather
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.Thephraseoff-labelline4paragraph2mostprobablymeans
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.Loggingisnotbannedchieflybecause
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.AccordingtosomescientistsHempsarepreferabletotreeschieflybecause
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